The Cambridge History of Welsh Literature Edited by Geraint Evans , Helen Fulton Index More Information

Home , Capel Celyn, Cronica Walliae, Cymanfa Ganu, Englynion y Beddau, Lewys Glyn Cothi, Maelgwn Gwynedd

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10676-5 — The Cambridge History of Welsh Literature Edited by Geraint Evans , Helen Fulton Index More Information

Index

2, 679 Acts of Union, 147–57, 159–64, 170, 177, 265, 18 Poems, 468–70, 472–3, 475–6, 481 270, 510, 513 adaptations, 19, 21, 75, 77, 84, 132, 182, 344, Aaron, Jane, 213, 335, 398, 430, 566, 567–8, 571 517, 588 Aaron, Wil, 644–5 ‘Adar y Gaeaf ’, 536 Abbey Theatre, 521 ‘Adar y Plwyfi’, 536 abbeys, Cistercian, 29, 113, 130–1 administrative decentralization, 494, 496 abbots, 104, 131–2, 704 administrative devolution, 495 Aberconwy, 29, 130 adolescence, 413, 469, 473, 476, 478, 589 Aberdare, 363, 437 ‘Adref’, 370 Aberdaron, 533, 541 advancement, 161, 176, 298 Aberfan Disaster, 492 social, 21, 541 Aberffraw, 27, 242 technological, 508 Abergavenny, 139, 195, 203, 301, 587 Adventurers, The, 398 Abergavenny, eisteddfod, 301 adventures, 38, 58, 73–4, 188, 337, 341–2, 389, Abergavenny Crucifixion, 196 415, 623–4, 628 Abergavenny Cymreigyddion, 301 Adventures and Vagaries of Twm Shon Catti, ‘Aberglasne’, 675 The, 341 Aberhenfelen myth, 373 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The, 415 Aberystwyth, 23, 27, 120–1, 130, 132, 135, 368, Aelwyd f’Ewythr Robert, 344 373, 447, 640–1 Aeneid, The, 270 University/University College, 568, aerodromes, 376, 513 605, 670 ‘Aeth Cymru’n Seisnig’, 245 Aberystwyth Noir, 700 Afal Ddrwg Adda, 462 Above Us the Earth, 645 Afallennau, 29 Abse, Dannie, 558–60, 561, 569, 587, 599, Afallon, 367, 412, 675 602 affluence, 423, 491–2, 493–4, 562 accidents, 64, 108, 345, 518 affrays, 200–1, 204, 242 accountability, 290, 292, 494, 497 Agincourt, 417 acculturation, 160, 245 agitation, 260, 451, 501, 523 accuracy, 235, 279, 313 political, 259, 374 Accuratissima orbis antiqui delineatio, 219 agricultural communities, 379, 529, 542, 545, Acre of Land, An, 535, 538–9 549, 679 Act for Punyshment of Sturdy Vacabundes agriculture, 259, 359–60, 494, 655 and Beggars, 162 Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius, 53 activism, 423, 507, 590, 614, 671 Aldhelm, 27 actors, 75, 84, 200, 202, 525, 585, 641, 649 Aled, Tudur, 138, 143, 241 Acts of Uniformity, 185 Aleppo Merchant, The, 397

785

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10676-5 — The Cambridge History of Welsh Literature Edited by Geraint Evans , Helen Fulton Index More Information

Index

Alexander, Lloyd, 589, 623, 624–6 Anglicans, 239, 257, 306, 311, 312, 313, 315, 347, Alexander the Great, 33, 138 361, 411 alienation, 195, 377, 420, 428, 434–5, 448, 453, anglicization, 15, 160, 177, 260, 287, 297, 338, 475, 477, 484 357, 361, 516 All Things Betray Thee, 395–6 gradual, 162, 164 All Wales Ethnic Minority Association progressive, 245 (AWEMA), 660–1 Anglo-Norman world, 18, 19, 75, 97, 130 Allchin, A.M., 374 anglophone literature, 424, 429, 614–15 allegiances, 136, 139, 141, 158, 411–13, 599 anglophone Wales, 407, 412, 532, 595 political, 20, 115, 291, 306, 579 anglophone Welsh, 266, 275, 413, 415, 529, allegory, 266, 344, 369, 395, 410, 426, 623 536–8, 595, 596–8, 599–601, 603 Allen, Kevin, 646 anglophone writers, 286, 405, 594–5, 612 alliteration, 104, 119–20, 300, 309, 312, 539 Anglo-Saxons, 3, 15, 26, 31, 93–4, 97, 275, 389, allusions, 13, 27, 44, 77, 107, 144, 326, 370, 414, 418, 620 538–9 Anglo-Welsh, 213, 340, 429, 484–5, 557–8, 561–2, literary, 290, 473 563, 568, 597, 600 almanac eisteddfods, 288 critics, 559, 568 almanacs, 266, 299 literature, 5, 214, 229, 468, 536–7, 557–9, 564, Alyn, 531 569, 596, 603 ambassadors, 105–6, 216 poetry, 214, 558, 561–3 cultural, 9 writers, 536, 557–9, 568, 597, 600 America, 166, 227, 274, 340–1, 438, 446, 578, 579, Anglo-Welsh Review, The, 561, 564, 568, 603 581–2, 583 Angry Summer, The, 453 American Wales, 416, 642 Angry Vineyard, The, 399 Americans, Welsh, 579–80, 582, 589 anian, 62, 63–4 Among the Mountains: or Life in Wales, 409 animal form, 59, 62 amour courtois, 120 animals, 60, 62–4, 181, 277, 369, 382, 471 AMs, 512, 658, 659, 661–3 Anna, or Memoirs of a Welch Heiress, 339 Amser Amherffaith, 675 Annales Cambriae, 97, 98–100 Amser i Wylo, 399 annual eisteddfod, 595, 609, 685 Amwythig, see Shrewsbury Annuvin, 623, 632 anachronisms, 40, 114, 499, 670, 705 Annwyl Smotyn Bach, 684 Anathémata: Fragments of an Attempted anoeth byd, 29 Writing, 460 anterliwtau, 201–2 ancestors, 32, 33, 40, 124, 137–8, 169, 291 anthologies, 133, 134, 146, 214–15, 429–30, 558, Anchorite of Llanddewibreﬁ, 131–3 561, 581, 589–90, 604 ancient Britons, 168, 190, 240, 265–6, 269, Antiquae Linguae Britannicae … Rudimenta 336, 340 (1621), 188 Anderson, Benedict, 500 antiquarianism, 3, 4, 6, 147, 163, 257, 264–80, Andrews, Leighton, 613, 614 286, 291 Aneirin, xix–xx, 3, 5, 9, 29, 32, antiquities, 163, 169, 214, 265, 267, 291, 306, 460 34, 36, 45, 102 Antur, Gruffudd, 608 angels, 198, 274, 324–5 ap Gruffudd, Sir Rhys, 118, 124 Angels in Wales, 410 Apologiae pro Ecclesiae Anglicanae, 187, 238 anger, 266, 270, 400, 421, 687 Appleby Fair, 613 Angharad, Elin, 605 ‘Ar Gyfeiliorn’, 373 Anglesey, 116, 123–4, 157–8, 187, 189, 202, 205–6, ‘Ar Weun Cas-mael’, 376 207–8, 273, 550 Arad Goch, 641 Anglians, 30–1 Arawn, 63, 623–4 Anglica Historia, 189 Archaeologia Cambrensis, 257 Anglican Church, 261, 274, 306–7, 311, 315, 323, Archaeologica Britannica, 267 360, 416 archaic language, 348, 369–70 in Wales, 166, 266 Archer, David, 470

786

Index

Arches, The, 569 authority, 23, 94–5, 165, 169, 232–3, 234, 279, Argentina, 439, 579, 587 295, 298, 300 Argoed, 35, 369, 549–51 autobiographies, 346, 390, 392, 394–6, 415–16, Argoed Llwyfain, 35–6 450, 559–60 Arianrhod, 77, 623, 624 ﬁctional, 408, 678 aristocratic life, 19, 107 Autobiography of a Supertramp, 415 aristocratic patronage, 254, 287 autonomy, political, 94, 99, 680 Armes Prydein, 15, 37, 54, 716 ‘Awdl ar Rhyddid’, 289–90 Armin, Robert, 226 awdl/awdlau, xix, 102, 103–4, 105, 116, 117, Arnold, Matthew, 52, 338, 406, 418, 461, 620, 146–7, 285, 610, 677 633, 634 Awdyl ar Destyn y Gwyneddigion, 285 Arthur, 28–9, 57–8, 59, 82–3, 84, 137, 412, 460, Awdyl ar Dymhorau y Vlwyzyn, 285 461, 631–2 AWEMA (All Wales Ethnic Minority Arthur Llwyd y Felin, 345 Association), 660–1 Arthurian place-names, 460 awenyddion, 54–5 Arthurian tales, 57, 81–2, 84, 301 Awst yn Anogia, 682 artistry, 120, 308, 311, 366, 449 AWWE (Association of Welsh Writing in artists, 255, 257, 381, 391, 450, 459, 461, 478–9, English), 568 566, 571 Azzopardi, Trezza, 601, 699 Arts Council for Wales, 562–3 As You Like It, 226 Babel, 264 Ash on A Young Man’s Sleeve, 559 Babylon, 410, 546, 590 aspirations Baddy, Thomas, 314 cultural, 416, 454 Baines, Elizabeth, 440 national, 301, 495 ‘Y Bais Wen’, 274 political, 452, 494 Baker, Denys Val, 362–3 Aspull, Thomas, 202 Bala, 285, 288, 310, 321, 323, 346 Assembly Members, see AMs. Baldick, Chris, 481 Association of Welsh Writing in English Baldwin, Stanley, 513 (AWWE), 568 Balham, 458 assonance, 309, 312, 480, 539 Ballad of the Mari Lwyd, The, 474 astrology, 53–4 ballads, 7, 44, 266, 286, 300, 309, 347, 368, 474 At Swim-Two-Birds, 464 Ballantine, Betty, 625 ‘Atgof’, 610 Ballin, Malcolm, 603 Athrawaeth Gristnogawl, 189 Balliol, 413 Atlantic Monthly, The, 585 Balsom, Denis, 491 Atwood, Margaret, 568 Ban Wedi i Dynny …o Gyfreith Howel Dda, 223 Atyniad, 683 Bangor, 188, 202, 275, 319, 372, 374, 376, 542, 640 Aubrey, Sir Thomas, 201 University, 533 Auden, W. H., 460, 477 Banjo, 705 audiences, 1–2, 59, 61, 105–6, 196–7, 200–1, Banks, Joseph, 276 514–15, 522–3, 600, 625 ‘Banks of the Menai, The’, 289, 293 see also readerships Baptists, 166, 256–7, 306, 378, 579, 639 international, 2, 8, 19, 100, Barba, Eugenio, 640 301, 538, 637, 718 ‘Bard, The’, 271 non-Welsh, 220, 221, 456, 598 Bard: or The Towers of Morven, The, 343 Augé, Marc, 698 Y Bardd, 342–4, 348 Augustine, 183 Barddas, 8, 676 Aurora Borealis, 320 Barddas, 603, 608, 611, 676 Australia, 357, 474, 558, 561, 563, 579, 582, 585 barddas, 406, 424 Yr Australydd, 579, 582 bardic circuits, 123, 164, 244 authenticity, 291, 450, 508, 525, 649 bardic culture, 6, 99, 245 cultural, 525 bardic degrees, 240, 241–2, 243

787

Index

bardic gatherings; see also eisteddfod, 287, 291 Beli, 78, 81–2, 137 Bardic Institutes Written at Carn Moesen, 293 belief systems, 293, 317 bardic licences, 241 Bell, David, 401 bardic names, 321, 342, 580 Bell, H. Idris, 1, 537 bardic network, 287, 309 bells, 1, 203–4, 274, 472, 482 bardic order, xix, 118, 162, 163, 164, 308 Bembo, Pietro, 186 bardic patronage, 161, 162, 163 Benedictine monasticism, 18, 130, 195 bardic performance, 206–7 Benfras, Dafydd, 290 bardic tradition, 6, 96, 115, 184, 240, 307–8, 414 Benfras, Madog, 123 bardism, 243, 244, 291, 293, 298 Benjamin, Walter, 369, 447 bardomania, 271 Bennett, Phil, 500 bards, 237, 239–46, 254, 287, 291, 292–3, 295–7, Bennett, Anna Maria, 335, 339–40, 348–9 300, 308, 563 Beowulf, 275 blue-robed, 293, 297 Bernicia, 30–1, 32, 34–6 last, 271, 291 Berry, Dave, 643, 644–5 professional, 118, 176, 237, 242–4, 308 Berry, Richard Griffith, 639, 648 Bardsey Island, 368, 560 Berry, Ron, 400, 699 Barrès, Maurice, 424, 510 Bertomeu, Carlos, 588 Barrington, Daines, 270 Berwyn, Morys, 244 Barry, 359, 394, 411, 699 bestiality, 63, 670 Barry, Des, 401, 699 Bethesda, 462 Barry Dock News, 359 Betjeman, John, 477 Basaleg, 271 Bevan, Aneurin, 363, 492, 703 Basset, William, 163 Bevis of Hampton, 114, 132, 147 Baterie of the Popes Botereulx, Commonly Called Beza, Theodore, 183, 184, 235–6 the High Altare, The, 223 Bhabha, Homi, 598, 715 Bath, 56, 647 Bianchi, Tony, 596, 671, 682, 683 battlefields, 3, 31, 40, 367 Bible, 165, 167, 181, 183–5, 187, 232, 234, 236–8, battles, 3, 17, 18, 29–33, 36, 38–40, 44, 139, 239, 326–7 141, 144 English, 232, 235, 238 cosmic, 630, 632 Geneva, 184 final, 631 Great, 234, 235 Baxter, John, 648 Morgan’s, 184, 237 Bayly, Lewis, 202, 549 Welsh, 184, 224, 233, 234, 236, 238–40 Bayly, Stephen, 645 biblical plays, 194–8 Bayly, Thomas, 202 Bibliothèque Mazarine, 189 BBC, 394, 472, 480, 509, 511, 514–15, 542, 637, Bidden to the Feast, 391 640, 646–9 Bidgood, Ruth, 564–6, 706 BBC radio, 453, 458, 539, 588 Bielski, Alison J., 561 BBC Wales, 645, 647–9 bigotry, 317, 463 Beagan, Glenda, 441, 567, 570 Bildungsroman, 74, 548 Beale, Anne, 337–40, 348, 430 bilingual culture, 529–53 Bear, The, 648 bilingual readers, 532, 538, 540, 543–4 Beaufort, Margaret, 158 bilingual society, 347, 529, 533 Beaumaris, 200, 202, 207 bilingualism, 5, 529, 530, 532, 533–4, 538, 540, Beaumaris Bay, 277, 285–6 544, 546, 548 Beckett, Samuel, 446–7, 458 emergence, 530–3, 545, 717 Bedo Brwynllys, 139, 212 biographies, 4, 95, 101, 228, 327, 342, 345–7, 375, Beecher Stowe, Harriet, 344, 582 393, 447 Before the Crying Ends, 400 mock, 341, 347 Beibl Bach, 167, 184 birds, 60, 122, 301, 536, 623, 629 ‘being’, 508, 563, 605 Birkenhead, 347, 370 beirdd y tywysogion, 94, 101, 112 Birmingham, 355, 647

788

Index

birth rates, 356 Booker Prize, 589 bishops, 18, 27, 159, 163, 167, 188, 195, 202, 225, Borde, Andrew, 218 233–4 ‘Border Blues’, 538 Bishops’ Bible, 184 Border Country, 399–400, 492, 560, 587 Black Book of Carmarthen, 28–9, 33, 43, 57, borders, 15–17, 38, 41–2, 145–6, 166, 415–16, 100–1, 129 439–40, 502, 619, 630–1 Black Cauldron, The, 624 shifting, 75, 625 Black Death, 22, 123, 124, 670 borough towns, 20, 136 Black Gold, 398 Borromeo, Archbishop Carlo, 186 black magic, 55 Bosse-Grifﬁths, Kate, 596 Black Mountains, 400, 458 Bosworth Field, 141, 158 Black Parade, 391 botany, 267, 269 Black Prince, 22, 460 El botón de nácar, 588 Black Sunlight, 401 boundaries, 14, 112, 253, 324, 439, 638, 665, 673, Blackwell, John, 300 679, 681 Blaenau Ffestiniog, 380–1, 581 bourgeois realism, 455 Blaenau Gwent, 659 Bowen, David Phillip, 204 Blaenclydach, 390, 426, 436, 459 Bowen, Euros, 456 Blair, Tony, 496–7, 658 Bowen, Phillip, 204 Blake, William, 271 Bowen-Rowlands, Lilian, 443 Blandford, Steve, 649 ‘Bowmen’, 417 Bleddyn Fardd, 102 ‘Boy in the Bucket’, 434 Blessedness of Brytaine, The, 168, 221 Boy Soldier, 645 Blodeugerdd Barddash o Farddoniaeth Gymraeg Boy With a Trumpet, 436 yr Ugeinfed Ganrif, 604–5, 607 Boys, 589 Blodeuwedd, 66–7, 425, 623, 626, 629, 639 Boys’ Library of Legend and Chivalry, The, 622 Blodeuwedd, 521–2, 639 Brad, 522, 639 blood, 64, 266, 367, 424, 469, 473, 476, 485, 530, 563 Braint Teilo, 28 Bloodaxe Book of Modern Welsh Poetry, 683 Brân, 75, 81–3, 137, 626, 631, 679 Bloody Good Friday, A, 401, 699 Branwen uerch Lyr, 68–73, 518 Bloomsbury, 601 Brecht, Bertolt, 521 Blue Bed, The, 434 Brecknock, 159, 265 Blue Books, 260, 429, 499 Brecknockshire, 221, 278 ‘Blwyddyn Lwyddiannus’, 433 Brecon, 18, 216, 340, 342, 357 Blwyddyn yn Llyˆn, 538 Breconshire, 164, 316 Bob yn y Ddinas, 718 ‘Breiniau Dyn’, 294 Bodedern, 205 Brenhinedd y Saesson, 99 Boer War, 368, 412 ‘Brenhiniaeth a Brawdoliaeth’, 379 Boethius, 44 Brennan, Catherine, 604 Bohata, Kirsti, 442, 570, 576, 615, 715 Breudwyt Maxen, 73, 77, 78–82 Bollard, John K., 589 Breudwyt Ronabwy, 73–4, 78, 79–80, 84, 134 Bond, Nancy, 589 Brewys, Gwilym, 523 Bonds of Attachment, 552 Brief and a Playne Introduction, A, 223 Bonedd y Saint, 80 Brigham Young University, 577, 585 bones, 83, 224, 370, 381, 469, 472–3, 476, 629 Bristol, 205, 254, 258, 341, 415, 647 Book of Aneirin, 29–33, 130 Brith Gof, 640 Book of Common Prayer, 167, 177, 181, 183, British Empire, 356, 358, 363, 551 224, 232, 234, 237, 239, 310 British state, 157, 265, 290, 362, 393, 493, 512, Book of Idiots, A, 700 665 Book of Llandaf, 14, 27–8 British Zoology, 276 Book of St Chad, 28 Brito, Leonora, 441 Book of Taliesin, 33–7, 43, 57, 101–2, 105, 130, 135 Britons, 13–15, 17, 26, 27, 31, 32, 168, 169, 265–6, Book of Three, The, 589, 623 269–70

