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11432989 Lprob 1.Pdf Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Volume 331 Series Editors Richard W. Compans Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3001 Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Max D. Cooper Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Georgia Research Alliance, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Tasuku Honjo Department of Medical Chemistry, Kyoto University, Faculty of Medicine, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Hilary Koprowski Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories, 1020 Locust Street, Suite M85 JAH, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA Fritz Melchers Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50–70, 4056 Basel Switzerland Michael B.A. Oldstone Department of Neuropharmacology, Division of Virology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Sjur Olsnes Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello 0310 Oslo, Norway Peter K. Vogt The Scripps Research Institute, Dept. of Molecular & Exp. Medicine, Division of Oncovirology, 10550 N. Torrey Pines. BCC-239, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Ethel-Michele de Villiers • Harald zur Hausen Editors TT Viruses The Still Elusive Human Pathogens Editor Prof. Dr. Ethel-Michele de Villiers Prof. Dr. mult. Harald zur Hausen Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Abt. Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Tumorvirus-Charakterisierung Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 Im Neuenheimer Feld 242 69120 Heidelberg 69120 Heidelberg Germany Germany ISBN 978-3-540-70971-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-70972-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5 Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ISSN 0070-217x Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2008935114 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September, 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: WMX Design GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface Eleven years ago the circular DNA of a novel single-stranded virus was cloned and partially characterized by Nishizawa, Okamoto and their colleagues. According to the initials of the patient from whom the isolate originated, the virus was named TT virus. This name has been subsequently changed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) into Torque teno virus, permitting the further use of the abbreviation TTV. Although initially suspected to play a role in non-A–E hepatitis, subsequent studies have failed to support this notion. Within a remarkably short period of time it became clear that TT viruses are widely spread globally, infect a large proportion of all human populations studied thus far, and represent an extremely heterogeneous group of viruses, now labelled as Anelloviruses. TT virus-like infections have also been noted in various animal species. The classification of this virus group turns out to be difficult. Their DNA contains between 2,200 and 3,800 nucleotides, while related so-called TT mini- viruses and a substantial proportion of intragenomic recombinants further compli- cate attempts to combine these viruses into a unifying phylogenetic concept. Although studied in many laboratories, the most interesting medical question concerning their possible pathogenic role in humans still remains unanswered today. We know of a substantial number of other infections that persist for life within infected individuals: members of the herpesvirus group, including the Epstein-Barr virus, and also polyomaviruses, such as BK and JC viruses, may serve as examples. In virtually all of these instances these viruses are able to induce human diseases, at least in some patients: e.g. Epstein-Barr virus may cause infectious mononucleosis and in immunosuppressed patients B cell lymphomas. BK and JC virus infections do not seem to cause acute conditions; immunosuppression, how- ever, may result in BK virus-induced haemorrhagic cystitis or, in JC, virus-caused progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Thus, it is not unreasonable to suspect that persistence of at least some specific TT virus genotypes may result in some infected individuals in a definable pathogenicity. We believe that this volume provides the first hints in support of this view. When the editors were approached by Peter Vogt to compile a specific volume of Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology on TT viruses, they were pleased and quickly agreed. For comparative purposes we also invited contributions on structurally related single-stranded DNA viruses, like chicken anaemia and plant v vi Preface Gemini viruses. The response of invited contributors was exceedingly good and all of them delivered their contributions in time. We gratefully appreciate their help in compiling this volume, which seems to represent the first comprehensive documen- tation of this interesting virus group. We are also grateful to Springer, and specifi- cally to Anne Clauss, for gently accompanying the editing and production process of this volume. Heidelberg, 8 June 2008 Ethel-Michele de Villiers Harald zur Hausen Contents History of Discoveries and Pathogenicity of TT Viruses ............................. 1 H. Okamoto Classifi cation of TTV and Related Viruses (Anelloviruses) ........................ 21 P. Biagini TT Viruses in Animals .................................................................................... 35 H. Okamoto Replication of and Protein Synthesis by TT Viruses ................................... 53 L. Kakkola, K. Hedman, J. Qiu, D. Pintel, and M. Söderlund-Venermo Immunobiology of the Torque Teno Viruses and Other Anelloviruses ...... 65 F. Maggi and M. Bendinelli Intragenomic Rearrangement in TT Viruses: A Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease ........................................................................ 91 E.-M. de Villiers, R. Kimmel, L. Leppik, and K. Gunst TT Viruses: Oncogenic or Tumor-Suppressive Properties? ........................ 109 H. zur Hausen and E.-M. de Villiers Relationship of Torque Teno Virus to Chicken Anemia Virus ................... 117 S. Hino and A.A. Prasetyo Apoptosis-Inducing Proteins in Chicken Anemia Virus and TT Virus ................................................................................................... 131 M.H. de Smit and M.H.M. Noteborn Chicken Anemia Virus .................................................................................... 151 K.A. Schat vii viii Contents Geminiviruses .................................................................................................. 185 H. Jeske Index ................................................................................................................. 227 List of Contributors Mauro Bendinelli Retrovirus Center and Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa 37, Via San Zeno I-56127 Pisa, Italy, [email protected] P. Biagini UMR CNRS 6578 Equipe Emergence et co-évolution virale, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée et Université de la Méditerranée, 27, Bd. Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France, [email protected], [email protected] Maarten H de Smit Department of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected] Ethel-Michele de Villiers Division for the Characterisation of Tumour Viruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungs- zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, [email protected] Harald zur Hausen Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, [email protected] Klaus Hedman Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, Finland, klaus.hedman@helsinki.fi Shigeo Hino Medical Scanning, 4-3-1F, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062 Japan, [email protected] Holger Jeske Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany, [email protected] ix x List of Contributors Laura Kakkola Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, Finland, laura.kakkola@helsinki.fi Fabrizio Maggi Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital 35-37, Via San Zeno I-56127 Pisa, Italy, [email protected] Mathieu HM Noteborn Department of Molecular Genetics, Leiden
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