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(2021) (R)Evolutionary Animal Tropes in the Works of Charles Darwin and Virginia Woolf

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(2021) (R)Evolutionary Animal Tropes in the Works of Charles Darwin and Virginia Woolf McCracken, Saskia (2021) (R)evolutionary animal tropes in the works of Charles Darwin and Virginia Woolf. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/82313/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] (R)evolutionary Animal Tropes in the Works of Charles Darwin and Virginia Woolf Saskia McCracken BA (Hons) MLitt Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of PhD School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow July 2021 © Saskia McCracken 2021 1 Abstract This thesis is the first full-length study of Woolf’s preoccupation, across her writing, with Darwin’s works. I will draw on the recent animal turn in literary criticism to provide original insight into the politics of Darwin’s animal tropes, and Woolf’s Darwinian animal tropes. My central research questions are how, to what extent, and with what effect, did Woolf engage with Darwin’s works, particularly his animal tropes? I will make two key claims in this thesis. First, I will argue that Woolf’s engagement with Darwin’s works – particularly the critically overlooked Descent of Man (1871) – was more sustained, extensive, and subversive than previously recognised. Both Darwin and Woolf were concerned with the limitations and (r)evolutionary potential of figurative language, in Darwin’s case to describe the world, and in Woolf’s case to constitute the world. I use the term (r)evolutionary to invoke both Darwin’s revolutionary theory of evolution and the revolutionary potential of Woolf’s evolving, Darwinian, beastly ‘chain of tropological transformations’ (de Man 241) to reconstitute the world. I will demonstrate that both writers’ works swarm with literal (yet always already discursive) and figurative animals which operate as signifiers overloaded ‘to the point of Benjaminian allegorical ruin’ (Goldman 2010 180). These tropes often gesture towards women, people of colour, and the working classes, and animals themselves. I will argue secondly, therefore, that analysing these unstable animal tropes can provide insight into the gender, racial, class, and animal politics of each writer. I will show that while Woolf embraced Darwin’s radical levelling of species she challenged the proto-eugenicist and misogynist aspects of his work. More specifically, I will analyse Woolf’s (r)evolutionary Darwinian pedigree politics of breeding figuration in chapter two; her anti-eugenicist dogs in Flush: A Biography (1933) in chapters three and four; her (anti)imperialist feathers in ‘The Plumage Bill’ (1920) in chapter five; and her ‘dictator’ worms (TG 135) in her feminist polemics A Room of One’s Own (1929) and Three Guineas (1938), in chapter six. 2 Contents Figures Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. The ‘Entangled Bank’: Darwin and Woolf’s Animal Tropes 10 1.1 Introduction 10 1.2 Literary, Literal, and Figurative Animals 23 1.3 Darwin and the Limits of Language 31 1.4 Voyaging Out 39 1.5 Further Darwin, Woolf, and Animal Scholarship 48 1.6 Conclusion 55 2. ‘Why is life beastly?’: Darwin’s, Stephen’s, and Woolf’s Auto/Biographies 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Genre, Subject Matter, Metaphor 72 2.3 Darwin and Leslie Stephen 76 2.4 Beastly Chains of Signification 88 2.5 ‘This Queer Animal Man’ 101 3. (R)evolutionary Dogs: Significant Otherness in The Descent of Man and Flush: A Biography 106 3.1 Introduction 106 3.2 Darwin as Source for Flush: A Biography 116 3.3 Beyond Darwin’s Dogs 124 3.4 Picturing Canine Companions 140 3 4. Canine Tropes, Eugenics, and Ethics 149 4.1 Introduction 149 4.2 Eugenics 150 4.3 Darwinian Eugenics and Race 159 4.4 Tyranny and Sympathy 177 4.5 Animal Sentience 181 5. Darwin and Woolf Write Feather Fashions, Sex and Extinction 194 5.1 Introduction 194 5.2 Contexts: Empire, Sex, Extinction 200 5.3 Woolf and the Plumage (Prohibition) Bill 209 5.4 Feathered Women Across Woolf’s Works 221 6. The (R)evolutionary Politic Worm 234 6.1 Introduction 234 6.2 ‘A Worm Winged Like an Eagle’ 243 6.3 Women & Fiction 250 6.4 ‘Creature, Dictator’ 255 6.5 Silkworms and Mulberry Trees 262 6.6 ‘A Different Song’ 269 Afterword: ‘Little Animal That I Am’ 275 Bibliography 280 4 Figures Fig. 1 Charles Darwin. ‘Tree of Life.’ On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 90. 112 Fig. 2 Virginia Woolf. ‘Frontispiece.’ Flush: A Biography. London: Hogarth, 1933. 