789

Index

Briwsion Barddonol, 584 Cain, Rhys, 164, 202 broadcasters, 394, 472, 474, 649, 663 Calvinism, 256, 307, 310, 327, 409 broadcasting, 4, 499, 512, 637, 647, 661, 663–4 Calvinistic Methodism, 266, 310, 408 bro/broydd, xix, 374, 450, 565, 662, 696–7 Cambria, 220, 226 Bromwich, Rachel, 65, 82 Cambrian, The, 257, 579 Brooks, Simon, 605, 606–8, 611, 613–14, 672, Cambrian Archaeological Association, 257 674, 680–1, 685 Cambrian Register, The, 278, 298 Brown, Tony, 430, 431, 434, 534, 560, 571 Cambrian Societies, 298 Brut y Brenhinedd, 78, 82, 84, 95, 98, 189 Cambrian Wreath, The, 298 Brut y Tywysogion, 95–6, 99–100, 106–8, 115 Cambridge, 28, 177, 184, 215, 225, 585, 586–7, brut/brud, xix, 78, 82–4, 95–6, 98, 99–100, 594, 609 106–8, 115, 131, 189 Cambro-Briton, The, 298 Brutus, 95, 168–9, 264, 346–7 Cambrobryttanicae Cymraecaeve linguae Bryant-Quinn, Paul, 185 institutiones et rudimenta, 187 Brycheiniog, 17 Camden, William, 169, 267 Bryncunallt, 13, 24 Camlann, 103, 412, 632 Brythonic Romanity, 461 Canada, 357, 474, 568 Brywnog, Siôn, 164 cancer, 476, 570, 612, 681 Buchedd Garmon, 514–15 Candles in Babylon, 590 Buffalo Bill, 642 Caneuon Ffydd, 320 Bufton, John, 410 Cangen Caerdydd, Urdd Graddedigion Builth Wells, 341 Prifysgol Cymru, 468 Bulkeley, Robert, 205, 207 Caniadau Ionoron, 582 Bulkeleys Canlyn Arthur, 519 of Baron Hill, 158 Cannwyll y Cymry, 167 of Porthaml, 164 canon formation, 2–3, 4, 604 Bullough, Tom, 700 canu bro, 565 Bunyan, John, 319, 342 canu brud, 144 Burgedin, 204 canu caeth, 268 ‘Burning Baby, The’, 476 canu carolaidd, 308 Bush, Duncan, 400, 563 Canu Cynnar, 462 Butler, Rosemary, 662 ‘Canu Heledd’, 41 Buttercup Field, The, 430 canu rhydd, xix, 167, 269, 308, 311 Bywyd a Marwolaeth Theomemphus, canu rhydd cynganeddol, 308–9 316 Capel Celyn, 499, 512 Capel Sion, 454 Cadfan, 103 Capel-Y-Fﬁn, 458 Cadw dy Ffydd Brawd, 677 capitalism, industrial, 260, 459 Cadwaladr, 83, 95, 99, 131, 158, 168, 189–90, 219 capitalist system, 360, 374 Cadwallawn, 15, 83, 99 Caradog, 81–2 Cadwyni Rhyddid, 675 ‘Y Carcharor ym Mhatagonia’, 582 Caedwalla, 189–90 Cardiff, 1, 357, 358, 391, 393, 411, 601, 610–12, Caergybi, 462 645–6, 718 Caerleon, 416–17, 418 Cardiff Bay, 657, 659, 661–2 Caermaen, 419 Cardiff Castle, 411 Caernarfon, 20, 22, 157, 347–8, 358, 362, 513–15, Cardiff Dead, 401, 601 516, 681, 685 Cardiff Laboratory Theatre, 640 Caernarvonshire, 164, 185, 200, 208, 236, 240, Cardiff Times and South Wales Weekly News, 285, 359, 542 The, 431 Caersaint, 681 Cardiff Trilogy, The, 699 Caerwent, 279 Cardigan, 157, 358, 438, 686 Caerwys, 206, 240, 241, 243, 245, 276, 288 Castle, 609 eisteddfod, 241–2 Cardiganshire, 158, 269, 411, 453

790

Index

Carmarthen, 28, 33, 100–1, 216, 234–5, 255, 260, Cestyll yn y Cymylau, 682 315, 348, 358 Chamberlain, Brenda, 560–1 Carmarthenshire, 158, 164, 204, 228, 312, 315, Chaney, Paul, 659 321, 323, 432, 439 change, 3, 6–8, 112, 423, 493, 497, 511, 513, 531, rural, 374, 448, 456 611, 614, 639 Carnhuanawc, 301 cultural, 19, 288, 687 Carnifal, 675 linguistic, 286, 551–2 Caroline, Queen, 266 political, 2, 360 carols, 164, 167, 300, 308–9, 311–12, 313 Channel 4, 645 Carreg Gwalch Press, 596 chapel culture, 322, 405, 407 Carter, Isaac, 717 Chapel: The Story of a Welsh Family, 389 Carter, Lin, 625 chapels, 212, 306, 346–7, 349, 380, 389, 408–11, cartography, 697–8 420, 423, 434 Cartreﬁ Cymru, 413 Chaplin, Charlie, 415 Cary, Alice, 580 Chapman, Robin, 507 Cary, Phoebe, 580 Chapter Arts Centre, 645 Casnodyn of Glamorgan, 115, 117 characterization, 408, 431, 482, Castell Gorfod Amryw 6, 285, 288, 294 520–2, 549 Castle Martin, 376 Charlemagne legends, 79, 80–1, 114, 132, 134, Castle of Llyr, The, 624 138, 147 castles, 19, 20, 93, 143, 198, 227, 624, 627, Charles, David, 321 686, 696 Charles, Prince, 500 coastal, 121 Charles, Thomas, 256, 310, 321, 323 Caswallawn, 81–2 Charles I, 202 Catherine of Valois, 158, 336 Charnell-White, Cathryn, 276, 287, 290, 294, 297 Catholic humanists of Wales, 185, 190 Chartism, 260, 388, 395, 423 Catholicism, 165–6, 167, 170, 183, 185, 187, 188, Chatwin, Bruce, 670 190, 261, 266 Chaucer, 5, 194, 199, 275 Catholics, 188, 189–90 Cheetham, Arthur, 642 Catraeth, 30–2, 34 Chekhov, 648 Catterick, 30, 34 Chester, 17, 116, 137, 142, 158, 194, 197, 205, cauldron of rebirth, 68, 624, 626 244, 254 caves, 336, 342, 460, 627, 633 Chester, Robert, 245 Cawrdaf, 342–3, 344, 348 chief poets, see pencerdd/penceirdd. Caxton, William, 212 childbirth, 312, 322, 392 Cefn Brith, 221 childhood, 413, 415–16, 437, 438, 440, 456, 462–4, Ceinion Awen y Cymmru, 298 479, 585, 587 Ceiriog Valley, 308 children, 81, 197, 244–5, 380, 382, 478, 531–2, Celtic fantasy, 621, 623, 625, 631, 633, 634 580–1, 632, 677 Celtic Magic, 620, 621–3 ‘Child’s Christmas in Wales, A’, 479 Celtic past, 58, 267, 619, 626 Chirk, 13, 21, 206, 533 Celtic Realms, 621, 633 chivalry, 621–2 Celticism, 267, 289, 623, 632 cholera, 259 Celyn Jones, Russell, 401 Choral Symphony, 391 Cenhadwr, Y, 580, 582 Chosen One, The, 436 censuses, 261, 356, 357–9, 406, 500, 531, 669, 678 Chrétien de Troyes, 29, 75, 76, 81, 84 Cent, Siôn, 538 Christ, 289, 313–14, 315, 318–19, 324, 326–7, centralization, 157, 392, 492, 494, 661, 663 418, 580 Cerddi Map yr Underground, 587 Christianity, 183, 264, 266, 417 Cerddi’r Cywilydd, 453 Christie, William, 468, 716 Ceredig, 409 Christmas, 16, 236, 240, 311 Ceredigion, 21, 116, 120, 368, 672 feast, 106, 108 ceremonies, 266, 293, 514 Chronicle of the Kings, 78, 82, 95

791

Index

Chronicle of the Princes, 95, 99, 131 coalfields, 357–9, 390, 392 chronicles, xix, 93, 96–7, 99–100, 216, 220, 619, Cob, Alun, 681 623, 624, 630 co-existence, 20, 212, 500 Latin, 99, 107, 131 Coffin, Valerie, 707 Chronicles of Prydain, 623 ‘Cofia Abergele’, 570 Church of England, 221, 256 ‘Cofia Dryweryn’, 513, 570 church services, 120, 177, 311, 547 cohesion, 382, 448, 453 churches, 122, 124, 224, 234, 236, 238, 254, 256, national, 500, 502 311, 314 Coleridge, Samuel, 228 parish, 167, 205, 236 collaboration, 130, 569, 659 churchmen, 67, 114, 117 symbiotic, 95 Churchyard, Thomas, 220–1 collections Chwalfa, 394 of poems, 146, 271, 276, 374 Chwarae Mig, 675 of stories, 346, 406, 437, 454, 585, 597 Chwarelwr, 643 collieries, 388, 434, 438 Chwerwder yn y Ffynhonnau, 381 colliers, 347, 389, 423, 432 Cicero, 187 colloquialisms, 186, 238 Cilie, Alun, 516 colonial infrastructure, 446, 451 Cilmeri, 671 colonialism, 339 cinemas, 380, 642 industrial, 395 Cinnamon Press, 596 internal, 493 Cistercian abbeys, 29, 113, 130–1 colonization, 561, 570, 715–16 Cistercian monasteries, 96–7, 98–9, 107, colonizers, 21, 598, 716 108, 130 colophons, 29, 134 Cistercians, 18, 107, 130 colour, 145, 338, 366, 413, 434, 441, 472, 660 Citadel, The, 642 comedies, 203, 225, 391, 424, 522 cities, 216–17, 224, 346, 357, 416, 418, 512, 514, comic poems, 122 611, 619 commentators, 24, 261, 611, 642, 663, 674, modern, 30–1, 630 685 civic nationhood, 491, 502 commitment, 135, 370, 372, 401, 605, 649, civil disobedience, 361, 498, 512–13 659, 660 civil society, 292, 660–1, 664, 678 political, 399, 674 civil war, 18, 139, 144, 147, 227, 643 Communist Party, 392 civilization, 440, 509, 511, 584 communities, 376–9, 441–2, 450–2, 532, 543, 545, ‘Claf Abercuawg’, 42 560, 598, 645, 676 Clancy, Joseph P., 381, 433–4, 521, 589–90 agricultural, 379, 529, 542, 545, 549, 679 Clancy, Thomas Owen, 31 emotional, 26, 44 Clapham Common, 658 imagined, 356, 500, 665 Clarke, Emily, 335 industrial, 306, 374, 375, 401, 453, 494 Clarke, Gillian, 564–7, 703 local, 124, 158, 165, 376, 543, 662–3, 664 class, 3, 44, 94, 96, 108, 112, 253, 338, 343, 422–3 mining, 560, 642–4 working, 3, 322, 362, 396, 399, 401, 429, monastic, 96, 132–3 434–5, 436 networked, 529, 533 clergy, 166, 223, 236, 244, 264, 270, 278, 296, rural, 448–9, 679, 686 297, 340 compilations, 95, 100, 113, 132, 169 clerically trained scribes, 131, 143 compilers, 81, 82, 100, 102, 117, 134 clerics, 44, 93, 96, 108, 143, 311 complexities, 14, 121, 367, 395, 551, 557, 569, clerks, 202, 216, 225, 269 607, 660 clichés, 398, 458, 472, 559, 643, 644, 663, 677–8 cultural, 529, 541, 547, 717 closet drama, 199, 206 linguistic, 529, 533, 540–1, 543–4, 547, 553 Clynnog, Morys, 188–90 comradeship, 509, 550 coal, 259, 341, 358–9, 375, 392, 492, 665, 696 Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur, 419 dust, 374, 643 Condell, Henry, 246

792

Index

confidence, cultural, 9, 96, 295 costume directions, 199, 200 conflict, 14, 19, 96, 158, 358, 391, 545, 548, Council in the Marches of Wales, 159–60 624, 626 Count Your Blessings, 390 internal, 336, 501 counties, 159, 165, 169, 217, 254, 265, 267, 357, Conflict of Owen Prytherch, The, 410 358; see also individual counties congregational hymns, 313 Country Dance, 430, 440 Congregationalists, 166, 306, 310, 313–14, 322, couplets, 104, 117, 119, 218, 367, 381 579–80 rhyming, xx, 447, 483 Connolly, Cyril, 446, 474, 477 Court of Augmentations, 203–4 ‘Conquered, The’, 441 Court of Great Sessions, 160, 162, 194, 201, conquest, Edwardian, 14, 15, 18, 19–22, 93, 95, 204, 254 98, 108, 113–14, 115–16 Court of Star Chamber, 204 conquest, Saxon, 266 court poetry, 5, 19, 24–6, 28, 36, 97, 100–7, 108, Conrad, Joseph, 458, 620 130, 132 Conran, Alys, 688, 700 tradition, 96, 107–8 Conran, Tony, 558, 561, 562, 569, 697 court poets, 6, 94–5, 96, 102, 105–6, 132, 135, 144, conscientious objectors, 376, 542 146–7, 570–1 consciousness, 15, 62, 169, 253, 401, 501, 509, courts, 16, 40–1, 76, 104–7, 112, 201, 216, 225–6, 530, 537, 540 290, 514–15 national, 170, 502, 562, 639 Glyn Dwˆ r’s, 126 conservatism, 240, 289 royal, 112–13, 289 cultural, 1 Tudor, 159, 177 religious, 232 courtship, 122, 161, 474, 508 conservatives, 362, 492, 495 Coverdale, Miles, 184, 234 consonants, 59, 104, 119, 277 Coward, Adam, 279 Constantine, Mary-Ann, 264, 288, 291 Cradock, Walter, 166 Constantine, Stephen, 576 craftsmanship, 308, 311, 366, 481 continent, 27, 185, 366, 656 Craigfryn Hughes, Isaac, 347, 349 continental romances, 58, 68, 622 Cré na Cille, 464 continuity, 4, 14, 112–13, 115, 268, 275, 461, 463, creadigaeth hiraeth, 368 475, 482 creative industries, 663, 664–5 cultural, 115, 240, 297, 461 creativity, 279, 405–6, 474, conversion, 165, 167, 178, 316, 323–4, 545 510, 520, 612, 680 Conwy, 20, 244, 276 Creed, 181 Coombes, Bert, 392 Crefft y Stori Fer, 449 Cooper, Susan, 589, 630–2 Creigiau Aberdaron, 681 copper, 358 Cresswell, Tim, 706 Copper Kingdom, 398 Crete, 682 copyists, 54, 207 crime fiction, 398, 681 Cordell, Alexander, 397–8, 401 criminality, 159, 204, 463 corn, 255, 479, 633, 639 critical foundations, 607–8 Corn is Green, The, 639 critical theory, 605, 607 Corneille, 515, 521 criticism, literary, 317, 375, 380, 507–8, 510, 517, Cornish, 197, 218, 232, 267 518–19, 588, 594, 604 Cornish Ordinalia, 197 critics, 75–6, 214–15, 342, 367–70, 455, 484, Cornwall, 14, 218, 232, 267, 620, 631 516–18, 600, 605–7, 687 coronations, 182, 216 Cromwell, Thomas, 176 correspondence, 161, 188, 317, 380, 470, 485, 533, Cronica de Wallia, 98–9 538, 579 Cronica Walliae, 219–20 corruption, 326, 344, 419 Cronicl Turpin, 114 Cody, William, 642 Cross Currents, 639 cosmic battle, 630, 632 Crotchet Castle, 337 Cosmic Battlefields, 621, 630 Crowley, Robert, 223, 233

793

Index

crown, 136, 137, 142, 157–8, 195–6, 202, 266, Cwmardy, 392–3, 397 610–11, 685, 686 Cwmgiedd, 643 crucifixion, 194, 195–8, 476 Cwmni Cyfri Tri, 641 Culhwch ac Olwen, 57, 59–60, 66, 73–4, 78, Cwmni Theatr Crwban, 641 79–80, 82, 84, 134–5, 518, 538 Cwmni Theatr Cymru, 641 Culler, Jonathan, 377 Cwmni Theatr Hwyl a Fflag, 641 cultural capital, 9, 106, 499 Cwˆ n annwn, 279, 567 cultural change, 19, 288, 687 cwndidau, 164, 167 cultural hegemony, 306, 310, 432 ‘Y Cwta Cyfarwydd’, 143 cultural heritage, 1, 130, 361 Y Cychwyn, 394 cultural identity, 2, 113, 115, 411, 415, 443, 491 Y Cyfaill o’r Hen Wlad yn America, 579 cultural life, 4, 6, 177, 240, 254, 317, 321, 339, Cyfarthfa Iron Works, 259 715, 718 cyff clêr, 206 cultural memory, 33, 413, 443 Cyffesion Geordie Oddi Cartref, 682 cultural nationalism, 412–13, 451 Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys, 73, 78, 79–82 cultural pluralism, 160, 530 Y Cylchgrawn Cyn-mraeg, 257 cultural power, 75, 107, 446 cymanfa ganu, 322 cultural practices, 2, 94, 698, 699 Cymdeithas Barddas, 383 cultural production, 1, 2, 4, 129–30, 142, 458, 718 Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, 498, 512, 552, cultural revival, 99, 101, 108, 286, 288 562, 596, 611, 716 cultural traditions, 84, 95, 484, 637, 642 cymeriad, 104, 448 culture, 27–8, 157, 160, 176–8, 253, 530, 587–8, Cymmrodorion eisteddfod, 345 613–14, 637–8, 699 Y Cymro, 645 bilingual, 529, 531–3, 535–6, 541–2, 543, 546–8, ‘Cymro yn Awstralia’, 582 552–3 ‘Cymru 1937’, 518 chapel, 322, 405, 407 Cymru (journal), 347, 413 dominant, 431, 510, 583 Cymru Fydd, 367, 410–11, folk, 309, 323, 408 414, 509, 522 linguistic, 286, 407 Cymru’r Plant, 413 literary, 13, 15, 107, 114, 228, 233, 239, 299, Cynan Garwyn, 34, 36 599, 601 Cynddelw, 102, 104–5, 106 native, 94, 96, 586 Cynddylan, 41–2, 272, 518 Nonconformist, 342, 407, 545, 547–8 cynfardd/cynfeirdd, xix–xx, 28, 137, 146, 275 oral, 161–2, 168 cynghanedd, xix–xxi, 119, 213–15, 243–4, 308–9, popular, 286, 307, 323, 328, 391, 509 381–2, 456–8, 539, 608, 672 post-colonial, 446, 568 ‘Cyngor y Bioden’, 122 rural, 533–4 Cynwal, Wiliam, 163–4, 176, 243–4 Welsh-language, 8–9, 349, 361, 406, 529–32, Cysgodion, 671, 673 537, 540, 544, 546, 551 cywydd, xix–xx, 118–20, 124–5, 133, 136, 240, 242, Culture and Society, 560 244–5, 273–5, 672 Culwch ac Olwen, 518 metre, xx, 6, 118, 124, 133, 142, 212 Cumbria, 14, 30, 31, 34 ‘Cywydd o Fawl, The’, 563 curates, 316, 337, 538 ‘Cywydd y Farn Fawr’, 273–4 Curtis, Kathryn, 604 cywyddwr/cywyddwyr, xx, 6, 56, 143 Curtis, Tony, 563, 568–9, 584, 586, 634 customs, 19, 21, 159–60, 170, 204, 218, 255, 269, Dafydd, Catrin, 596, 683, 688 311, 317 Dafydd, Edward, 170 ‘Y Cwilt’, 518 Dafydd, Elis, 608 Cwm Crogau, 585 Dafydd, Fflur, 9, 602, 683 Cwm Hiraeth, 399 Dafydd, Guto, 684–5, 686, 688 Cwm Rhondda, 320, 322 Dafydd, Meurig, 163 Cwm Tryweryn, 513, 562, 570 Dafydd, Myrddin ap, 612, 669, 676 Cwmaman, 437 Dafydd, Risiart, 311

