Archaeo Logica

archaeologica

Archaeologica Ltd 7 Fosters Lane Bradwell Milton Keynes MK13 9HD tel: 01908 313000 fax: 01908 313045

DESK-TOP STUDY

GUILSBOROUGH SCHOOL GUILSBOROUGH NORHTAMPTONSHIRE

In connection with a coach park proposal

AC 3172/D1

On behalf of :

Guilsborough School c/o Brain Coles Associates Ltd Lloyds Bank Chambers Market Square Wellingbo rough Northamptonshire NN8 1AA

Isabel M G Lisboa BA PhD Richard J Ivens BA PhD MIFA FDSA status: for submission to the planning authority

9 December 2008

CONTENTS

1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Planning background 1.3 The commission an in connection with the commission 1.4 Policy background

2.0 THE SITE 2.1 Location 2.2 Geology and soils 2.3 Topography and landform 2.4 Current and past landuse 2.5 Recent ground disturbance 2.6 Services 2.7 Proposed development

3.0 HISTORICAL AND DOCUMENTARY BACKGROUND 3.1 Place names 32 Historical background 4.3 Map evidence

4.0 KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGY

4.1 Relevant Background information on known historical sites 4.2 Known archaeology within and in the immediate vicinity of the Development Site 4.3 Archaeology of the surrounds of the Development Site 4.4 Scheduled Monuments Register of parks and gardens and Listed Buildings

5.0 POTENTIAL ARCHAEOLOGY

5.1 Potential archaeology 5.2 Assessment of archaeological potential

6.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Impact on buried archaeological deposits

Acknowledgements References

2 ILLUSTRATIONS AND APPENDICES

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Location of Northamptonshire and Guilsborough.

Figure 2 Map showing the location of Guilsborough and the Application Site

Figure 3 Map of Guilsborough School showing the extent of the Application Site

Figure 4 Plan showing the proposed bus parking development at Guilsborough School

Figure 5 Guilsborough in 1977

Figure 6 Guilsborough School in 1960

Figure 7 Guilsborough in 1950

Figure 8 Map of Guilsborough in 1791, 1824-6, 1834

Figure 9 Maps of Guilsborough: 1848 Tithe map, 1746 Guilsborough Inclosure Award, Field names map (1932)

Figure 10 Known archaeology of the Site and its surrounds

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Sites and Monuments Records (HER)

3 SUMMARY

A survey is presented summarising and reviewing the available archaeological and historical data for the vicinity of the proposed development site at Guilsborough School, Guilsborough, Northamptonshire together with an assessment of the impact of the development on any archaeological remains. The main conclusions are:

There are no known archaeological sites in the Site and its immediate surrounds.

Given the use of the Site as playing fields and the natural topography of the Site, noted in the course of the Site visit as part of this Desktop, it is apparent that the Site has been levelled as part of its construction and use as sports fields , and therefore potential buried archaeological deposits are likely to have been partially affected by the building works though deeper features would survive.

Though a recent aerial survey has been undertaken in the County, and has identified new archaeological sites in the surrounds of the Site, none has been identified in the Site. The historic landuse indicated by the documentary evidence namely its historic field name ‘Stone Pit Close’/‘Butlins Close,’ suggests that the Site has been used as a quarry. Quarrying is likely to have consisted of hand dug pits which would have removed potential buried archaeological deposits in the areas of the quarries.

The applicants and their agent, Brian Coles Associates Ltd retained Archaeologica Ltd. to prepare an archaeological desk-based study of the Development Site, prior to submitting a detailed planning application to the Local Authority

Every effort has been made to examine all relevant sources concerning the archaeology and history of the Development Site and its immediate environs.

The report has been prepared according to the criteria and standards set out by the Association of County Archaeological Officers (ACAO 1993, Appendix C), the IFA Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessments (IFA 1999), and in Planning Policy Guidance 16 (DoE 1990).

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to provide as complete an assessment as possible, within the terms of the specification. All statements and opinions in this document are offered in good faith. Archaeologica Ltd cannot accept responsibility for errors of fact or opinion resulting from data supplied by a third party, or for any loss or other consequence arising from decisions or actions made upon the basis of facts or opinions expressed in this document.

1.0 BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Archaeologica Ltd is a limited company providing archaeological consulting services. It is committed to ensuring that the client receives an effective service while maintaining the highest professional standards.

1.1.2 All projects are managed in accordance with and in the light of English Heritage’s MAP2 Guidelines, the recommendations of PPG16 and the Institute of Field Archaeologists’ guidelines.

1.1.3 The present report draws on IFA 1999 The Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA) Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessments.

1.2 Planning background

1.2.1 Guilsborough School is submitting plans for a coach park in part of the school grounds presently under grass, to the east of the school buildings. Northamptonshire County Council has determined that a Desktop study was necessary as part of the Application.

1.3 The commission and in connection with the commission

1.3.1 Brian Coles Associates Ltd appointed Archaeologica Ltd to undertake the Desktop in a letter dated 7 November 2008.

1.3.2 Northamptonshire Historical Environmental Records were consulted as well as Northamptonshire Records Office in order to gather information necessary to provide the basic data for this assessment, for both monuments and listed buildings. A site visit was undertaken by the writers and contemporary notes taken.

1.4 Policy background

PPG16 1.4.1 Planning Policy Guidance note No 16 (DoE 1990) ‘Archaeology and Planning’ gives Local Planning Authorities guidance on the management of the archaeology within the planning process. It states that local authority development plans should include policies for the protection, enhancement and preservation of archaeological sites and their settings.

1.4.2 The main thrust of the guidance in PPG16 is that where development is proposed important archaeological sites should be protected and wherever possible preserved in situ. Where this is not possible, preservation by record through excavation should be effected.

2.0 THE SITE

2.1 Location

2.1.1 The Development Site is in the parish of Guilsborough (Fig 1), part of the Northamptonshire Uplands. Formerly it was a much larger parish, which in medieval times extended to the South of the present parish. The village of Guilsborough sits towards the South East at the junction of the four main roads which cross the parish. The Development Site is part of Guilsborough School which lies in the northern end of Guilsborough, off West Haddon Road, c 300m from the nucleated settlement of Guilsborough. The present village is ‘L’ shaped and is made up of two distinct medieval settlements each with its own land unit: the village of Guilsborough and the hamlet of Nortoft .

2.1.2 The area of Guilsborough has been extended northwards towards the School in modern time: the houses to the South of the school, on West Haddon Road are not shown in the OS 1889 or 1900 maps (1:2500) but appear in the OS 1950 edition. The early, historical settlement of Guilsborough sits in the valley to the South East (Fig 2).

2.1.3 For present purposes the term ‘Development Site’ is taken to mean the area delineated on Figs 2-3. The Development Site lies 300m to the North of the historic settlement of Guilsborough and is centred at SP 6694 7356.

2.1.4 The term ‘Study Area’ is used to define the area for which the data contained in the Northamptonshire Site and Monuments record was consulted (c. 1km radius, see Appendix 1, Fig. 9).

2.2 Geology and soils

2.2.1 Sheet 170 of the British Geological Survey shows the Site to consist of Northampton sand and ironstone. The underlying geology is oolite. This geology provides light free-draining soils which outcrop over large areas of north of the county.

2.3 Topography and landform

2.3.1 The Site slopes slightly to the South and East.

2.3.2 The Development Site sits on the ridge of a plateau which drops noticeably down to the East and to the South. The Site sits on a ridge which extends over most of the Eastern and North Eastern part of the parish dropping eastwards towards the Hollowell Brook.

2.4 Current and past landuse

2.4.1 The Development Site is currently under mown grass. The Site has been used as a sports field. The historical maps show that prior to the construction of the school in the 1950’s the site was a green site, probably grassland.

6 2.4.2 The northern corner of the Development Site is occupied by a greenhouse. A sewer runs along the South Western edge of the Site.

2.4.3 The site is bounded by hedges on two sides.

2.4.4 The wood immediately on the North Eastern boundary of the Site is of relative recent date, having been planted between 1950 and 1960.

