DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparison of Wood and Non-Wood Market Pulps for Tissue Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparison of Wood and Non-Wood Market Pulps for Tissue Applications Comparison of Wood and Non-wood Market Pulps for Tissue Applications Tiago de Assis 2, Hasan Jameel 1 Ronalds Gonzalez 1, Lee Reisinger 3, Dale Kavalew 4, Clay Cambell 2 1 NC State University - Department of Forest Biomaterials 2 Kemira 3 ReiTech Incorporated 4 Dale Kavalew and Associates LLC Objectives and Goals Understand what fibers features are desired for a given tissue property Evaluate what fibers are suitable for a specific tissue application Create a data base (fibers vs properties) to optimize performance and/or cost of tissue products Systematic evaluation of the impact of different fibers (wood, non-wood and recycled) on the performance and value of tissue paper 2 2 Price and Performance LDC = Light Dry Crepe UCTAD = Un-Creped Through Air Drying 11,000 Regular "Sustainable" CTAD = Creped Through Air Drying DRC = Double Re-Crepe S ATMOS = Advanced Tissue Molding System 10,000 LDC N LDC / ATMOS 9,000 Ultra Premium Advanced Technology Economy 8,000 Conv. & Adv. Technologies High Performance Fibers Conventional Technology R Low & High Performance Fibers 7,000 Low Performance Fibers LDC J A D CTAD CTAD 6,000 Q B M CTAD LDC DRC UCTAD 5,000 G E LDC CTAD R² = 0.72 (USD/tonne) C K 4,000 H P F CTAD LDC UCTAD LDC CTAD 3,000 O I L LDC LDC / CTAD Kitchen Towel Price Kitchen Towel USD 230 for additional g H2O / g tissue 2,000 LDC 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Water Absorbency (g/g) de Assis et al. (2018), BioResources 13(3). 3 3 Cellulosic Fibers and Tissue Paper Performance Hardwood Fibers Softwood Fibers • Short Fibers (length ~ 1 mm) • Long Fibers (length ~ 2.5 mm) • Source of Softness and Absorbency • Source of Strength and Absorbency • Single Species • Single Species Northern: birch, aspen Northern: spruce Southern: eucalyptus, acacia Southern: radiata pine • Multiple Species • Multiple Species Northern: aspen, maple, birch, beech Northern: pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, cedar, larch Southern: gum, oak, poplar, ash, beech Southern: pines-loblolly, slash, shortleaf, longleaf Non-Wood Fibers Recycled Fibers • Diverse Fiber Morphology • Fiber Blend (long and short fibers) • Diverse Performance • Low Performance (stiff fibers, fines, impurities) • High Content of Fines • Cheaper than Virgin Fibers • Examples: wheat straw, bagasse, bamboo • Examples: SOP (Sorted Office Paper) OCC (Old Corrugated Containers) Nanko et al. (2005), The World of Market Pulp. 4 4 Woody, Non-woody and Recycled Pulps • Morphology (Fiber Quality Analyzer - OpTest) 10 Fibers Evaluated Hardwoods Softwoods Recycled Non-wood BEK = Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft SBSK = Southern Bleached Softwood Kraft DIP = Deinked Pulp BWS = Bleached Wheat Straw Soda Acacia = Bleached Acacia Kraft NBSK = Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft SBWS = Semi-bleached Wheat Straw Soda SBHK = Southern Bleached Hardwood Kraft Bamboo = Bleached Bamboo Soda NBHK = Northern Bleached Hardwood Kraft 5 5 Handsheet Making • Modified TAPPI handsheet making procedure (30 g/m2, uncreped) Pulp Couching Sheet Making PFI Refiner different levels down to 500-550 CSF Bulk - Tappi T410 & T580 Tensile Strength - ISO 12625-4 Water Absorbency - ISO 12625-8 Softness Panel - Score Method Conditioning Drying Testing 6 6 Tensile Strength • Tensile Strength vs Freeness 7 BEK Longer fibers 6 NBSK Acacia 5 Bamboo SBSK SBHK 4 DIP SBHK NBHK 3 Acacia BEK SBSK 2 NBSK BWS 1 SBWS NBHK DIP Breaking Length (km) Length Breaking 0 BWS 150 250 350 450 550 650 750 SBWS Freeness (CSF) Bamboo 7 7 Fibers/Sheet Structure and Water Absorbency • Water Absorbtion in Tissue Paper Ability to absorb and retain water Essential property for toweling products Absorbency rate: how fast Absorbency capacity: how much High absorbency → hydrophilic fibers forming a porous and stable fiber web structure 1 Ko et al. (2016), J. of Korea Tappi 48(5); 2 Hollmark (1984), Handbook of Phys. & Mech. Testing of Paper & Pbd. Volume 2, Chapter 20. 