794

Index

Dafydd, Siân Melangell, 604, 682 ‘Y Ddinas’, 447, 611 Dafydd ap Gruffudd, 20 Ddu, Gwilym, 115 Dafydd ap Gwilym, 112–13, 116–17, 119–24, Ddu, Robert ap Gwilym, 321 132–3, 142, 271, 275, 516, 518, 519 De Antiquitate Britannicae Ecclesiae etc., 183 Dafydd Dafis: sef Hunangofiant Ymgeisydd De excidio Britanniae, 13, 27 Seneddol, 411 De Gestis Britonum, 95 Dafydd Ddu of Hiraddug, 118 De Lint, Charles, 630 Dafydd Nanmor, 510, 516–17, 686 de Loutherbourg, Philippe, 271 Dail Pren, 380 De nugis curialium, 55 Dala’r Llanw, 681 De Senectute, 187 dance, 342, 390, 676 de Walden, Lord Howard, 638–9, 648 Daniel Owen Memorial Prize, 611 Dearnley, Moira, 213, 335, 338 Dante Ferrari, Carlos, 588 ‘Death of Richard Beattie-Seaman in the Dares Phrygius, 95 Belgian Grand Prix, The’, 569 Dark Edge, 401 Deaths and Entrances, 480–1 Dark is Rising Sequence, The, 589, 631 decentralization, administrative, 494, 496 Darling of Her Heart, The, 436 Dee, John, 187, 221 Darwinism, 409 Deerslayers, The, 569 Dasein, 508 ‘Deffro Awenwawd’, 285 Dauwynebog, 686 Deffynniad Ffydd Eglwys Loegr, 221, 238 David, 645 Defoe, Daniel, 257 Davidson, Ian, 706 degrees, bardic, 240, 241–2, 243 Davies, Aneirin Talfan, 372, 453, 472, 485, 647 Deheubarth, 16, 17–18, 22, 93–4, 105–6, 108, 112, Davies, Bryan Martin, 375 114, 609 Davies, David, 409 deindustrialization, 493, 501, 508, 570, 655 Davies, Edward ‘Celtic’, 291–2, 340 Deira, 30–1 Davies, Eirug, 582 democracy, 396, 402 Davies, Emily, 641 democratic accountability, 497 Davies, Grahame, 675, 678, 680 democratic deficit, 494, 496, 661–4 Davies, Gwen, 605 demographic growth, 259, 356–7 Davies, Hywel, 278 Denbigh, 159, 216, 219, 233, 234, 240, 245, 314, 462 Davies, Idris, 8, 426, 452–3, 468, 558 Denbighshire, 123, 162, 164, 206, 208, 217, 232, Davies, J. Kitchener, 453 236, 240, 285 Davies, James, 469, 481, 484, 568 Denham, Henry, 183, 235 Davies, Jason Walford, 376, 380, 534, 538 Densil Morgan, D., 518 Davies, John, 164, 167, 168–9, 180, 184, 188, 237, Dent, J.M., 475, 481 245, 563, 586 Denver, 583–4 Davies, Nia, 605 depopulation, 75, 375, 493, 498, 534 Davies, Peter Ho, 589 ‘Depopulation of the Welsh Hill Country, Davies, Rhys, 426–7, 431, 434, 436, 455, 459, 468, The’, 534 598, 600, 602 depositions, 200–1, 204 Davies, Richard, 167, 182–3, 225, 234–5 depressions, 260, 357, 374, 394, 484, 492, Davies, Richard Lewis, 602 548–9, 627 Davies, Ron, 657–8 Derwyn Fechan, 199–200, 202 Davies, Ryan, 648 Descriptio Kambriae, 19 Davies, Sian Eirian Rees, 588 Description of the Sphere or the Frame of the Davies, Sioned, 80 Worlde, The, 223 Davies, Stevie, 602, 700 Devereux, Anne, 140 Davies, Tom, 401 devolution, 3, 494–7, 655–66, 669, 675, 677–8, Davies, Walter, 254, 285, 289 680–1, 718 Davies-Salesbury partnership, 183 process, 656, 661, 680, 685 Davis, Kathryn, 589 as process not event, 494–7 Day, Graham, 661 referendum, 496, 611, 669, 678, 687

795

Index

devolved structures, 655, 660, 664 Y Drafod, 579, 588 devotional works, 311, 312–14, 327, 348 Dragon has Two Tongues, The, 429, 558–9 Dewi Sant, 418 dragons, 9, 429, 497, 500, 558–9, 589, 655, dialects, 177, 311, 439, 448–9, 462, 672–3, 698 687, 696 diaspora, 219–20, 221, 391, 399, 458, 576–90 drama, 194–208, 228, 638–40, 641, 647–9 Dickens, Charles, 344, 346, 388, 471, 482 closet, 199, 206 Dickson, Paul, 645 dramatists, 521, 523, 600, 637, 639 diction, 318, 321, 369, 373–4, 471, 606, 679, 685 dreams, 7, 74, 81, 134, 414, 419, 632, 638, 671, 676 dictionaries, 169, 178–80, 188, 223, 233, 238, Y Dreﬂan, 345–6 299, 323 Dressel, Jon, 564, 568, 590 Dictionary in Englyshe and Welsh, A, 179, 223, 233 Drift, The, 400 didactic works, 74, 118, 311–12, 314, 335, 343, 345 Dringo’r Andes, 588 Diddanwch Teuluaidd, 274 druids, 291–2, 620–1, 630–1 Diego de Ledesma, 189 ‘Y Drws’, 373 Dillwyn, Amy, 348, 599 ‘Drych’, 457 Dilworth, Tom, 460 Drych y Prif Oesoedd, 264–5, 316 ‘Y Dilyw 1939’, 524 Y Drych, 579, 582–3 Din Eidyn, 30–2 Du Bartas, Guillaume, 243 Dinefwr, 158 duality, 17, 122, 417, 560, 686, 704 Dinorwig, 296 Dublin, 423, 446–7 directness, 452, 514, 523 Dublin Magazine, The, 536 moral, 396 Dumville, David, 98 Dirgel Ddyn, 607, 671 Dwnns of Ystrad, 164 Dirt Roads, 586 Dwˆ r Mawr Llwyd, 681 ‘Dirty Dust, The’, 464 Dwrch, Craig, 450 Disability Wales, 660 Y Dwymyn, 368 disasters, 60, 112, 136, 358, 389, 394, 399, 430, Dwywaith yn Blentyn, 648 684, 696 Dyer, John, 272, 278 discontinuity, 549, 562 Dyfed, 14, 55, 73, 75–6, 296, 298, 622 disestablishment, 361, 362, 411 Dyffryn Clwyd, 21 disobedience, civil, 361, 498, 512–13 dissent, 164–6, 278, 394 Eagles, John, 340 dissenting academies, 316, 323 Ealing Studios, 643, 644 distinctiveness, 191, 483, 494, 509 Earle, Jean, 564, 566 economic, 491, 494 East India Company, 258 national, 362, 497 Easter, 28, 240 District Nurse, 649 Eastern Valley, 642 diversity, 253, 560, 571–6, 606, 609, 661, 706 Ebargoﬁant, 684 divisions, 23, 471, 496, 540–1, 621 Ebbw Vale, 360, 363 political, 496, 619, 632 eccleis, 182, 234 religious, 190, 261 ecclesiastical foundations, 93, 96, 97, 103, 108, 194 Dock Leaves, 561, 600, 603 Echoes from the Welsh Hills, 409 doctors, 316, 390, 546, 587, 643 economic conditions, 255, 260, 398 Dolbenmaen, 199, 201, 202, 207–8 economic depressions, see depressions Dolgellau, 33 economic distinctiveness, 491, 494 Dolwar Fach, 323 economic policies, 451, 508, 516 dominant culture, 431, 510, 583 economy, 4, 253, 255, 288, 359–60, 451, 491, Dominicans, 114, 130 493–4 Donahaye, Jasmine, 605 ecstasy, 307, 418–19, 522 Donatus, 118 Edgecote, 144 Donne, John, 473, 483 Edinburgh, 14, 30, 58, 221, 446 Doolittle, Thomas, 314 editors, 79, 273, 299, 362, 430, 439, 484, 564, Dowlais, 398 571, 606

796

Index

education, 161, 397, 400, 422, 429, 432, 434–6, National Eisteddfod, xx, 370, 373, 516, 519, 520, 682, 685 587, 588, 595, 609–13, 614 education, Welsh-medium, 4, 406, 717 poems, 370 Education and Learning Wales (ELWA), 661 provincial, 300–1 Edward, Prince, 142 Tyddewi, 678 Edward ap Dafydd, 13, 24 Urdd, 609 Edward I, 19–20, 74, 94, 112, 271 Young Farmers’, 609 Edward II, 22 Eldorado, 588 Edward III, 716 elegies, 13, 28–9, 31–2, 34, 101–6, 115–16, 123, 124, Edward IV, 139–40, 143 242, 580 Edward VI, 177, 182, 216, 222, 232, 234 war, 478–9 Edwardian conquest, 14, 15, 18, 19–22, 93, 95, ‘Elegy on Neest, by Einion, An’, 275 98, 108, 113–14, 115–16 Elen, Angharad, 605 Edwardian settlement, 20–1, 137 Elfyn, Menna, 9, 531, 590, 604, 676, 682–3, Edwards, Dic, 641 703–5 Edwards, Dorothy, 8, 425, 430, 439, 441, Elias, John, 310 447, 602 Elin ap Hywel, 604 Edwards, Elizabeth, 275, 285 Eliot, George, 346 Edwards, Gareth, 500 Eliot, T.S., 391, 440, 458, 459–60, 477, 521, 639 Edwards, Huw Meirion, 297, 300, 685 Elis Thomas, Dafydd, 535 Edwards, Hywel Teiﬁ, 298–300, 609–11, 613 Elisa Powell: or the Trials of Sensibility, 340 Edwards, J. Goronwy, 160 elites, 44, 254, 256, 257, 405, 424, 493, 500, Edwards, Meredith, 644 656, 674 Edwards, O. M., 347, 412–13 Elizabeth I, 163, 166, 168, 182–5, 187, 188, 221, Edwards, Pete, 649 222, 224, 234 Edwards, Sir Ifan ab Owen, 643 Elizabeth verch Owen ap Siôn, 206 Edwards, Thomas, 309, 540 Ellen, Countess of Castle Howel, 339 Edwart ap Raff, 244 Ellis, Alice Thomas, 567 Edwin, Jonathan, 227 Ellis, Sam, 583 Efnisien, 624, 626 Ellis, Tom, 410 Egerton, John, 206 Ellis Lloyd, Charles, 423 eglwys, 182, 234 Elphin, 275–6, 279, 337 Eglwysfach, 533, 541 Elton, Oliver, 510, 517 Egwyddorion Cenedlaetholdeb, 516 Elucidarium, 114 ‘Eiﬁonydd’, 371, 673 elves, 620, 625, 630, 632 Ein Breiniad, 579 Elvet Lewis, H., 321 Einion Offeiriad, 118, 275 Elvey, Maurice, 642 Eirian, Sion, 718 ELWA (Education and Learning Wales), 661 ‘Eiry Mynydd’, 43 Ely House, 217 eisteddfod/eisteddfodau, xx, 241–2, 245, 285–301, Ely Rents, 217, 223 308–9, 609–11, 613–14 emigration, 391, 578, 582 Abergavenny, 301 emotional communities, 26, 44 after 1789, 287–95 emotions, 44, 121, 307, 317, 327, 431, 448, 704 almanac, 288 empire, 258, 260, 300, 339, 411, 416–17, 418, 424, annual, 595, 609, 685 610, 715 Bala, 285 employment, 216, 259, 493, 577, 585, 586 Caerwys, 241–2 empowerment, 507, 696 crown, 675, 681 Empson, William, 468, 477, 481 culture, 8, 579 Emrys, Dewi, 539 Cymmrodorion, 345 Emrys ap Iwan, 510 local, 268, 581, 609 ‘Emyn Genedlaethol’, 581 modern, xix–xxi, 290 ‘Enaid Urien ap Rheged’, 518 movement, 287, 297–8, 308 enchanters, 60–1, 63, 65–8

797

Index

enchantment, 56, 62, 65–6, 620, 624, 626, 632–3 European humanism, 6, 177 Endeavour: Captain Cook’s First Voyage to evangelical hymns, 307, 322, 327 Australia, The, 561 evangelical revivals, 306–7, 309 English audiences, 224, 348, 389, 392, 597, 599 evangelicals, 239, 307, 320, 327 English Bible, 232, 235, 238 Evans, Beriah Gwynfe, 411 English College, 185, 188 Evans, Caradoc, 347, 406, 409, 426, 429, 431–2, English Hospice, 185 436, 454–5, 476, 482 English kings, 16, 94, 138, 271, 716 Evans, Christine, 566 English language, 177, 179, 298, 299, 531, 532, Evans, Clifford, 644 540, 594, 596–7, 664 Evans, Dorothy, 600 English loanwords, 53, 114, 120, 311 Evans, Evan, 270–5, 277, 279, 321 English poetry, 365, 456, 485 Evans, Eynon, 647 English publishers, 391, 394, 401, 598 Evans, George Ewart, 557 English readers, 269, 340, 408–9, 432, 533, 541, Evans, Gwynfor, 495 597, 598, 716 Evans, Hazel Charles, 588 English speakers, 5, 165, 218, 461, 553, 600, 716 Evans, J. R., 648 English translations, 218, 319, 335, 457 Evans, Jonathan, 388 English writers, 228, 275, 337, 344, 418, 589 Evans, Lyn, 648 English-language readers, 270, 433, 529, 533, Evans, Marc, 646 540, 544, 551, 553, 717 Evans, Margiad, 8, 430, 439, 440, 441, 531, 560, Englishness, 113, 413–14, 684 561, 602 englyn unodl union, xx, 367 Evans, Siân, 430 englyn/englynion, xx, 28–9, 38, 41, 42–4, 104–5, Evans, Theophilus, 264, 275, 316 133, 136, 215, 242 Evans, Thomas John, 579 metre, 28, 38, 42, 213 Evans Roberts, Margaret, 582 Englynion y Beddau, 29 Eve of St John, The, 424, 510 Enlightenment, 7, 264–80, 286, 317 Everett, Robert, 580, 582 Enoc Huws, 408 everyday life, 349, 382, 547 environment, 14, 123, 357, 564, 655, 709 evil, 198, 417, 624, 626–7, 630, 632–3 urban, 3, 559, 709 absolute, 623, 630 Eos Dyfed, 298 evocation, 53, 434 epic poetry, 270, 316 existentialism, 508, 522 ‘Epistle at y Cembru’, 183, 235 Exodus story, 318, 326 epistles, 181, 220, 223, 233, 235, 238 expansion, 17, 217, 306, 358, 492, 499, 532 Eples, 374, 451–2 expediency, political, 495, 659 equality, 159, 292, 498, 660 experience, 157, 368, 370–1, 379, 382, 413–14, Erasmus, 181, 233–4 423–4, 435, 559, 560 Erbury, William, 166 industrial, 359, 397–8, 452 Erec et Enide, 29, 77 personal, 279, 307, 415 ‘Eryri’, 421 spiritual, 317, 327 Esmor-Elis, Philip, 543 experimentation, 456, 639, 674, 685 essays, 516–17, 518–19, 529, 532–5, 537, 571–9, experiments, 344, 417, 424, 475, 539, 582–4, 598, 599, 600 606 autobiographical, 537–8 expertise, 13, 52, 131, 243, 412 Esther, 521, 522, 639 ‘Extraordinary Little Cough’, 437 Estienne, Robert and Henri, 235 exuberance, 75, 124, 584, 675, 680 Ethics of Evan Wynne, The, 411 ethnic tensions, 126, 170 Faber and Faber, 391, 433, 440, 443 Etifedd Y Glyn, 544 factionalism, 3, 40, 129, 135–6, 141, 659 Yr Etifeddiaeth, 645 faeries/fairies, 278, 411, 418, 476, 619–22, Eucharist, 64 627–8, 630 eulogies, 101–6, 108, 116, 118, 124, 136, 147, 164, faith, 144, 169, 221, 232, 312, 317, 320, 324, 368, 237, 242–4 408–9

798

Index

Falklands War, 569 Flame and Slag, 400 fame, 33, 106, 337, 339, 484, 564, 624 Flay, Claire, 439 famines, 22, 162, 277 Flintshire, 163–4, 199, 204, 207–8, 240, 533, 538, Y Faner, 670 541–2, 545, 547 fantasy, 416, 482, 520, 619–34, 681 ‘Flow on, Thou Shining River’, 432 fantasy, Celtic, 621, 623, 625, 631, 633, 634 Fo a Fe, 648 fantasy Wales, 634 Fold in the River, A, 707 Faraday, Michael, 257 folk culture, 309, 323, 408 Fardd, Pedr, 321 folklore, 57, 59, 75, 279, 389, 439, 459, 560 Fast, Howard, 396 food riots, 255 Fates of the Princes of Dyved, The, 622 Forbidden Lives, 442 Faucher, Léon, 261 Ford, Ford Madox, 448 Faulkner, William, 476 Ford, John, 397, 643 feminism, 518, 561, 564, 566–7, 571, 583, 604, Ford, Patrick K., 589 609, 634 ‘Forge, The’, 449 Y Ferch o Gefn Ydfa, 347 fortresses, 57–9, 141, 143, 145, 336, 534 ‘Fern Hill’, 481 Four Ancient Books of Wales, 26, 27, 28–9, 33 Few Selected Exits, A, 394 Four Branches of the Mabinogi,xx–xxi, 55–65, Ffair Gaeaf, 434 67–75, 76–9, 80–2, 84, 94, 373, 522, Ffarwél i Ffreiburg, 447 622–3, 625, 639 Ffawd, Cywilydd a Chelwyddau, 611 fourteenth century, 21, 22, 84, 98, 100–2, YFfin, 640 113–18, 120, 121, 130–3, 135 YFflam, 536–7 fractal science, 708 Ffrwyth yr Awen, 298 ‘Fragments of Ancient Poetry’, 270 ffug-chwedl, 342 France, 80–1, 83, 124, 215–16, 256, 258, 287, ffug-draith, 342 336–7, 510, 511 ffug-hanes, 342, 344–5 Francis, J.O., 423, 639 fiction, 388, 394, 407–8, 462, 559, 566, 567, Francis, Karl, 645 589–94, 597, 599 Francis, Matthew, 705 crime, 398, 681 ‘Fraying of the Thread, The’, 435, 441 fictional autobiographies, 408, 678 free metre, xix, 244, 311 Fierce Flame, A, 398 freedom, 125, 289, 293, 361, 415, 463, 622–3, 626, fifteenth century, 5, 13, 129–30, 135–9, 141–3, 674–6, 680 144–6, 157–8, 176, 178, 212–13 Freeman, Kathleen, 435, 441–2 Fight for Manod, The, 399–400, 560 free-metre poetry, 164, 167, 177, 244, 308, film, 4, 9, 397, 476, 637–8, 639, 642–6, 648, 311–12, 321, 587 649–50, 718 Freiburg, 406, 421, 447, 458 Finch, Peter, 564 French Revolution, 256, 287–8, 289, 291–2 Finger in Every Pie, A, 436 French romance, 29, 75, 114, 133, 147 Fionavar Tapestry, The, 632 French wars, 259, 296 Firbank, Thomas, 492 Freud, Sigmund, 483 ‘First Forty Years: Some Notes on Frow, John, 699 Anglo-Welsh Literature, The’, 558 Y Fun o Eithinfynydd, 347 First World War, 357, 360–1, 391, 393, 421, 423, funding, 4, 194, 594–5, 601, 608, 615, 645, 446, 447, 459–60, 583 656, 717 first-person narrators, 343, 442 Furnival, Christine, 569 Fisher, Catherine, 566 ‘Fy Ngwlad’, 453 Fisher, Charles, 474 Fychan, Ednyfed, 112, 115–16 Fishguard, 256, 295, 382 Fychan, Simwnt, 207, 241 Fitz Warin, Fulke, 114, 137 Fitzalan, Henry, 219 Gagging Acts, 296 Fitzrovia district of London, 584 Gallichan, Walter, 410

799

Index

Gallie, Menna, 398, 400, 401–2 Girardone, Vicenzo, 185 Gang of Six, 498 Girl from Cardigan, The, 438 Gantz, Jeffrey, 619, 626 Glamorgan, 143, 146, 158–9, 163, 295–6, 336, 341, Garlick, Raymond, 214, 429, 561, 562, 568, 357, 359, 374 600, 603 Glandore, Charles Owen, 336 Garner, Alan, 629, 630 Glas, 588 Garth Mountain, 295 Glass Shot, 400 Gaskell, Elizabeth, 344, 388 Glastonbury, 461, 632 Gastard, Fulk, 195 Glastonbury Romance, A, 461 Gee, Thomas, 596 globalization, 494, 655, 665 Geirionydd, Ieuan Glan, 321 Gloucester, 16, 58, 355 ‘Geirva Tavod Cymraec’, 180 Glyn, Ifor ap, 587, 684 gender, 3, 398, 441, 560, 564, 570, 622, 698 Glyn, Seimon, 678 roles, 566, 567 Glyn Jones, Dafydd, 391, 396, 426, 429, 434, 436, genealogies, 6, 27, 36, 40, 82, 98, 163–4, 169, 468, 475, 558–9, 561 277, 482 Glyn Dwˆ r, Owain, 13, 22–4, 83, 125–9, 136–9, genealogists, 162, 243 143–4, 157, 164, 411, 535–6 General Strike, 426, 453, 560 Goch, Iolo, 6, 123–5, 136–7, 539, 716 generosity, 102–3, 136, 198, 244 Goch, Llywelyn, 123, 132, 135 ‘Geneth Ifanc’, 378 God, 45–53, 64, 66, 67, 101, 103–4, 310, 325–7, Geneva Bible, 184 632, 638 genius loci, 377 goddesses, 76, 290, 621, 626 genres, 121–2, 300, 309, 431, 443, 612, 625, 681, Gododdin, 3, 14, 30–3, 44, 699, 711 102, 130, 460 as landscape, 699–702 Y Gododdin, 29, 32–3, 44, 102, 130 new, 307–8, 342 gogynfardd/gogynfeirdd, xx, 5, 18, 101, 115, 147 gentry, 112–13, 130, 133, 158, 159–62, 163–4, 165, Golden Grove, 228 244–5, 306, 307–8 Gollancz, Victor, 394, 600 houses, 129, 133, 134, 146 Golwg ar Deyrnas Crist, 316 local, 165, 277, 297 ‘Golygfa Mewn Caffe’, 524 native, 161, 267 Gomer Press, 8, 596 patrons, 133, 241, 242, 309 Goodby, John, 469, 475 Geoffrey of Monmouth, xix, 77–9, 81–4, 95, Goodman, Gabriel, 236 97–8, 99–100, 129, 131, 168–9, 189 Goodwin, Geraint, 8 geography, 317, 492, 537, 698, 699, 709 Gorchestion Beirdd Cymru, 274 geology, 257, 267, 707 Goronwy ap Tudur, 116 George, Mari, 685 gorsedd, 254, 287, 290–6, 609–10 George I, 265 Gospels; see also Bible; New Testament; Old George III, 297 Testament, 28, 166, 169, 181, 233, 418 Gerald of Wales, 19, 54, 63, 100 Gothic novels, 277 Gereint uab Erbin, 29, 73, 74, 77, 78–9, 80, 135 Gough, Richard, 276 Germany, 186, 310, 358, 362, 569 governance, 20, 507, 510, 587 Germinal, 389 governments, 216, 253, 363, 377, 494–6, 647, ‘Ghost of Aunt Ann, The’, 435 655–6, 661, 663–4, 665 ‘Gibbet and Cross’, 431 Gower, 166, 455–6 Gibbons, Stella, 482 Gower, Iris, 398 Gibson, Edmund, 267 Gower, Jon, 681, 683 Gielgud, Val, 515 Grahame, Kenneth, 416 Gildas, 13–14, 15, 27, 98 grail, 418, 628, 630–1 Gilfaethwy, 62–3, 65, 67, 77 grammar schools, 274, 469, 542, 545–6, 547, 548 Gill, Eric, 458 grammars, 117–18, 169, 186–7, 191, 237, 245, 273, Gilpin, William, 257, 276, 340 299, 406, 471 Giraldus Cambrensis, 265, 697 Granada Television, 648