2.5 Recent ground disturbance

2.5.1 The site was levelled for playing fields and drainage put in.

2.5.2 The historical and archaeological research undertaken for this desktop has looked at the fieldnames map (Fig 9 c): the name ‘Stonepit Close/Butlin s Close’ suggest that quarrying has taken place in this field prior to the 20th century as no quarries show up in the 1885 and 1900 Ordnance Survey maps.

2.6 Services

2.6.2 No detailed plan of services is available but a sewer running along the NW edge of the Site is visible (Fig 4).

2.7 Proposed Development

2.7.1 It is proposed to build a coach parking area on the Site. It would involve removing the topsoil and installing a significant amount of drainage and then tarmac the area (Fig 4).

3.0 HISTORICAL AND DOCUMENTARY BACKGROUND

3.1 Place-names

3.1.1 Guilsborough appears as Gisleburg in Domesday Book. In Old English Golda is a personal name and it is suggested by Gover Mawer and Stenton (1933) that this may be the origin of part of the name the burh, with Guilsborough meaning the burh or encampment of one named Gyldi with the encampment possibly referring to the Iron Age hillfort.

3.1.2 The field name map for Northamptonshire (1932) shows that until the construction of the school, the field where the Site sits at present was known as ‘Stone pit Close and Butlins Close’. The name Stonepit denotes the use of at least part of the site as a quarry. Butlins most probably refers to a personal name while Close indicates the site was under grass. The names of fields to the North seem to confirm the use of these fields for pasture (Dairy and Meadow).

3.2 Manorial Background

3.2.1 The historical settlements which now form Guilsborough, Guilsborough itself and Nortoft are listed as separate settlement in Domesday Book.

3.2.2 Domesday Book records the land in Guilsborough and Nortoft as held by two half brothers of William the conqueror, the Count of Mortaine and Odo Bishop of Bayeux. Robert held 2 hides in Nortoft with land for four ploughs. There were 8 acres of meadow and a mill. Avred held 3.5 virgates of land in Guilsborough with land for 1.5 ploughs. There were 4 acres of meadow. Part of the manor of Nortoft was held by the Earl of Leicester in the reign of Henry II then came to the family of the Dive and was given to the Knight Hospitallers of St John Jerusalem (HER 1126/1/0 ). After dissolution the tithes were given to the Duke of Suffolk and soon after it came into the possession of the Belcher family. The part of the manor belonging to the fee of Peverel belonged to William de Novencourt. The full manorial history is described in Bridges (1791).

3.3 Map Evidence (Figs 5-9)

3.3.1 The evolution of the Development Site can be traced through maps from the present day back to the mid 18th century. Extracts from a selection of these maps are presented as Figs 5-9, in descending chronological order, so as to allow the reader to easily work from maps closely resembling the present situation, back through the evolution of the property.

3.3.2 The early relatively small scale county survey maps of Eyre and Jeffrey (1791) and Bryant (1824-6) show the broad landscape, the basic pattern of roads and even some major features, Fig 8. Both maps show the general layout of Guilsborough with buildings running along the main arteries which still form the historic village. They show no buildings in the Development Site or along the road to the SW. The Bryant map (1824-6) and the OS (1834) map show a large linear woodland running to the north of the site, separating two fields.

3.3.3 Property boundaries are first shown on the 1848 Tithe map of Nortoft (Fig 9 a). Neither the Enclosure Award nor its copy are deposited in the NRO. The boundaries continued unchanged to the first accurate large scale map the 1:2500 OS map of 1890 and 1900. The houses to the South and West of the Development Site first appear in OS 1950 map (Fig 7) when the boundaries of the field changed radically to take their present form with the exception of the addition of a couple of houses.

3.3.4 The field to the North remained unchanged in shape though the woodland which formerly delimited the boundary between Dairy Close (East) and Far Haddon Lane Meadow and Haddon Lane Meadow (West) which is shown on the Bryant map of 1824-6 and the OS 1834 map disappeared by 1895.

4.0 KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGY

4.1 Relevant Background information on known historical sites

4.1.1 The main source of information for the archaeology of the Application Site comes from the extensive excavation work undertaken in the immediate vicinity of the Application Site, in the Willington Quarry, on behalf of the Applicant. For the archaeology of the surrounds pf the Application Site the extensive open area archaeological investigation that has been (Fig 2) is complemented by the HER (Historical Environment Records) held by Bedfordshire County Council including aerial assessment.

4.1.2 The HER (Historical Environment Records) contains information on the known and reported archaeology of the County. The absence of sites from that record does not signify the absence of sites but may indicate the lack of fieldwork or the lack of reporting or post-depositional factors such as alluvium.

4.1.3 The data in the Sites and Monuments Record for this area consists largely of, the listed buildings, aerial survey data, documentary evidence and a few artefact finds.

4.1.4 The data contained in the Northamptonshire Historical Environment Records (HER) for the Study Area is summarised in Appendix 1 and Fig. 10.

4.2 Known archaeological remains within and in the immediate vicinity of the Proposed Development Site (Appendix 1 and Appendix 1 Fig. 1)

4.2.1 There are no known archaeological sites form the Development Site. The Site is however part of Guilsborough School which sits to the West and is entered in the Historical Environment Records (HER) for Northamptonshire (HER 1126/0/16). The primary building was but in 1955-9 and a large extension was built in 1967-8. It is listed in Pevsner and Cherry (1973) because of its unusual architecture. However it is not included in the HER records a Listed Building.

4.2.1 The cropmarks in the general area of the Development Site were plotted by RCHM as part of the National Mapping Survey (Foard and Deegan 2007) and their results have been entered into the County’s HER. They were based on oblique photographs. No cropmarks are known for the Development Site.

4.2.2 The name map for the Site suggests that quarrying has taken place in the field where the Site is located. The name map (Fig 9c) shows the historical name of the Site was Stonepit Close, Butlins Close. The name Stonepit indicates quarrying (see para 3.1).

4.3 Known archaeological remains in the surrounds of the Proposed Development Site (Appendix 1 and Fig. 10)

Mesolithic 4.3.1 Some Mesolithic remains are known from the Study Area ie the Surrounds of the Development Site as the result of fieldwalking but they are some way away (HER 1138) in the lower areas of the landscape.

9 Neolithic-Bronze Age settlement 4.3.2 Evidence for Neolithic utilisation of the Development Site may be provided by the find of lithic tools which may be indicative of a settlement or utilisation site, however, these lithic remains are just as likely to be of Bronze Age date. Three such sites are known from the surround of the Site but well away, to the South of Guilsborough (HER 1123, 1134, 5546). These settlements tend to favour the lighter gravels with their well drained and easy to clear soils and to be located in the vicinity of waterways.

Neolithic-Bronze Age monuments 4.3.3 With regard to the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age monuments, barrows, floodplain areas and stream confluences tend to be used as ritual centres, with the monuments sited on the ridges dominating the valleys. They tend to occur in clusters to form cemeteries, on high ground and false ridge where they dominate the landscape visually and can be easily seen. These monuments tend to show as cropmarks. There are no known monuments of this type in the Development Site. To the north of the Site, barrows are known at HER 1131/0/1, 1131/0/6 and 1131//08. It is possible that cropmark HER 1135/0/2 could represent another barrow.

Iron Age 4.3.4 Antiquarian evidence and trial trenching has indicated the presence of a major site to the West of the village in Guilsborough Park, a post-medieval park (HER 1124). Findings of Iron Age pottery and the detail of the construction of the ramparts suggest this was a univallate fort of Iron Age date, not dissimilar to others known in the north of Northamptonshire. Aerial survey has suggested an extensive site. The aerial photographs show an enclosure defined in the NE side by a natural scarp. Trial trenches in 1989 demonstrated the existence of a strongly defended univallate fort of the 1st millennium BC, not dissimilar to Hunsbury also in Northamptonshire with ramparts between 3 and 4m high. The West end of the South rampart survives in better condition as a sub-circular mound. Further survey in 1993 confirmed three sides of a sub-rectangular enclosure aligned along the ridge top and measuring 180m x 140m and enclosing an area of at least 2.5ha

4.3.5 Iron Age settlements vary from single farmsteads (enclosed or not) to larger, more agglomerated settlements. From the Middle Iron Age, settlement evidence is more frequent not only because they are more numerous, but also because they are more easily identified where they are enclosed. Settlement evidence of this period can be interpreted from cropmark data (Pickering 1989). On average, these sites tend to be sited on higher ground OD and 0.5km from water, and as for earlier periods, they favour South facing slopes. Iron Age settlement cropmarks, represented by enclosures are known from surrounds of the Development Site in the same areas the earlier barrows with which they share location determinants (HER 31131/0/3, 5, 9, 2, 10, 1135/0/4,5,2). For the late Iron Age the enclosed sites are often associated with trackways such as seems to be the case of (HER 1335/0/1). The majority of cropmark enclosures (oval, D shaped and subrectangular in shape) are of Late Iron Age date (Clay 2000) though some are known to date from the Roman period.