8 Water Absorbency and Bulk 7.5 Tissue Paper Cross Section 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 R² = 0.77 4.5 4.0 3.5 Water Absorbency (g/g) Water 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 Bulk (cm3/g) 9 9 Water Absorbency vs Bulk 7.5 BEK NBSK 7.0 Shorter fibers SBHK Bamboo BEK Acacia Lower coarseness SBSK 6.5 SBWS SBHK 6.0 NBHK DIP NBHK 5.5 5.0 SBSK 4.5 NBSK Acacia Longer fibers 4.0 Higher coarseness DIP BWS 3.5 BWS Water Absorbency (g/g) Water 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 SBWS 3 Bulk (cm /g) Bamboo 10 Water Absorbency vs Fiber Dimensions 7.5 SBHK 7.0 BEK 6.5 6.0 NBHK BEK 5.5 Acacia 5.0 4.5 SBHK Acacia 4.0 NBHK 3.5 Water Absorbency (g/g) Water 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 Bulk (cm3/g) 1111 Water Absorbency and Swelling • Sheet Swelling Wet Caliper Dry Caliper Z = Measuresswelling changesheet inwet pore− volumesheet dry and change in fiber dimensions = = water water water water swelling − 1212 fiber sheet sheet wet sheet dry Sheet Swelling and Water Absorbency Factors affecting fiber swelling Hemicellulose, carboxyl groups, cell wall porosity and amorphous cellulose (positive effect) Lignin and extractives (negative effect) Concentration of hydrophobic material on fiber surface 1, 2 1 Neto et al. (2004), Nordic P&P Res. J. 19(4); 2 Perng et al. (2018), Pan Pacific Fibre Value Chain Conference. 1313 Water Absorbency • Water Absorbency vs Tensile Strength 7.5 SBHK Longer fibers 7.0 Bamboo BEK 6.5 BEK SBWS Acacia 6.0 SBHK 5.5 NBHK Acacia SBSK 5.0 NBHK SBSK 4.5 DIP NBSK DIP 4.0 NBSK BWS BWS 3.5 SBWS Water Absorbency (g/g) Water 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bamboo Breaking Length (km) 1414 Conclusions • Fiber Properties As tensile strength increases with refining - bulk decreases Bulk (pore volume) → major contributor for water absorbency Other properties are also important (e.g. hydrophilicity, swellability, surface area) Long and coarse fibers → bigger pores (absorbency rate and capacity) Short and thin fibers → smaller pores (capacity and water retention) • Market Pulps Bamboo, SBSK, NBSK, SBHK, BEK → superior water absorbency at given strength D I P, SBWS → intermediate water absorbency at given strength NBHK, Acacia, BWS → inferior water absorbency at given strength 1515 Fibers and Tissue Paper Performance • Fiber Blending Optimization Models Database (10 different fibers + different refining levels + major tissue properties) Tissue products → manufactured with fiber blending and different levels of refining Optimize performance and cost of tissue furnish with fiber blending Develop mathematical models to optimize performance 1616 Fibers and Tissue Paper Performance • Fiber Blending Optimization Models Case Study - Water Absorbency Linear Regression (y = ax + b) ABSn = f (Tensile Strengthn) ABSn = f (Canadian Standard Freenessn) ABSn = f (PFI revolutionsn) → indirect measure of refining energy Assumption - Properties of fiber blend follows a linear mixing rule 1, 2, 3 P Fiber Blend = P1*X1 + P2*X2 +...+ Pn*Xn; Pn = property of pulp n; Xn = mass fraction of pulp n Nonlinear Optimization 1 Kullander et al. (2012), Nordic P&P Res. J.; 2 Tutuş et al. (2017), Drvna Industrija (68)4; 3 Perng et al. (2018), Pan Pacific Fibre Value Chain Conference. 