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Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 12, Issue 1 2010 Baltic Security and Defence Review is the publication of the Baltic Defence College © 2010, Baltic Defence College, All rights reserved ISSN 1736-3772 (print) 1736-3780 (online) Editorial Board Editor: Dr. James S. Corum, Dean, Baltic Defence College Lt. Col. John Andreas Olsen PhD, Norwegian Air Force, Dean, Norwegian Defence University College Dr. Richard DiNardo, Professor, US Marine Corps Staff College Dr. Joel Hayward, Dean, RAF College Cranwell, UK Dr. Adam Seipp. Dept of History, University of Texas Dr. Jürgen Foerster, Department of History, University of Freiburg Col. Robert Ehlers PhD, Professor, USAF School of Advanced Air and Space power Studies Dr. Arunas Molis, Department of Strategy and Politics, Baltic Defence College Brigadier General Walter Feichtinger PhD, Austrian National Defence Academy Dr. Hannu Kari, Finnish National Defence University Dr. Flemming Hansen, Royal Danish Defence College Assistant editor and layout: Villu Varjas Cover design and print: Momo Electronic version of the Baltic Security and Defence Review can be accessed on the website of the Baltic Defence College at www.bdcol.ee All articles of the Baltic Security and Defence Review are also available through the International Relations and Security Network (ISN) at www.isn.ethz.ch All inquiries should be made to the Baltic Defence College, Riia 12, 51013 Tartu, Estonia, ph: +372 717 6000, fax: +372 717 6050, e-mail: [email protected] Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 12, issue 1, 2010 Contents Baltic Defence College Workshop on the New NATO Strategic Concept, 18 February 2010 By Baltic Defence College faculty............................................................. 4 Measuring Progress in Reconstructing Afghanistan By Christiaan Davids, Sebastiaan Rietjens & Joseph Soeters .................... 25 “A matter of the most vital importance”: Military Aviation in the Netherlands 1914-1920 By Wim Klinkert......................................................................................... 52 Arms, Influence, and Coastal Defense: The British Military Mission to Finland, 1924-25 By Donald Stoker.............................................................................. 76 The Miracle on the Vistula, the Battle of Warsaw 1920: The Weak Facing the Strong By Col Ph.D. Zdzislaw Sliwa............................................................. 99 Air Power and Small Wars: Current Operations By James S. Corum ..........................................................................126 Main Features of the Operational and Tactical Leadership in the Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) By Maj. Paul Villemi (introduction and translation by Andres Seene)........158 America’s Most Notorious Naval Base Review by James S. Corum.................................................................184 3 Volume 12, issue 1, 2010 Baltic Security and Defence Review Baltic Defence College Workshop on the New NATO Strategic Concept, 18 February 2010 By Baltic Defence College faculty Introduction On this date, the Baltic Defence College hosted a workshop in which members of the Baltic states defence and foreign ministries, Baltic Defence college faculty and some invited foreign guests from the military and diplomatic sphere came together to listen to some formal presentations and also to carry on some organized discussions about advice that they would give to help shape the New Strategic concept that NATO will be debating in this next year. This workshop was intended as an academic discussion, a useful forum in which government officials and military and civilian experts and Baltic Defence College faculty could meet together and present their ideas. The atmosphere and organization of the workshop was informal and operated under traditional rules of free academic discussion. By this means, we were able to have a very positive and fruitful academic discussion and we learned a great deal from each other and helped refine our personal views on NATO’s new strategic concept. Therefore, this workshop discussion, even though carried out by some people in official positions, is not an official document, nor does it reflect the official position of any government or institution. It should be taken by the reader as simply a group of very well informed people sharing their views and giving advice. By the means of workshops such as this, and reports such as this, we hope to further the progress of the debate on the new NATO Strategic concept. As people who are all part of NATO states and who work with NATO in various capacities, the participants in the workshop are all highly committed the NATO Alliance and the work it does. Everyone in the workshop has strong hopes for NATO and NATO’s