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Izraelští Arabové Jako Občané Druhého Řádu

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Izraelští Arabové Jako Občané Druhého Řádu MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Obor Mezinárodní vztahy Izraelští Arabové jako občané druhého řádu Diplomová práce Bc. et Bc. Lucie Kupová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Pavel Pšeja, Ph.D. UČO: 219592 Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Imatrikulační ročník: 2009 Brno, 2012 Prohlášení Čestně prohlašuji, ţe jsem diplomovou práci „Izraelští Arabové jako občané druhého řádu“ vypracovala samostatně a uvádím všechny pouţité zdroje. V Brně dne 30. 4. 2012 …………………. Lucie Kupová 2 Poděkování V první řadě chci poděkovat vedoucímu této diplomové práce PhDr. Pavlu Pšejovi, Ph.D. za podnětné připomínky, které pomohly určit směr práce. Velký dík také patří všem mým blízkým za jejich podporu při psaní této práce i v průběhu celého mého studia. 3 Obsah ÚVOD ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1. CÍL A LIMITY PRÁCE ...................................................................................................... 9 1. 1. VÝZKUMNÉ OTÁZKY ................................................................................................................. 10 1. 2. LIMITY PRÁCE ............................................................................................................................ 10 2. METODOLOGIE ............................................................................................................... 11 3. VYMEZENÍ ZÁKLADNÍCH POJMŮ ............................................................................ 13 4. HISTORICKÝ VÝVOJ SEKUNDÁRNÍHO POSTAVENÍ IZRAELSKÝCH ARABŮ VE SPOLEČNOSTI ............................................................................................................... 19 4. 1. 1948-1967: PŘIZPŮSOBENÍ ........................................................................................................ 20 4. 2. 1967-1992: PALESTINIZACE ...................................................................................................... 25 4. 3. 1993-2000: REORIENTACE ......................................................................................................... 30 4. 4. 2000 – SOUČASNOST: RADIKALIZACE ....................................................................................... 33 5. HLAVNÍ PROBLÉMOVÉ OBLASTI V POSTAVENÍ IZRAELSKÝCH ARABŮ A PROBLEMATIKA DODRŢOVÁNÍ JEJICH OBČANSKÝCH PRÁV VE STÁTĚ IZRAEL ................................................................................................................................... 42 5. 1. PRÁVNÍ A POLITICKÝ STATUS .................................................................................................... 42 5. 1. 1. Vlastnictví půdy a výstavba budov .................................................................................................. 44 5. 1. 2. Zákon o občanství a vstupu do Izraele ............................................................................................. 47 5. 1. 3. Zastoupení na politických a soudních pozicích ............................................................................... 49 5. 1. 4. Úřední jazyky arabština a hebrejština .............................................................................................. 52 5. 1. 5. Izraelské národní symboly a Den nezávislosti ................................................................................. 53 5. 1. 6. Smíšená manţelství ......................................................................................................................... 54 5. 2. SOCIO - EKONOMICKÝ STATUS .................................................................................................. 54 5. 2. 1. Zaměstnanost ................................................................................................................................... 55 5. 2. 2. Školství a vzdělávání ....................................................................................................................... 56 5. 3. SLUŢBA V ARMÁDĚ.................................................................................................................... 59 6. ZHODNOCENÍ .................................................................................................................. 63 6. 1. ZDROJE SEKUNDÁRNÍHO POSTAVENÍ IZRAELSKÝCH ARABŮ V IZRAELI A JEJICH PROMĚNA V UVEDENÉM ČASOVÉM OBDOBÍ ....................................................................................................... 63 6. 2. VÝVOJ IZRAELSKÉHO DISKURSU OHLEDNĚ POSTAVENÍ ARABSKÉ POPULACE V IZRAELI V DANÉM ČASOVÉM OBDOBÍ ............................................................................................................. 68 6. 