The Diary of a Superfluous Man and Other Novellas The Diary of a Superfluous Man and Other Novellas Ivan Turgenev Translated by Michael Pursglove ALMA CLASSICS AlmA clAssics an imprint of AlmA books ltd 3 Castle Yard Richmond Surrey TW10 6TF United Kingdom www.almaclassics.com ‘The Diary of a Superfluous Man’ first published in Russian in 1850 ‘Asya’ first published in Russian in 1858 ‘First Love’ first published in Russian in 1860 This translation first published by Alma Classics in 2019 Translation and Introduction © Michael Pursglove, 2019 Extra Material © Alma Books Ltd Cover design: Will Dady Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY isbn: 978-1-84749-762-8 All the pictures in this volume are reprinted with permission or pre sumed to be in the public domain. Every effort has been made to ascertain and acknowledge their copyright status, but should there have been any unwitting oversight on our part, we would be happy to rectify the error in subsequent printings. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not be resold, lent, hired out or otherwise circulated without the express prior consent of the publisher. Contents Introduction vii The Diary of a Superfluous Man and Other Novellas 1 The Diary of a Superfluous Man 3 Asya 55 First Love 103 Appendix: The Alternative Ending to ‘First Love’ 169 Note on the Text 171 Notes 171 Extra Material 179 Ivan Turgenev’s Life 181 Ivan Turgenev’s Works 192 Select Bibliography 204 Introduction The three works in this collection are in a form at which Turgenev excelled – what Russians call the povest’ – the tale, the “long” short story or the novella. The stereotype of the Russian novel as a “great baggy monster” does not remotely apply to Turgenev’s work. His longest novel, Virgin Soil, runs to only 260 pages in the Alma Books translation, while his shortest, Rudin, is less than half its length and has indeed been described by one critic as an “overgrown novella”. Turgenev himself, when planning the writ- ing of On the Eve – which is indisputably a novel – refers to it as a “big novella” (bol’shaya povest’). Only ten years separate the publication of ‘The Diary of a Superfluous Man’ in Notes of the Fatherland in 1850 and that of ‘First Love’ in Library for Reading in March 1860. Yet these were momentous years in Turgenev’s literary career. In 1850 he had not yet published in book form the cycle of short stories, Memoirs of a Hunter, that was to make his name, nor had he published a single novel. By 1860, however he had published three of his six novels – Rudin, Nest of the Gentry and On the Eve – and the three novellas which comprise the present book. Two of the novellas – ‘Asya’ and ‘First Love’ – form natural pairs with two of the novels, the elegiac tone of ‘Asya’ being replicated in Nest of the Gentry, and the twin themes of love and death predominating in both ‘First Love’ and On the Eve. In those ten years the social and political climate of Russia had changed drastically. Before the death of Nicholas I in 1855, an almost paranoid, censor-ridden atmosphere prevailed. Turgenev himself was briefly incarcerated for having written a mildly laudatory obituary of Gogol. Under Alexander II, on the other hand, censorship was much relaxed and change was in the air, particularly regarding the perennial problem vii the diary of a superfluous man and other novellas of serfdom. ‘The Diary of a Superfluous Man’, for instance, was mutilated by the censor on its first appearance; only in 1856 was the full text published. The same relatively liberal atmosphere was still prevailing when ‘First Love’ was published, just two months after Turgenev’s final contribution to the Contemporary, his article ‘Hamlet and Don Quixote’, in which he divides the human race and the human personality into introverted Hamlets and extroverted Don Quixotes. It is interesting to note how much of the later Turgenev can be detected in ‘The Diary of a Superfluous Man’. Most obviously, the title itself immediately put a name to a type which had existed, in varying forms, in Russian literature at least since Griboyedov’s Chatsky in the 1820s. The term “superfluous man” was seized upon by critics, most notably by Nikolai Dobrolyubov, whose article ‘What Is Oblomovism?’ (1859) established a definitive list of “superfluous men”, culminating in the eponymous Oblomov. Chulkaturin is not the first example of the type in Turgenev’s prose oeuvre: the narrator of Turgenev’s first novella ‘Andrei Kolosov’ (1844) and the protagonist of ‘Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky District’ (1848) are both “superfluous men”, or Hamlets, to use Turgenev’s own term for his version of the type. He would go on to create several more, notably Rudin in his first novel, Gagin in ‘Asya’ and the would-be revolutionary and mediocre poet Nezhdanov in his last novel, Virgin Soil. Versions of the superfluous man continued to appear occasionally in Russian literature after Turgenev, notably in the work of Anton Chekhov. All three stories have at their core an unhappy love affair, remem- bered nostalgically long after the event by the man involved. Jane Costlow’s comment that “‘Asya’… is a work explicitly about love and memory” could equally well be applied to the other two stories in this collection. In all three stories, verbs meaning “to remember” and the noun “memory/memories” occur no fewer than seventy- nine times in total, the highest number (thirty-three) being, perhaps surprisingly, in ‘The Diary of a Superfluous Man’. There are three time frames in this story: the twelve days immediately preceding Chulkaturin’s death, as recorded in his diary, and the reminiscences viii introduction contained in these diary entries of, first, his childhood and, secondly, his disastrous courtship of Liza and her abandonment by the prince. Both ‘Asya’ and ‘First Love’, as well as ‘Faust’ (1855), also involve rather older males looking back on their youthful passion for much younger women. Chulkaturin is thirty and Liza seventeen. Asya too was seventeen when, “in long past days”, “some twenty years ago” when he was “about twenty-five” N.N. fell in love with her. In ‘First Love’ Vladimir Petrovich, now forty, is said to have been sixteen in 1833, while Zinaida was twenty-one. Two of the three stories have a markedly autobiographical ele- ment. ‘The Diary of a Superfluous Man’, however, although mostly set in Turgenev’s native city of Oryol, cannot, by its very nature, be an autobiographical story. In ‘Asya’, by contrast, Turgenev follows his usual practice of using several prototypes to create a single character. Asya herself, for instance, appears to be based on three girls, all known personally to Turgenev, born with what was then the considerable stigma of illegitimacy: his paternal uncle Nikolai Nikolayevich Turgenev’s daughter, who was known as Asya, a relatively unusual affectionate form of Anna, and was raised by Turgenev’s mother; Turgenev’s illegitimate half-sister Varvara; and his own illegitimate daughter Pelageya, later known as Polina or Paulinette. The fictional Asya bears many of the traits of Paulinette, whose mother was low-born and who was raised in the family of Pauline Viardot. In 1857 she was fifteen, was failing to get on with Viardot’s own children and enduring the trauma of her first love affair. By contrast, the three players in the love triangle at the centre of ‘First Love’ are drawn from readily identifiable individuals, which Turgenev disguised by altering their ages slightly: Turgenev himself, his father and Princess Yekaterina Lvovna Shakhovskaya (1815–36). Similarly, the summer residence (dacha) in the Neskuchny Garden, where most of the action takes place, is based on an actual building, rented by Turgenev’s father in 1833, but destroyed at the end of the 1920s. Turgenev himself claimed, with some justification: “I did not make up this novella; it was given to me by life itself”, a statement that can be applied equally well to the great majority of his works. ix the diary of a superfluous man and other novellas Turgenev was very conscious of his literary heritage, both Russian, in the persons of Alexander Pushkin and Nikolai Gogol, but also European, in the persons of Goethe and Heine. ‘The Diary of a Superfluous Man’ is clearly modelled on Gogol’s ‘Diary of a Madman’ (1835), and includes a quotation by the “author” of that diary, Poprishchin. There are clear echoes too in the duel scene of Pushkin’s short story ‘The Shot’ (1831). The stimulus for creating the autobiographical ‘First Love’ was Dostoevsky’s short story ‘The Little Hero’, published in Notes of the Fatherland in 1857. Turgenev’s characters are often judged by their awareness, or lack of it, of this heritage. Quotations from, and readings of, works admired by Turgenev were a feature of his oeuvre in the 1850s, with Pushkin and Goethe featuring especially prominently. Thus N.N. quotes Pushkin in the first sentence of ‘Asya’, as later do both Asya and her half-brother Gagin. Indeed, Joe Andrew points out that N.N. has “a tendency to try to reconstruct his own life as a dramatic narrative”. Chulkaturin reads Pushkin’s ‘The Prisoner of the Caucasus’ to Liza, quotes Lermontov, and his last words are lines from a Pushkin lyric.