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ENABLING VULNERABLE YOUTH in RURAL AREAS Not in Education, Employment Or Training

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ENABLING VULNERABLE YOUTH in RURAL AREAS Not in Education, Employment Or Training ENABLING VULNERABLE YOUTH IN RURAL AREAS not in education, employment or training Anna Karlsdóttir (ed.) Alex Cuadrado Firouz Gaini Leneisja Jungsberg Louise Ormstrup Vestergård NORDREGIO REPORT 2019:8 nordregio report 2019:8 1 ENABLING VULNERABLE YOUTH IN RURAL AREAS not in education, employment or training Anna Karlsdóttir (ed.), Alex Cuadrado, Firouz Gaini, Leneisja Jungsberg & Louise Ormstrup Vestergård NORDREGIO REPORT 2019:8 Prepared on behalf of the 2017 to 2020 Nordic Thematic Group for Sustainable Rural Development, under the Nordic Council of Ministers’ Committee of Senior Officials for Regional Policy. Enabling vulnerable youth in rural areas not in education, employment or training Nordregio Report 2019:8 ISBN: 978-91-87295-74-4 ISSN: 1403-2503 DOI: http://doi.org/10.30689/R2019:8.1403-2503 © Nordregio 2019 Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE-111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.org www.norden.org Analyses and text: Anna Karlsdóttir (ed.), Alex Cuadrado, Firouz Gaini, Leneisja Jungsberg & Louise Ormstrup Vestergård Contributors: Linda Randall, Hjördís Rut Sigurjónsdóttir & Gustaf Norlén Maps: Eeva Turunen, Oskar Penje & Shinan Wang Cover photo: Anna Karlsdóttir Nordregio is a leading Nordic and European research centre for regional development and planning, established by the Nordic Council of Ministers in 1997. We conduct solution-oriented and applied research, addressing current issues from both a research perspective and the viewpoint of policymakers and practitioners. Operating at the international, national, regional and local levels, Nordregio’s research covers a wide geographic scope, with an emphasis on the Nordic and Baltic Sea Regions, Europe and the Arctic. The Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum of co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians from the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiative s and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in 1952. Stockholm, Sweden, 2019 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Early school leavers .......................................................................................................................... 9 3. Youth unemployment .....................................................................................................................14 4. Nordic countries and vulnerable youth ............................................................................17 5. Comparison of vocational educational systems .................................................... 18 School reforms in rural areas .................................................................................................................. 23 Marketization and segregation ......................................................................................................... 24 6. School closures ................................................................................................................................... 26 7. Socio-economic conditions ....................................................................................................... 34 Gender and socio-cultural aspects ........................................................................................................ 34 8. Mental health ...................................................................................................................................... 37 Sleeping difficulties .................................................................................................................................... 37 Feeling low ....................................................................................................................................................38 9. NEETs or vulnerable youth ....................................................................................................... 40 NEETs are not just numbers in statistics ............................................................................................. 42 Three distinct groups of NEETs ..............................................................................................................44 Denmark........................................................................................................................................................44 Finland ........................................................................................................................................................... 45 Norway ..........................................................................................................................................................46 Sweden ..........................................................................................................................................................46 Greenland ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 Faroe Islands ................................................................................................................................................ 49 Iceland ........................................................................................................................................................... 50 10. Overview of case studies ........................................................................................................... 52 Ways to re-engage ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Denmark........................................................................................................................................................ 52 Finland ........................................................................................................................................................... 55 Norway .......................................................................................................................................................... 57 Sweden ......................................................................................................................................................... 60 nordregio report 2019:8 5 Greenland ..................................................................................................................................................... 63 Faroe Islands ................................................................................................................................................ 65 Faroe Islands and Iceland ...................................................................................................................66 Iceland ............................................................................................................................................................ 67 11. Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................................70 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 nordregio report 2019:8 6 1. Introduction This report concludes work within the Nordic The- Development and Planning 2017–2021. It stresses matic Group on Sustainable Rural Regional Devel- the importance of promoting social sustainability opment as part of the Nordic Co-operation Pro- in relation to regional development. The Icelandic gramme on Regional Development 2017–2021. The chair in 2019 has young people as one of three main working title of the project is “A rural perspective priorities. It relates to SDG4, the fourth UN sustain- on spatial disparities of education and employ- able development goal, in that young people should ment outcomes”. Part of the curiosity that drove have a key role in achieving the goal, they should be this project was to understand better the situa- encouraged to actively participate in society and tion of vulnerable and marginalized youth in rural should have access to important decisions shaping areas of Norden, which arose from the Nordic Arc- the future (Norræna ráðherranefndin, 2018). Fur- tic Working Group 2013–2017 where we identified thermore, the project also relates strongly to both some local and regional processes with serious
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