1717 Fibers and Tissue Paper Performance • Model 1: Maximize water absorbency @ required tensile strength Variables: Xn = mass fraction of fiber n Tn = tensile strength of fiber n n = 2 (pairs of HW and SW) Objective function: MAX ( ABS = ABS1*X1 + ABS2*X2) ABSn = (an*Tn+ bn) (linear regression) MAX { ABS = (a1*T1+ b1)*X1 + (a2*T2+ b2)*X2} Constrains: T1*X1 + T2*X2>= Tmin; Tmin = 2.67 km (kitchen towel) Tn MIN <= Tn <= Tn MAX (values are within the refining levels evaluated) 1818 Fibers and Tissue Paper Performance Maximize water absorbency @ required tensile strength SW & HW refined Only SW refined SW & HW refined Only SW refined Maximum absorbency was calculated at a given SW/HW ratio Trade-off between absorbency and manufacturing variables can be analyzed 1919 Fibers and Tissue Paper Performance • Minimize fiber cost @ required strength and absorbency Variables: Xn = mass fraction of fiber n Tn = tensile strength of fiber n Pn = price of fiber n Objective function: MIN ( P = P1*X1 + P2*X2+...+ Pn*Xn } Constrains: T1*X1 + T2*X2+ ... + Tn*Xn >= Tmin; Tmin = 2.67 km (kitchen towel) ABS1*X1 + ABS2*X2+ ... + ABSn*Xn >= ABSmin; ABSmin = 5.8 g/g Tn MIN <= Tn <= Tn MAX (values are within the refining levels evaluated) X1 + X2 + ... + Xn = 1; 0 <= Xn <= 1 2020 Fibers and Tissue Paper Performance • Minimize fiber cost @ required strength and absorbency RISI - Q2 2019 - Delivered List Price @ 20% Discount - US East Fisher Solve - Q1 2019 - Delivered Price - US Southeast Market Pulp USD/tonne Market Pulp USD/tonne BEK 885.60 BEK 843.91 SBHK 883.20 SBHK 853.99 NBHK 883.20 NBHK 849.62 SBSK 948.80 SBSK 847.19 NBSK 1036.00 NBSK 919.48 DIP 712.00 DIP 835.56 Market Pulp X (mass fraction) Fiber Cost (USD/tonne) Market Pulp X (mass fraction) Fiber Cost (USD/tonne) SBHK (unrefined) 0.48 883.20 BEK (unrefined) 0.30 843.91 SBSK (refined) 0.35 948.80 SBHK (unrefined) 0.22 853.99 DIP (refined) 0.17 712.00 SBSK (refined) 0.47 847.19 Fiber Blend 1.00 875.93 Fiber Blend 1.00 847.71 Similar performance can be achieved with different fiber blends Market pulp prices determine the composition of the fiber blend that minimizes cost 2121 Fiber Blending Optimization Models and Tissue Paper Performance • Non-linear modeling can be used to optimize tissue furnish performance and cost via fiber blending • The trade-off among manufacturing variables (e.g. refining energy, freeness, fiber cost) and tissue properties (e.g.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction to Process and Properties of Tissue Paper
    Introduction to process and properties of tissue paper enrico galli, 2017 Enrico Galli self-presentation • I was born in Viareggio (Lucca county or “the so called tissue valley”) Tuscany - Italy • Graduated in Chemical Engineering at University of Pisa in 1979 • Process and project engineer and then technical manager in oil industry (oil refineries and spent lube oil re-refining) in GULF, API, AGIP in Italy • Technical manager in chemical and consumer products company (soap, detergents, derivate from fatty acids, sanitary gloves, tissue paper) in Italy. • Since 1984 in paper and tissue business: • Italy: Tissue (PM, PBD, CON), Newspaper (PM), Cardboard paper (PM, MM) • Estónia: Tissue (PM, CEO) • France: Tissue (PM) • Hungary: Tissue (CON) • Nigéria: Tissue (CON) • Romania: Tissue (PM, PBM, MM, CON), Writing paper (PBM) • Rússia: Tissue (PM) • Spain: Tissue (PBM) • UK: Tissue (PBM) • Cooperation with following main European Tissue Companies: Annunziata (now WEPA – Italy), GP (now Lucart – Italy), Horizon Tissue (Estonia), Imbalpaper (now Sofidel – Italy), Kartogroup (now WEPA – Italy, France, Spain), Montebianco (Romania), Pehartec (Romania), Perini (now Sofidel – Romania, UK), Siktyvkar Tissue Group (Russia), Vaida Papir (Hungary)… and now proudly NAVIGATOR in Portugal! • I have been supporting Sales and Marketing Teams for strategic planning as well as for products development in Baltic Countries, BENELUX, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, UK. • Since 1998 I have