800

Index

Grand Guignol, 426 Gruffydd, Sir William, 240 Grand Slam, 644, 648 Gruffydd, W. J., 366, 423, 537 Granelli, Roger, 401 Gruffydd ap Nicholas, 158 Granta list of new writers, 612 Gryffydh, Jane, 337 Graves, Robert, 215, 633 Gryg, Gruffudd, 123 Gray, Kathryn, 605 Gryll Grange, 337 Gray, Thomas, 270–1, 275, 291 Guest, Lady Charlotte, xx–xxi, 73, 257, 301, 622 Gray’s Inn, 266 ‘Guide me, O thou great Jehovah’, 318 Great Bible, 234, 235 Guild of Graduates of the University of Great God Pan, The, 419 Wales, 468, 510 Great Return, The, 418 Guild of Welsh Writers, 561 Great Sessions, see Court of Great Sessions Guto’r Glyn, 6, 13, 137–40, 143 great slate-fields strike, 393–4, 400, 401 Gwaed yr Uchelwyr, 424 Great War, see First World War. Gwaith Argoed Llwyfain, 34 Greek, 169, 176, 182, 187, 233, 235, 244 Gwalchmai, 290 Green, Green, My Valley Now, 397 Gwanas, Bethan, 674 Green, Diane, 545 Gwasg Gee, 596 Green, Fred, 588 Gwasg Gomer, 596, 717 Green Desert, The, 562 Gwasg y Lolfa, 596 Greene, Graham, 460 ‘Gweddi’r Terfyn’, 524 Grey King, The, 631 Gwen Penri: a Welsh Idyll, 410 Griffith, Nehemiah, 266 Gwenallt Jones, D., 7, 368, 373–5, 421, 451–3, Griffith, Wyn, 537 454, 517, 538–9, 610 Griffiths, Ann, 322–4, 326–7, 538, 607 Gwent, 14, 416, 417, 531, 544, 570, 628 Griffiths, Bryn, 561 gwerin, 35, 349, 376, 409, 413, 453, 609–10 Griffiths, Hywel, 611, 685 Gwilym, Gwynn ap, 604, 607, 611 Griffiths, J. Gwyn, 596 ‘Gwlad Adfeiliedig’, 375 Griffiths, James, 363, 492 ‘Gwreichion’, 605, 670, 674 Griffiths, Laura, 580 Gwydion, 59, 63–4, 65–6, 67, 623–4, 626 Griffiths, Niall, 700 Gwymon y Môr, 588 Griffiths, Steve, 564, 568 Gwyn, Robert, 167 Griffiths, William J., 345 Gwynedd, 14–15, 17–18, 19–20, 27, 32–3, 94, 101, Griffri, 570–1 105–6, 115–16, 422 Grigson, Geoffrey, 476 kings of, 16, 17, 20, 40, 102 Grits, 700 princes of, 17, 19–20, 29, 101, 106, 130, 367 ‘Grongar Hill’, 272 Gwyneddigion Society, 254, 288 Gross, Philip, 707 Gwynfe Evans, Beriah, 411 Grosz, Elizabeth, 709, 711 Gwynn Jones, T., 7–8, 365–83, 412, 420, 421, 704 grotesque, 62, 406, 455, 473, 476, 523, 620, ‘Gwythiennau’, 669 627, 670 Y Gymdeithas Gerdd Dafod, 603 growth, population, 216, 356, 358 Gymerwch chi Sigarét?, 522, 639 Gruffudd, Elis, 216 A Gymri di Gymru?, 675 Gruffudd, Robat, 596, 675 Gruffudd ab Adda, 123 Hadley, Tessa, 700 Gruffudd ab Ieuan ap Llywelyn Fychan, 241 ‘Yr Haf’, 367, 420 Gruffudd ap Cynan, 17, 95, 101, 206, 241 Yr Haf a Cherddi Eraill, 369–70, 372 Gruffudd ap Dafydd, 116 Haggar, William, 642 Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, 14, 16 Haines, Aldryd, 400 Gruffudd ap Maredudd, 114, 116–17, 123, 124 Hall, Augusta, 301 Gruffudd Hiraethog, 233 Hall, George, 363 Gruffudd Llwyd, 137 Hampshire, 473 Gruffydd, Dafydd, 647 Hanes Cymry America, 580 Gruffydd, R. Geraint, 190, 380, 518 Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg, 1

801

Index

Hanes Taliesin, 73 Henry IV, 22–3, 136 Hanes y Byd a’r Amseroedd, 217, 227 Henry V, 158 Hanmer, Siôn, 138 Henry VI, 139–41 Hanmer, Sir David, 137–8 Henry VII, 141, 157, 216, 217, 227 Hanmers, 22, 137, 538 Henry VIII, 159, 176, 177, 179, 201, 232, 239, Hanson, Clare, 431, 441 241, 513 Happy-Go-Lucky Morgans, The, 458–9 heraldry, 114, 163, 169 Hardie, Keir, 423 heralds, 23, 355 Hardy, Barbara, 471, 482 Herbert, William, 139–41, 144, 186 Hardy, Thomas, 346, 449 Herberts of Powys Castle, 165 Hargreaves, Ian, 662 Here be Dragons, 589 Harlech, 23, 141, 200 Hereford, 17, 168, 194, 217, 233–4, 484 harmony, 119, 271, 322, 382, 522, 637, 643 Herefordshire, 144, 166, 440 Harold Godwinesson, 16 heroes, 29, 30, 34, 42, 58, 59, 389, 393–5, harps, 119, 168, 218, 343, 409, 530, 623, 631 411–12, 621 Harris, Howel, 316 romance, 114, 137, 147 Harvie, Christopher, 416 heroism, 33, 138, 147, 227 Hastings, 17, 93 Heseltine, Nigel, 468 Hattersley, Roy, 659 Hiding Place, The, 601, 699 Yr Haul, 347 Higher Education Funding Council for Wales haunted hills, 621, 626 (HEFCW), 615 Hawkins, Desmond, 472 Hill of Dreams, The, 419 Haycock, Marged, 34, 54, 58–9, 105, 604 hir a thoddaid, xx, 367 Haycraft, Anna, 567 hiraeth, 368, 538, 680 Hay-on-Wye, 584, 609, 614 Hiraethog, Gruffudd, 180–1, 207, 219, 241 health, 363, 473, 655, 703 Hiraethog, Gwilym, 344 Heaney, Seamus, 449, 586 Historia Brittonum, xix–xx, 27, 32, 34, 36, 56, 98 heaven, 214, 274, 312, 318, 325, 327, 375, 377, Historia Regum Britanniae, xix, 19, 29, 57, 77–8, 463, 469 84, 95, 97, 99, 189, 190 heavy industry, 359, 362, 399, 492, 493, 562 historians, 26, 107, 189, 216, 253, 265, 289, Hebrew, 169, 182, 184, 233–4, 237, 326 314, 637 Heddiw, 372–3 historical romances, 347, 461, 588 Hédelin, François, 522 Historie of Cambria, The, 220 Hedd Wyn, 370, 422, 646 historiography, 93, 95, 96, 97–100, 108, 115, HEFCW (Higher Education Funding Council 189–90 for Wales), 615 vernacular, 96, 99–100, 107 Heﬁn, John, 644, 648 history, 79–80, 82–4, 97–8, 99–100, 168–9, hegemony, 15, 19, 37, 361, 405, 605 219–20, 293–5, 316–17, 442–3, 535–6 cultural, 306, 310, 432 literary, 1–2, 265, 275, 276, 286–7, 348, 366, Heinemann, Margot, 398 443, 716 Hemans, Felicia, 275, 296–7, 298–9 political, 17, 112, 658 Hemings, John, 246 History of Brecknockshire, 278 Hen Dyˆ Ffarm, 433, 450–1 History of the County of Brecknock, 265 Yr Hen Proffwyd, 278 Holborn, 217, 470 Hen Wynebau, 448, 450, 451 holidays, 164, 478 ‘Henaint’, 518 Hollywood, 643, 645 Hendregadredd, 101, 103, 105, 108 Holocaust, 559, 569 manuscript, 97, 101–2, 103, 105, 107, 113, 115, holy grail, see grail 132–3 Holyhead, 269, 343, 533 hengerdd, xx, 5, 14, 29, 38, 78, 80, 102, 133 ‘Home, Sweet Home’, 432 Henry I, 17–18, 93 home rule, 361–2, 509 Henry II, 17–18, 93 Honey and Bread, 390, 459 Henry III, 20 Honno, 442, 567, 604

802

Index

Honorius of Augustodunum, 114 Outside the House of Baal, 548–50, 552 Honourable and Loyal Society of Antient Shop, The, 542 Britons, 254 Taliesin Tradition, The, 9, 542 Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Toy Epic, A, 545–9, 559 254, 269 Y Tri Llais, 546 Hooker, Jeremy, 562, 564, 568 Humphrys, John, 643 Hopcyn ap Tomas, 38, 83, 133–5, 146 Hunangofiant Gwas Ffarm, 450 Hopkin, Wil, 347 Hunangofiant Rhys Lewis, Gweinidog Bethel, 346 Hopkins, Councillor David, 514 ‘Hunanladdiad y Llenor’, 538 Hopwood, Mererid, 596, 676–7, 680 Hundred Years of Fiction, A, 597 Horn, George, 219 Hunter, Jerry, 369, 580, 674, 684 horses, 56, 61, 76, 83, 117, 138, 227, 425 Hunters and Hunted, 400 Hospital Odyssey, A, 703 hutlath, 62, 66 House of America, 646 Huws, Daniel, 78, 131–2, 133, 142, 164 household drama, 206 Huws, Enoc, 408, 518 ‘Housekeeper, The’, 437 Huws, Meirion Macintyre, 672 Houston, Donald, 644 ‘Yr Hwyaden’, 370 How Green Was My Valley, 397, 643, 646 hybridity, 340, 395, 508, 560, 576–7 ‘How to Write Anglo-Welsh Poetry’, 563 ‘Hydref’, 365 Howell, Ann, 335 Hyll, Nicholas, 178, 223 Howells, Jack, 645 Hymnau Scrythurol, 314 Howells, William Dean, 584 hymns, 4, 104, 300, 306, 307, 310, 313–16, 318–24, HTV Wales, 648–9 326–7, 342 Huet, Thomas, 183, 235 emergence, 310–15 Hughes, Annie Harriet, 348 English, 318, 320 Hughes, Arthur, 345 evangelical, 307, 322, 327 Hughes, Glyn Tegai, 297–8 hymn-singing, 306–7, 310, 313–14, 322 Hughes, Hugh, 255 hymn-tunes, 320, 322 Hughes, Ian, 77 hymn-writers, 320–2, 327 Hughes, Isaac, 388 Hywel ab Einion Lygliw, 117 Hughes, John L., 400 Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd, 104, 106 Hughes, Jonathan, 309 Hywel ap Dafydd ab Ieuan ap Rhys, Hughes, Kathleen, 98–9 139–40, 142 Hughes, Nerys, 649 Hywel ap Fychan, 143 Hughes, Robert, 273 Hywel ap Owain Gwynedd, 696 Hughes, T. Rowland, 394 Hywel Dda, 15, 37, 115, 129 Hughes, Tristan, 602, 700 Hywel Fychan ap Hywel Goch, 38, 134 Hughes Jones, Lis, 640 Hywel Swrdwal, 142 Human Traffic, 646 humanism, 4, 6, 163, 166, 216, 243–4, 424 I Fyd Sy Well, 588 Welsh, 176–91 ‘I Was Born in the Ystrad Valley’, 435 humanists, Protestant, 169, 182–6 Ibbetson, Julius Caesar, 257 Humanum Genus, 198 iconoclasm, 447, 606, 671 humour, 121, 215, 398, 434, 440, 584, 658, 700 Ida, King of Northumbria, 32 Humphreys, Emyr, 9, 529–31, 532–3, 541–53, ideals, 114, 124, 181, 233, 256, 292, 440, 511 558–9, 600, 640, 647 identity, 157, 160, 161, 459, 462, 537, 540–1, 576, Bonds of Attachment, 552 578, 586–7 Collected Poems, 542 cultural, 2, 113, 115, 411, 415, 443, 491 Etifedd Y Glyn, 544 national, 107, 168–9, 428, 429, 500, 531, 532, Land of the Living, 542 637–8, 645, 664–5 Man’s Estate, A, 542–3, 545 new sense of, 664–6 National Winner, 552 political, 191, 502

803

Index

identity (cont.) innovation, 6, 21, 116, 176, 235, 240, 290, 455, religious, 188, 264 612, 717 Welsh, 168, 170, 336–7, 338, 339, 439, 440, Inns of Court, 22, 216, 232 535–6, 549–50, 665–6 institutional change, 655–7 ideology, 33, 339, 376, 405, 412, institutions, 97, 99, 104, 108, 290, 296, 299, 548, 424, 439, 620, 659 594, 600 Ieuan ap Hywel Swrdwal, 213–14 national, 190, 297, 301, 516 Il Cortegiano, 186 religious, 129, 549 Iliad, The, 270 Interference of Light, An, 401 illness, 13, 42, 269, 379, 560 interludes, 198, 201–2, 309, 638 imagery, 312, 318, 321, 373–4, 471, 475–6, 480–1, Intermission, 683 483, 519, 523–4 internal rhymes, xix, 104, 116, 119, 539–40 imagination, 52, 300, 326, 368, 417, 426, 480–1, international audiences, 2, 8, 19, 100, 301, 538, 483, 538, 541 637, 718 imagined communities, 356, 500, 665 interpreters, 19, 366, 373, 401 immigration, 391, 583 ‘Introduction to Village Dialect, An’, 439 imperialism, 3, 52, 260, 297, 339, 439, 715–16 Intruder and Other Stories, The, 442 In and Out of the Goldﬁsh Bowl, 401 Iorwerth, Rhys, 520, 685 In Parenthesis, 459–60, 587, 716 ‘I’r Lleidr Da’, 524 In the Dark, 401 Ireland, 75, 218, 335, 337, 355, 357, 446, 449, In the Green Tree, 437 473–4, 620 In the Land of the Harp and the Feathers, Northern, 267, 515, 645, 657 409 iron, 258, 358–9, 360, 388 independence, 5, 19, 23, 77, 95, 99, 377, 509, irony, 68, 365, 397, 400, 471, 500, 672, 685, 687 675, 680 irreverence, 196, 408, 438, 519, 671 Independent Television (ITV), 637, 647–8 Island of Apples, The, 559 Independent Television Authority (ITA), isolation, 425, 437, 448, 576, 657 637, 648 ITA (Independent Television Authority), India, 258, 437 637, 648 industrial capitalism, 260, 459 Italy, 185–6, 187–9, 215, 244, 458, 473, 542 industrial communities, 306, 374, 375, 401, ITV, see Independent Television 453, 494 industrial experience, 359, 397–8, 452 Jac Glan-y-Gors, 285–6 industrial ﬁction, 388–402 James, Christine, 374, 375, 604, 685 industrial life, 253, 388, 390, 391, 394, 397, 398, James, Maria, 581 400, 401, 405 James, Siân, 441, 566–7 Industrial Revolution, 253, 259 James I, 168, 216 industrial south Wales, 260, 452–3, 586 Jameson, Storm, 392 industrial valleys, 413, 423, 424, 459, 494 Janes, Fred, 474 industrialism, 391, 393–4, 430 Jarvis, Matthew, 565 industrialization, 2, 3, 5, 17, 259, 262, 358, 426, Jenkins, Dafydd, 345 428, 432 Jenkins, Geraint H., 288, 295 industry, 251–3, 258, 259, 359, 371, 388–90, 393–4, Jenkins, John, 297–8, 299, 388 399–400, 492, 664 Jenkins, Kathryn, 317 heavy, 359, 362, 399, Jenkins, Mike, 602 492, 493, 562 Jenkins, Nigel, 564, 568–9, 697 infrastructure, 422 Jenkins, Warren, 640 colonial, 446, 451 Jennings, Humphrey, 643 communications, 662 Jenny Jones and Jenny, 409 Inglis-Jones, Elizabeth, 561 Jerusalem, 117, 197, 410, 418 inheritance, 21, 112, 160, 485, 515, 532, 543, 545, Jesus College, Oxford, 78, 133, 432, 447 548, 550 Jewel of Ynys Galon, The, 412 in-migration, 261, 357, 498, 611 Jews, 261, 563

804

Index

John, King, 74, 522, 639 Jones Y Cilie, Fred, 450 John ap polle ap John, 203 Jonson, Ben, 245 John of Bridlington, 143 Joseph, Michael, 395 John Vaughan and his Friends, 409 Joseph of Arimathea, 169, 183, 235 Johnson, Hansford, 470, 480 Journal of Llewellin Penrose, The, 340, 341, 343 Johnson, Pamela Hansford, 469, 473, 474 journalists, 437, 439, 462, 469, 474, 583 Jones, Ann, 478 Journey to Snowdon, 276 Jones, Anwen, 638 Joyce, James, 446–7, 449, 458–9, 464, 471, 482 Jones, Bill, 392, 579, 582–3 Jubilee Blues, 390, 397 Jones, Bobi, 520, 568–9 Judas, 705 Jones, Carwyn, 656 Jones, Celia, 398 Karadog, Aneirin, 685 Jones, Cynan, 602, 700 Kardomah Boys, 456, 473 Jones, Dafydd, 321 Kay, Guy Gavriel, 632 Jones, Daniel, 474 Kay Davies, Deborah, 441, 602 Jones, David, 447, 455, 458–9, 461–2, 586, 603, Keating, Joseph, 349, 388–9, 391 715–16 Kedymdeithyas Amlyn ac Amic, 114 Jones, Dic, 8 Keevil, Tyler, 700 Jones, Edmund, 278 Kelly, Isabella, 335 Jones, Edward, 271 Kennedy, Sarah, 590 Jones, Emrys, 216–17 Kerrigan, Justin, 646 Jones, Erasmus B., 409 Kiberd, Declan, 681 Jones, Ernest, 388 King, Jemma L., 705 Jones, Evan, 343–4 kings Jones, Fﬁon Mair, 297 of Britain, 77, 81, 95, 189, 227 Jones, Geraint V., 681 English, 16, 94, 138, 271, 716 Jones, Gwyn, 347–8, 396, 426, 429–30, 558, 603 kingship, 14–16, 83, 141, 168, 379 Jones, Huw, 309, 323 and competition, 14–16 Jones, Ieuan Wyn, 656 ‘Kissing Nina’, 441 Jones, J. Gwilym, 370 Koch, John, 30–2 Jones, J. R., 497–8, 531 Krim, Les, 569 Jones, Jack, 391–2, 394, 402, 558, 600 Kyfﬁn, Maurice, 6, 168, 183, 187, 220–1, 236, Jones, John, 199, 207, 285, 301 238–9 Jones, John Gwilym, 369–70, 372, 376, 640, 647 Kynniver Llith a Ban, 181–3, 222–3, 225, 233–6 Jones, Katie, 396 Jones, Lewis, 392–3, 400, 402, 426 La Queste del Saint Graal, 114 Jones, Lloyd, 602, 683–4, 696, 700 La Sepmaine, 243 Jones, Margam, 409–10 labels, 340, 418, 435, 674 Jones, Mary, 567, 570 Labour Party, 361, 363, 396, 494, 496, 498, 501, Jones, Mary Oliver, 347–8 656, 658–9 Jones, Philip N., 357 Welsh, 398, 492, 496, 498, 658, 660 Jones, Phyllis M., 443 Laes, Siôn Dafydd, 164, 307 Jones, Rebecca, 580, 612 Lampeter, 609 Jones, Rhydderch, 648 Lancastrians, 138–41, 144, 158 Jones, Rhys, 274 land, and power, 254–5 Jones, Richard Wyn, 508, 524, 665, 674 land disputes, 28, 136 Jones, T. Harri, 558, 585 Land of My Fathers, The, 410 Jones, Theophilus, 264 Land of the Living, 542 Jones, Thomas, 271 landscape, 57–8, 277, 338–40, 440, 480, 559–60, Jones, Tudur Dylan, 672 565, 619–20, 697, 699 Jones, W. S., 647 cultural, 1, 297, 711 Jones, William Ellis, see Cawrdaf political, 168, 511 Jones Williams, Aled, 612, 681 urban, 419, 559, 630