4.3.6 A feature of the Iron Age landscape are pit alignments, which seem to have functioned as territorial boundarie s and one such monument is known from the NW of the Site (HER 1131/0/4).

Romano-British remains 4.3.7 A number of probable small Roman sites have been discovered from fieldwalking and chance finds. A major Roman settlement, larger and apparently more complex than the farmhouses suggested from other sites was identified in the site of the earlier

10 hillfort at and antiquarian evidence at Guilsborough Park. The evidence of Roman date consists not only of pottery finds indicative of settlement but also a cemetery. Funerary evidence included a stone coffin indicative of high status for this period is described in the antiquarian literature (Renton and Renton 1929) from within the area of the hillfort (HER 1124). In the early 20th century a large quantity of Roman pottery was found during the excavation of a bungalow (HER 1125).

4.3.8 Though there is a considerable degree of continuity between the late Iron Age and the Roman occupation, there is often a spatial slight shift in the case of hillforts which are generally abandoned, with Roman settlement sited nearby but not within the fort itself. For the area of Guilsborough, the hillfort seems no longer to be used for habitation and settlement is known from just outside the hillfort at HER 1125. The hillfort seems to have become part of a Roman cemetery, which in agglomerated settlements were sited on the outskirts of the inhabitated area.

4.3.9 It is possible that the settlement identified as various cropmark features in the area of HER 1131/1/ thought to be late Iron Age, may also have a Romano-British component. Fieldwalking has shown clusters of Roman pottery denoting settlement but without Iron Age pottery at HER 1128, 1139, 1140, all well to the South of the Application Site.

Saxon remains 4.3.10 Possible Saxon settlement remains have been identified in the shape of tofts within the hamlet of Nortoft through Morphed Aerial Archaeology Interpretation (HER 1127/0/6 ). Aerial photography has also identified industrial features associated with the hamlet, namely the possible Saxon to medieval watercourse HER 1127/0/8 and the pond which it would feed (HER1227/0/7). Also part of the Saxon/ medieval fishing industry is the Possible Saxon to medieval dam HER 1227/0/9 also in the same area.

Medieval remains 4.3.11 The present village of Guilsborough (HER 1126) is roughly L-shaped and is made up of 2 distinct medieval settlements, each with its own land unit, the boundaries of which are shown on the Tithe Map of 1848. Guilsborough itself consisted of the main North West- South East street. The triangular green in the North West and the single street running North East with earthworks at its North East end was the hamlet of Nortoft, listed as a separate settlement in Domesday Book. No excavations have taken place in the village and there are no standing buildings of medieval date with the exception of the Church HER 1126/5 . The source of information for the medieval village comes from its layout with a village organised around a green (HER 1126/3 ) with the manor house to the North (HER 1126/0/11) and from documentary evidence. Outside the built area, fish ponds survive as earthworks and some ridge and furrow has been identified through aerial survey.

4.3.12 Nortoft seems to have been a hamlet or a much smaller village. It lies to the North East of the existing houses at Guilsborough. More archaeological evidence survives namely in the shape of earthworks of the village. The settlement remains of Nortoft consist of 1 well-defined close and an area of disturbed ground HER 1127/0/3 Medieval/ post medieval close and ridge and furrow are known at HER 1127/0/5 and medieval fishpond HER 1127/0/4

4.3.13 1.5 Km to the North West of the Site sits the deserted settlement of Great and Little Chilcotes (HER 1133). The site of the deserted village of Chilcote cannot be traced exactly within the lands known to belong to it but it has been tentatively located. The name Chilcote, 'the young people's cottages' suggests that it was a late secondary

11 settlement. The first reference to it is in the Domesday Book where it is described as a manor gelding with a population of 2. By the 13th century the manor belonged to Pipewell Abbey.

4.3.14 To the West of Chilcote a dam is known (HER 1130/0/1 ) consisting of a low bank partly spanning the stream. The dam is at the bottom of the valley of a NE flowing brook and seems to have held the water for a small fishpond or mill pond (HER 1133/0/3 ) the edges of which are still visible .

4.3.15 Medieval settlements became agglomerated early on in the medieval period in this part of the country. They were associated with industries, milling and fishery which took place near the rivers and depending on the area other industries such as cloth making. Between the villages lay the open cultivation fields of which ridge and furrow (HER 9860/0/1, 9860/0/3, 89868/0/3, 9868/0/4, 9868/0/1, 9868/0/2, 9868/0/7) survive and were mapped by aerial survey.

Post-medieval remains 4.3.16 Post-medieval remains in the village consist of build ings mostly in the village of Guilsborough many of which are listed buildings, grade II.

4.3.17 Of note are the post-medieval formal parks which seem to be abundant in this area - Guilsborough Grange Park (HER 4849) Guilsborough House Park (HER 8045) Guilsborough House Park (HER 8065) Thornby Grange Park (HER 4825). An enclosed field system is listed in the HER records (HER 9480).

20th century remains 4.3.18 20th century remains mainly those related to World War II have come to the attention of English Heritage,. In the surrounds of the site two such sites are known HER 8636 a POW camp and HER 1126/0/1 a military camp.

4.3.19 The only other entry in the HER records for modern sites consists of the Guilsborough School buildings HER 1126/0/16.

4.4 Scheduled Monuments and Register of Parks and Gardens

Scheduled monuments

4.4.1 There are no Scheduled Monuments in the Development Site or its surrounds.

4.4.2 There are no Registered Parks and Gardens known in the Site or immediate surrounds. The post-medieval Park opposite the School, Guilsborough Grange Park (HER 4849) was surveyed by English Heritage but does not appear in the EH map of Registered Parks and Gardens. The field names map (1932) based on the Enclosure award seems to indicate by the late 18th century the Park had been divided into closes.

Listed Buildings

4.4.3 Thirteen listed buildings are known from the surrounds of the Site but they are largely in the historic centre of Guilsborough. The school (HER 1126/0/16) is inclu ded in the HER site list but does not appear in the Listed Buildings list. There are no listed

12 buildings in the immediate vicinity of the Site. Most of the Listed Buildings are located in Guilsborough.

5.0 POTENTIAL ARCHAEOLOGY

5.1 Potential archaeology

5.1.1 Four main sources of evidence were considered (HER, aerial assessment, map and documentary data).

5.1.2 Enough archaeological work has been carried out in the Study Area a provide a base of predictive model for the general area:

Mesolithic and Early Neolithic 5.1.3 The determinants of Mesolithic settlement are light textured permeable soils in the proximity of watercourses. This is because these areas are boggy and have only a light forest covering, while providing water, a diverse environment and good communication. Early Neolithic settlement shares the same preference with light woods being easily cleared for providing pastures and water meeting another key need for animals. The geology and topography of the Site sets it within the area of the favoured occupation in terms of soils but less so in terms of water.

Neolithic/Bronze Age 5.1.4 Clay (nd) has suggested a model for occupation for the Neolithic and Bronze Age for the East Midlands which essentially concentrates settlement along fluvial locations on the light gravel /sandy soils. The Early Bronze Age is most noted for the presence of ceremonial monuments, most frequently barrows, usually sited on the false crest of slopes as seen from the major watercourses along which they are aligned and overlook, since these monuments were meant to be seen from the watercourses and their valleys as these natural features provided the major routes of communication. No significant evidence of any activity of this period has so far been identified in the Site or in immediate vicinity of the Development Site. A cluster of monuments has been identified on a more prominent setting on a higher ridge 700m to the North West (HER 1131) also on Northampton sand and ironstone , showing that the combination of geology and monument is responsive to aerial photography. The probability of finding similar sites on the Development Site seems relatively low, especially as there is no evidence of monuments in the near surrounds of the Site.

