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Open-Source Optical Projection Tomography of Large Organ Samples bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656488; this version posted June 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. OptiJ: Open-source optical projection tomography of large organ samples Pedro P. Vallejo Ramirez1, Joseph Zammit2, Oliver Vanderpoorten1,2, Fergus Riche2, François-Xavier Blé3, Xiao-Hong Zhou4, Bogdan Spiridon2, Christopher Valentine2, Simeon P. Spasov2, Pelumi W. Oluwasanya2, Gemma Goodfellow2, Marcus J. Fantham1, Omid Siddiqui2, Farah Alimagham2, Miranda Robbins2, Andrew Stretton2, Dimitrios Simatos2, Oliver Hadeler1, Eric J. Rees1, Florian Ströhl1,6, Romain F. Laine1,5, and Clemens F. Kaminski1 1Laser Analytics Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK 2Sensor CDT 2015-2016 student cohort, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 3Clinical Discovery Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK 4Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden 5Current address: Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (LMCB), University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT 6Current address: Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway a The three-dimensional imaging of mesoscopic samples with Op- OptiJ framework tical Projection Tomography (OPT) has become a powerful tool Extraction Acquisition Calibration Reconstruction for biomedical phenotyping studies. OPT uses visible light to vi- Beer-Lambert sualize the 3D morphology of large transparent samples. To en- Correction able a wider application of OPT, we present OptiJ, a low-cost, Tilt and offset OptiJ correction fully open-source OPT system capable of imaging large trans- hardware parent specimens up to 13 mm tall and 8 mm deep with 50 µm Create 13 mm sinogram resolution. OptiJ is based on off-the-shelf, easy-to-assemble op- 8 mm Projections tical components and an ImageJ plugin library for OPT data Filtered reconstruction. The software includes novel correction rou- Mounting back-projection tines for uneven illumination and sample jitter in addition to Sinogram stack CPU/GPU accelerated reconstruction for large datasets. We b c Transmission demonstrate the use of OptiJ to image and reconstruct cleared Excitation LED Emission lung lobes from adult mice. We provide a detailed set of instruc- Diffuser Collimator Filter Axis of rotation tions to set up and use the OptiJ framework. Our hardware Focal plane and software design are modular and easy to implement, allow- ing for further open microscopy developments for imaging large organ samples. Sample Objective Camera 3D imaging | OPT | projection tomography | lungs | open-source | low-cost | 3D printed flexure stage large organs | ImageJ | Fiji Correspondence: [email protected] Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the OptiJ Framework. a) OptiJ workflow in- cluding sample mounting, acquisition of projections, correction, and reconstruction steps. b) Picture of the OptiJ set-up. c) Top-view illustration of the OptiJ hardware. Introduction. The three-dimensional imaging of anatomi- cal and functional features in mesoscopic biological sam- ples (millimeter-scale dimensions) e.g. in model organisms, the sample using a reconstruction algorithm, such as filtered- organs, or even plants, provides valuable data for biomed- back projection (FBP). Sample clearing is often necessary ical research. Standard 3D imaging techniques such as to allow light propagation and imaging through the thick- micro-MRI (1–4) and micro-CT (5–9) are used in biomed- ness of the sample. OPT can operate using either absorp- ical imaging to visualize morphology in large tissues and tion/scattering of the sample (transmission OPT, tOPT) or organs at micrometer-level resolution. However, these tech- fluorescence (emission OPT, eOPT) to generate image con- niques are expensive and cannot take advantage of molecule- trast. The use of OPT has been reported widely, and applica- specific labeling strategies that are available to fluorescence tions include the visualization of the 3D anatomy of mouse microscopy. Confocal (10) or light sheet fluorescence mi- embryos (16–27), zebrafish (21, 24, 28–34), drosophila (35– croscopy (11–13) can be used to generate volumetric data 38), plants (39, 40), C.elegans (41), animal organs (22, 27, with optical sectioning at sub-cellular resolution, although 42–44) and other mesoscopic samples (45–47). Although the usable specimen sizes are typically confined to sub- major improvements in resolution (48, 49), acquisition time millimeter scales and commercial microscopy systems can (31), field of view (FOV) (21, 40) and compatibility with be expensive. Optical Projection Tomography (OPT)(14) is other imaging techniques (22, 28, 50) have been made, most a 3D imaging technique for transparent mesoscopic samples OPT applications require advanced technical expertise, ex- which allows