3. ROLE (ZAHRANIČNĚ) POLITICKÝCH KROKŮ PŘEDSTAVITELŮ PALESTINSKÉ AUTONOMIE V POSTAVENÍ IZRAELSKÝCH ARABŮ V IZRAELI ................................................................................ 71 6. 4. ROLE AKTIVIT NEOFICIÁLNÍCH ORGANIZACÍ OPERUJÍCÍCH V PÁSMU GAZY A NA ZÁPADNÍM BŘEHU JORDÁNU VE VÝVOJI POSTAVENÍ IZRAELSKÝCH ARABŮ V IZRAELI ..................................... 73 ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................................................... 75 POUŢITÉ ZDROJE ............................................................................................................... 76 PRIMÁRNÍ ZDROJE ............................................................................................................................. 76 4 SEKUNDÁRNÍ ZDROJE ........................................................................................................................ 78 INTERNETOVÉ ZDROJE ....................................................................................................................... 88 SEZNAM POUŢITÝCH ZKRATEK ................................................................................... 89 PŘÍLOHY ............................................................................................................................... 90 5 “My father.. descends from the family of the plow Not from a privileged class And my grandfather..was a farmer Neither well-bred, nor well-born! Teaches me the pride of the sun Before teaching me how to read And my house is like a watchman's hut Made of branches and cane Are you satisfied with my status? Write down! I am an Arab You have stolen the orchards of my ancestors And the land which I cultivated Along with my children And you left nothing for us Except for these rocks. So will the State take them As it has been said?“ Mahmúd Darwiš – Identity Card 6 Úvod Na území státu Izrael ţije v současné době více neţ jeden a půl milionu lidí arabského původu, kteří disponují izraelským státním občanstvím.1 Jejich postavení ve společnosti je však značně znevýhodněno, kdyţ jsou omezována některá jejich základními zákony zaručená práva jako právo pronajímat si půdu2, reprezentovat svou komunitu v zákonodárných a exekutivních orgánech či slouţit v armádě3, kdy právě splnění této občanské povinnosti má v Izraeli pro další ţivot zvláštní význam.4 V určitém slova smyslu jsou tak Izraelci arabského původu diskriminováni ve srovnání s občany původu ţidovského a jejich status ve společnosti pak lze chápat jako občanství druhého řádu.5 Izraelští Arabové se také nacházejí v jisté dvojstranné pozici, která pramení z jejich dispozice izraelským občanstvím na jedné straně a etnickou příslušností k Arabům, jeţ vede k určitému sociálnímu a ekonomickému znevýhodňování, na straně druhé. Tento fenomén se na poli oboru mezinárodních vztahů neobjevuje nově, přesto je mu s ohledem na celkový rozsah studií zabývajících se problematikou regionu Blízkého východu6 věnován poměrně malý prostor. V českém prostředí, akademickém či laickém, potom nelze práce analyzující tuto problematika do hloubky nalézt vůbec. 1 Podle nejaktuálnějších informací Centrálního statistického úřadu státu Izrael (CBS) dosahuje ke dni 25. 4. 2012 počet izraelských Arabů ţijících v Izraeli 1 623 000, coţ je v přepočtu 20,6% celkového počtu obyvatel státu. Viz Central Bureau of Statistics: 64Th Independence Day - 7.881 Million Residents In The State Of Israel, on- line text. 2 Otázka moţnosti vlastnit půdu ve státě Izrael je velmi specifickým fenoménem, který vyplývá z faktu, ţe většinovým vlastníkem půdy v Izraeli je stát, jenţ spravuje 93,5% půdy. Otázka vlastnictví půdy státem byla řešena jiţ ode dne jeho vzniku a vyústila přijetím Zákona o půdě v roce 1960, podle nějţ nesmí být půda prodána ani jinak převedena z vlastnictví státu. Občané, a to jak Arabové, tak Ţidé, si ji mohou pouze pronajmout, coţ zajišťuje Israel Land Administration (ILA), zřízená samostatným zákonem téţ v roce 1960, viz ISRAEL LANDS ADMINISTRATION LAW, 5720-1960, on-line text. O správě podrobněji viz její oficiální webové stránky. Veškeré stavební úpravy, které na pronajatých územích probíhají, musejí být úředně schváleny, protoţe všechny budovy, které se na dané části půdy vyskytují, jsou povaţovány za její neoddělitelnou součást. Viz Israeli Knesset: Basic Law: Israeli Lands, on-line text. O celé problematice pojednává podrobněji kapitola 5. 1. 1. Vlastnictví půdy a výstavba budov, s. 44-47. 3 V Izraeli absolvují povinnou základní sluţbu muţi (3roky) i ţeny (2 roky), nejčastěji po absolvování střední školy. Sluţbu v armádě lze odmítnout s odůvodněním, ţe se neslučuje s osobní vírou člověka, ale tento postup se příliš často neobjevuje vzhledem k tomu, ţe je splnění této povinnosti ve společnosti chápáno jako základní příspěvek občanů k bezpečnosti
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