805

Index

landscapes, 277, 344, 535–6, 540, 589, 628 as teacher, 519–21 Langer, Susanne, 702 as writer and critic, 514–19 language campaigners, 499, 507, Lewis ap Edward, 207 512, 671, 678 Lewys, Huw, 184 language movement, 1, 450, 541, 548 Lewys Glyn Cothi, 141–2, 144–6 language rule, 612, 614 lexicography, 180, 191, 222 Lanier, Sidney, 622 Lhuyd, Edward, 267–8, 276 Lansdell, Isabella, 335 Liberal Democrats, 497 ‘Largest Bull in Europe’, 441 Liberal Party, 361–2, 367, 543 Last Days of Dolwyn, The, 644 liberalism, 411, 424, 510 Last Inspection, The, 437 libraries, 27, 33, 131, 135, 142, 146, 268–9, 442, late Middle Ages, xix, 4, 124, 147, 198, 217, 604, 614 406, 458 Library of Wales, 28–9, 33, 78, 130, 132, 135, 285, Latin, 27–8, 30, 96, 114, 132–3, 161, 182, 187–8, 286, 602, 604 222, 224 Licensing Act (1662), 7, 215 Latin, chronicles, 99, 107, 131 Lichﬁeld Gospels, 28 Latin tradition, 27–8 Lidice, 643 Latinate forms, 234, 237 Life and Amours of Owen Tideric Prince of Wales, law, 21–2, 114–15, 157, 159–62, 170, 178, 254, 326, The, 227–8, 335 394, 513 Life and Letters Today, 433 ‘Law of Hywel Dda’, 115, 129, 223 Life and Times of David Lloyd George, The, Lawrence, D. H., 390, 436, 459, 560 648 Laws in Wales Acts, 232, 238–9 Life in the Forest, 590 Le Moyne College, 589 Life of Madam de Beaumount, The, 336 Leavis, F.R., 413 Life Story of David Lloyd George, The, 642 Lee, Rowland, 159 Light of the Heart, The, 647 Leek, The, 266 Lilting House, The, 561, 562 leeks, 266, 277, 599, 637 liminality, 413, 440, 698, 701 Lefebvre, Henri, 698 Lindisfarne, 34 Legend of Captain Jones, The, 227 linguistic boundaries, 531, 538, 541, 544 legends, 41, 44, 414–15, 418, 560, 563, 567, 622, linguistic change, 286, 551–2 629, 631 linguistic communities, 29, 448, 546, 550 lesbian identity, 441 linguistic complexity, 529, 533, 540–1, 543–4, letters, 195, 196, 225, 323–4, 471, 473, 533, 536, 547, 553 700, 702 Linnaeus, Carl, 276 Letters on Political Liberty, 292 literacy, 6, 96, 161–2, 164, 166, 256, 595, 717 Levertov, Denise, 590 literary criticism, 317, 375, 380, 507–8, 510, 517, Levy, Mervyn, 474 518–19, 588, 594, 604 Lewis, Alun, 436, 437, 468, 558 literary culture, 13, 15, 107, 114, 228, 233, 239, Lewis, Caryl, 520, 679 299, 599, 601 Lewis, D. Miles, 389 literary forms, 176–7, 285, 311, 452, 697, 711 Lewis, Eiluned, 430, 561 literary genres, see genres Lewis, Emyr, 672, 675 literary history, 1–2, 265, 275, 276, 286–7, 348, Lewis, Gwyneth, 9, 531, 539, 586, 602, 676, 683, 366, 443, 716 703–5 literary language, 113, 162, 185, Lewis, Lewis William, 345, 581 188, 227, 673 Lewis, Mari, 408 literary networks, 129–47, 683 Lewis, Owen, 189–90 literary periodicals, 594–615 Lewis, Saunders, 372–4, 468, 507–22, 523–5, literary tastes, 21, 244–5, 583 536–7, 538–9, 639–40, 715–16 Literature Wales, 9, 601 as language campaigner, 512–14 Little Johnny, 388–9 as playwright, 521–5 Little Kingdom, The, 542 as politician, 509–12 liturgy, 196, 232, 234, 238, 240

806

Index

Liu, Alan, 295 Lloyd Owen, Gerallt, 8, 453–4, 507, 603, Liverpool, 254, 258, 297, 345–6, 408–9, 499, 508, 671, 684 510, 512, 517 Lloyd-Morgan, Ceridwen, 604 University, 423, 508, 510, 517 Lloyds of Rhiwedog, 164 Lladd Duw, 681 Llwch, 588 Llais Llyfrau, 670 ‘Llwybrau’, 612, 676 Y Llan, 536 ‘y Llwybrau Gynt’, 537–8 Llanbadarn Fawr, 27, 120 Llwyd, Alan, 8, 372, 383, 603–5, 607, 609–11, Llancarfan, 27 685–6 Llandaff, 14, 237 Llwyd, Dafydd, 144 Llanddeusant, 205 Llwyd, Humphrey, 189, 219–20, 234 Llanddewibreﬁ, 115, 131–2 Llwyd, Huw Cae, 142 Llandeilo, 228, 337, 339, 430 Llwyd, Iwan, 588, 605, 669–70, 672, Llandeilo Fawr, 28, 117 674 Llandeilo Vawr and its Neighbourhood, Past and Llwyd, Morgan, 314 Present, 338 Llwyd, Richard, 277, 285, 289, 298 Llandovery, 167, 312, 315, 321 Llwyd, Sir Gruffydd, 115 Llandysul, 596 Llwyd Morgan, Elin, 605, 608 Llanelli, 204–5, 208, 358, 363 llwyfan, 595, 609, 612 Llangeitho, 132 ‘Y Llwynog’, 371 Llangobaith, 409 Llyfr Aneirin, 29, 130 Llangollen, 277, 309 Llyfr Coch Hergest, 38, 78, 80, 101, 103, 116, 117, Llangwm, 309, 323 133–4, 143, 144–6 Llanidloes, 123 Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin, 28, 57, 129 Llanilltud Fawr, 27 Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch, 21, 132 Llanover, Lady, 257, 301 Llyfr Rhetoreg Petrus Mosellanus, 223, 243 Llanrhaeadr, 163 Llyfr Taliesin, 33, 130 Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, 236–7 llyfrawr, 54 Llansannan, 182, 232 ‘Llygad y Dydd yn Ebrill’, 524 ‘Llanw’, 684 Llyˆn, Huw, 245 Llareggub, 482, 483 Llyˆn, Wiliam, 6, 164, 221, 242 llatai, 121–2, 123 Llyn Geirionydd, 276, 279 lledrith, 56, 66 Llyˆn Peninsula, 9, 200, 513 Lleidr Tân, 457 ‘Llys Owain Glyn Dwˆ r’, 518 Llên yr Uchelwyr, 518 Llywarch Hen, 34, 38–45, Y Llenor, 516, 538 272, 275, 291–2, 296 ‘Llenyddiaeth Eingl-Gymreig’, 537 Llywelyn, Robin, 607, 670–1, ‘Llew Llwyfo’, 345, 581 673, 681–2 Llewellyn, Richard, 395, 397, 643, 646 Llywelyn, Tomas, 311 Llewelyn, Michael Gareth, 397 Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, 20, 74, Llewelyn Jones, Arthur, 416 106, 158, 639 Llewelyn Parri neu Y Meddwyn Diwygiedig, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, 20, 22, 33, 95, 99, 101, 345 102, 112, 116, 131 Llewelyn-Williams, Hilary, 564, 566 Llywelyn Brydydd Hoddnant, 115 Lleweni, 163–4, 206, 233, 245 Llywelyn Fychan, 22, 132, 241 Lliver Gweddi Gyffredin, 167, 183 Llywelyn Offeiriad, 114 ‘Lloches’, 686 Llywelyn Prichard, T. J., 341 Y Llofrudd Iaith, 676 loanwords, 53, 114, 120, 311 Lloyd, David, 227, 589 local communities, 124, 158, 165, 376, 543, Lloyd, Vivian, 397 662–3, 664 Lloyd George, David, 362, 405, 410–13, 421, local eisteddfodau, 268, 581, 609 424, 598, 642, 648 localism, 414, 492 Lloyd George, Megan, 361 Y Lolfa, 596, 612

807

Index

London, 6–8, 215–18, 219–24, 296–8, 335–7, McKillip, Patricia A., 633 454–6, 458–61, 473–5, 586–7, 649–56 Macnamara, Caitlin, 477 publishers, 395, 595, 597–8, 599 Macpherson, James, 270, 291 Tudor, 212–29 ‘Mad Moll’, 430 Welsh, 217, 219, 266, 267, 288, 308, 455, 586–7 Maddocks, Ann, 347 Lone Tree Lode, 412 Made in Wales, 641 loneliness, 422, 425, 431, 435, 437–9, 440, 483, madness, 462–3, 523 576, 578 Madog, 106, 367, 369, 623 Lonely Voice, The, 431 Madog ap Maredudd, 74, 102, 104, 106 Long Revolution, The, 560 Maelgwn Gwynedd, 32 longing, 44, 318, 327, 368, 455, 624, 628, 672 Maelor Saesneg, 137, 157, 204 Lord of the Rings, 621 ‘Mae’n bwrw yn Toremolinos’, 670 lords, 22, 36, 40, 101–2, 139–40, 158, 163, 238, ‘Mae’n gêm o ddau fileniwm’, 675 621, 623 Maes Mihangel, 450 Marcher, xxiv, 16, 21, 94, 114, 146, 158–9, 170 magazines, 8, 270, 344, 373, 389, 536, 602, 603, loss, 41–2, 82–3, 107, 112–13, 115–16, 379, 435–6, 606, 608 550, 552, 676–7 magic, 52–69, 256, 620, 621, 624, 625–6, 631 Louvain, 185, 188 between fiction and reality, 53–6 love, 117, 121–3, 181, 336, 338, 449, 450, 481, 482, demonic, 53, 67 584–5 historical, 53 poetry, 116–17, 120, 123–4, 139, 147, 242, natural, 52, 53, 67 314, 685 wands, 62, 66 sexual, 121–2 magical naturalism, 621, 630–1, 632–3 Love and the Agitator, 423 magical powers, 57, 61, 62–3 love-messengers, 117, 121 magical realism, 671, 682 lovers, 116–17, 121, 122–3, 318, 441, 469, 543 magical transformations, 61, 63 Lownes, Robert, 226 magicians, 54, 59–60, 62, 64, 67–8, 623, 697, 701 loyalism, 256, 259, 289, 293 Maid of Cefn Ydfa, The, 347, 388 Loyalties, 399–400 Maiden Castle, 461 loyalty, 44, 114, 115, 139, 164–5, 168–9, 239, 289, ‘Mair Fadlen’, 524 306, 451 malice, 400, 419, 540 Lucan, 27 Malory, Thomas, 622 Ludlow, 160 ‘Malu’, 672 lust, 454, 482, 520, 522 Mam iaith, 566 Luther Martin, 181, 234, 310 Manafon, 533–4, 541 Lycett, Andrew, 477 Manawydan, 63, 73, 75–6, 81 Lynch, Peredur, 369 Manchester, 346, 437, 551, 648 Lynch, Richard, 645 Mandeville, 705 lyric poetry, 43, 119, 702, 706 Mann, Thomas, 508 lyrics, 102, 105, 293, 297, 319, 366, 368, 376, Man’s Desiring, 398 704–6, 710 Man’s Estate, A, 542–3, 545 Mansfield, Katherine, 438, 458 mab darogan, 74, 143–4, 158, 168 manuscripts, 27–30, 33–4, 38, 78–80, 114–15, Mabinogi/Mabinogion,xx–xxi, 55–6, 58–65, 67, 129–30, 131–6, 142–4, 146, 180–1 68, 73–84, 132, 134, 538, 589, 621–3, and monasteries, 130–5 624–6 production, 6, 129, 131, 135, 142, 146, 215 macaronic approach, 347, 684, 686, 700 Map of Love, The, 478 MacCarthy, Desmond, 474 maps, xxii, 289, 557, 619, 621, 697–8, 706, 711 MacDonald, Elvey, 588 March, 5, 6, 135, 143, 144, 147–60, 204, 206, McGuinness, Patrick, 440, 700 221, 241 Machen, Arthur, 415–19, 602, 626–8, 630, 633 Marcher lords, xxiv, 16, 21, 94, 114, 146, Macintyre Huws, Meirion, 672 158–9, 170 McKenna, Catherine, 74, 93 Mardi Gras, 613–14

808

Index

Maredudd ap polle ap John, 203 Menw son of Teirgwaedd, 59–61, 65, 68 Marfolaeth holl Brydyddion Cymru, 245 Merch Gwern Hywel, 520 marginality, 415, 431, 440, 698 Merchant, W. Moelwyn, 537 marginalization, 621, 671, 682 Mercia, 15, 41 markets, 7, 131, 309, 359, 397, Merddin Embris, 169 595, 625, 678 Meredith, Christopher, 395, 400, 439, 570–1, American, 409, 581 602, 699 Marks, Rhiannon, 605 Merfyn Frych, 15, 27 Marles, Gwilym, 479 Merioneth, 157, 161, 164, 207, 237, 243, 245, 358 Marquand, Hilary, 363 Merlin, 29, 43, 78, 129, 133, 168, 170, 356, 631 marriage, 198, 322, 336, 356, 359, 379, 420, 425, Merlin Wyllt, 169, 462 626, 633 Merrick, Rice, 169 Martell, Owen, 9, 677, 683 Merriman, Catherine, 401, 441, 567, 570 Martha, Jac a Sianco, 679–80 Merthyr Tydﬁl, 255, 259–60, 339, 357, 358, 391, Martin, John, 271 395, 398, 434, 438 Marvell, Andrew, 227 Metamorphoses, 64 marvels, 52, 55–6, 625 metamorphosis, 63, 64, 66, 67, 419 marwnad, 102, 123 metaphors, 61, 102, 370, 371, 382, 519, 524, ‘Marwnad Llywelyn ap Gruffudd’, 518 677, 684 ‘Marwnad Owain’, 36 Methodism, 306–7, 310, 316, 322–4, 342, 638 ‘Marwnad Siôn y Glyn’, 518 Calvinistic, 266, 310, 408 ‘Marwnat Dylan Eil Ton’, 77 Methodist Revival, 166, 256, 306, 307, 312, 315, Marwoldeb, 372 316–17, 322 Marxism, 507, 518, 604–5, 607, 609, 674 metres, xix, 118–19, 125, 133, 136, 213, 300, 308, Mary, Queen, 182, 185, 188, 222 313, 374 Maseﬁeld, John, 477 cywydd, xx, 6, 118, 124, 133, 142, 212 Massey, Doreen, 698–9, 706 free, xix, 244, 269, 308, 310–11 Masters, Edgar Lee, 482 strict, xix, 300, 308–9, 310, 365, 368, 373, 381–3, Math, 59–60, 62–7, 73, 77, 623, 626 603, 608 Mathias, Roland, 214, 485, 559, 561–2, traditional, xx, 118, 457 603 metrical psalms, 167, 310–11, 313–15, 321 Maurice, 389 Meurig Dafydd, 163 Mawddwy, Siôn, 184, 245 ‘Mewn Dau Gae’, 379–80, 453, 518 Mechain, Gwerfyl, 323 Michael, Alun, 658, 663 ‘Y Meddwl a’r Dychymyg Cymreig’, Michigan, 582, 586 615 Middle Ages, 1, 9, 26, 52, 54, 59, 63, 95, 168, media, 4, 638, 660, 662–3, 664–5, 707 176 meditation, 323, 326, 401, 412, 448 early, 26 ‘Meeting of the Bards, The’, 296 late, xix, 4, 124, 147, 198, 217, 406, 458 Meibion Glyndwˆ r, 498, 569, 670 middle classes, 254, 257, 260, 435, 436, 501, 543, Meillet, Antoine, 184 559–60, 613 ‘Y Meirwon’, 452 Middle Earth, 625, 632 Meistri a’u Crefft, 519 Middle Welsh, 30, 55–6, 66, Meistri’r Canrifoedd, 519 114, 182, 189, 234 Melbourne Writers’ Festival, 585 Midleton, William, 176 Melog, 671 migration, 256, 357, 422, 493, 535, 576–7, memoirs, 413, 448, 449–50, 559, 560, 567, 682 588, 590 Milan, 167, 185, 187 memory, 97, 100, 459, 463, 480, 482, 560, 563, Miles, Gareth, 588, 682 570, 577 milltir sgwâr, 433 cultural, 33, 413, 443 Milwr Bychan, 645 national, 412–13, 687 mimicry, 508, 598 Menai, Huw, 558 Mimosa: A Narrative Based on Fact, 588

809

Index

miners, 360, 388–90, 396, 399, 400, 426, 492, Morgan, Elaine, 647, 648 501, 644 Morgan, Eluned, 579, 587–8 mines, 3, 276, 358, 399, 535, 706 Morgan, Mihangel, 442, 607, 670–1, 673, 682 Minhinnick, Robert, 564, 568–9 Morgan, Prys, 253 mining, 359, 389, 391 Morgan, Rhodri, 658 open-cast, 401, 646 Morgan, Robert, 400 villages, 390, 397, 643 Morgan, William, 167, 169, 184, 236–7, 238, 243 ministers, 345–6, 362, 363, 405, 407, 452, 548, Morganwg, Iolo, 4, 124, 264, 267, 271, 289, 550, 658, 662–3 290–2, 293–7, 298, 301 Nonconformist, 314, 342, 423, 550 Moris ap William David, 200–1 minstrels, 162, 164 Morris, Kenneth, 622, 625–6 miracles, 53, 55, 433 Morris, Lewis, 269–70, 273–4 Misfortunes of Elphin, The, 337 Morris, William, 621 misogyny, 74, 117, 463–4 Morris-Jones, John, 319, 366, 406, 517, 610, 673 ‘Mistake, The’, 442 Morrison, Toni, 614 mobility, 8, 135, 244, 447, 455–6, 493, 544 mortality, 123, 372, 374, 382, 471 social, 217, 499, 546 Morte Darthur, 622 mock biographies, 341, 347 Mortimer, Edmund, 137 mockery, 121, 227, 345, 416, 455, 706, 709 Mortimer, Roger, 716 modern Welsh, 55, 186, 412, 460, 517, 596 Mortimer’s Cross, 141 Modern Welsh Poetry, 558 Morwyn, 461 modernism, 369, 439–40, 446–64, 472, 475, 523–4 Morys, Huw, 308–9, 312, 323 beginnings of Welsh modernism, 447–50 Morys, Twm, 588, 672–3, 679, 683 prose, 458–64 ‘Most Moderate Lust, A’, 441 modernity, 446–8, 457, 459, 491, 493, 531–2, 534, Most Spyrytuall and Most Precious Pearle, A, 184 546, 548, 626 Mostyn, William, 240 modernization, 2, 18, 255–6, 406, 492, 493, 498, Mostyns, 158, 163–4, 240 520, 641 motifs, 117, 120–1, 124, 392, 397, 455, 559, 623, and language, 497–500 624–5, 632 ‘Modest Adornment, A’, 441 mountains, 36, 345, 371, 379, 409, 534, 563, Mold, 346, 348, 407, 410, 640 630–1, 696 monasteries, 18, 28, 96, 99, 107–8, 143, 146, 162, mourning, 40, 297, 432, 483 176, 182 Moving Being, 640 Cistercian, 96–7, 98–9, 107, 108, 130 Mr Cassini, 696, 700–1, 703 and manuscripts, 130–5 Mudiad Adfer, 611 monastic communities, 96, 132–3 multilingualism, 166 monastic scriptoria, 27, 33, 97, 130, 131, 135 Münster, Sebastian, 235 Moneg, Morfydd, 378 murder, 16, 55, 204, 242, 344, 629, 676 money, 158, 203, 218, 244, 258, 390, 483, 594, Murmuron Tragwyddoldeb a Chwningod 595, 644 Tjioclet, 382 Monica, 425, 520–2 Muscovy, 705 Monmonier, Mark, 698 Muse, Elan Grug, 688 Monmouthshire, 159–60, 195, 355, 359, 361, Museum of Disappearing Sounds, The, 709 415–16 music, 4, 94, 299, 309, 366, 480, 623 Monmouthshire Merlin, 355 Musical and Poetical Relicks of the Welsh Montgomeryshire, 164, 201, 204, 207, 285, 533 Bards, 271 moon, 122, 123, 464, 623 musicians, 108, 240, 425, 474, 613, 630 Moonheart, 630 My Neighbours, 454 morality, 198, 309, 323, 342, 408 My People, 3, 406–7, 426, 429, 431, 454, 587, plays, 198–9, 309 602 Morfudd, 121–2, 347 Myddelton, Sir Thomas, 206 Morgan, Clare, 440–1, 567 Myddeltons, 206, 208 Morgan, Dafydd, 582 Myfyrian Archaiology, The, 299

