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UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Přírodovědecká Fakulta UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra ekologie a životního prostředí Vliv hydrologických podmínek na anatomii a morfologii porostů hvězdoše (Callitriche sp.) Influence of hydrological conditions on anatomy and morfology of a water starwort stands (Callitriche sp.) Diplomová práce Bc. Kristýna Dlábková Vedoucí práce: doc. RNDr. Martin Rulík, Ph.D. Olomouc 2013 Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto práci vypracovala samostatně. Veškeré literární prameny a informace, které jsem v práci využila, jsem uvedla v seznamu použité literatury. ……………………………………… podpis Poděkování: Ráda bych poděkovala především vedoucímu diplomové práce panu doc. RNDr. Martinu Rulíkovi, Ph.D., za vedení mé diplomové práce, jeho cenné rady a velkou trpělivost. Dále také Mgr. Janu Prančlovi za potvrzení příslušnosti rodu Callitriche do zkoumaného druhu a Bc. Jakubu Vránovi za pomoc a konzultaci při statistickém zpracování. Také bych chtěla poděkovat katedře ekologie a zoologie za poskytnutí pomůcek a prostor potřebných pro zpracování této práce. Na konec bych chtěla poděkovat své rodině a přátelům za velkou podporu. Abstrakt Vodní rostliny jsou ve vodních tocích ovlivňovány řadou faktorů, na které se musejí nějakým způsobem adaptovat. Mnoho z nich má rozsáhlou fenotypovou plasticitu pro vyrovnání se s těmito případnými podmínkami. Hlavním cílem této práce bylo zhodnotit vliv vodního prostředí na porosty rodu hvězdoš (Callitriche), převážně na druh hvězdoš háčkatý (Callitriche hamulata). V závislosti na různých rychlostech proudění, které se pohybují v rozmezí 0,05 – 0,83 m/s se mění velikost a tvar trsů hvězdoše, zejména délka a šířka. V této závislosti se také mění morfologická stavba rostlin, například tvar listů. Na podmínky prostředí, ve kterých rostlina žije, odpovídá tvorbou heterofylních listů, jež jsou v rychle proudící vodě úzké a v pomalé proudící vodě převážně široké, obvejčité, tvořící listovou růžici plovoucí na hladině. V rychle proudící vodě je pro rostliny důležitý kořenový systém, který je zde díky těmto podmínkám nejvíce rozsáhlý pro lepší udržení rostliny v proudu. Vodním rostlinám se tvoří také aerenchym, který je odpovědí na nedostatek rozpuštěného kyslíku ve vodě a jeho obsahu v rostlinných tkáních. Možný vliv na jeho vývoj má i rychlost proudění a teplota vody. Klíčová slova: Callitriche hamulata, aerenchym, rychlost proudu, heterofylie, vodní rostliny Abstract Aquatic plants are in streams influenced by numerous factors which must somehow adapt. Many of them have extensive phenotypic plasticity to cope with these possible conditions. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aquatic vegetation on the family water-starwort (Callitriche), mainly on the kind Callitriche hamulata. Depending on the different velocities, which range from 0.05 to 0.83 m/s as the size and shape of the tufts starwort, in particular length and width. This dependence is also changing their morphology such as leaf shape. Environmental conditions in which the plant lives, corresponds to the formation heterophylly leaves, which are in fast flowing water close and slow running water mostly wide, obovate, forming a rosette of leaves floating on the surface. The fast flowing water is important for plant root system, which is presented here by these conditions most extensive for better maintain plants in the stream. Aquatic plants are also formed aerenchym which is a response to a lack of dissolved oxygen in water and its content in plant tissues. Possible influence on his development has flow velocity and temperature. Keywords: Callitriche hamulata, aerenchyma, current velocity, heterophylly, aquatic plants Obsah Abstrakt ................................................................................................................................4 Abstract ................................................................................................................................5 1. Úvod ..............................................................................................................................6 2. Vodní toky .....................................................................................................................8 2.1. Vlastnosti vodních toků ........................................................................................8 2.1.1. Průtok a rychlost proudění vody ..................................................................8 2.1.2. Eroze a sedimentace ..................................................................................... 10 2.2. Vlastnosti vodního prostředí toků ..................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Kyslík ............................................................................................................. 11 2.2.2. Teplota a světelný režim .............................................................................. 11 2.3. Vegetace vodních toků ........................................................................................ 12 2.4. Horské a podhorské toky .................................................................................... 12 3. Vodní rostliny ............................................................................................................. 13 3.1. Životní formy vodních rostlin ............................................................................ 13 4. Anatomie a morfologie vodních rostlin.................................................................... 15 4.1. Kořeny .................................................................................................................. 15 4.2. Stonek ................................................................................................................... 15 4.3. Listy ...................................................................................................................... 16 4.4. Heterofylie............................................................................................................ 16 4.5. Pletiva provětrávací............................................................................................. 18 4.5.1. Aerenchym .................................................................................................... 18 5. Charakteristika druhu Callitriche hamulata Kütz. ..................................................... 20 5.1. Systematické zařazení rodu Callitriche ............................................................... 20 5.2. Obecné vlastnosti rodu Callitriche ...................................................................... 20 5.3. Callitriche hamulata Kütz. – hvězdoš háčkatý .................................................... 21 5.4. Ekologie ................................................................................................................ 21 5.5. Fytocenologie ....................................................................................................... 22 5.6. Rozšíření ............................................................................................................... 23 6. Materiál a metody....................................................................................................... 24 6.1. Lokality ................................................................................................................. 24 6.1.1. Bystřice .......................................................................................................... 24 6.1.2. Sitka ............................................................................................................... 27 6.1.3. Trusovický potok .......................................................................................... 28 6.2. Práce v terénu ...................................................................................................... 30 6.3. Laboratorní práce ................................................................................................ 30 6.3.1. Rozbor vody .................................................................................................. 30 6.3.2. Rozbor sedimentu ........................................................................................ 30 6.3.3. Měření rostlin a stanovení sušiny ............................................................... 31 6.3.4. Mikroskopické preparáty ............................................................................ 32 6.3.5. Statistické analýzy ........................................................................................ 33 7. Výsledky ...................................................................................................................... 34 7.1. Fyzikální parametry a chemismus vody ........................................................... 34 7.2. Analýza sedimentu.............................................................................................. 34 7.3. Analýza rostlin..................................................................................................... 36 7.3.1. Poměr root : shoot ........................................................................................ 36 7.3.2. Rozměry trsů rostlin ..................................................................................... 37 7.3.3. Heterofylie .................................................................................................... 41 7.3.4. Aerenchymatické pletivo ............................................................................. 43 8. Diskuze .......................................................................................................................
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