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf51da2bb9237.Pdf FAO, F
    PEER-REVIEWED REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com Understanding the Effect of Machine Technology and Cellulosic Fibers on Tissue Properties – A Review Tiago de Assis,a Lee W. Reisinger,b Lokendra Pal,a Joel Pawlak,a Hasan Jameel,a and Ronalds W. Gonzalez a,* Hygiene tissue paper properties are a function of fiber type, chemical additives, and machine technology. This review presents a comprehensive and systematic discussion about the effects of the type of fiber and machine technology on tissue properties. Advanced technologies, such as through-air drying, produce tissue with high bulk, softness, and absorbency. Conventional technologies, where wet pressing is used to partially dewater the paper web, produces tissue with higher density, lower absorbency, and softness. Different fiber types coming from various pulping and recycling processes are used for tissue manufacturing. Softwoods are mainly used as a source of reinforcement, while hardwoods provide softness and a velvet type surface feel. Non- wood biomass may have properties similar to hardwoods and/or softwoods, depending on the species. Mechanical pulps having stiffer fibers result in bulkier papers. Chemical pulps have flexible fibers resulting in better bonding ability and softness. Virgin fibers are more flexible and produce stronger and softer tissue. Recycled fibers are stiffer with lower bonding ability, yielding products that are weaker and less soft. Mild mechanical refining is used to improve limitations found in recycled fibers and to develop properties in virgin fibers.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Paper from Trees
    Making Paper from Trees Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture FS-2 MAKING PAPER FROM TREES Paper has been a key factor in the progress of civilization, especially during the past 100 years. Paper is indispensable in our daily life for many purposes. It conveys a fantastic variety and volume of messages and information of all kinds via its use in printing and writing-personal and business letters, newspapers, pamphlets, posters, magazines, mail order catalogs, telephone directories, comic books, school books, novels, etc. It is difficult to imagine the modern world without paper. Paper is used to wrap packages. It is also used to make containers for shipping goods ranging from food and drugs to clothing and machinery. We use it as wrappers or containers for milk, ice cream, bread, butter, meat, fruits, cereals, vegetables, potato chips, and candy; to carry our food and department store purchases home in; for paper towels, cellophane, paper handkerchiefs and sanitary tissues; for our notebooks, coloring books, blotting paper, memo pads, holiday greeting and other “special occasion’’ cards, playing cards, library index cards; for the toy hats, crepe paper decorations, paper napkins, paper cups, plates, spoons, and forks for our parties. Paper is used in building our homes and schools-in the form of roofing paper, and as paperboard- heavy, compressed product made from wood pulp-which is used for walls and partitions, and in such products as furniture. Paper is also used in linerboard, “cardboard,” and similar containers. Wood pulp is the principal fibrous raw material from which paper is made, and over half of the wood cut in this country winds up in some form of paper products.