810

Index

‘Y Mynach’, 610 neo-romanticism, 440 Myrddin, 29, 37, 43, 115, 129, 273–5 networked communities, 529, 533 Myrddin ap Dafydd, 596 networks, 99, 287, 323 mysteries, 22, 277, 312, 326, 379, 389, 417, 418, literary, 129–47, 683 627, 630 Neuburg, Victor, 470 mysticism, 327, 378, 621, 630 New English Weekly, 477 myth, 168–9, 409–10, 520, 522, 534, 536, 622–3, new media, 9, 662, 688 625, 631, 632–3 New Testament, 167, 183, 222–4, 225, 234–5, ‘Myth y Traddodiad Dethol’, 670 236–7 mythology, 293, 440, 461, 473, 631, 634 New Welsh Review, 568, 603, 605 Myvyrian Archaiology, 273 New York, 8, 299, 348, 423, 446, 455, 482, 581, 584–5, 590 nabobs, 258, 339 New Yorker, The, 585 names New Zealand, 474 bardic, 321, 342, 580 Newbery Award for books, 589 Welsh, 19, 205, 341, 552, 577 Newbery Honor, 589 ‘Nancy on the Warpath’, 410 Newport, 260, 355, 358, 395, 396, 412–13, 417, o’r Nant, Twm, 309–10, 323, 538, 539–40, 638 645 Narnia, 625, 632 newspapers, 256–7, 286, 388, 431, 578–9, 645, narratives, 98, 253, 279, 340, 425, 455, 548, 559 662, 663 narrators, 34, 40, 41–2, 44, 340–2, 440, 625, 627, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, 550, 599 677, 679 ‘Nightgown’, 434, 436 ﬁrst-person, 343, 442 nihilism, 421, 675 nasal mutation, 182 nineteenth century, 7–8, 213, 300–1, 306–7, Nashe, Thomas, 221 321–2, 346–9, 428–30, 577–9, 583–4, national aspirations, 301, 495 619–21 National Assembly, 1, 571, 655–7, 660, 661, 664 ninth century, 36, 41, 56, 98, 291 national consciousness, 170, 502, 562, 639 Nonconformism, 3–4, 261, 306–7, 313–16, 361, National Eisteddfod, xx, 370, 373, 516, 519, 587, 388–9, 405–6, 545–6, 550–1, 609–10 588, 595, 609–13, 614 Nonconformist chapels, 306, 388 national identity, 107, 168–9, 428, 429, 500, 531, Nonconformist culture, 342, 407, 545, 547–8 532, 637–8, 645, 664–5 Nonconformist ministers, 314, 342, 423, 550 National Library of Wales, 28–9, 33, 53, 57, 78, Nonconformist nation, 261, 361, 405, 407, 424, 130, 132, 135, 285, 286 426, 546, 674 National Theatre Wales, 9, 521, 639, 641 non-Welsh audiences, 220, 221, 456, 598 National Winner, 552 non-Welsh speakers, 214, 223, 498–500, 540, nationalism, 290, 450–1, 495, 498, 509, 516, 551, 613, 622 520, 673 Norman conquest, 27, 28, 36, 74, 275 cultural, 412–13, 451 Norman settlements, 5, 28, 75 nationality, 15, 261, 339, 560, 564 Normans, 4, 14, 16–18, 75, 84–93, 95, 114, 137, nationhood 240, 570 civic, 491, 502 Norris, Leslie, 436, 438, 561, 577–8, 585–6 debating, 491–502 North, Kate, 441 political, 496, 501 north Wales, 162, 240–1, 242, 254, 255, 461–2, native traditions, 54, 68, 169, 265, 521 550, 642–3, 648, 649 nativity plays, 196–7 north-east Wales, 13, 23, 131, 136, 308–9, 312, natural world, 42, 122–3, 371, 376, 416, 471 538, 541, 546–7, 548–9 naturalism, magical, 621, 630–1, 632–3 Northern Ireland, 267, 515, 645, 657 Navy Temple, 256 Northey, Siân, 685, 688 Neath, 98, 257, 341, 358 north-west Wales, 33, 117, 188, 289, 380, 393, Neb, 538 422, 493, 513, 611 ‘Y Nef a Fu’, 367 nostalgia, 44, 297, 397, 401, 448, 451, 455, neologisms, xx, 182, 187, 234, 237, 239, 286 479–81, 583–4, 606

811

Index

Not That He Brought Flowers, 453 orthography, 34, 186, 218, 224, 237, 285, 406 notebooks, 222, 438, 469–70, 482, 708 Osborne, Huw, 442 novellas, 394, 419, 425, 430, 440, 718 ‘Oscar’, 394–6 novels, 335–49, 388–9, 394–5, 397–400, 402, Oscars, 643, 645–6 587–9, 601, 631, 632–3, 681–2 Osmond, John, 660 industrial, 3, 394 Ossianic poetry, 270, 275 Nuts and Bolts, 649 Oswestry, 6, 125, 143, 170, 221, 552 Ó Cadhain, Máirtín, 464 Other Land: Contemporary Poems on Wales and O Gorlannau y Defaid, 348 Welsh American Experience, 589 O Gors y Bryniau, 422 otherworld, 567, 587, 631–2 O Law i Law, 394 Ottawa, 630 O! Tyn y Gorchudd, 612, 678, 680 Outside the House of Baal, 548–50, 552 O’Brien, Flann, 464 outsiders, 220, 278, 300, 401, 409, 415, 435–6, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, 440, 441, 544–5 292 overseas trade, 358, 363 Observations on the River Wye, 276 Ovid, 27, 64, 120 Observer, The, 508 Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri, 22, 116 occult, 53–4, 68, 419, 623, 627 Owain Gwynedd, 18, 104, 106, 237 O’Connor, Frank, 431, 435, 439 Owain Lawgoch, 22, 116 ‘Ode on the Mythology of the Ancient British Owein neu Iarlles y Ffynnawn, 73, 77, 78–81 Bards’, 293 Owen, Daniel, 345–7, 348–9, 388, 407–8, 410, odes, 270–1, 273, 275, 285, 293, 373, 582, 583 582, 588, 688 Off to Philadelphia in the Morning, 391 Owen, David, 346 Offa’s Dyke, 15, 492 Owen, Elizabeth, 583 Ofn fy Het, 672, 679 Owen, Goronwy, 273–4, 277, 300 Ohio, 584 Owen, Sir Hugh, 610 old age, 38, 434, 548–50 Owen, James, 314 Old and the Young, The, 440 Owen, Karen, 676 Old Fireproof, 412 Owen, Llwyd, 611, 681, 683 Old North, xxii, 3, 14, 29–30, 31, 34, 68, 94 Owen, Phyllis, 588 Old Testament, 184, 224, 236–7, 318, 326, 576 Owen, Roger, 640 Old Welsh, 28, 30, 34, 54, 137, 169, 460 Owen, William, 227, 335 Old Welsh Evangelist, The, 409 Owen Glendower, 461 Oll Synnwyr Pen Kembero Ygyd, 169, 180–1, Owen Rees, 408–9 223, 233 Owl Service, The, 629 On the Study of Celtic Literature, 52 Oxford, 78, 177–8, 185, 188, 214, 215, 219, 221, ‘One Warm Saturday’, 478 366, 447 Ong, Walter, 702 online world, 608, 662, 717 Pa gur, 57, 59 oppression, 20, 93, 264, 271, 394, 715 paciﬁsm, 294, 368, 376, 380, 437, 639 optimism, 497, 501, 669, 676, 678 pagans, 83, 138, 567, 621 O’r Harbwr Gwag i’r Cefnfor Gwyn, 671 pageants, 196, 411 O’r Pedwar Gwynt, 608, 687 pain, 44, 325, 335, 342, 368, 373, 421, 524 oral culture, 161–2, 168 Pallas, Simon, 276 oral tradition, 27, 59, 107, 270, 313 pamphlets, 285, 286, 316, 318, 320, 578 oral transmission, 32, 61, 167, 176 Pan, 416 ‘Orange Grove, The’, 437 Pantglas, 682 Order of the Golden Dawn, 417 Panton, Paul, 273 Orestes-Electra myth, 545 Pantycelyn, see Williams of Pantycelyn, Orleton, Adam, 194–6 William Ormond, John, 558, 561 papurau bro, 662 ornamentation, 104, 116, 119 Paradise Lost, 270

812

Index

Parcrhydderch, 132–3 Pennant Family, The, 338 Paris, 167, 189, 227, 335, 421, 446–7, 458, 681 Pennsylvania, 166 parish churches, 167, 205, 236 Penny, Anne, 275–6, 279 parliamentary representation, 159, 292, 360 Penrhyn, 158, 258, 422 parochialism, 458, 700 Penry, John, 165, 220–2, 236 parodies, 227, 346–7 Penyberth, 372, 433, 513, 639 Parry, Gwenlyn, 640, 644, 648 perceptions, 1, 15, 19, 232, 266, 665, 673, 676, Parry, John, 297 697, 699 Parry, Richard, 167, 184, 237 Percy, Thomas, 270 Parry, Sir Thomas, 216 Peredur, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80–1 Parry, T. Emrys, 373 performance, 32, 34, 94, 103, 122, 194–208, 482, Parry, Thomas, 1–2 521–3 Parry, Robert Williams, 454 bardic, 206–7 Parry, Winnie, 349 periodicals, 4, 7, 292, 298, 413, 579, 594–5, Parry-Williams, T.H., 366–7, 383, 421, 447, 458, 600–1, 602–3, 604–6 521, 611 Perlesvaus, 114 Parthian Books, 442, 596, 602 Perry, W.J., 379 passion, 196–8, 207, 307, 318–19, 410, 460, 709 Pethau Patagonia, 588 Patagonia, 576, 578–9, 582, 587–8 Petit, Pascale, 705 Paternoster, 181 petitions, 221, 245, 258, 678 pathos, 479, 480, 645 Petrograd, 681 patriotism, 188, 288, 414 Petrus Mosellanus/Schade, 223, 243 patronage, 112–13, 114, 116, 118, 130–1, 135–6, Phèdre, 522 146–7, 162, 244, 638–9 philistinism, 367, 424 aristocratic, 254, 287 philology, 26, 267, 406 bardic, 161, 162, 163 philosophy, 64, 118, 293, 603 crisis, 115, 118 photography, 257, 569, 589, 705 patrons, 101–2, 106–12, 124–47, 163, 242, 244 Phylip, Rhisiart, 244–5 peace, 115, 241, 289, 292–4, 325, 368, 379–80, Phylip, Siôn, 164, 242 608, 626 Picador, 601 ‘Peaches, The’, 478 piety, 311, 313, 408–9 Peacock, Thomas Love, 337, 339–40 Pigau’r Sêr, 450 Pearson, Mike, 640 Pigeon, 688, 700 Pearson Finnemore, Emily, 435 pilgrimages, 93, 117, 123, 163, 165, 181, 233, 316, ‘Peasant, A’, 534 318–19, 373 ‘Y Peilon’, 371 Pilgrim’s Progress, 319, 343 Pembroke, 139–40, 158, 186, 357 Piper, Ivonne, 441 Pembrokeshire, 158, 164, 245, 258, 355, 376, 377, pits; see also coal, 375, 389, 390, 400, 436, 492, 379, 542, 569 643, 645 pencerdd/penceirdd, 168, 241–2, plague, 22, 237 299, 570, 603 Plaid Cymru, 424, 491, 495–6, 497–8, 507–8, Pencil of Nature, The, 257 510–12, 587, 588, 656, 659 Penda of Mercia, 41 Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru, 362, 510–11, 513 Penderyn, Dic, 399 Planet, 561, 603, 605 Penguin, 380, 430, 433, 561 Plantin, Christopher, 236 Penguin Book of Welsh Verse, The, 561 Playboy of the Western World, The, 455 Pengwern, 41 playing places, 204, 207 penillion telyn, 313 A playne and a familar Introduction, 223, 225, Penman, Shannon Kay, 589 236, 238 Penmynydd, 116, 124, 141–2, 158 plays Penn, William, 166 biblical, 194–8 Pennant, Richard, 258 morality, 198–9, 309 Pennant, Thomas, 255, 276 school, 202–3

813

Index

playwrights, 507, 510, 521–2, 523, 637, 639, 641, political self-determination, 452, 501, 508 647–8, 681 politicians, 261, 362–3, 507–9, 511, 521, 525, 660, pluralism, cultural, 160, 530 664, 678 plygain carols, 311–12 politicization, 292, 411, 507, 683 Pobol y Cwm, 648 politics, 392, 393, 397–8, 400, 429, 431, 442, Pocock, Robert, 484 536–7, 657, 658–60 Poe, Edgar Allan, 428 Pontardawe, 374 ‘Poem in October’, 480–1 Pontcanna Studios, 648 Poems, Lyric and Pastoral, 293 popular culture, 286, 307, 323, 328, 391, 509 poems, 457, see poetry. popularity, 131, 165, 167, 196, 213, 244, 310–11, poems of request, 121, 136, 147 313, 347, 589 poetic space-places, 705, 711 population, 216–17, 254, 259, 261, 306–7, 349, poetic tradition, 4, 114, 270, 271, 518 356, 498, 499, 686–7 poetry, 28–30, 31–40, 100–12, 115–29, 242–5, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, 436, 365–73, 375–82, 468–79, 579–82, 583–7 478, 479 bardic, 44 ports, 165, 259, 416–17 court, see court poetry post-1536 Wales, 176, 179, 188, 190 English, 365, 456, 485 post-1945 period, 493–4, 498, 502 epic, 270, 316 post-devolution Wales, 678, 681–2 free-metre, 164, 167, 177, 244, 308, 311–12, post-industrialism, 400–2 321, 587 postmodernism, 518, 607, 670, 671–2, 673–5, love, 116–17, 120, 123–4, 139, 147, 242, 314, 685 680–2, 687 lyric, 43, 119, 702, 706 postmodernist experimentation, 607, 674 Ossianic, 270, 275 post-Roman Wales, 3, 27 political, 135, 372, 580 poststructuralism, 607, 674, 697, 707 praise, 26, 33–4, 101–2, 112–13, 124, 131–2, Pound, Ezra, 456 137–8, 140–1, 144–7, 163–4 poverty, 162, 205, 422, 433–4, 436, 451, 453, process, 469, 470–1, 475, 481 463–4, 601 prophetic, 54, 101, 139, 144 Povey, Michael, 648 religious, 136, 164, 242, 311, 321, 324, 375, Powel, David, 169 524, 580 Powell, Anthony, 474 revolution, 468–85 Powell, Nia, 672 saga, 26, 42 Powell, Richard, 285 slam, 685 Powell, Vavasor, 166, 313 Poetry Wales, 8, 561–2, 563, 569, 585, 596, 600, power, 20–1, 23–6, 55, 64, 95, 105–6, 254–5, 602–3, 605 494–5, 522–3, 655–7 poets cultural, 75, 107, 446 chief, see pencerdd/penceirdd and land, 254–5 court, 6, 94–5, 96, 102, 105–6, 132, 135, 144, magical, 57, 61, 62–3 146–7, 570–1 political, 255, 620 professional, xix, 6, 34, 54, 94, 163–4, 176–7, supernatural, 80, 412 180, 519 Powys, 14, 17–18, 22, 34, 41, 74, 94, 102, 104–6, of the princes, 34, 94, 101 461–2 Poet’s Corner, 470 Powys, John Cowper, 461 Pole, Archbishop, 188 PR (proportional representation), 657–8 policies, economic, 451, 508, 516 praise, formal, 147, 225 political autonomy, 94, 99, 680 praise poetry, 26, 33–4, 101–2, 112–13, 124, 131–2, political climate, 21, 280, 570 137–8, 140–1, 144–7, 163–4 political expediency, 495, 659 Prayer Book, 183, 235–6, 237, 238, 348 political identity, 191, 502 prayers, 102, 225, 307, 311, 408, 411, 481 political movements, 253, 260, 510, 716 preachers, 310, 342, 347, 349, 390, 427, 646 political poetry, 135, 372, 580 precision, 52, 58, 206, 440, 448 political radicalism, 447, 454 Preiddeu Annwn, 36, 57, 58–9

814

Index

prejudice, 317, 342, 348, 417, 649 prophecy, 37–8, 54, 83–4, 124, 129, 136, 143–4, Prescott, Sarah, 335 147, 168, 170 ‘Preseli’, 376–7 prophetic poetry, 54, 101, 139, 144 prestige, 16, 94, 177, 245, 268, 421 proportional representation (PR), 657–8 Price, Adam, 512 Proposals for Printing by Subscription a Collection Price, Angharad, 176, 447, 607, 612, 677, of Writings in the Welsh Tongue, to the 678–80, 682, 684 Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, 268 Price, Ellis, 241 prose, 113–14, 134, 146–7, 167–8, 170, 298, 300, Price, Hugh, 411 413–14, 520, 670–1 Price, Richard, 207, 292 medals, 612, 678, 681 Price, Thomas, 301 prosperity, 14, 160, 359 Price, William, 390, 560 prostitution, 425, 520 Prices of Newtown, 164 protest, 255, 259, 498, 500, 512–13, 596, 601, 678, Prichard, Caradog, 393, 458, 462, 587 700, 705 Prichard, John, 474 Protestant humanists, 169, 182–6 Prichard, Rhys, 167, 312, 314, 321 Protestantism, 166, 169, 178–9, 181, 183, 185, Prichard, Vicar, 313 187, 189–90, 232–5, 261 Prifeirdd, 603 Protheroe, John, 388 Prifysgol y Werin, 609–10 Proud Valley, The, 643 Primrose Hill, 254, 290 proverbs, 81, 132, 178, 180–1 princes of Gwynedd, 17, 19–20, 29, 101, 106, providence, 44, 336, 343 130, 367 Pryce, Malcolm, 700 princes of Wales, 20, 22, 36, 226, 254, 335, Prydain, 623–4 411, 500 pryddest, xxi, 453, 587, 610–11 Print of a Hare’s Foot, 390, 560 Prydydd y Moch, 67, 105–6 printing, 4, 6–7, 179, 189, 212–13, 216, 226, 235, Prys, Edmwnd, 6, 163, 167, 176, 243–4, 310, 315 236, 268 Prys, Thomas, 243 provincial, 7, 215, 226 Prys, Tomos, 176 in Welsh, 6, 213, 216–17, 222, 239 Prysor, Dewi, 681 Priscian, 118 Prytherch, Iago, 533–4, 536 Prise, Sir John, 169, 178, 182, 189 Prytherch, Owen, 410 Pritchard, Dafydd John, 685 psalms, 176, 310, 313–14, 326–7 Pritchard, Elfyn, 677 Psalter, 234, 237 Pritchard, Llewelyn, 213 psychics, 417, 701 Pritchard Jones, Harri, 393 psychoanalysis, 409, 417, 508 privileges, 27–8, 112, 142, 159, 179, 186, 233, 245, psychogeography, 26, 709 543, 551 public revels, 207–8 privy council, 216, 236 publishers, 238, 335, 397, 471, 589, 596, 625, 717 prizes, 24, 108, 582, 587, 612, 638, 648, 688 English, 391, 394, 401, 598 ‘Pro Patria’, 368 publishing, 347, 348, 454, 458, 567–8, 581, 601–2, process poems, 469, 470–1, 475, 481 604, 606, 614–15 production industry, 594–615 cultural, 1, 2, 4, 129–30, 142, 458, 718 Welsh, 178–9, 458, 562, 581, 583, 594, 717 industrial, 358, 453 Welsh presses publishing in English, professional bards, 118, 176, 237, 242–4, 308 595–602 professional poets, xix, 6, 34, 54, 94, 163–4, pubs, 549–50, 559, 672 176–7, 180, 519 Puddicombe, Anne Adeliza, see Raine, Allen Y Proffwyd a’i Ddwy Jesebel, 682 Pugh, Sheenagh, 563–5, 566, 568, 602 Proffwydoliaeth Fyrddin, 78–9 Pughe, William Owen, 291–2, 299, 301 ‘Prologue to an Adventure’, 468, 477 Pulestons, 137, 140 propaganda, 124, 144, 411, 479, 515, 644 Puncheston, 376–7 ‘Propaganda’r Prydydd’, 372 punning, 207, 270, 703 property, 160, 196, 240, 341, 626, 699 Puritanism, 165–6, 239, 313, 452, 463

