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La Pisciculture En Polynésie Française : Étude Bibliographique Et Expérimentale Des Maladies Et De Leur Gestion Sanitaire

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La Pisciculture En Polynésie Française : Étude Bibliographique Et Expérimentale Des Maladies Et De Leur Gestion Sanitaire ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE DE LYON ANNEE 2009 – THESE N°06 La pisciculture en Polynésie française : étude bibliographique et expérimentale des maladies et de leur gestion sanitaire THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VETERINAIRE DIPLÔME D’ETAT Présentée et soutenue publiquement devant l’Université Claude‐Bernard Lyon 1 (Médecine‐Pharmacie) par Ambre VAN CAM Née le 5 janvier 1984 à Chatenay Malabry (92) ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE DE LYON ANNEE 2009 La pisciculture en Polynésie française : étude bibliographique et expérimentale des maladies et de leur gestion sanitaire THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VETERINAIRE DIPLÔME D’ETAT Présentée et soutenue publiquement devant l’Université Claude‐Bernard Lyon 1 (Médecine‐Pharmacie) par Ambre VAN CAM Née le 5 janvier 1984 à Chatenay Malabry (92) DEPARTEMENT ET CORPS ENSEIGNANT DE L'ENVL Mise à jour : 07/10/2008 Directeur : Stéphane MARTINOT Contractuel, Associé, Praticiens PR EX PR 1 PR 2 ISPV,MC, MC(HC) IPAC hospitaliers DEPARTEMENT SANTE PUBLIQUE VETERINAIRE V. GUERIN-FAUBLEE (HC) Microbiologie, Immunologie, Pathologie Générale Y. RICHARD A. KODJO D. GREZEL Pathologie infectieuse M. ARTOIS A. LACHERETZ J. VIALARD (HC) MP. CALLAIT-CARDINAL Parasitologie et Maladies Parasitaires MC. CHAUVE G. BOURDOISEAU L. ZENNER G. BOURGOIN (stagiaire) P. DEMONT A. GONTHIER Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments S. COLARDELLE (ISPV) C. VERNOZY D. SERGENTET Législation et Jurisprudence A. LACHERETZ ML. DELIGNETTE P. SABATIER (HC) Bio-informatique - Bio-statistique K. CHALVET-MONFRAY DEPARTEMENT ANIMAUX DE COMPAGNIE Anatomie T. ROGER S. SAWAYA C. BOULOCHER D. FAU C.CAROZZO Chirurgie et Anesthésiologie JP. GENEVOIS E.VIGUIER K. PORTIER (stagiaire) D. REMY S. JUNOT (stagiaire) T. MARCHAL P. BELLI Anatomie-pathologique/Dermatologie-Cancérologie C. FLEURY D. PIN D. WATRELOT-VIRIEUX Hématologie C. FOURNEL I. BUBLOT F. PONCE Médecine interne JL. CADORE L. CHABANNE C. POUZOT (siamu) M. HUGONNARD C.ESCRIOU Imagerie Médicale DEPARTEMENT PRODUCTIONS ANIMALES Zootechnie, Ethologie et Economie Rurale M. FRANCK L. MOUNIER L. COMMUN D. GRANCHER (HC) Nutrition et Alimentation L. ALVES DE OLIVEIRA G. EGRON S. BUFF M. RACHAIL-BRETIN Biologie et Pathologie de Reproduction F. BADINAND AC. LEFRANC (stagiaire) P. GUERIN R. FRIKHA G. LESOBRE C. COLIN Pathologie Animaux de Production P. BEZILLE T. ALOGNINOUWA M.A. ARCANGIOLI P. DEBARNOT D. LE GRAND P. OTZ DEPARTEMENT SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES J.J. THIEBAULT (HC) Physiologie/Thérapeutique JM. BONNET-GARIN V. LOUZIER (stagiaire) E. BENOIT Biophysique/Biochimie T. BURONFOSSE F. GARNIER Génétique et Biologie moléculaire F. GRAIN V. LAMBERT P. JAUSSAUD Pharmacie/Toxicologie Législation du Médicament G. KECK C. PROUILLAC (stagiaire) P. BERNY T. AVISON (IPAC) Langues G. MARTIN (IPAC) DEPARTEMENT HIPPIQUE Pathologie équine JL. CADORE A. BENAMOU-SMITH Clinique équine O. LEPAGE A. LEBLOND M. GANGL RREEMMEERRCCIIEEMMEENNTTSS A notre Président de thèse, M. Jérôme ETIENNE Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de Lyon Bactériologie, Virologie Qui nous a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de notre jury de thèse Hommage respectueux A notre jury de thèse, Monsieur le Professeur Antoine LACHERETZ Professeur 2ème classe à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon Pathologie infectieuse, Législation et Jurisprudence Que nous remercions pour l’intérêt porté à notre travail Hommage reconnaissant Madame le Professeur Claude CHAUVE Professeur 1ère classe à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon Parasitologie, Maladies parasitaires Qui nous a fait le plaisir de participer à notre jury de thèse Hommage reconnaissant - 3 - Nous remercions également les organismes et Services de Polynésie française pour leur accueil et pour l’intérêt porté à ce travail. Le Service de la Pêche de Polynésie française A toute l’équipe du Service de la Pêche de Polynésie française Merci pour votre accueil et votre collaboration Le Centre IFREMER de Tahiti (Centre Océanologique du Pacifique) A toute l’équipe du Centre IFREMER de Tahiti Merci pour votre accueil et votre collaboration - 4 - A Georges, Merci pour l’accueil chaleureux au sein de ton équipe et pour ton aide dans l’élaboration de ce travail A Rarahu, Merci pour ton soutien, ta disponibilité, ta patience et ta bonne humeur A Nathalie, Merci pour cette initiation à la pathologie des poissons A tous les agents du SPE et du COP, Votre aide m’a été des plus précieuses UN GRAND MERCI A TOUS A ma famille de Tahiti et des Hautes-Alpes, A mes mamans lyonnaises, A mon homme, A tous mes amis - 5 - SSoommmmaaiirree Liste des figures…........…………………………………………….……..………………………..