2. 142 Fig. 3 Edwin Henry Landseer. ‘A Scene at Abbotsford.’ 1827. Image released under Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND (3.0 Unported). 144 5 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Jane Goldman, Nigel Leask, my annual progress review examiners Bryony Randall, Alice Jenkins, and Briony Wickes, and my viva examiners Christina Alt and Briony Randall, for their support, insight and enthusiasm, which has been invaluable to my research. I would like to thank the University of Glasgow College of Arts for granting me a postgraduate scholarship to undertake my doctoral thesis (as well as several collaborative research and research support awards), along with the British Society for Literature and Science, and the Fran Trust for further research support. For sharing their work with me prior to publication, I would like to thank Claire Davison, Jenni Råback, Peter Adkins, Bryony Randall, Jane Goldman, Rachel Murray, and the editors of the Cambridge edition of Flush: A Biography (Jane Goldman, Linden Peach, Derek Ryan). My gratitude goes also to Gillespie Ferguson for showing me the Darwin Centenary Dinner seating plans, Julia King at Washington State University Library for examining Woolf’s copies of Darwin’s books for me; Paul White, Anne Secord, and Jim Secord who discussed Darwin’s letters with me at the University of Cambridge; and Charlotte Hoare and John Wagstaff at the Darwin Archives, Christ’s College, Cambridge. Thank you, Vara Neverow, Chris Mourant, Elke D’hoker, Alberto Godioli, Carmen van den Berg, Rachel Murray, and Caroline Hovanec, and others already named above, for their editorial help in strengthening work from my thesis that has been published in other forms elsewhere. The Beastly Modernisms conference organising committee, contributors, and co-editor Alex Goody, and the British Animal Studies Network have all been invaluable to my understanding of animal studies and modernism, thank you. Finally, a special thank you to Laura Rattray and the Transatlantic Literary Women, the Core Four, HPL, Marine, Pernille, Eloise, my family, and Greg, always, for everything. 6 Abbreviations Abbreviated titles of Woolf’s works and date of first publication: AROO A Room of One’s Own (1929) BA Between the Acts (1941) CH Carlyle’s House and Other Sketches (2003) CSF The Complete Shorter Fiction (1985) D The Diary of Virginia Woolf (5 vols.) (1977-84) E The Essays of Virginia Woolf (6 vols.) (1987-2011) F Flush: A Biography (1933) HPGN Hyde Park Gate News (2006) JR Jacob’s Room (1922) L The Letters of Virginia Woolf (6 vols.) (1975-1980) M Melymbrosia (1982) MB Moments of Being (1972) MD Mrs. Dalloway (1925) MHP Monk’s House Papers (microfilm, unpublished) FMS1 The first manuscript draft (21 July 1931–April 1932) of Flush: A Biography (forthcoming) FMS2 The second manuscript draft (July–October 1932) of Flush: A Biography (forthcoming) 7 ND Night and Day (1919) O Orlando: A Biography (1928) P The Pargiters: The Novel-Essay Portion of The Years (1977) PA A Passionate Apprentice (1990) PH Pointz Hall (1983) RF Roger Fry: A Biography (1940) RN Reading Notebook (1983) TG Three Guineas (1938) TL To the Lighthouse (1927) W The Waves (1931) Y The Years (1937) WF Women & Fiction (1992) VO The Voyage Out (1915) 8 Abbreviated titles of Darwin’s Works and date of first publication: Autobiographies – The Autobiography of Charles Darwin: With Two Appendices, Comprising a Chapter of Reminiscences and a Statement of Charles Darwin’s Religious Views, by his Son (1887) Descent – The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) Expression – The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) Journal – Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Beagle’ Round the World, under the Command of Capt. FitzRoy (1839) Origin – On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) Variation – The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868) Worms – The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (1881) 9 Chapter One The ‘Entangled Bank’: Darwin and Woolf’s Animal Tropes Section 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 ‘Little Animal That I Am’ Virginia Woolf’s The Waves (1931) includes a striking example of her use of Darwinian animal tropes. Halfway through the novel, Jinny catches sight of her ageing reflection in a windowpane in Piccadilly tube station, where ‘[m]illions descend those stairs in a terrible descent’ (emphasis added TW 114): Little animal that I am, sucking my flanks in and out with fear, I stand here, palpitating, trembling.
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