815

Index

Purslowe, George, 226 Red Book of Hergest, 38–40, 78–82, 83–4, 101, Pwyll, 55–6, 73, 74–6, 461, 622, 626, 632 103, 116, 117, 133–5, 143, 146 Red Hills, The, 390 Quakers, 166, 347, 378 redemption, 312, 318, 627, 629 quarries, 204, 359, 422, 463, 535, 581, 643 referenda, 3, 495–7, 564, 571, 655–8, 661–2, 670, Queen of the Rushes, 420 675, 687, 697 queer short stories, 441–2 reform, 165, 167, 216, 259, 290, 295–6, 322, 428 Queer Wales, 442 Reform Act (1832), 260 ‘Quilt, The’, 434 Reformation, 2, 6–7, 130, 147, 164–5, 169, 178, 311 race, 3, 291, 441, 530, 533, ‘Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a 540, 622, 632, 660 Child in London, A’, 478 Racine, 515, 521 regeneration, 412, 670, 678, 687 racism, 429, 678 relics, 20, 423, 533, 535, 620 radicalism, 256, 293, 306, 310, 320, 447, 454 religion, 157, 160, 162, 166, 168, 169, 176, 232–3, radio, 449, 455, 479, 482, 542, 546–7, 584, 588, 306, 582–3 640, 646–7 religious beliefs, 169, 289, 550 lectures, 512 religious life, 177, 316, 394, 408 Raglan, 139–40, 165 religious poetry, 116, 118, 136, 139, 311, 312, 315, railways, 261, 355, 358, 359–60 321, 324, 580 Raine, Allen, 229, 348–9, 389, 419–20, religious revivals, 261, 307, 345, 361, 405, 642 430–2, 599 religious verse, see religious poetry Random Births and Love Hearts, 683 religious writing, 1, 6, 78–9, 133, 169, 342 Random Deaths and Custard, 683 Remains of a Future City, 709 rape, 62, 336, 368, 397, 476 ‘Reminiscences of Childhood’, 479 Rape of the Fair Country, 397 renewal, 225, 288, 307, 366, 412, 517, 583 Ray of Darkness, A, 560 ‘Reservoirs’, 454 readers resistance, 3, 37, 264, 271, 376–8, 390, 394, 401, English, 269, 340, 408–9, 432, 533, 541, 597, 536, 570 598, 716 Restoration, 168, 226, 312, 611 English-language, 270, 433, 529, 533, 540, 544, resurrection, 68, 479, 632 551, 553, 717 return journeys, 378, 455–6, 479 readerships, 213, 233, 339, 348, 367, 430, 544, ‘Returning to Goleufryn’, 456 546–7, 588, 686 Revelation, 183, 235, 319, 380 see also audiences. revivals intended, 529, 541, 544, 547, 551, 553 cultural, 99, 101, 108, 286, 288 realism, 368, 396, 631, 670, 672, 673, 682, 684 Methodist, 166, 256, 306, 307, 312, 315, 322 attenuated, 674 religious, 261, 307, 345, 361, 405, 642 bourgeois, 455 revolution, 253, 290, 498 magical, 671, 682 Rhaid i bopeth newid, 678, 680 socialist, 396 Rhapsody, 425, 439 realities, 118, 244, 262, 418, 499 Rheged, 14, 31, 34–5, 40 harsh, 429, 642–3 rhetoric, 44, 181, 184, 191, 222–3, 261, 382, 395, Rebecca movement, 260 475, 496 Rebecca Rioter, The, 348, 599 Rhiannon, 56, 61, 76, 626 Rebecca Riots, 337 rhieingerddi, 117 rebellions, 23–4, 129, 136–9, 163, 170, 203, Rhigyfarch ap Sulien, 17, 93 259, 659 Rhisiart Sion, 227 rebirth, 122, 669–70, 676–8, 687 Rhondda, 225, 390, 400, 426, 453, 459, 492, cauldron of, 68, 624, 626 547, 707 reconciliation, 324–5, 685 Rhondda Roundabout, 391 reconstructions, 31, 36, 79, 363, 492, 502, ‘Rhos y Pererinion’, 368 561, 709 Rhoscomyl, Owen, 412

816

Index

Rhosyn a Rhith, 645 Roberts, John, 285 Rhuddlan, 16, 20, 157 Roberts, Kate, 7, 393, 402, 422, 430, 432–4, 448, Rhwng Gwyn a Du, 677 515–16, 520, 530 Rhydcymerau, 432, 451–2 Roberts, Lleucu, 684 Rhydderch, Francesca, 602, 605, 700 Roberts, Lynette, 439, 447, 468, 558, 561 Rhydderch, Samantha Wynne, 705 Roberts, Peter, 160, 170 Rhydderch ab Ieuan Llwyd, 21, 123, 133, Roberts, R. Silyn, 366 134–5 Roberts, W. George, 405 ‘Rhyddid’, 285, 288, 289, 675 Roberts, Wilbert Lloyd, 640 ‘Rhyfedd, rhyfedd gan angylion’, 324, 326–7 Roberts, Wiliam Owen, 600, 605, 607, 670, Rhyl, 542, 642 673, 674, 681 rhymes, 104, 119–20, 270, 300, 309, 381, 524 Roberts Jones, Sally, 558, 561, 564, 566 half, 378 Robeson, Paul, 643 internal, xix, 104, 116, 119, 539–40 Robinson, Mary, 335 rhyming couplets, xx, 447, 483 Robinson Crusoe, 343 Rhys, Iwan, 685 Rodaway, Paul, 709 Rhys, John, 406 Rogers, James, 258 Rhys, Keidrych, 362, 397, 439, 468, 477, 536, romance heroes, 114, 137, 147 558, 603 romances, 73, 74, 76, 79, 132–3, 389, 391, 420, Rhys, Manon, 604, 671, 673 429, 432 Rhys, Morgan, 321 continental, 58, 68, 622 Rhys, Morgan John, 256–7 historical, 347, 461, 588 Rhys, Prosser, 610 silver-spoon, 389 Rhys, Siôn Dafydd, 187, 243–5 Romans, 14, 121, 227, 240, 266, 275, 292, 417 Rhys ap Tewdwr, 17, 93 Romantic movement, 310, 369–70, 373–4, 601, Rhys ap Thomas, 158 619–20, 634 Rhys Lewis, 346, 388, 408 Romantic Wales, 285–301 Rhys Williams, Dafydd, 583 Rome, 78, 83, 114, 159, 176, rhythms, 373, 378, 381, 449, 452, 475, 480, 485, 185, 188–90, 290, 460 706, 710 ‘Room 321’, 710 Richard ap Hywel, 240 ‘Rooms, The’, 710 Richard II, 136–7 Rose Mervyn of Whitelake, 337 Richard III, 141, 144–6, 158 Rosenthal, M. L., 471 Richard Commission, 656 Rowland, Jenny, 41 Richards, Alun, 599 Rowlands, Dafydd, 375 Richards, W. D., 409 Rowlands, John, 369, 518, 607, Riddle-Master, 633 611, 615, 671, 674 Riefenstahl, Leni, 644 royal courts, 112–13, 289 El riﬂero de Ffos Halen, 588 Royal Institution of South Wales, 257 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 586 Royal Navy, 358, 411, 585 River out of Eden, 391 Rubens, Bernice, 567, 599 rivers, 277, 318, 391, 435, 512, 629, 700, 707–8 rugby, 500–2, 696 Road to Sixty, The, 589 ruins, 27, 40–1, 44, 98, 257, 272–3, 277, 368, roads, 13, 200, 260, 315, 358, 425, 570, 589 369, 471 Robert, Gruffydd, 169, 185–6, 187–8 Run For Your Money, A, 644 Roberts, Ceﬁn, 640 rural areas, 358, 375, 493, 565 Roberts, Eigra Lewis, 640 rural communities, 448–9, 679, 686 Roberts, Eleazar, 408 rural culture, 533–4 Roberts, Ellis, 309 rural landscape, 413, 565, 700 Roberts, Evan, 345, 405, 420, 426, 642, 644, rural life, 439, 448, 452, 610 646 rural society, 254–5, 448 Roberts, Guto, 648 rural Wales, 200, 260, 345, 448, 454, 559, 583, Roberts, Gwyneth, 399 638, 679, 718

817

Index

ruralism, 450 clerically trained, 131, 143 Rushdie, Salman, 614 monastic, 131, 133 Ruthin, 23, 136, 201, 208, 236 scriptures, 105, 166, 169, 181, 183, 225, 233–4, 310, 326 S4C, 645, 649, 664 Scudamore family, 140 Saer Doliau, 640 Scully, Roger, 665 saga poetry, 26, 38, 42 Seafarer, The, 44 sagas, 38, 42–4, 389, 391, 398 seagulls, 102, 119, 121, 382, 480, 697 ‘Y Saig’, 369 seasons, 122–3, 244, 245, 285, 480, 534, 649 saints, 53, 54, 80, 83, 98, 103, 114, 118, 164–5, Second Chance, 567 627–8 Second Generation, 399, 560 Salesbury, Henry, 180 Second World War, 355, 360, 361–2, 438–9, 551, Salesbury, William, 6, 166–7, 169, 178, 180, 186, 559, 585, 640, 643, 646 220, 222–4, 225, 243 Secret Glory, The, 418, 627–8, 630 Salisbury, Eurig, 685 secretary of state for Wales, 495, 511, 562, 658 Salisbury, Thomas, 237 sedition, 260, 293 Salusbury, David, 163 seiadau profiad, 315 Salusbury, Sir Henry, 245 seiat, 315, 321, 409 Salusbury, Sir John, 245 Seith Doethion Rhufein, 78 Salusbury, Sir Roger, 240 Selection of Welsh Melodies, A, 297 Salusbury, Sir Thomas, 206 self-determination, 8–9, 511, 525, 675 Salusburys of Lleweni, Rug, and Bachymbyd, political, 452, 501, 508 163–4, 206, 208, 233, 245 self-government, 507, 687 salvation, 79, 190, 315, self-mockery, 117, 121 319, 326, 327, 684 sensibility, 340, 413, 421, 425, 588, 715 Samothes, 169 Sensuous Glory, 375 Samwell, David, 300 Seren, 596, 601 Sandby, Paul, 257 Seren Tan Gwmmwl, 285 sandcastle dynasty, 348, 431 Seren Wen ar Gefndir Gwyn, 607, 671 ‘Y Sant’, 421, 610 sermons, 4, 165, 170, 310–12, 342, 344, 345, 347, Sarn-y-Plas, 9 348, 579 satire, 74, 117, 139, 147, 163, 242, 406, 482, Seward, Anna, 277, 300 675 sexual love, 121–2 satyrs, 417, 418 sexuality, 463, 483, 560, 567, 585 Saunders, Corinne, 52, 68 Sglefrio ar Eiriau, 607 Saunders, Sara Maria, 410, 430 Shakespeare, William, 199, 226, 228, 245–6, Saunderson, Irene, 388, 389 471, 482, 515, 516–17, 519, 521–2 Saxons, xxii, 5, 15, 26, 30, 33, 37, 83, 266, 417 shame, 61, 63, 442, 453, 611, 700, 705 school plays, 202–3 shapeshifting, 60, 62, 65, 416, 493, 697 schoolmasters, 201, 273, 285, 289, 321, 435, 474 Sheepshagger, 700 schools, 107, 202–3, 244, 256, 418, 519–20, 562, Sheers, Owen, 602 588, 606, 628 Shepherd’s Hey, 430 primary, 499, 531 Sherman Theatre, 640 science, 57, 257, 355, 410, 416, 419, 508, 582–3 Shifts, 400, 570–1, 602, 699 scientific verse, 243 ships, 16, 313, 341, 359, 587–8 Scotland, 22, 26, 29, 124, 136–7, 265, 267, 620, shipwrecks, 337, 340–1, 343 656–7, 660 Shop, The, 542 Scotsman, The, 299 Shopland, Norena, 442 Scott, Sir Walter, 260, 295 short fiction, 428–9, 438, 440, 441–3, 583, 589 Scottish Parliament, 497, 655 short stories, 7–8, 389, 425–43, 448, 449, 462, Scout’s Story, A, 412 585, 587 Scranton, 580, 582–3 Shrewsbury, 7, 17, 20, 140, scribes, 30, 33, 38, 78, 80, 95, 97, 129, 131–2, 134–5 168, 204, 221, 254, 314

818

Index

Shropshire, 41, 484 Song of Solomon, 314, 318 Sidney, Sir Henry, 241 songs, 269, 270, 271–2, 306–7, 311–12, 314, 318, Sidney, Sir Philip, 220, 240, 241 325, 367, 539 Siege of Thebes, 139 sonnets, 366, 371, 372, 374, 447, 485 silent cinema, 642 sons of prophecy, 74, 143, 158, 168 Silk Commission, 657, 664 Sophocles, 515 Sin Eater, The, 567 Sorbonne, 406, 447 singing, 140, 146–7, 311–13, 314–15, 322, 343, 434, Sorrow for Thy Sons, 394–5, 600 559, 581, 643 souls, 63, 66, 67, 198, 314, 316, 318, 319, Singing Hills, The, 589 325–6, 626 sins, 66, 168, 289, 319, 523, 598 South Africa, 362, 474, 568 Siôn ap Madog Pilstwn, 137–8 south Wales, 27–8, 166, 258, 321, 349–56, 358–9, Sitwell, Edith, 476–7 393–5, 559–60, 584–5, 642–3 Siwan, 514, 521, 522–3, 525, 639 South Wales Evening Post, 469, 473, 478 Skene, William Forbes, 26, 27, 28–9, 38 South Wales Railway, 355 skills, 106, 186, 348, 379, 381, 641, 664 south-east Wales, 167, 312 verbal, 106, 396 south-west Wales, 28, 167, 312, 397, 485, 542 Skoulding, Zoë, 605, 708–11 sovereignty, 37, 75–6, 82–3, 99, 113, 144, 191, 292 skylarks, 121, 376, 379 space-places, poetic, 705, 711 slag, 374, 397, 400 Spain, 186, 393 slate industry, 258, 359, 380, 393–4, 401, 494, Spanish Civil War, 643 643 Spender, Stephen, 477, 484 slate-ﬁelds strike, 393–4, 400, 401 sponsorship, 470, 594 slave trade, 258, 320 Spoon River Anthology, 482 slavery, 258, 344, 580, 626 square mile, 433, 450–1, 696, 697 Sleepers, 631, 632 St Asaph, 118, 124, 182–4, 227, 234, 237, 242, 285, ‘Sleeping Lord, The’, 460, 461 288, 289–90 Sliding, 438 St David, 23, 27, 93, 97, 98–9, 103, 167, 170, 225, Small Country, A, 566–7 234–5 Small Mine, The, 398 St David’s Day, 167, 266, 498, 648 Smith, Captain John, 227 stage directions, 197, 198–9 Smith, Dai, 391, 395, 397, 442, 600, 602, 604 ‘Stain, The’, 708 Smith, G. Eliot, 379 Y Stamp, 608, 688 Smithsonian Folklife Festival, 587 Star Chamber, 204–5, 215 Smouldering Hills, The, 398 Stars of the Revival, The, 409 Smyth, Rhosier, 189 starvation, 390, 684 Snowdon, Bard of, 285 State of Desire, 401, 570 Snowdonia, 200, 276, 289, 343, 421, 542 stateless nation, 491, 500 Soave, Mónica, 588 Stationers’ Charter, 215 social commentary, 580, 680 Stationers’ Register, 226 social elites, see elites status, 18, 21, 22, 27, 141, 177, 235, 239, 241, social mobility, 217, 499, 546 245 social order, 44, 96, 125, 176, 240–1 ofﬁcial, 167, 310 social responsibility, 373, 522 social, 130, 408 socialism, 3, 360, 393, 423, 659 Statute of Gruffudd ap Cynan, 206, 241 socialist realism, 396 Statute of Rhuddlan, 157 Society of Ancient Britons, 266, 269 Stead, Peter, 643 soldiers, 36, 221, 227, 368, 412, 551 steel, 3, 358–60, 375, 421, 665 Solomon a Gaenor, 646 Stein, Gertrude, 447 Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Antient Welsh Stephens, Elan Closs, 639, 641, 647 Bards, 270 Stephens, Meic, 337, 561–2, 600, 603 Son of Judith, 349, 389, 423 Stephens, Thomas, 301 Song at the Year’s Turning, 539 Still Waters, The, 430

819

Index

Stomp, 685 Tabulae de schematibus et tropis, 222 stones, 53, 57, 138, 224, 378, 425, 524, 534, Tacitus, 265 629, 706 Taff Acre, 648 Stones of the Field, The, 534, 538 Talbot, Henry Fox, 257 Storïau’r Tir, 433, 448 Taliesin, xix–xx, 3–4, 32–4, 36, 40, 43, 101–2, 105, Y Storïwr, 681 273–6, 630 Storm at Arberth, 567 Taliesin Tradition, The, 9, 542 storytelling, 75, 100, 344, 460 ‘Taliesin’s Poem to Elphin’, 275–6 Stradlings, 158, 165 Tallarn Green, 204, 533, 538 Strand Films, 478 Talwrn y Beirdd, 685 Strata Florida, 18, 96–7, 98–9, 107, 108, 113, Tambora volcano, 259 131–3, 368, 704 Taran Wanderer, 624 Strata Marcella, 19, 29 Task and Finish Group, 613 Strathclyde, 14, 30, 32 tastes, 64, 100, 117, 410, 416, 431, 707 stream-of-consciousness fragments, 681 literary, 21, 244–5, 583 strict metres, xix, 300, 308–9, 310, 365, 368, 373, taverns, 113, 308–9, 311 381–3, 603, 608 Taylor, Jeremy, 228 Strike for a Kingdom, 398 teachers, 393, 434, 452, 519, 542, 639 strikes, 32, 369, 372, 391, 398–9, 400, 422–3, Team Wales, 658, 661 614 technology, 68, 176, 213, 371, 532–3, 552, 662, General Strike, 426, 453, 560 676, 710 Miners’ Strike, 494, 569 Teilo, Gwilym, 338 ‘Stryd Pleser’, 611 television, 9, 499, 637–8, 639–40, 644–50, Stump, 700 676, 718 subversion, 75, 406, 461, 674, 687, 700, 701, television, drama, 542, 648–9 705 Television Wales, 645, 648 Suggett, Richard, 53 Television Wales and West (TWW), 645, 648 Sulien, 27 Telyn y Dydd, 373 Sullivan, C. W., 589 temperance, 335, 345, 582 Summer Day, A, 433 temptations, 9, 318, 522, 546, 644 sun, 35, 103, 119, 122, 181, 296–7, 313, 347, Ten Nights in a Bar Room, 346 381–2, 452 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 365, 412 Sunday Referee, 470 ‘Terfysg’, 684 Sunday Times, 476 Tessimond, A. S. J., 380 supernatural, 26, 52, 54–6, 57–8, 61, 67–8, 84, Testament Newydd, 167, 183, 224 278, 418, 619 Testament of Cresseid, 199 supernatural powers, 80, 412 Thatcher, Margaret, 449, 496, 501 Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Thatcherism, 493, 496, 569, 665 Literature, 568 Thavies Inn, 178, 217, 223 Swansea, 205, 208, 257, 336, 355, 357, 455–6, 468, Theatr Bara Caws, 641 473–4, 479 Theatr Clwyd, 640 Swansea Grammar School, 436 Theatr Genedlaethol Cymru, 521, 641 Swˆ n y Gwynt Sy’n Chwythu, 453 Theatr Gorllewin Morgannwg, 641 Sycharth, 125, 136 Theatr Gwynedd, 640 symbolism, 125, 395, 398, 456, 475, 495, 497 Theatr y Werin, 640 symbols, 327, 336, 374, 376, 379, 381, 417, 418, Theatr yr Anterliwt, 638 549, 550 theatre, 9, 226, 391, 423–4, 523, 637–46, 648, Symudliw, 681 649–50 Syndicalism, 423 Theatre of the Absurd, 640 Synge, J. M., 424, 449, 455 Theatre of the Interlude, 638 Synopsis of Quadrupeds, 276 Theatrum orbis terrarum, 219 ‘Synopsis of the Great Welsh Novel’, 559 Theodric of Bernicia, 34–6 syntax, 116, 120, 182, 225, 471, 481 theology, 64, 185, 191, 256, 317, 410, 603