- 10 - Liste des tableaux………………………………………………………..…………………...…….- 13 - Liste des annexes………….…………………………………………………………………….….- 14 - INTRODUCTION……….…………………………………………………………………………....- 16 - PREMIERE PARTIE : PRESENTATION DE LA POLYNESIE FRANCAISE ET DE LA FILIERE PISCICOLE I. PRESENTATION DE LA POLYNESIE FRANCAISE ...................................................... - 21 - I. 1. Géographie et démographie .................................................................................................... - 21 - I. 2. Climat ............................................................................................................................................... - 22 - I. 3. Statut ................................................................................................................................................ - 22 - I. 4. Economie ........................................................................................................................................ - 22 - II. PRESENTATION DE LA FILIERE PISCICOLE POLYNESIENNE .............................. - 23 - II. 1. Historique de la pisciculture .................................................................................................. - 23 - II. 2. Situation actuelle de la pisciculture .................................................................................... - 25 - II. 3. Aspects biologiques et techniques ....................................................................................... - 26 - II. 3. 1. Biologie des espèces piscicoles .....................................................................................................................- 26 - o Lates calcarifer (FAO, 1974) ................................................................................................................................. - 26 - o Oreochromis sp. (FAO, 2002) ................................................................................................................................ - 27 - o Polydactylus sexfilis (FAO, 2004) ........................................................................................................................ - 29 - o Platax orbicularis (FAO, 2001) ............................................................................................................................ - 30 - II. 3. 2. Les techniques d’élevage .................................................................................................................................- 32 - o L’écloserie .................................................................................................................................................................... - 32 - o Le grossissement ........................................................................................................................................................ - 32 - DEUXIEME PARTIE : GENERALITES SUR LES MALADIES DES POISSONS I. LES CARACTERES PROPRES AUX MALADIES DES POISSONS .............................. - 37 - I. 1. Rappels anatomo-physiologiques ......................................................................................... - 37 - I. 1. 1. Les branchies et la respiration .......................................................................................................................- 37 - I. 1. 2. Le couple branchio-rénal ..................................................................................................................................- 38 - o L’équilibre hydrominéral ....................................................................................................................................... - 38 - o L’excrétion azotée ..................................................................................................................................................... - 39 - I. 1. 3. Le système immunitaire ....................................................................................................................................- 39 - o L’immunité non spécifique ..................................................................................................................................... - 40 - o L’immunité acquise................................................................................................................................................... - 40 - I. 1. 4. Le stress et les éléments concernés du système nerveux ..................................................................- 41 - I. 1. 5. La poïkilothermie..................................................................................................................................................- 42 - - 6 - I. 2. Principales caractéristiques du milieu environnant ...................................................... - 42 - I. 2. 1. Propriétés physiques de l’eau .........................................................................................................................- 43 - o La température .........................................................................................................................................................
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