Iron Age 5.1.5 There is no evidence for Iron Age activity in the immediate vicinity of the Development Site. Settlements of the earlier Iron Age are notoriously scarce and quite diverse in character, and consequently trends as to location, etc. are difficult to identify. For the Later Iron Age, settlement evidence is more frequent not only because they are more numerous but also because they are more easily identified. Settlement evidence tends to be interpreted from cropmark data. These sites tend to be sited higher up than the earlier period but as for earlier periods, they favour South facing slopes. The settlements of this period vary from single farmsteads (enclosed or not) to larger, more agglomerated settlements. Undefended domestic settlements of the LBA/EIA are difficult to detect being typically small unenclosed sites comprising a handful of post-built structures and pits. They can either be open settlements with of roundhouses, associated ancillary structures and pits but lacking substantial

13 enclosing ditches or they can be agglomerated settlements characterised by their much greater extent which ranges from about 5 hectares to at least 12 hectares with both enclosed and unenclosed settlement elements and apparently with greater longevity of occupation and diversity of function (Kid nd). Agglomerated settlements date from the Late Iron Age though some are known to date from the Roman period Where they sit on sands and gravels they can be detected from cropmarks, as is the case of the site to the North and West of the Site (HER 1125, 1131). The occurrence of an open settlement cannot be ruled out and there is no known evidence for enclosed aggregated settlement within the Development Site.

Romano-British Period 5.1.6 Several Roman settlements are known as surface scatters from the Study Area though no excavation has taken place. It is not impossible that there could be a Romanised farmstead on the Site but there is no particular reason why they should be in this particular site given the abundance of sandy soils in the area. Roman pottery is easily recognisable and one would expect it to have been noticed in the course of the construction of the foundation of the school and its outbuildings.

Saxon Period 5.1.7 Nucleated settlement in Northamptonshire starts relatively early in this period. The Saxon remains that known from the settlement at Nortoft support this model. There are also smaller farmsteads which are difficult to detect.

Medieval 5.1.8 The medieval pattern of agglomeration of populations in villages with three settlements known (Guilsford, Nortoft and Chilcote) with open fields and pastures between the settlements is clearly visible in the archaeological record for this area. No medieval remains would be expected in the Site.

Post-medieval 5.1.9 Map evidence shows that the Development Site was not occupied until the School was built. From the late 15th century some industries moved to the outskirts such as the cloth industry, but the Site is not the closes filed to the village. The field name suggests that the site was at least partially used for quarrying.

5.2 Assessment of archaeological potential

5.1.2 The potential archaeology of the Site and the surrounding area has been assessed and on the basis of the existing evidence it was concluded that the Development Site has limited potential for archaeology.

5.2.1 There are no known archaeological sites in the Site or its immediate vicinity. The School buildings are listed in the HER (HER 1126/0/16).

5.2.3 The area has been repeatedly flown by specia list aerial photographers and was plotted by Aerial Photographic specialists (Deegan and Foard 2007). The absence of known cropmark sites could represent the actual absence of sites though the regular cutting of the grass in the Site could make it unresponsive.

5.2.4 The Site, at least in part, seems to have been used for quarries in the post-medieval period which would have destroyed potentially buried archaeological deposits in the area of the quarry pits.

14 5.2.5 The School was built in two phases in the post-war period and it is likely that were artefacts, especially flints Roman or medieval pottery, to have been found they would have been reported.

5.2.6 The known ring ditch cemetery to the North West (HER 1131) stands on an extensive plateau on the top of a steep ridge overlooking a major watercourse to the North which is not the case with the Site. There is also no evidence of ring ditches in the Site or its vicinity, and ring ditches tend to occur in clusters.

5.2.7 No further hillforts would be expected especially as the site does not sit on a promontory as the Site HER 1124 does. Open settlements are not detected from aerial surveys or earthworks so they cannot be totally ruled out. Romano-British farmsteads are best detected from surface finds or sometimes from the air. Again it cannot be totally ruled out though one could have expected reports of pottery which is quite distinctive were there sherds to have been found during the buildings works for the school and its subsequent extension.

5.2.8 Saxon farmstead settle ment cannot be totally excluded. No medieval settlement would be expected given the nucleated nature of settlement in this period.

5.2.9 In the post medieval period the site seems to have been used at least in part for hand dug quarry pits for stone. These quarries are likely to have been relatively small but would have removed potential buried archaeological deposits in the areas of the quarries.

5.2.9 Potentially buried archaeological deposits are likely to have been superficially affected by the building works for the school, the earthworks for levelling and the drainage, though deeper features if present would remain.

6.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Impact on potential buried archaeological deposits

6.1.1 In considering the impact of the Proposed Development on the potential archaeological remains it is necessary to assess the damage likely to be caused

6.1.2 It is proposed to build a coach park which would necessitate the removal of topsoil and extensive drainage. It is likely that some further cutting into subsoil could take place in order as part of the ground work.

6.1.3 The impact of the Development would affect superficially buried deposits in terms of the hard standing. The drainage would have a more severe impact into potentially buried archaeological features in the Site but there is no known evidence of archaeological sites on the Site.

Acknowledgements

The cooperation Staff of Guilsborough School and Mr M Andrews of BCAL for commissioning the work as well the HER staff at Northamptonshire County Council for supplying the HER data.

REFERENCES

ACAO. 1993. Model Briefs and specifications for archaeological assessments and field evaluations (Association of County Archaeological Officers). Bridges, J. 1791. The History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire.

Clay, P 1999 The Neolithic and Bronze Age of Leicestershire and Rutland Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society Transactions 73 1-15

Cadman G.E.. 1990. South Midlands Archaeology: CBA Group 9 Newsletter. South Midlands Archaeology: CBA Group 9 Newsletter. 36-8 Deegan A and Foard G 2007 Mapping Ancient Landscapes in Northamptonshire. DoE. 1990. Planning Policy Guidance: archaeology and planning (PPG16) (Dept. of the Environment

Gover J E B Mawer A and Stenton F M 1933 The Place names of Northamptonshire (English Place-name Society 10. IFA. 1999. IFA Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk -based Assessments (Institute of Field Archaeologists). Kidd A nd An archaeological resource management assessment of the later Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (1st millennium BC) in Northamptonshire . In East Midlands Archaeological Research Framework Project Pattison P and Oswald A. 1993/4. An Iron Age Hillfort at Guilsborough Northamptonshire Archaeology 25 Pevsner Nikolaus and Cherry Bridget. 1973. Buildings of England: Northamptonshire Renton E L and Renton E. 1929. Records of Guilsborough, Nortoft and Hollowell, Northamptonshire (printed Kettering)

RCHM. 1981. An Inventory of Historical Monuments in the County of Northamptonshire vol 3

Taylor, J. nd. An archaeological resource assessment of Roman Northamptonshire.

VCH Northamptonshire I 1902. Victoria County History of Northamptonshire. http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/projArch/NMP/nnmp_eh_2003/index.cfm in addition to the authors’ own extensive library: Northamptonshire County Council Sites and Monuments Record, Northamptonshire Record Office (NRO), Society of Antiquaries of London Library.

Maps consulted

Nortoft Tithe Map (NRO T30) 1764 Enclosure Map Guilsborough (Renton 1929) 1932 Field Names Map OS 1895 1:2500

16 OS 1895 1:10560 OS 1900 1:2500 OS 1900 1:2500 OS 1:2500 1960 SP 6673 - 6773 OS 1:10560 1950 SP 67 SE OS 1:10000 1977 SP 67 SE

APPENDIX 1 Known Sites from of the Surrounds of the Site

Known Sites from the immediate surrounds SMR Number 1126/0/16 - MNN140156 NGR SP 66941 73562 Site Name COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL

Date Modern - 1955 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type Building Description 1955-9 by the County Architect's Department. Very different from the normal architectural character of mid -C20 schools in England. An oblong 2-storeyed block faced in its upper storey with stone from the demolished Guilsborough Hall, with a tower in a notched-out corner crowned by an odd top, with 1-storeyed attachments for laboratories, kitchens, libraries etc, and with formal fenestration in pairs of upright windows. Large extension by John Goff, 1967-8. Three storeys, curtain walling and brown concrete panels.

