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A Gramscian Analysis of the Hamula and the Relations Between the Israeli State and Palestinian Arab Citizens of Israel

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A Gramscian Analysis of the Hamula and the Relations Between the Israeli State and Palestinian Arab Citizens of Israel A TALE OF TWO VILLAGES: A GRAMSCIAN ANALYSIS OF THE HAMULA AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ISRAELI STATE AND PALESTINIAN ARAB CITIZENS OF ISRAEL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY UMUT KOLDAŞ IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREEMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SEPTEMBER 2008 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Meliha B. Altunışık Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Meliha B. Altunışık Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. İhsan Duran Dağı (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Meliha B. Altunışık (METU, IR) Assist. Prof. Galip Yalman (METU, ADM) Assist. Prof. Özlem Tür (METU, IR) Assist Prof. İlker Aytürk (BILKENT, IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Signature : iii ABSTRACT A TALE OF TWO VILLAGES: A GRAMSCIAN ANALYSIS OF THE HAMULA AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ISRAELI STATE AND PALESTINIAN ARAB CITIZENS OF ISRAEL Koldaş, Umut Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Meliha Benli Altunışık September 2008, 515 pages Drawing on empirical data from the two Palestinian Arab villages of Abu Ghosh and Umm al Fahem, this dissertation assesses the nature of relationship between the Israeli state and its Palestinian Arab citizens from a Gramscian perspective. In this respect, a particular emphasis is given to the analysis of impact of local socio-economic and political structures on the relationship between the villagers and Israeli state and dominant classes especially following a hegemonic crisis during post-al Aqsa Intifada. Based on Gramscian methodology and empirical data, it is concluded that hamula structures could act as an agent of hegemony in internalization and reproduction of of consent based Israeli hegemony. Conditions, dynamics and consequences of this agent- structure relationship is also assessed in detail. Key words: Gramsci, hamula, Al Aqsa Intifada, Abu Ghosh, Umm al Fahem iv ÖZ İKİ KÖYÜN HİKAYESİ: HAMULA VE İSRAİL DEVLETİYLE FİLİSTİNLİ ARAP İSRAİL VATANDAŞLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLERİN GRAMŞİYAN ANALİZİ Koldaş, Umut Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Meliha Benli Altunışık Eylül 2008, 515 sayfa Bu çalışmada İsrail devleti ve Filistinli Arap vatandaşlar arasındaki ilişkilerin doğası Gramşiyan bir perspektifle İsrail’de bulunan Abu Ghosh ve Umm al Fahem adlı iki Filistin Arap köyü özelinde incelenmiştir. Bu incelemeye konu olan iki köydeki sosyo- ekonomik ve politik yerel yapılanmanın köy yaşayanlarıyla İsrail devleti ve baskın grupları arasındaki ilişkiyi özellikle toplum-içi bir kriz dönemi olan el Aksa İntifada’sı sonrasında nasıl etkilediği mercek altına alınmıştır. Hamula adı verilen aşiret yapılarının rızaya dayalı İsrail hegemonyasının Filistinli Arap köy halkı tarafından içselleştirilmesi ve yeniden üretilmesi süreçlerinde bir aracı rolü üstlenebileceği değerlendirilmiş ve bu araçsallığın koşulları, dinamikleri ve sonuçları Gramşiyan bir yöntemle irdelenmiştir. Anahtar sözcükler: Gramsci, hamula, El Aksa Intifadası, Abu Ghosh, Umm al Fahem v To my parents, my love and beloveds, who have been and will be in my words and my worlds throughout my life vi Bu tez Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Sosyal Bilimlerde Yurtiçi – Yurtdışı Bütünleştirilmiş Doktora Burs Programı tarafından desteklenmiştir. This thesis was supported by the Turkish Academy of Sciences as part of Fellowship Programme for Integrated Doctoral Studies in Turkey and Abroad in Social Sciences and Humanities vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Meliha Altunışık without whom this thesis would never see the daylight. Her eloquent trust in me, her guidance and her encouraging attitude helped me immeasurably in keeping my hopes and concentration alive even during the most difficult and complicated stages of writing this dissertation. Dear hocam thank you very much for everything! I would also like to thank to Professor İhsan Duran Dağı, Assist. Prof. Galip Yalman, Assist. Prof. Özlem Tür and Assist. Prof. İlker Aytürk for their constructive comments on my work. Here I would like to add my gratitude to Assist. Prof. Galip Yalman for his constructive and reconstructive comments about the theoretical part of this thesis, which I benefited extensively. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to several institutions, which supported this dissertation at different stages. I would like to start thanking the Turkish Academy of Sciences for granting me financial assistance in support of my studies and field research that I conducted in Israel. Here I would like to express my special thanks to Gökçen Özümit Mintaş whose assistance and guidance helped me a lot at TUBA. This study was also supported by joint scholarship program of Turkish Ministry of Education and the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. I would also like to thank the Moshe Dayan Institute for their support during my fellowship in this institution. Here I should also acknowledge invaluable comments and criticism of the researchers of this institute. In this respect, I would like to thank Prof. Elie Rekhess, Prof. Ofra Bengio, Prof. Asher Susser, and Prof. Aryeh Schmulevitz for their warm hospitality and intellectual support during my field research. viii I would also like to thank Professor Hauke Brunkhorst, whose comments and views triggered important questions in constructing the theoretical framework of this thesis. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Joel Migdal whose supervisory guidance helped me greatly in constructing both empirical and theoretical skeleton of this dissertation. I also enjoyed accompany of my dear friends in the University of Washington during my research fellowship. I would also like to thank Reşat Kasaba for his kind hospitality and comments on my work. I would also like to express my gratitude and deepest sympathy to the distinguished personnel of the Embassy of Turkish Republic in Israel. I would especially like to thank to Korhan Kemik, Atagün Kutluyüksel, Cenk Ünal, Kaan Koktürk, Barbaros Dicle for their encouragement and assistance during my stay in Israel. I would also like to thank Prof. Uri Davis, Prof. Amal Jamal, Prof. Zeev Rosenhek, Prof. Asad Ghanem, Prof. Dan Rabinowitz, Dr.Yosuf Jabareen, Prof. Yitzhak Reiter, Prof. Raphael Israeli, Ahmet Natur, Nimer Sultany for their views without which this dissertation could be written in this way. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Issa Jabber who did not only contribute significantly to the empirical part of this dissertation through his views and criticisms but also showed his extraordinary hospitality and friendship during my field trips in his village. Finally yet importantly, I would like to thank my beloveds without whom this intellectual effort would have been less meaningful. In this respect, I would like to thank my parents Zuhal and Vedat Koldaş for their support in all stages of constructing this intellectual work. Without their encouragement, emotional support and trust this process would have been much more difficult. Here I would like to mention especially ix sincere support of my sister Evren Koldaş for her invaluable support during this adventure. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my uncle Ilhan Turper, my aunt Nermin Turper and my dear cousin Cihan Turper for their relentless encouragement and belief in me. I would like to thank Cihan Turper also for his intellectual involvement and patience in the discussions, which I enjoyed much during this period. I would also like to thank my beloved friends, Ömür Atmaca, Sait Akşit, Nur Köprülü, and Hayriye Kahveci for being there for me whenever I needed them even during the most intricate stages of this dissertation. Without them, this process would have been insufferable. Here I should also acknowledge my once brother in arms Ş. İnan Rüma, D. Arıkan Açar, and Özgür Pişken for their friendship and support especially during the initial stages of this dissertation. Finally, I would like to express my special thanks to Baiba Baltvilka, who stood by me in both the most enjoyable and disastrous moments of life during this process. Thanks for being. Emtvvvm! x TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM …………………………………………………………………………..….... İİİ ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….…………….......IV ÖZ…………………………………………………………………………………….................V DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………....VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………...…………VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………….……………………………………………Xİ CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 1.1. The Puzzle and Statement of Problem ....................................................................5 1.2. Literature Review....................................................................................................8 1.3. Aim of Dissertation..............................................................................................
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