visualizing micrometer-scale features. OPT is pensive equipment, and bespoke software for reconstruction. based on computerized tomography techniques (15) in which To enable a more general uptake of this technique, we 2D images, called projections, are acquired with different present OptiJ (Fig. 1a-b), a low-cost, integrated, open-source sample orientations and then used to obtain a 3D image of implementation of OPT specifically designed to enable the Vallejo Ramirez et al. | bioRχiv | May 31, 2019 | 1–8 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656488; this version posted June 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. a Inputs ImageJ Plugins Output Background Estimate Dynamic Offset Reconstructed Image Stack background Correction 2D slices (optional) Avg. background image Projection Beer-Lambert Estimate Tilt Create Sinogram 2D reconstruction Stack Correction and Static Offset b Beer-Lambert correction Tilt and offset correction Dynamic Offset Correction i W/O ii W/O iii W/O W 1 mm 2 mm W W Fig. 2. OptiJ plugin library workflow for the correction of common OPT artifacts. a) Typical workflow for the use of the OptiJ plugins. b) Correction of common OPT artifacts using OptiJ plugins. The top row represents images without correction applied (w/o). The bottom row shows images after correction (w). (i) Uneven illumination in raw tOPT projections resulting from the optics used to collimate the light source, and absorption and scattering of the sample (ii) shadow artifact originating from a misalignment of the sample center of rotation. (iii) jittered sinogram of a marker bead rotated by a low-cost stepper motor. 3D imaging of large organ samples in both fluorescence and suming the thickness of the sample is less than the depth transmission modes. Our framework includes a complete of field of the system, projections acquired over half a rev- set of open-source ImageJ/Fiji (51) plugins to reconstruct olution are theoretically sufficient to recover an accurate 3D OPT data from specimens up to 13 mm tall and 8 mm deep reconstruction of the sample structure. However, a full revo- (13x8x8 mm3). A number of algorithms were developed to lution typically leads to higher image quality (14, 31). When improve image quality. We include a thorough description implementing our OptiJ system, we focused on the follow- of how to build and operate the hardware and how to use ing considerations: (1) ensuring that the axis of rotation is the software. Other open-source OPT implementations have parallel to the imaging plane of the camera, (2) aligning the been demonstrated for smaller volumes than what is neces- sample to the field of view of the camera, and (3) robustly sary for large murine organs (24, 52), or for large volumes and repeatably performing the rotation of the sample and ac- using commercial reconstruction software (21). Here, we quisition of the projections. The OptiJ hardware enables the demonstrate the capabilities of OptiJ by imaging full-sized mounting, alignment, and rotation of thick biological sam- adult mouse lungs that have been cleared and immunostained. ples for the acquisition of 2D projections in both eOPT and Their study is relevant in the context of chronic obstructive tOPT modalities. Figure 1b-c shows the implemented set up, pulmonary diseases (COPDs), which are characterized by which includes a monolithic 3D-printed rotation and transla- heterogeneously distributed emphysema (alveolar cell death) tion stage, a telecentric relay lens, a camera, two broadband and bronchoconstriction (narrowing of airways). OptiJ al- LEDs, fluorescence excitation and emission filters, and col- lowed us to explore the morphology of the airway tree and limating and diffusing optics. The main criteria guiding our visualize in 3D the tertiary airways, bronchioles, and alveo- component choice were ease of access, widespread availabil- lar sacs in complete murine lungs. We share our results using ity, and low cost. The 3D-printed stage is adapted from the FPBioimage (53), an open-source online visualization tool, published Flexscope design (54) to accomplish the movement so that readers can view and explore the reconstructed OPT necessary for both linear alignment and rotation of the sample data interactively in any standard web browser. with low-cost stepper motors. The stage achieves sub-micron steps, with a maximal hysteresis of 58 µm over a 3 mm travel range (see Supplementary Information for details on the stage Results characterization). A low numerical aperture (NA) 0.5x tele- OptiJ hardware. The OPT principle relies on the rotation of centric lens was chosen to match the typical volume of adult a sample to acquire 2D projections at different angles. As- mouse lungs. The low NA allows a depth of field of ∼4 mm, 2 | bioRχiv Vallejo Ramirez et al. | OptiJ bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656488; this version posted June 2, 2019.
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