Source Standing building

Known Sites surrounds of the Site

SMR Number 1122/0/1 - MNN19737 NGR SP 6742 7205 Site Name Undated road Date Unknown date Monument Type Road Description Undated cropmark, possibly medieval or post medieval. Extension of existing road to join the main road into Guilsborough.. Aerial photo no. NCCAP:SP6771/13-14 56m by 111m Source Aerial Photographs: Northamptonshire SMR Collection of Aerial Photographs.

SMR Number 1123/0/0 - MNN26752 NGR SP 6716 7215 Site Name Prehistoric finds Date Early Mesolithic to Late Neolithic Monument Type Artefact scatter Description Mesolithic/ Neolithic flint scatter consisting of four artefacts

Source fieldwalking

SMR Number 1124 - MNN3919 NGR SP 6743 7287 Site Name Guilsborough Hillfort

Date Prehistoric Iron Age Monument Type Unknown (prehistoric) 1124/0/1 Hillfort (Iron Age) 1124/0/2 Cemetery ( Roman) 1124/0/3 Description Funerary Site Settlement? Univallate Hillfort?

Finds of prehistoric date.

A moderate north east facing scarp, up to 0.4m high, defines the outer face of a substantial ditch, almost certainly part of the hillfort defences like that located by excavation outside the north rampart. It is visible over a length of 42m. The west end of the south rampart survives in better condition as a subcircular mound. The 1884 survey suggests that it encompassed the south west corner of the fort. In recent years the mound has been disturbed on the north west and south west; these sides are the highest, between 3 and 4m. The north west slope of the mound is gradual and interrupted by a small platform, perhaps the site of a temporary structure, and several tree extraction holes. The east slope is a product of the cutting away of the rest of the rampart to the east but its base is also clipped by a series of linear scarps which extend to the north and south.

Trial excavations in 1989 demonstrated the former existence of a strongly defended univallate fort of the late 1st millennium B.C. The site measures at least 180m E-W by 140m, enclosing an area of c2.5ha and 'probably considerably more'.. Three trenches, exposed a massive ditch 14m wide and at least 3.5m deep. Bank had been constructed in 2 phases, features showed evidence of postholes and palisade slots, possible box construction (as Hunsbury). Site interpreted as a large univallate hillfort.

Trench across the northern perimeter of the enclosure found a large ditch at least 14m wide at its upper edges and over 3.5m deep. An earth and stone rubble rampart along the inside edge was of at least two phases of construction, with the laying of the earliest dump appearing to respect a palisade at the rear. Three substantial postholes were contained laterally within the rampart. Underlying the rampart, as well as being cut by the ditch, was a buried soil of brown loam up to 0.3m thick. Sherds of Iron Age pottery were recovered from the ditch and from the buried soil and ramparts. Following its initial silting the ditch was subject to two main phases of deliberate infilling, both of which appear to be relatively recent. The scale of construction of the ditch and accompanying rampart indicates it is a hillfort. Two trenches were opened up within the hill fort. Apart from a small hollow or small pit no significant features were recorded. A small amount of Iron Age pottery was found.

In 1849 Skeletons and a large stone coffin were found. Possibly Roman pottery was found in 1870 and reputedly was given to Northampton museum

The area included is about 8 acres. It is called the Burrows or Burrow-Hill

NCC Aerial Photograph No.:SP6772/002-3

Source Aerial photographs Excavation Earthwork survey Finds

SMR Number 1125 - MNN581 NGR SP 6744 7303 Site Name Site of Roman activity Date Roman Monument Type Monument Description large quantity of Roman pottery including lamps and sheds was discovered somewhere in the area in about 1910 during the digging of foundations for a bungalow. This pottery was given to Northampton Museum.

Source Accidental finds

SMR Number 1126 - MNN3920 NGR SP 6753 7305 Site Name Guilsborough village Date Saxon-medieval - present Monument Type monument Description The present village is roughly L-shaped and is made up of 2 distinct medieval settlements, each with its own land unit, the boundaries of which are shown on the Tithe Map of 1848. Guilsborough itself consisted of the main north west- south east street. The triangular green in the north west and the single street running north east with earthworks at its north east end was the hamlet of Nortoft, listed as a separate settlement in Domesday Book including: 1126/1 Knights Hospitallier Preceptory 1126/0 1126/5 St. Ethelreda Interpretational Group 1126/3 Guilsborough Village Green Interpretational Group 1126/4 RAOC Home Industries Scheme Small Store Interpretational Group

Source

SMR Number 1126/0/1 - MNN19742 NGR SP 6754 7282 Site Name World War II military camp Date Modern - 1939 AD to 1945 AD Monument Type Military camp Description A slightly eroded access way through the rampart is the result of a former track, clearly visible as a sharp cut through the bank in 1947 and possibly caused by military vehicles housed in the park during the Second World War. The unsurveyed disturbed area to the north results from World War II temporary buildings; 1947 air photos show areas of hardstanding, probably building platforms.

Source Earthwork survey plans

SMR Number 1126/0/10 - MNN109177 NGR SP 67417 73311 Site Name Nortoft House Date (Post Medieval to Modern - 1650 AD to 1999 AD)

Monument Type Building Description House, mainly late C18 with traces of C17 house to rear. Regular coursed lias. 2- unit symmetrical. 2-storeys with attic; 3-window range. Central entrance with plain arched head and half-glazed door. Tripartite sashes, the central sashes having arched head with intersecting glazing bars; all with flat arches and keystones. Moulded stone cornice. Central roof dormer with Gothick tracery. C20 stone stacks at ends. Rear probably C17. Reputed to have datestone 1595. Interior: Late C18 staircase with quarter landing, has simple Adam style ceiling. C17 doorway with 4 - centred head in back porch has original hinge brackets. C17 moulded stone window surround in kitchen.

Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/166

SMR Number 1126/0/11 - MNN109178 NGR SP 67592 73422 Site Name Manor House Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1686 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type Building Description Manor House. Datestone 1686 in doorcase. Lias ashlar with slate roof. Double depth plan. 2-storey, 5-window range symmetrical with central glazed door in moulded stone, doorcase has panelled pilasters, pulvinated frieze with leaf decoration and pediment above. Casements have wood mullions with original glass. Stone heads with keystones. Moulded stone cornices and ashlar gable parapets and kneelers. Central brick stacks. String course between ground and first floor. Rear similar with C19 extension. Interior: Ground floor left room: large C17 open fire with moulded stone surround. Fielded panelling with moulded cornice and beams. Similar panelling and beam in right room.

Rose Manor, at the north east end of the village. 1686. Of ironstone. A very handsome five-bay front of two storeys. Two-light, upright, mullioned wooden windows, Doorway broad, with a pediment. In the frieze below it the date and horizontal laurel leaves left and right Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/167

SMR Number 1126/0/12 NGR SP 67511 73255 Site Name Manor House Farm Date Post Medieval to Modern Monument Type Building Description Farmhouse now house. Late C17 with C18 alterations. Regular coursed lias with slate roof. 3-unit plan with cross wing to left. 2 storeys with attic; 3-window range. Entrance in cross wing with stone lintel has keystone and C19 half-glazed door, 3 sashes with glazing bars to right of entrance have stone lintels with keyblock. Two 2 -light stone mullions at first floor. Ashlar gable parapets with brick and stone stacks at ridge and end. Rear and sides similar with stone mullions. C19 and C20 extension to left side. Interior: Round-headed arch to right of rear entrance hall. Drawing room to left of entrance has late C17 open fire with moulded stone surround. 3 moulded beams in same room with central Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/ 168

SMR Number 1126/0/13 - MNN109172 NGR SP 67679 72882 Site Name HOUSE Date Modern - 1750 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type Building Description House. Late C18 with later wing at rear. Brick with slate roof laid to diminishing courses. 3-unit plan. 2 storeys with attic; symmetrical 3-window range. C20 entrance in centre bay flanked by C20 fixed lights in original openings. Other windows, casements, first floor having original leaded lights, all with flat gauged brick arches, centre window of 3 lights. Centre bay breaks forward and is surmounted by a simple pediment with arch-headed attic window. Hipped roof with 2 flat-headed dormers, brick stacks at ridge. Interior: Wing at rear probably early C18, contains open fireplace with chamfered bressumer. Used for a time as The Sun public house.