future. By means of a free and open discussion, we intend to help strengthen the work of NATO. 4 Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 12, issue 1, 2010 1. Comments of the various speakers Notes on the presentation by Dr. Arunas Molis of the Baltic Defence College Dr Molis’ talk centered on a discussion of the Baltic States and new NATO member states need for security reassurance in the context of developments since the last NATO strategic concept. Since the last NATO strategic concept much of the optimism of the early 1990s for the post Cold War world has faded away. The conflict over Kosovo, the conflict in between Georgia and Russia in 2008, the cyber attacks on Estonia, the confrontation over energy supplies have all been evidence that the cooperation with Russia has not worked out as was hoped for a decade ago. Those are all situations that have made the European security environment somewhat strained. In the face of an uncertain security environment as exists today it is important that NATO remain a central player in European security. The continued active involvement of the US in European security needs to be maintained at its current level and not reduced. The larger NATO nations ought to take measures to improve alliance military infrastructure and reinforcement capabilities in the newer member states. NATO ought to allocate resources for contingency planning and exercises in the newer NATO member states with the aim of improving the coordination and response capabilities within the alliance. Measures such as these will improve the capability of NATO Alliance members and infrastructure and will enhance NATO’s ability to respond to security threats. Remarks of Dr. Martin Hanz, German Ambassador to Estonia Dr. Hanz provided a positive assessment of the state of NATO and Western nation support for the Baltic nation partners. He did not see that there is a need for concern about NATO’s support for, and solidarity with the Baltic States as full NATO partners. While there are always frictions within the NATO alliance on policy issues, NATO as a whole remains 5 Volume 12, issue 1, 2010 Baltic Security and Defence Review firm on the core values and issues. NATO is fully committed to the security of its full members. Remarks of Mr. Paul Teesalu Mr. Teesalu noted that partnership and enlargement questions are central to all the debates about NATO. Per the Oslo discussion, there are two main points to be stressed: First of all, NATO must make it very clear as to just what NATO’s interests are— especially in terms of conducting actual operations. Secondly, in order to be truly effective, partnerships have to be value-based partnerships. Both elements have to be carefully balanced. In order to facilitate cooperation with Eastern neighbors, it is also important for NATO to use MD and ICI formats in order to gain a better understanding of the interests and situation in North Africa and the Middle East. Remarks of Mr. Vaides Augunbas The history of partnerships in the NATO contact was discussed. There are different types of NATOP partnerships. For example, the PfP has operated as a path to NATO membership. Another form of partnership: Austria, Finland and Ireland are all Nations interested as regional security partners with NATO—but these countries are not desirous to join NATO as member states. New Zealand, Japan and Australia also work together with NATO as partners. Two questions are important: 1. NATO needs a realistic agenda for engaging with partner nations. 2. What should the NATO approach to Russia be? The NATO- Russia relationship is not completely negative. But in light of the Georgia conflict in 2008, it can certainly not be said to be positive. 6 Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 12, issue 1, 2010 2. Speaking notes on NATO’s role in defence against the most relevant threats to transatlantic security By Jonas Daniliauskas1 Change of security environment and NATO’s Strategic Concept The global security environment constantly develops and changes. NATO must adapt to the changing international environment. It has done it successfully over the decades. It has done it by expanding its agenda, by changing policies, by enlarging, by adopting new Strategic Concepts. Adoption of each new Strategic Concepts by NATO was preceded by some major change in global or European politics: • 1949 - first SC: just after creation of NATO • 1957 – second SC: after Germany entered NATO • 1968 – third SC: after France withdrew from military structures of NATO • 1991 – fourth SC: after Cold War ended • 1999 – fifth SC: after first round of enlargement to CEEC and on the occasion of 50th anniversary of NATO • 2010 – sixth SC will respond both to changed security environment over more than a decade and to its own enlargement since
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