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A Case Study of Chinese Women's Ice Hockey

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A Case Study of Chinese Women's Ice Hockey INSTITUTIONAL PLURALISM AND THE ORGANIZATION’S RESPONSE: A CASE STUDY OF CHINESE WOMEN’S ICE HOCKEY Hongxin Li Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2020 APPROVED: Calvin Nite, Major Professor John Nauright, Committee Member Abbas Tashakkori, Committee Member Karen Weiller-Abels, Committee Member Robin Henson, Chair of the Department of Educational Psychology Randy Bomer, Dean of the College of Education Victor Prybutok, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Li, Hongxin. Institutional Pluralism and the Organization’s Response: A Case Study of Chinese Women’s Ice Hockey. Doctor of Philosophy (Educational Psychology), May 2020, 115 pp., 2 tables, 1 figure, 5 appendices, references, 186 titles. In recent years, the sport of women’s ice hockey is growing fast worldwide. Upon winning the bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, women’s ice hockey in China started to develop rapidly. However, the development of women’s ice hockey in China has encountered numerous challenges. These challenges include addressing traditional Chinese culture, gender norms, and the process of sport reform. This study used a qualitative case study methodology to examine the perspectives of Chinese women ice hockey players, coaches, club administrators, government administrators, and the parents of youth hockey players to understand how women’s ice hockey navigated itself within the institutional complexity to gain legitimacy, and how the different institutional logics impacted the identities of organizations within women’s ice hockey in China. An abductive grounded theory approach was used to analyze the transcriptions and archived documents. Findings indicated that there were challenges for the development of women’s ice hockey in China at macro level, meso level, and micro level. Actors such as hockey administrations, professional clubs, and ice hockey coaches and players at different levels adopted multiple forms of institutional work to find out ways to incorporate institutional structures that mitigated the fact that there were multiple logics. In addition, influenced by competing logics, the organizations created collective identities to balance those logics. This study provides insights into how the actors within sport organizations create a more satisfactory environment to gain legitimacy. Copyright 2020 by Hongxin Li ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would not complete this dissertation without the support of many people. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Calvin Nite, who constantly provided me with advice and mentorships. Thank you for your guidance, patience, and helping me grow towards an independent scholar. I also want to thank my committee members, Dr. John Nauright, Dr. Karen Weiller, and Dr. Abbas Tashakkori for their time, feedback, guidance, suggestions, and expertise for me to complete my dissertation. In addition, I would like to appreciate Dr. James Zhang and Ms. Yunchao Bai for helping me recruit participants. Moreover, I also want to acknowledge the University of North Texas Division of International Affairs for funding me the GREAT Grant, which supported me in this research project. Last but not least, my gratitude is also extended to Dr. John Collins and Mr. Zachary Beldon. This project would not be finished on time without their assistance and encouragement. This dissertation is dedicated to my family members including my father, my mother, and my wife, who always love and support me in my life. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES.............................................................................................. vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 6 Sport in China ..................................................................................................................... 6 Women’s Sport in China ..................................................................................................... 9 Ice Hockey ........................................................................................................................ 12 Contemporary Women’s Ice Hockey in China ................................................................. 19 Institutional Theory ........................................................................................................... 20 Institutional Logics ............................................................................................... 24 Institutional Pluralism ........................................................................................... 26 Institutional Work ................................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 33 Research Settings .............................................................................................................. 34 Participants ........................................................................................................................ 34 Data Collection ................................................................................................................. 35 Interview Guide ................................................................................................................ 36 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................... 37 Trustworthiness ................................................................................................................. 38 Ethics and Human Subjects .............................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 41 Multi-level Challenges ...................................................................................................... 41 Macro-level Challenges ........................................................................................ 41 Meso-level Challenges .......................................................................................... 47 Micro-level Challenges ......................................................................................... 55 Summary ............................................................................................................... 57 Perspectives for Successful Implementation .................................................................... 57 iv Perspectives of Successful Implementation at Macro-level ................................. 57 Perspectives of Successful Implementation at Meso-level ................................... 64 Perspectives of Successful Implementation at Micro-level .................................. 71 Summary ............................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 75 Theoretical Implications ................................................................................................... 83 Practical Implications........................................................................................................ 87 Limitations and Future Research ...................................................................................... 88 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 89 APPENDIX A. QUESTIONS FOR ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS .................................................. 91 APPENDIX B. QUESTIONS FOR TEAM COACHES .............................................................. 93 APPENDIX C. QUESTIONS FOR CLUB ADMINISTRATORS .............................................. 95 APPENDIX D. QUESTIONS FOR CHINESE ICE HOCKEY ADMINISTRATORS .............. 97 APPENDIX E. QUESTIONS FOR PARENTS OF YOUTH HOCKEY PLAYERS .................. 99 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 101 v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Page Tables Table 1. Institutional Logics of Ice Hockey, Sport in China, Women’s Sport in China .............. 32 Table 2. Institutional Logics, Actors, and Institutional Work at Different Levels ....................... 81 Figures Figure 1. Legitimating process of a hybrid institution. ................................................................. 81 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Upon winning the bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, China has been working to boost winter sports in the domestic market. The Chinese government pledged to secure 300 million people to participate in winter sports before 2022 (Guan, 2017), and one of the particular target areas of the growth is in the ice hockey market (Li & Nauright, 2018). The government and the private actors in China have been actively working to promote a market for winter sports.
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