    [Show full text]
  • 4-10 Matting and Framing.Pdf
    PRESERVATION LEAFLET CONSERVATION PROCEDURES 4.10 Matting and Framing for Works on Paper and Photographs NEDCC Staff NEDCC Andover, MA The importance of proper matting, mounting and framing Do not use any type of foam board such as Fom-cor®, is often overlooked as a key part of collections care and “archival” paper faced foam boards, Gator board, preventative conservation. Poor quality materials and expanded PVC boards such as Sintra® or Komatex®, any improper framing techniques are a common source of lignin containing paper-based mat boards, kraft (brown) damage to artwork and cultural heritage materials that paper, non-archival or self-adhesive tapes (i.e. document are in otherwise good condition. Staying informed about repair tapes), or ATG (adhesive transfer gum), all of which proper framing practices and choosing conservation-grade are used in the majority of frame shops. mounting, matting and framing can prevent many problems that in the future will be much more difficult to MATTING solve or even completely irreversible. As Benjamin Franklin said, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of The window mat is the standard mount for works on cure.” paper. The ideal window mat will be aesthetically pleasing while safely protecting the piece from exterior damage. Mats are an excellent storage method for works on paper CHOICE OF A FRAMER and can minimize the damage caused from handling in When choosing a framer it is important to find someone collections that are used for exhibition and study. Some well-informed about best conservation framing practices institutions simplify their framing and storage operations and experienced in implementing them.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Feasibility Study for a Pulpwood Using Facility Siting in the State Of
    Wisconsin Wood Marketing Team July 31, 2020 Pre-Feasibility Study for a Pulpwood-Using Facility Siting in the State of Wisconsin Project Director: Donald Peterson Funded by: State of Wisconsin U.S. Forest Service Wood Innovations Table of Contents Project Team ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview ....................................................................................................... 12 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Assessment Process ................................................................................................................................ 14 Identify potential pulp and wood composite panel technologies ...................................................... 15 Define pulpwood availability .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Print Paper During the 19Th Century
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Charleston Library Conference Changes in Print Paper During the 19th Century AJ Valente Paper Antiquities, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/charleston An indexed, print copy of the Proceedings is also available for purchase at: http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/charleston. You may also be interested in the new series, Charleston Insights in Library, Archival, and Information Sciences. Find out more at: http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/charleston-insights-library-archival- and-information-sciences. AJ Valente, "Changes in Print Paper During the 19th Century" (2010). Proceedings of the Charleston Library Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314836 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. CHANGES IN PRINT PAPER DURING THE 19TH CENTURY AJ Valente, ([email protected]), President, Paper Antiquities When the first paper mill in America, the Rittenhouse Mill, was built, Western European nations and city-states had been making paper from linen rags for nearly five hundred years. In a poem written about the Rittenhouse Mill in 1696 by John Holme it is said, “Kind friend, when they old shift is rent, Let it to the paper mill be sent.” Today we look back and can’t remember a time when paper wasn’t made from wood-pulp. Seems that somewhere along the way everything changed, and in that respect the 19th Century holds a unique place in history. The basic kinds of paper made during the 1800s were rag, straw, manila, and wood pulp.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Towel Strength and Absorbency