In the village several Late Georgian brick houses deserve a glance eg the Sun Inn which has the Midland motif of the middle bay being stressed by a blank giant arch.

Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/239

SMR Number 1126/0/14 - MNN140126 NGR Site Name Holly Cottage, Nortoft, Guilsborough, Northamptonshire

Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1700 AD to 1999AD Monument Type Building Description House, C18 coursed ironstone rubble to ground floor with rendered cob above, red brick to gables and stacks under sheet strut roof. Two unit plan with end stacks. C20 casements flank door, two C20 casements to first floor with garrets to each gable. Interior has large bressumer to fireplace in right hand room. Some original rafters. Cob now exposed in gash to front elevation Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/234

SMR Number 1126/0/15 - MNN103687 NGR SP 6735 7285 Site Name Guilsborough water tower Date (Modern - 1750 AD to 2050 AD Monument Type WATER TOWER Description The brick water tower formerly served both Guilsborough Hall and the village. On the ground floor the builders utilised part of an existing stone structure which possibly fulfilled the same function or was perhaps a folly or eyecatcher for Guilsborough Hall. The tower stands on its own circular platform, towards the western end of a larger mound.

Source Building survey

SMR Number 1126/0/2 NGR SP 673 727 Site Name Quarry site Date Modern -1750 AD to 2000 AD Monument Type industrial Description At the base of a marked south facing scarp are several shallow linear and subcircular scoops which are the landscaped remains of shallow quarries. Shown on air photos taken in 1978. Source Aerial photographs

SMR Number 1126/0/3 - MNN109187 NGR SP 67506 73016 Site Name Manse Date Modern - 1800 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type Building Description Manse, now house. Early C19. Brick with slate roof. 4-unit plan. 2 storeys; symmetrical 5-window range of sashes with glazing bars under wedge lintels. Central 6-panelled door has flight of steps and fanlight with glazing bars. Centre bay recessed. Hipped roof with deep eaves soffit and brick stacks at ridge and end. Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/158 The Old Manse

SMR Number 1126/0/4 - MNN109188 NGR SP 67653 72864 Site Name The Glebe House Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1730 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type Building Description House. Mid C18 with C19 alterations. Chequered brick in regular courses with plain tile roof. South elevation, originally 2-unit plan. 2 storeys with attic; 3- window range of casements with leaded lights and some original glass under wood lintels. Central entrance with 6-panelled door. Ashlar parapets and brick stacks at ridge and ends. Later single-unit extension to left, also later extensions to rear.

Source Buildings Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/159

SMR Number 1126/0/5 - MNN109189 NGR SP 67627 72962 Site Name The Old Grammar School Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1688 AD to 1999 AD) Monument Type Building Description School now 5 houses. C.1688, founded by John Langham of Cottesbrooke. Lias ashlar with stone slate roof. Main block of south façade originally school room and dormitory of 2 storeys with attic and cellar. 4-window range the left hand bay breaking forward to form a gabled two storey porch with mezzanine and attic has semi circular arched entrance with oval window returns. C19 plank door with stop hinges and stone flight below. 3-light stone mullioned windows with cross trasomes and C20 diamond leaded panes. Ashlar gable parapets and kneelers. Brick stacks at ends. Sundial above entrance dated 1821 flanked by single light mezzanine winders. Similar late C17 masters house to left of entrance of single storey with attic of 3-window range with similar stone mullions. Ashlar gable parapet and kneelers, central brick stack. Ashlar string course between ground and first floor throughout. Similar flanking wings to rear with central projecting wing has mainly C20 casement windows. Interior: C20 remodelling to form 5 houses. Some re -set chamfered fireplace lintels. (Buildings of England : Northamptonshire p.243).

Converted into flats in 1972. Originally designed for 50 boys, a master and an usher. The style of the building is decidedly conservative.

Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/160

SMR Number 1126/0/6 - MNN109173 NGR SP 67731 72748 Site Name Guilsborough House Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1632 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type Building Description House. C.1632 with C18 and C19 extensions. Squared coursed lias with ashlar dressings and slate roof. Double-depth plan. 2 storeys with attic. South front: 4- window range of sashes with glazing bars and ashlar surrounds. Ashlar parapets and brick and stone stacks at ridge and end. Similar C19 wing projecting to right. Entrance in left gable has glazed door. Interior: C18 staircase. An C18th part of two storeys and five bays with a later east addition.

Source build ing survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/162

SMR Number 1126/0/7 - MNN109174 NGR SP 67709 72738 Site Name WALL Date (Modern - 1750 AD to 1999 AD)

Monument Type Building Description 1} Wall. Mid C18. Squared coursed lias banded with limestone ashlar; ashlar coping. 2 pedestrian gates with plain arch heads.

Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/163

SMR Number 1126/0/8 - MNN109175 NGR SP 67370 73149 Site Name The Red House: house and stable Date (Modern - 1800 AD to 1999 AD)

Monument Type building Description House. Early C19. Brick with C20 concrete tiled roof. 2-unit plan. 3- storey, symmetrical 3-window range. C20 central door flanked by bay windows all under shallow lean-to roof. Large central canted bay at first floor set in arched recess projecting into second floor. Other windows are sashes with glazing bars under gauged brick arches. Storey height wall projections flanking at ground floor with piers surmounted by ball finial. Ground floor reputed to have been used as stables, the arches of which remain behind C20 ground-floor extension.

Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/163

SMR Number 1126/1 - MNN8757 NGR SP 6760 7289 Site Name Knights Hospitallier Preceptory Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type monument Description A camera of the Knights Hospitalliers was founded in 1295 and dispelled in 1338. The Knights Hospitalliers were running a hospital for pilgrims and wayfarers

Source documentary

SMR Number 1126/3 - MNN14953 NGR SP 6735 7312 Site Name Guilsborough Village Green Date Medieval to Modern - 1066 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type monument Description The green is a small, sloping triangle of grass centred on SP67337313 Source Extant monument

SMR Number 1126/3/1 - MNN26754 NGR SP 6732 7313 Site Name Village Stocks Date Medieval to Modern - 1066 AD to 1950 AD Monument Type Building Description Structure. A set of stocks stood on Guilsborough village green until recently when they became dilapadated and were taken down.

Source Documentary

SMR Number 1126/3/2 - MNN109176 NGR SP 67341 73133 Site Name Stable c. 30m west of The Red House Date Modern - 1750 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type build ing Description Stable. Probably late C18. Cob with thatch roof. Central plank cart entrance has flanking window openings with wooden shutters. Brick plinth and quoins to opening. Hipped roof. Interior not inspected. C19 barn attached to left.

Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II) - 3/164

SMR Number 1126/4 - MNN17388 NGR SP 6749 7300 Site Name RAOC Home Industries Scheme Small Store Date Modern - 1939 AD to 1945 AD Monument Type Military Depot Description 2}"In addition to this ... (ie RAOC Weedon Depot Sub or Relief Depots est. WWII)... a 'Home Industries Scheme' for certain packing of small stores was started and was carried out in the following places..." 13 sites in Northants follow including Guilsborough. "Stores were carton packed at the village and town halls of these places and made ready for

Source ENN19057 Defence of Britain Project (Event - Interpretation. Ref: 6773009)

SMR Number 1126/5 - MNN13942 NGR SP 6760 7266 Site Name St. Ethelreda Date Medieval to Modern - 1066 AD to 1899 AD Monument Type Church

Description Church, C14, C17 and C19. Random coursed lias and limestone with ashlar dressings, and lead roof. Aisled nave. Chancel and west tower. Chancel, south elevation 2-window range of two 2-light square headed windows, north elevation similar. East window, 3-light with reticulated tracery shallow gabled roof with ashlar parapet. South aisle, 2-window range of 3-light square-headed windows with similar east and west windows. Porch between windows with 4-centred arched doorway probably C19. Ribbed and studded door. North aisle similar with north porch, both with ashlar parapets. The windows generally have been restored C19. Nave clerestory of 4-window range of single-light windows with flat arch heads possibly from C17 restoration. Shallow-pitched roof with ashlar parapet. West tower of 3 stages with angle 3-stage buttresses in first 2 stages. Double lancet C14 bell chamber openings on each face of third stage. Broach spire dated 1618 of limestone ashlar 2 stages of lucarnes on each façade. Interior: Ribbed and boarded ceiling to chancel with carved bosses. Hollow double chamfered chancel arch with fleurons in the capitals. 4 bay nave arcade of double-chamfered arches supported on octagonal piers, carved animal heads at the spanning of each arch. North clerestory windows have quadripartite glazing bars. C19 king-post roof retaining the tie beams of an earlier roof with carved bosses and corbels representing the 7 Ages of Man. Stained glass: All chancel windows by Morris and Burne-Jones. South aisle east and south-east window by Morris and Co and north aisle east window by Burlison and Grylls 1894. Reredos and panelling to chancel, gothic motifs of 1846. Pews 1815, some box pews in north aisle. (Buildings of England: Northamptonshire 1973 p.243).