820

Index

theosophy, 417, 630, 634 Neb, 538 ‘Thesaurus Linguae Latinae et ‘Peasant, A’, 534 Cambrobrytannicae’, 180 Stones of the Field, The, 534, 538 These Are The Men, 644 ‘Welsh Ballad Singer, A’, 539 These Poor Hands, 392 ‘Welsh Hill Country, The’, 539 Thing of Nought, A, 430 ‘Welsh History’, 530 Things Men Do, The, 436 ‘Welsh Landscape’, 535–6, 540 Thinker and the Thrush, 395 ‘Winter Retreat’, 538 thirteenth century, 18–20, 28–30, 34, 74, 93–4, Thomas, Simon, 217, 227 96–7, 100–2, 105, 107, 113–14 Thomas, Tydﬁl, 398 This Bygone, 400 Thomas, William, 216 Thomas, Ann, 322, 323 Thompson, E. P., 255 Thomas, Bertha, 435 Thomson, James, 291 Thomas, D. J., 647 Those Clouded Hills, 392 Thomas, David, 285–7, 289, 293 Three Books of Occult Philosophy, 53 Thomas, Dylan, 436, 447, 455–6, 468–85, 558, Thrift, Nigel, 698, 707, 711 584–5, 716 Tide Race, 560 18 Poems, 468–70, 475–6, 481 Tideric Prince de Galles, 227, 335 ‘Child’s Christmas in Wales, A’, 479 tides, 93, 286, 451, 469, 472–3, 483, 524 Collected Poems, 469, 483 Tighe, Carl, 638 deaths and entrances, 478–81 Time Being, 706 Map of Love, The, 478 Time to Laugh, A, 390 poetry, 475, 477, 484–5, 534, 535–6, 538, Times Like These, 396 539–40 Times Literary Supplement, 398, 455, 470 Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, 478, tinplate, 358–9 479 Tir na n-Og award, 631 stories and poetry of the middle years, Tirebuck, William Edwards, 409 475–8 Titrwm, 671, 673 Twenty-Five Poems, 477–8 Tlysau yr Hen Oesoedd, 269 Under Milk Wood, 482–3, 584–5 To Fame Unknown, 397 and Wales, 483–5 tobacco, 274, 449 Thomas, Edward, 254, 413, 448, 458 Today We Live, 642 Thomas, Gwyn, 225, 380–2, 394, 396, 400, 402, Toleration Act (1689), 166 426, 600, 602 Tolkien, J. R. R., 621, 623, 624–5, 632, 633 Thomas, Howard, 588 Tomorrow to Fresh Woods, 390 Thomas, Ned, 393, 561, 568, Tomos, Angharad, 670–1, 674 576, 599–600, 603 Tonypandy, 392, 453 Thomas, A. P., 409 topography, 228, 460, 597, 619, 621, 698 Thomas, R. D., 579 tourists, 278, 340, 355, 550, 634 Thomas, R. M., 423 tours, 257, 267, 276–7, 340, 474, 584 Thomas, R. S., 9, 453–4, 507, 529–31, 533–42, Tours in Wales, 276 552–8, 561, 571, 718 Towey, 337–8, 339, 430 Acre of Land, An, 535, 538–9 towns, 113, 123, 143, 203–4, 207–8, 215–16, 257, ‘Adar y Gaeaf’, 536 393, 432, 482–3, 681 ‘Adar y Plwyﬁ’, 536 borough, 20, 136 Blwyddyn yn Llyˆn, 538 largest, 216, 259 ‘Border Blues’, 538 Toy, Humfrey, 235, 238 ‘Depopulation of the Welsh Hill Country, Toy Epic, A, 545–9, 559 The’, 534 Y Traddodiad Barddol, 381 ‘Hunanladdiad y Llenor’, 538 trade, 6, 105, 216, 258, 288, 358, 359, 363, 391 ‘Llenyddiaeth Eingl-Gymreig’, 537 traditional metres, xx, 457 ‘Y Llwybrau Gynt’, 537–8 traditional strict metres, xix, 164, 308, 311, Mountains, The, 534 368, 457

821

Index

traditions, 107–8, 146–7, 439–40, 518, 519–20, Y Trydydd Peth, 682 586, 594, 606–7, 627, 670 trysts, 117, 122, 464 bardic, 6, 96, 115, 184, 240, 307–8, 414 Tryweryn, 499, 512–13, 562, 570 of court poetry, 96, 107–8 Tu Chwith, 595, 603, 605–8, 613, 672, 674 cultural, 84, 95, 484, 637, 642 Tudor, A Prince in Wales: An Historical Novel in industrial, 394, 397, 398 Two Parts, 335 literary, 131, 133, 268, 279–80, 516–20, 537–9, Tudor, Edmund, 158 586–7, 589–95, 604–5, 670 Tudor, Henry, 136, 143–4, 157–8, 216 native, 54, 68, 169, 265, 521 Tudor, Jasper, 139–42 oral, 27, 59, 107, 270, 313 Tudor, Mary, 169 poetic, 4, 114, 270, 271, 518 Tudor, Owen, 158, 168, 227, 335–6 of praise poetry, 101 Tudor London, 212–29 Traed mewn Cyffion, 393, 567 Tudor period, 6, 141, 157, 162, 170, 179, 214, 217, Y Traethodydd, 603–4 228, 232 ‘Trafferth Mewn Tafarn’, 518 Tudor Reformations, 157, 164 tragedies, 199, 202, 545, 569, 626, 629 Tudor Wales, 239–40 Tragedy of Massenello, The, 202 Tudur, Owain, 141, 144 Trahair, Emily, 605 Tudur, Siôn, 163, 184, 207, 227, 237, 242, 538 transformations, 59, 62–3, 66, 288, 299, 423, 623 Tudur Aled, 143, 241 magical, 61, 63 Tudur Fychan, 124 translation(s), 98, 114–15, 166–7, 181–4, 189, Turner, J. M. W., 257, 277 223–4, 233–7, 238–9, 335, 683 Turner, Jeremy, 641 translators, 19, 58, 100, 187, 201, 235, 291, 346, Twain, Mark, 415 366, 521 Twelfth Night, 226 transmission, 32, 79, 129, 147, 215, 519 twentieth century, 3–5, 7–10, 349–56, 428–9, oral, 32, 167, 176 456–8, 460–1, 531–2, 586–7, 594–9, 637–8 written, 163 early, 26, 213, 307, 349, 405, 446, 448, 458, trauma, 44, 367, 492, 497, 501, 550, 570 579, 583 travellers, 143, 218, 277–8, 355 late, 8, 213, 222, 489 travelling players, 199–201, 208 theatre travelogues, 413, 448 film and television, 637–50 Treatise Concerning the Lord’s Supper, A, 314 Twentieth Century Anglo-Welsh Poetry, 558 Treatise Containing the Aequity of an Humble Twenty Thousand Saints, 683 Supplication, 221 twenty-first century, 441, 443, 500, 531, 588, 594, Treece, Henry, 475 595, 601, 676 trees, 64, 123, 347, 365, 380, 432, 452, 457, 470, 473 Twenty-Five Poems, 477–8 Treffynnon, 345, 348 Twm Shon Catti, 213, 341–2 Trelawnyd, 542 Twrch Trwyth, 60, 66, 68, 538 Tremadog, 310 TWW, see Television Wales and West Tretower, 144–6 Ty ar y Tywod, 640 Trezise, Rachel, 401, 602, 700 Tyddewi, 612, 678 Y Tri Llais, 546 Tynged yr Iaith, 458, 512, 531, 562, 588 triads, 59, 65, 77, 80–1, 82–3, 98, 132, 382 Trioedd Cerdd, 54 uchelwyr, 4, 6, 21, 112, 114, 124, 130–1, 135–7, 146 Trioedd Ynys Prydein, 77 Un Diwrnod yn yr Eisteddfod, 682 Trip to London, The, 436 Un Nos Ola Leuad, 393, 462, 464, 518, 587 Tripp, John, 558, 561 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 344, 582 Troelus a Chresyd, 199, 207–8 Under Milk Wood, 482–3, 584–5 Troilus and Criseyde, 199 Undressed, The, 705 Trojans, 95, 115, 168, 199 unemployment, 360, 396, 437–8, 493, 535, 718 Troy Book, 139 Unfinished Journey, 392 Troy, see Trojans United States, 336, 357, 358, 474, 578–81, 582–6, ‘Trydar’, 686 587, 588–9, 590

822

Index

unity, 113, 221, 261, 335, 393, 471, 497, 500–1 View Across the Valley: Short Stories by Women University College Aberystwyth, 432, 437, 447, from Wales, A, 430 641, 670 villages, 201, 204, 205–6, 207, 338, 341, 463, 580, University College Swansea, 372, 468, 514 585, 587 University of Wales, 366, 468, 510, 512, violence, 16, 22, 41, 93, 126, 400, 440, 463, 476, 542 570–1 University of Wales Press, 615, 717 Virgil, 27, 270 urban landscape, 419, 559, 630 Virgin and the Swine, The, 623, 625 urban society, 190, 262 Virginia, 274 urbanization, 254, 262, 288, 306, 310, 358 Visitor’s Book, The, 586 Urdd Gobaith Cymru, 609, 643 vitality, 2, 9, 13, 393, 471, 483, 599 Urdd Graddedigion Prifysgol Cymru Cangen vocabulary, 54, 182, 186, 195, 237, 371, Caerdydd, 468 683 Urien, 34–6, 38–40, 137, 461 Volunteers, The, 399 use of Welsh, 177, 237, 537 Utah, 577, 585–6 W. D. Thomas memorial lecture, 558 Uthr Pendragon, 65, 137 Wade, Stephen, 509–10 Utica, 409, 580–2, 583, 589 Wainwright, Laura, 440 Wales (journal), 413, 536 Vagrancy Act (1572), 162, 240 Wales, and Other Poems, 581 Vale of the Towey, The, 337–8, 339, 430 Wales: Green Mountain, Black Mountain, 644 Valentine, Lewis, 433, 513 Wales Studies, 615, 718 Valiant Welshman, The, 226 Waley, John, 178 Valle Crucis, 19, 131 Walford Davies, Damian, 292, 295, 476, 481, El valle de la esperanza, 588 539, 697, 705 Valley, The City, The Village, The, 559 Walford Davies, Hazel, 637 valleys, 391, 393, 394, 397, 430, 435–6, 627–9, Walker Bynum, Caroline, 64 630–1, 643, 646 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 257 industrial, 413, 423, 424, 459, 494 Wallasey, 423, 508 valour, 102, 138, 697 Walter, Rowland, 581 Vatican, 188–9 Walton, Evangeline, 589, 623, Vaughan, Gwyneth, 348–9 625–6, 633 Vaughan, Henry, 228 Wanderer, The, 44 Vaughan, Hilda, 430, 561 war elegies, 478–9 Vaughan, John, 204 Ward, J. P., 563, 569 Vaughan, Robert, 33 ‘Ward “O” 3 (b)’, 437 Vaughan, Sir Roger, 144 Warner, Tom, 474 Vaughan, Rowland, 245, 313 warriors, 30, 31, 36, 39, 163, 624 Vaughan, Thomas, 144–6 Wars of the Roses, 24, 130, 136, 139, 140, 143–4, Vaughans, 140, 144–6, 164 146, 157–8 Vaughan-Thomas, Wynford, 474 Washington, 587 Vergil, Polydore, 169, 181, 189 Waste Land, The, 375, 440 Vermont, 577, 581–2 water, 57, 59, 102, 470, 473, 625, 627, 701, 705, vernacular historiography, 96, 99–100, 107 707–8 vers libre, 368, 381, 524 Water Table, The, 707 verse cycles, 40–1, 291 Waters, Sarah, 700 verse forms, 428, 484–5 Watkins, Vernon, 455–6, 468, 474–5, 477, verses, 29, 40–4, 54, 312, 315–16, 320, 323–4, 485, 558 326–7, 376, 580–1 Watts, Isaac, 321 see also poetry. Waugh, Evelyn, 474 religious, see religious poetry ‘Waxwings’, 438 scientiﬁc, 243 ‘Way He Went, The’, 435 Vidor, King, 642 Ways of Escape, 460

823

Index

WCVA (Wales Council for Voluntary Welsh Wales, 99, 491, 499, 716 Action), 660 Welsh Witch, A, 389 WDA (Welsh Development Agency), 493, 661 Welsh Women’s Poetry 1460–2001, 404, 566, 604 We Live, 392–3 Welsh writing in English, 5, 6–7, 225, 228–9, wealth, 52, 198, 207, 216, 406, 409, 438, 443, 557–71, 596–7, 600–2, 614–15, 716–17 604, 606 origins, 213–17 Webb, Harri, 559, 561, 562–4 Welsh Writing in English: A Yearbook of Critical Weil, Simone, 678 Essays, 571 ‘Wele’n sefyll rhwng y myrtwydd’, 518 Welshness, 336, 338, 339, 455, 460–1, 484–94, welfare state, 363, 492, 494 499–500, 533–5, 665, 696–8 Well at the World’s End, The, 621 werewolves, 63, 476 Welsh Affairs Committee, 661, 664 Wessex Tales, 449 Welsh Americans, 579–80, 582, 589 West Indies, 258, 341 Welsh Arts Council, 9, 563, 600–1, 602, 640, west Wales, 18, 27, 93, 131, 133–5, 200, 208, 315, 645, 661, 717 454–5, 458 Welsh Assembly, 497, 602, 656, 678 Western Mail, 389 Welsh Augustans, 268–74 What the Water Gave Me, 705 ‘Welsh Ballad Singer, A’, 539 When Was Wales?, 665, 697 Welsh Bible, 184, 224, 233, 234, 236, 238–40 Where Did I Put my Pity?, 394 Welsh Books Council, 9, 601, 608, 631, 717 Whistler, Peggy Eileen, see Evans, Margiad Welsh Childhood, A, 567 White, Gilbert, 276 ‘Welsh Culture’, 568 White, Richard, 167 Welsh Development Agency (WDA), 493, 661 White Book, 21, 78–80, 84, 115, 123, 132–3, Welsh Film Board, 645 134–5, 146 Welsh Girl, The, 589 ‘White People, The’, 627–8, 629 Welsh Government, 1, 507, 516, 601, 602, 613, Whitelocke, James, 201 614, 662, 664, 685 Whitﬁeld, Esther, 588 Welsh Heroine, A, 389 Whitgift, John, 184, 236, 238 ‘Welsh Hill Country, The’, 539 Whittingham, William, 235 Welsh Hillside Saints, 409 Wife’s Lament, The, 44 ‘Welsh History’, 530 Wil Brydydd y Coed, 347 Welsh Humanism, 176–91 Wiliam Jones, 394 Welsh Labour, 398, 492, 496, 498, 658, 660 Wiliam Lloyd ap Elisau, 206 ‘Welsh Landscape’, 535–6, 540 Wiliams, Gerwyn, 380–1, 604, 606, 615, 674, 676 Welsh language, legal status, 1, 160–1, 177, 183, Wiliems, Thomas, 80, 169, 180, 188, 233 260, 301, 497, 498, 562 ‘Will o’ the Wisp, The’, 215 Welsh Language Acts, 498, 562 William, Dafydd, 321 Welsh Language Society, 498, 512, 552, 562, William the Conqueror, 17, 93 596, 611, 716 Williams, D. J., 432, 438, 448, 449–50, 451, 513, Welsh Manuscripts Society, 257 639, 718 Welsh National Theatre Company, 638 Williams, Daniel, 529–30, 560, 584, 587, 615 Welsh Ofﬁce, 493, 495, 496, 511, 562, 656 Williams, David, 292 Welsh Patagonia, 587–8 Williams, Edward, 267, 289 Welsh Poetry Old and New in English Verse, 215 Williams, Emlyn, 639, 644, 647 Welsh Review, The, 8, 430, 433, 558, 603 Williams, Gareth F., 681, 682 Welsh Rural Sketches, 430 Williams, Glanmor, 160 Welsh School in London, 266, 269 Williams, Glyn, 579 Welsh Short Stories, 430 Williams, Gwyn Alf, 255, 507, 634, 665, 697 Welsh Singer, A, 348, 599 Williams, Ifor, 34, 38, 41, 42, 406 Welsh Theatre Company/Cwmni Theatr Williams, Ioan, 514, 523, 638–9, 640 Cymru, 640 Williams, Iwan Llwyd, 605 Welsh Voices: An Anthology of New Poetry from Williams, J. G., 450 Wales, 561 Williams, John, 359, 401, 601, 699

824

Index

Williams, John Roberts, 645 Worthines of Wales, The, 221 Williams, John Stuart, 561 Wrexham, 131, 138, 266, 346, 348, 359, 642 Williams, Llewellin, 340–1 ‘Writing on the Edge of Catastrophe’, Williams, Moses, 266 600 Williams, R. Bryn, 588 Wulf and Eadwacer, 44 Williams, R. R., 582 Wyer, R[obert], 223 Williams, Raymond, 395, 396–8, 399, 402, 547, Wylie, John, 699 552, 559, 560, 568, 571 Wyn, Eirug, 674, 685 Williams, Rhydwen, 399 Wyn Jones, Ceri, 672, 686 Williams, Robert, 321 Wynn, Sir John, 161, 183, 236 Williams, T. Marchant, 410 Wynn, William, 161 Williams, Taliesin, 301 Wynne, Ellis, 313, 673 Williams, Ted, 363 Wynne, Evan, 411 Williams, Thomas, 258, 321 Wynns of Gwydir, 158, 163–4, 165 Williams, W. Nantlais, 321 Wyns of Twˆ r, 164 Williams, Waldo, 7, 215, 376–80, 453, 454, 539 Williams, William Carlos, 708 YDwˆ r, 684 Williams of Pantycelyn, William, 202, 315–19, Y Pla, 607, 670 320–1, 322–3, 327, 518, 520 YTwˆ r, 640 Williams Parry, R., 7, 367, 369–73, 420, 427, 507, Yeats, W. B., 424 521, 539 ‘Ymadawiad Arthur’, 365, 367, 369, 412, 420, Williams-Wynn, Sir Watkin, 254 518 Wiltshire, 244, 378–9 Ymbelydredd, 688 Wind in the Willows, 416 Ymddiddan Arthur a’r Eryr, 66 Winning Ways, 647 Ymddiddan yr Enaid ar Korff, 198 ‘Winter Retreat’, 538 Yr Ymwelydd, 579 Winter Sonata, 425 Yn y Trên, 522 wisdom texts, 81 Yny lhyvyr hwnn, 178, 181, 218, 222 witchcraft, 53, 55, 58, 180, 256 ‘Ynys Enlli’, 368, 560 With Dust Still in His Throat, 392 Ynysforgan, 38, 133, 146 Withered Root, The, 390, 426–7 Yoknapatawpha, 476 Without Vision, 647 York, 136, 145, 158, 194, 197 wizards, 55, 629, 633 York Cycle, 198 Wmffre Dafydd ab Ifan, 312 Yorkists, 139–41, 144 Wolverhampton, 244 Young, Robin, 568 Wood Beyond the World, The, 621 Young Wales, 389, 410, 412, 414–15, 509 Woodward, Kate, 645 Ysgolan, 169 Woolf, Virginia, 594 Ysgrifau Dydd Mercher, 519 workers, 58, 259, 359–60, 390, 396, 423, 453, Ysgubau’r Awen, 373, 374 494, 548 ‘Ystafell Cynddylan’, 518 working class, 3, 322, 362, 396, 399, 401, 429, Ystoria Addaf, 79 434–5, 436 Ystorya Bown de Hamtwn, 114, 132 World Cannot Hear You, The, 395 Ystorya Dared, 115 World of Kate Roberts, The, 433 ‘Ystrad Fﬂur’, 368, 704 Wormwood Scrubs, 433, 513–14 worship, 157, 166–7, 232, 261, 306, 310–11, 315, Zimmern, Alfred, 642 321, 325, 626 Zola, Emile, 389

825