    Paper Towel Strength and Absorbency Summary Think about the last time you spilled a drink. How did you clean it up? Most likely you grabbed the nearest roll of paper towels. Why didn’t you use a roll of toilet paper or why didn’t you grab a wad of notebook or computer paper? What is it about a paper towel that makes it so useful to clean up spilled liquids? It has to do with how the paper towels are made. Paper towels are made from the same types of plant fibers that other types of paper are made from. The difference between paper towels and other types of paper comes when the paper fibers are mixed with a special type of resin to make them strong when they are wet. That’s why paper towels don’t tear as easily as notebook paper or tissue paper when they are wet. Once the sheets are made they have shapes pressed into them to make them look quilted. These shapes form air pockets to attract water. That is why paper towels are so absorbent. Different brands of paper towels have different methods for manufacturing their paper towels. In this activity you will get to test different brands of paper towels for their strength and absorbency. In this activity we will: 1. Observe what qualities about paper towels give them the best strength and ability to absorb water. 2. Test four different brands of paper towels to see which is the strongest and most absorbent. Materials - four or more different brands of paper towels - a jar of pennies - bowl of water - teaspoon - eye dropper or turkey baster - two assistants - record sheet and pencil (see below) Preparation 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Corrugated Cardboard Magazines
    Most of us use a paper product every day. That's because paper products make up about 71 million tons (or 29 percent) of the municipal waste stream, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The good news is that more and more Americans are recycling paper. In fact, upwards of 63 percent (45 million tons) is recycled annually. When you break that number down by population, roughly 334 pounds of paper is recycled for every person in the United States. Corrugated Cardboard Currently, about 70 percent of cardboard-boxes shipped commercially are recovered for recycling. Many of the boxes are themselves made of recycled materials or lumber industry byproducts like sawdust and wood chips. When recycled, cardboard is used to make chipboard like cereal boxes, paperboard, paper towels, tissues and printing or writing paper. It's also made into more corrugated cardboard. How It's Recycled: 1. The cardboard is re-pulped and the fibers are separated and bleached. This is a chemical process involving hydrogen peroxide, sodium silicate, and sodium hydroxide. 2. The fibers are screened and cleaned to eliminate contaminants. 3. The fibers are washed to remove leftover ink. 4. Fibers are pressed and rolled into paper. 5. he rolls of paper are then converted into boxes or made into new products. Magazines Magazines are made from paper that's been buffed and coated to achieve a glossy appearance. Next, the paper is covered with a white clay that makes color photographs look more brilliant. The shiny appearance does not contaminate the paper at all. About 45 percent of sub-content-3 are being recycled today.
    [Show full text]
  • Portland Daily Press: January 21, 1897
    PORTLAND DAILY PRESS. ■ THREE CENTS. THURSDAY MORNING. JANUARY 21 JUNE 28. 1862—VOL. S4. PORTLAND. MAINE. FSTiUt^HFI) "' 1897._PRICE — ——— .. I i /-v «■ nnmiAir anu ir csxen siok, siiupiy uy •» room. Mr. Cotter nsked him if certain earth, which he tegarded as erroneous ami brother a ivmsmi iiLLuiui!. WOTIOS3. spoke in the jury room. CENTURY sign be is recognized by any (SPECIAL iu particular of the idea that the income experiments were tried THREE FOURTHS BRIM’S FIGHT FOR LIFE. Mr. Hoar strenuously ohjeoted on and will be cared lor. Objections of the experiment station oould be Mason similar reasons as before apd was heard in fact counted as part of the inooine of the are sometimes raised in these days, at length on that citing owtain college, which he »aid was uct the case. point, have been made to NEW GOODS decisions in of bis objections. In the past, objections that are It will be late lu the session before the support la the or ia small lots, Lawyer French to the objections the order because of its eeorecy. piece State College tight Is on In earnest. The replied Before or of Mr. Hoar. He argued th3t the testi- The first is that there are un- The Yost-Tuckcr Case liable to shrink 6pot by damp, trustees will not Introduce any measure objection cn Petition a Blew mony wished to introduce *d- Anniversary Harmony Railroad Bills Pile In Commit- until after the oommittee has visited the For they ijos Seventy-Fifth those who bear tbo aegs. can be Up Bearing missable that it was im- worthy members, oollege and the oommittee will and Btated of probably possible for the to have tried ex- name of Masons that are not worthy Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Pulp and Waste Paper