Source Building survey Legal Designation Listed Building (II*) - 3/157

11 SMR Number 1126/5/2 - MNN140139 NGR SP 67600 72669 Site Name St Ethelreda's graveyard Date Medieval to Modern - 1066 AD to 2050 AD Monument Type Cemetery Description - Source Extant

SMR Number 1127 - MNN3921 NGR SP 6774 7345 Site Name Nortoft Date Saxon- medieval 410-1539 - ponds, tofts, closes Medieval to Modern - 1066 AD to 2050 AD - village Monument Type Village fields and ponds Description The present village of Guilsborough is made up of two distinct medieval settlements, Guilsborough itself, and Nortoft. The triangular green in the north west and the single street running north east with earthworks at its north east end was the hamlet of Nortoft, listed as a separate settlement in Domesday Book. This means that the earlier assumption that Nortoft was an unlocated deserted village is no longer valid. Source Aerial survey, documentary

SMR Number 1127/0/1 - MNN19747 Site Name Possible medieval fishpond Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Fishpond - industrial Description Earthwork of fishpond Source Aerial survey, documentary

SMR Number 1127/0/2 - MNN19748 Site Name Possible medieval fishpond Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type fishpond? Description Earthwork of fishpond – industrial Source Aerial survey, documentary

SMR Number 1127/0/3 - MNN19749 Site Name Medieval to post medieval close Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Close –part of village fields – agricultural Description close Source Aerial survey, documentary

SMR Number 1127/0/4 - MNN26755 Site Name Possible medieval fishpond Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Possible medieval fishpond Description Earthwork of fishpond - industrial Source Aerial survey, documentary

SMR Number 1127/0/5 - MNN26756 Site Name Medieval/ post medieval close and ridge and furrow remains

Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Medieval/ post medieval close and ridge and furrow remains

Description Earthwork remains of close and ridge and furrow – agricultural Source Aerial survey, documentary

SMR Number 1127/0/6 - MNN131418 Site Name Possible Saxon to medieval tofts Date Early Saxon to Late Medieval - 410 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type Linear system and close - agricultural Description Earthwork remains of linear system and close Source Aerial survey, documentary

SMR Number 1127/0/8 - MNN131419 NGR SP 6777 7357 Site Name Possible Saxon to medieval watercourse Date Early Saxon to Late Medieval - 410 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type Possible Saxon to medieval watercourse Description Source National Mapping Programme, Northamptonshire

SMR Number 1127/0/9 - MNN131420 NGR SP 6770 7354 Site Name Possible Saxon to medieval dam Date Early Saxon to Late Medieval - 410 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type Possible Saxon to medieval dam Description Dam? Macula? Source Good quality photography

SMR Number 1127/1 - MNN11656 NGR SP 6759 7349 Site Name Nortoft Manor Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Manor Description Reference is made to Guilsborough Parsonage, otherwise called the Manor House of Nortoft

(?) Post medieval sources mention a manor

Source documentary

SMR Number 1128 - MNN3922 NGR SP 678 740 Site Name Possible Roman Settlement Date Roman - 43 AD to 409 AD Monument Type Settlement Description Romano-British pot scatter Source Fieldwalking

SMR Number 1129 - MNN582 NGR SP 6700 7480 Site Name Possible medieval/ postmedieval industrial site Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type industrial Description Source documentary

SMR Number 1129/1 - MNN11657 NGR SP 6700 7480 Site Name Possible medieval/ post medieval mill site Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type MILL? Description Source Documentary Field name: Mill Close

SMR Number 1130 - MNN3923 NGR SP 665 748 Site Name Possible medieval/ post medieval industrial site Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type industrial Description Mill? Source Aerial survey,

SMR Number 1130/0/0 - MNN131417 NGR SP 6646 7479 Site Name Possible post medieval drains Date Post Medieval - 1540 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Drain? Description Drain? Linear Feature? Source Aerial photographs

SMR Number 1130/1 - MNN8760 NGR SP 666 748 Site Name Possible Medieval Watermill Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type Industrial Description Watermill - Source Aerial photographs

SMR Number 1130/1/1 - MNN19753 NGR SP 6660 7480 Site Name Possibly medieval fishpond Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type fishpond Description The dam (cf. 1130/1/2) presumably held back water for a small fishpond or millpond, the edges of which are still visible as a low scarp to the west.

Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1130/1/2 - MNN19752 NGR SP 6660 7480 Site Name Possibly medieval dam Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Dam Description The dam consists of a low bank some 1.5m high partly spanning the stream.

Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131 - MNN3924 NGR SP 66251 73911 Site Name Possible Prehistoric/Romano-British Activity Date Roman - 43 AD to 409 AD)

Monument Type settlement Description Unstratified Romano-British Pottery. 406m by 521m Source Surface scatter, aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/1 - MNN131407 NGR SP 6613 7397 Site Name Possible Bronze Age Barrow Date Bronze Age - 2350 BC to 701 BC Monument Type Barrow/enclosure Description Circular cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1130/0/0 - MNN131417 NGR SP 6646 7479 Site Name Possible post medieval drains Date Post Medieval - 1540 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Earthwork Description Possible post medieval drains Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1130/1 - MNN8760 NGR SP 666 748 Site Name Watermill? Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type industrial Description Watermill? Source Aerial survey,

SMR Number 1130/1/1 - MNN19753 NGR SP 6660 7480 Site Name Possibly medieval fishpond Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type earthwork Description The dam (cf. 1130/1/2) presumably held back water for a small fishpond or millpond, the edges of which are still visible as a low scarp to the west.

Source Aerial Photographs

SMR Number 1130/1/2 - MNN19752 NGR SP 6660 7480 Site Name Possibly medieval dam Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD

Monument Type earthwork Description The dam consists of a low bank some 1.5m high partly spanning the stream Source Aerial photography Legal Designation Listed Building (II)

16 SMR Number 1131 - MNN3924 NGR SP 66251 73911 Site Name Pottery Scatter Date Roman - 43 AD to 409 AD Monument Type Possible Prehistoric/Romano-British Activity: Description Unstratified Romano-British Pottery (pottery scatter). Cropmarks. Source Aerial Survey, fieldwalking

SMR Number 1131/0/1 - MNN131407 NGR SP 6613 7397 Site Name Possible Bronze Age Barrow Date Bronze Age - 2350 BC to 701 BC Monument Type Barrow? Enclosure?