    Wood Pulp and Waste Paper USITC Publication 3490 February 2002 OFFICE OF INDUSTRIES U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION COMMISSIONERS Stephen Koplan, Chairman Deanna Tanner Okun, Vice Chairman Lynn M. Bragg Marcia E. Miller Jennifer A. Hillman Director of Operations Robert A. Rogowsky Director of Industries Vern Simpson This report was prepared principally by Fred Forstall Animal and Forest Products Branch Agriculture and Forest Products Division Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov ITC READER SATISFACTION SURVEY Industry and Trade Summary: Wood Pulp and Waste Paper The U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) is interested in your voluntary comments (burden < 15 minutes) to help us assess the value and quality of our reports, and to assist us in improving future products. Please return survey by fax (202-205-2384) or by mail to the ITC. Your name and title (please print; responses below not for attribution): Please specify information in this report most useful to you/your organization: Was any information missing that you consider important? Yes (specify below) No If yes, please identify missing information and why it would be important or helpful to you: Please assess the value of this ITC report (answer below by circling all that apply): SA—Strongly Agree; A—Agree; N—No Opinion/Not Applicable; D—Disagree; SD—Strongly Disagree " Report presents new facts, information,
    [Show full text]
  • Development of ENERGY STAR Performance Indicators for Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills
    SPONSORED BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTION AGENCY AS PART OF THE ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR® ENERGY PROGRAM. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD MILLS GALE A. BOYD AND YI FANG GUO DUKE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS BOX 90097, DURHAM, NC 27708 DRAFT – DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the U.S. EPA Climate Protection Partnerships Division’s ENERGY STAR program. The research has benefited from comments by participants involved with the ENERGY STAR Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Industry Focus meetings. The research in this paper was conducted while the author was a Special Sworn Status researcher of the U.S. Census Bureau at the Triangle Census Research Data Center. Research results and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Census Bureau or the sponsoring agency. The results presented in this paper have been screened to insure that no confidential data are revealed. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Benchmarking the Energy Efficiency of Industrial Plants ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • No-Blender Pulp Painting
    Copyright © 2009, 2020 Dick Blick Art Materials All rights reserved 800-447-8192 DickBlick.com No-Blender Pulp Painting “Paint” with a pulp created from torn tissue paper and water Felting is an ancient fiber craft that transforms the fibers of wool (or wool yarn) into a dense cloth by bonding and shrinking the fibers together with heat, agitation and moisture. In Korea, a traditional papermaking technique called “Joomchi” uses a similar process with rice paper. Water and agitation cause the paper fibers to shrink and bond with one another, which can then be sculpted and formed into thick, textural artwork and surfaces. In the western art world, “Pulp Painting” is a paper art technique that involves the process of creating pulp, combining it with an adhesive and reforming it into a sheet of paper. This project is a simple, tidy way to create the look of pulp painting without the mess of a blender or even the use of adhesive. Non- bleeding tissue paper is combined with water and agitated (torn) so that the paper fibers separate and make a rough pulp. Pressing the paper onto an absorbent (canvas) surface causes the fibers to re- bond with one another and, when dry, form a thicker, stronger paper. GRADES K-12 Note: Instructions and materials are based upon a class size of 24 students. Adjust as needed. Preparation 1. Pulp paintings will need to be created on a smooth, absorbant surface such as unprimed canvas, denim or linen. For best Materials (required) results, secure the fabric temporarily to a piece of scrap corrugate card board with Blick Art Tissue, 20 color assortment staples or masking tape.
    [Show full text]