Description Uncertain cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/10 - MNN131410 NGR SP 6619 7404 Site Name Enclosure? Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type Possible Prehistoric Enclosure Description Circular cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/11 - MNN131411 NGR SP 6619 7407 Site Name Possible Prehistoric Ditch Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type ditch Description cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/2 - MNN131408 NGR Centroid SP 6610 7400 Site Name Possible Prehistoric Enclosure Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type cropmark Description Uncertain cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/3 - MNN131405 NGR SP 6640 7372 Site Name Possible Prehistoric Enclosure/Linear Feature? Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type cropmark Description Uncertain cropmark, possibly an enclosure. The features are faint but probably archaeological Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/4 - MNN131403 NGR SP 6629 7390 Site Name Prehistoric Pit Alignment Date Bronze Age-Iron Age 1500BC-45AD Monument Type Pit alignment Description cropmark; possibly a pit alignment Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/5 - MNN131401 NGR SP 6628 7373 Site Name Possible Bronze Age Barrow Date Bronze Age - 2350 BC to 701 BC Monument Type barrow/enclosure Description Circular cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/6 - MNN131402 NGR SP 6630 7371 Site Name Possible Bronze Age Barrow Date Bronze Age - 2350 BC to 701 BC Monument Type Barrow? Description Circular cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/7 - MNN131404 NGR SP 6633 7373 Site Name Possible Prehistoric Ditch Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type ditch Description Linear cropmark Source Aerial photography

18 SMR Number 1131/0/8 - MNN131406 NGR SP 6621 7391 Site Name Possible Prehistoric Enclosure Date 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type enclosure Description Cropmarks of Possible Enclosure Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1131/0/9 - MNN131409 NGR SP 6612 7404 Site Name Possible Prehistoric Ditch Date 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type Linear cropmark Description Linea/ditch cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1133 - MNN583 NGR SP 65863 74643 Site Name Chilcote Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type deserted settlement Description Field name: Great and Little Chilcotes. The site of the deserted village of Chilcote cannot be traced exactly within the lands known to belong to it but it has been tentatively located. The name Chilcote, 'the young people's cottages' suggests that it was a late secondary settlement. The first reference to it is in the Domesday Book where it is described as a manor gelding with a population of 2. By the 13th century the manor belonged to Pipewell Abbey.

Source Documentary earthwork aerial photography

SMR Number 1133/0/2 - MNN32211 NGR SP 6586 7454 Site Name Medieval/Post Medieval Terraceway Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type RoAD Terraced ground? Description A terraceway approaches from the south-west. Source Aerial photography Earthwork Survey

SMR Number 1133/0/3 - MNN137323 NGR SP 6585 7462 Site Name Possible Medieval/Post Medieval Fishponds Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Fishpond? Description To the east of the mill in the valley bottom are two rectangular ponds, perhaps originally for fish, and possibly medieval in date.

Source Earthworks, aerial photography

SMR Number 1133/0/4 - MNN131400 NGR SP 6585 7471 Site Name Possible Medieval/Post Medieval Ditch Date Medieval to Post Medieval - 1066 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Ditch/linear feature Description Earthwork ditch Source Earthworks, aerial photography

SMR Number 1134 - MNN3926 NGR SP 6738 7314 Site Name Possible site of prehistoric activity

Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type Settlement? Description Prehistoric flint finds, Flint implements, described as spears. Source Chance find

SMR Number 1135 - MNN3927 NGR SP 6666 7429 Site Name Possible prehistoric settlement Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type Settlement Description Possible prehistoric trackway Source aerial photography

SMR Number 1135/0/2 - MNN131416 NGR SP 6682 7412 Site Name Possible prehistoric enclosure Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type Settlement? Description Cropmark enclosure Source aerial photography

SMR Number 1135/0/3 - MNN131414 NGR SP 6677 7420 Site Name Possible prehistoric ditch Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type DITCH? LINEAR FEATURE? Description Linear cropmark Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1135/0/4 - MNN131413 NGR SP 6671 7420 Site Name Possible prehistoric enclosure Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type Enclosure Description Cropmark enclosure Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 1135/0/5 - MNN131415 NGR SP 6678 7416 Site Name Possible prehistoric enclosure Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type Enclosure? Linear Feature Description Linear Cropmark s Source

SMR Number 1135/0/6 - MNN19759 NGR SP 6680 7420 Site Name Uncertain cropmark, possibly prehistoric Date Prehistoric - 500000 BC to 42 AD Monument Type cropmark Description Uncertain cropmark, noted on aerial photos Source Aerial survey

SMR Number 1138 - MNN584 NGR SP 6612 7363 Site Name Possible Mesolithic Site Date Mesolithic - 10000 BC to 4001 BC Monument Type Settlement? Description Mesolithic flint scatter Source Fieldwalking

SMR Number 1139 - MNN3930 NGR SP 666 722 Site Name Possible Roman Settlement Date Roman - 43 AD to 409 AD Monument Type settlement Description Romano-British pottery scatter Source fieldwalking

SMR Number 1140 - MNN3931 NGR SP 6600 7299 Site Name Settlement Date Roman - 43 AD to 409 AD Monument Type settlement Description Romano-British pottery scatter. Source Fie ldwalking,

SMR Number 4825 - MNN3086 NGR SP 65975 74766 Site Name Thornby Grange Park Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1540 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type LANDSCAPE PARK Description Thornby Grange Documentary Source English Heritage Parks Register Enhancement Survey

SMR Number 4849 - MNN3087 NGR SP 66476 73434 Site Name Guilsborough Grange Park Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1540 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type LANDSCAPE PARK Description LANDSCAPE PARK Source Documentary landscape survey

SMR Number 5546 - MNN2063 NGR SP 6785 7219 Site Name Possible Neolithic settlement Date Neolithic - 4000 BC to 2351 BC Monument Type settlement Description Neolithic flint scatter. Source Fieldwalking

SMR Number 8045 - MNN3209 NGR SP 6771 7274 Site Name Guilsborough House Park Date Unknown date Monument Type house Description Source Historical Map

SMR Number 8065 - MNN7302 NGR Site Name Guilsborough Hall Park Date Modern - 1750 AD to 2000 AD Monument Type LANDSCAPE PARK Description Mr Ward, Lord of the Manor - good house in which he lives, formerly the residence of the farm of Belcher and called the Parsonage House at Guilsborough or manor house of Nortoft. John Ward present possessor purchased manor with several houses and 150 acres of land 1710. The large field forming the south east part of the area is the sole unimproved remnant of Guilsborough Park. It has preserved several moderate scarps which appear to be the truncated plough ridges of medieval farming that the park was laid out over. Guilsborough Hall was demolished in 1959

Source Documentary map survey

22 SMR Number 8065/0/1 - MNN19746 NGR SP 6751 7263 Site Name Possible formal garden Date Late Medieval to Post Medieval - 1500 AD to 1749 AD Monument Type Forma l garden Description The south east end of this field contains a semi -circular platform on which are several irregular hollows and mounds together with a scatter of building debris. Immediately south east of Guilsborough hall farm is a terrace with the remnant of a Scots Pine plantation: this seems to be a deliberate landscaping feature. There may also be fragments of earlier garden earthworks. Source Earthwork

SMR Number 8536 - MNN17387 NGR SP 6736 7318 Site Name WWI PoW camp Date Modern - 1914 AD to 1918 AD Monument Type Military - WWII Description Guilsborough Grammar School - number 404 on N Nicol's listing. Location is given in general terms only with map ref. 033 J 02 based on OS Motoring Atlas 1995.

Source documentary

SMR Number 9083 - MNN135289 NGR SP 69837 72727 Site Name Post Medieval/Modern Communications Route (Welford Road Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1721 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type Communications Route Description uncertain Source Listed Buildings Survey

SMR Number 9083/1 - MNN135326 NGR SP 69837 72727 Site Name Chapel Brampton to Welford Turnpike Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1721 AD to 1899 AD Monument Type Toll road Description Source

SMR Number 9480 - MNN140147 NGR SP 66055 73636 Site Name Enclosed Field System, Guilsborough Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1540 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type Enclosed Field System Description Field System

Source Landscape survey

SMR Number 9480/0/1 - MNN116897

23 NGR SP 66055 73634 Site Name Cob Barn, West Haddon Road, Guilsborough Date Post Medieval to Modern - 1540 AD to 1999 AD Monument Type building Description Large barn situated on the West Haddon Road in Guilsborough. The barn is predominantly constructed of cob, but has a brick base and brickwork at the top of the building. It appears from photographs to be a rectangular building which is roofed over. A number of entrances have been inserted into the cob wall. The structure is the largest known cob building in Northamptonshire. Source Photographic survey

SMR Number 9860/0/1 - MNN132931 NGR SP 6641 7504 Site Name Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD Monument Type Landuse Description Ridge And Furrow Source Aerial photography

SMR Number 9860/0/3 - MNN132933 NGR SP 6703 7515 Site Na me Date Medieval - 1066 AD to 1539 AD)