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Capítulo 6 Recuperación Y Rápido Desarrollo De La Educación Universitaria China Después De La Revolución Cultural (1977–

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Capítulo 6 Recuperación Y Rápido Desarrollo De La Educación Universitaria China Después De La Revolución Cultural (1977– FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Historia Medieval, Moderna, Contemporánea y de América Programa de Doctorado Historia Medieval, Moderna, Contemporánea y de América Tesis doctoral Historia comparada de las universidades chinas y españolas en el siglo XX —————————— Xǔ Jǐnjīng Codirectores: Drª. Josefina Cuesta Bustillo Dr. Francisco Javier Rodriguez Jiménez Tutor: Dr. Mariano Esteban de Vega 2018 FACULTAD DE GOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Historia Medieval, Moderna, Contemporánea y de América Tesis doctoral Historia comparada de las universidades españolas y chinas en el siglo XX Xǔ Jǐnjīng Vº Bº Vº Bº Vº Bº La Codirectora El Codirector El Tutor Fdo.: Drª. Josefina Cuesta Bustillo Fdo.: Dr. Francisco J. Rodriguez J. Fdo.: Dr. Mariano Esteban de Vega 2018 Agradecimientos Después de cinco años, por fin doy por finalizado este trabajo, que, a pesar de las dificultades, ha sido muy gratificante. En ese camino, muchas personas me han ayudado y acompañado. Quiero expresarles mi más sincero agradecimiento. Ante todo, quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento a los codirectores de mi presente tesis de historia, la profesora Drª. Josefina Cuesta Bustillo y el profesor Dr. Francisco Javier Rodríguez Jiménez, al tutor profesor Dr. Mariano Esteban de Vega por su orientación, comprensión, y sobre todo su paciencia; también al director de mi tesis de filología, el profesor Dr. Fernando Sánchez Miret, por su comprensión, apoyo y ayuda, todos estos, factores imprescindibles, para que esta investigación pudiera llevarse a cabo. Al beneficio de la Junta de Castilla y León (Orden EDU//), sin cuyo contrato y ayuda de cuatro años, no sé si podría haber llegado a la presente conclusión. A Consuelo Flecha García, Cristina Gómez Cuesta, María Jesús Matilla Quiza, Úrsula Martín Asensio, Tamar Groves, Mª Paz Pando Ballesteros, y todos los compañeros del grupo de investigación de Mujeres y saber: El acceso femenino a la sociedad del conocimiento en España (HAR--R), era una experiencia indispensable reunir y trabajar con todos, y he aprendido muchísimo con todos. A José Luis de la Heras Santos, Iñaki Martín Viso, M.ª Paz Pando Ballesteros, M.ª Yolanda López Bermejo, Santiago Díez Cano, Tomás Pérez Delgado, Francisco de Luís Martín y todos los profesores del Departamento de Historia Medieval, Moderna, Contemporánea y de América de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia, por todas las gestiones, organizaciones y ayudas. A Carlos, Camilo, Moisés, Nuria, Daniel, Ana, Crisitina, Raúl, Miguel, Rosa y todos los compañeros de los dos despachos de Personal Contratado en Formación del Departamento, por todos los momentos felices que hemos pasado juntos durante los cuatro años. A Miguel Ángel Piquero Pevida por su ayuda en la lengua castellana. A mis padres, por su apoyo incondicional; a mi tía, quien siempre estuvo a mi disposición, me ha comprado y enviado la mayoría de mis libros de China; a mi esposa, por su acompañamiento en la ciudad salmantina durante estos años, le debo demasiado tiempo. También quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento a los directores de la Oficina de Asuntos Educativos de la Embajada de la R. P. China: Wáng Zhìwěi, Jì Cǎilíng y Zhōng Xīwéi. Por último, quisiera expresar mi especial agradecimiento a los profesores David Doncel Abad, Alfonso Falero Folgoso, y a todos los profesores que me han enseñado en la Universidad de Salamanca desde . Sus enseñanzas no solo me aportaron crecimiento académico, sino también personal. Índice Resumen ................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ................................................................................................... 3 Introducción ................................................................................................... 5 Tema y objetivos .................................................................................................... Estado de la cuestión Antecedentes y el estado actual del tema ............................ Estado actual del tema en China .................................................................... Estado actual del tema en España ................................................................ Estado actual del tema en otros países europeos ......................................... Estructura del trabajo ........................................................................................... Metodología y fuentes.......................................................................................... Los conceptos de Universidad en China .............................................................. “Dàxué” en la China antigua ........................................................................ Conocimientos de las universidades occidentales y españolas .................... Capítulo 1 La enseñanza femenina en la China tradicional .................. 39 . Posición social de las mujeres en la China pre-lǐ (antes de siglo X a. C.) ... ............................................................................................................. . Posición social de las mujeres en la China bajo el lǐ (después del siglo X a. C.)............................................................................................................. . Enseñanza femenina tradicional .............................................................. Capítulo 2 Primeros pasos del cambio bajo la influencia del cristianismo (1840–1897) ....................................................... 51 . Tàipíng Tiānguó ....................................................................................... . Las instalaciones de enseñanza básica ..................................................... . Las primeras universitarias chinas en el extranjero ................................. . Las primeras universidades ...................................................................... Capítulo 3 Enseñanza universitaria en China (1898–1949) ................... 75 . La enseñanza universitaria en la última década de la dinastía Qīng ........ .. La fundación de las primeras universidades oficiales de China y la Reforma de los Cien Días ................................................................ .. Estatuto Imperial de la Universidad de la Capital de .............. .. Sistema educativo del año de guǐ-mǎo y el fin del sistema kējǔ (– ) ................................................................................................. .. Las primeras instituciones de enseñanza universitaria en Sìchuān .. .. La población universitaria en los últimos años de Qīng .................. .. Estudiantes en el extranjero ............................................................. .. Enseñanza femenina en los últimos años de Qīng ......................... ... North China Union College for Women ................................. ... Estatuto de ..................................................................... ... Análisis cuantitativo de los últimos años de Qīng ................. . República de China (1912–1949) ........................................................... .. El sistema universitario durante la República de China (–) ......................................................................................................... ... El sistema educativo de rén-zǐ y guǐ-chǒu (1912 y 1913) ...... ... Sistema educativo de rén-xù () ........................................ ... Movimiento de recuperación de la “Soberanía Educativa” (1922–1932) ............................................................................ .. Análisis cuantitativo de la población universitaria durante la República de China (etapa continental) (1912–1949) .................... ... La educación universitaria en el interior ................................. ... Estudiantes chinos en el extranjero (1912–1949) ................... .. Enseñanza femenina superior durante la República de China (etapa continental) (1912–1949) ................................................................ ... Mujeres chinas y universidad antes de ............................ ... De Ginling y Hwa Nan a la coeducación ................................ Ginling Women’s College y otras dos universidades femeninas 139 Woman’s College of South China ............................................... 141 Comienzo de la coeducación universitaria ................................ 142 ... Análisis cuantitativo de las mujeres universitarias en la enseñanza superior en China (1912–1949) ............................. ... Comparación con España ........................................................ ... Mujeres chinas que realizaron estudios en el extranjero (– ) ........................................................................................ .. Guerra de Resistencia contra la Agresión Japonesa ....................... Capítulo 4 Las divisiones en la educación (1948–1965) ...................... 175 . Rivalidad de intelectuales ....................................................................... . La reorganización de instituciones de educación superior en la parte continental .............................................................................................. .. Sovietización en la educación ........................................................ ... La reforma de la Universidad de Tsinghua en Pekín .............. ... La reforma de la Universidad de Tóngjì en Shanghái ............ ... La reforma de la Universidad de Sìchuān en Chéngdū ........... .. Abolición de la sociología .............................................................
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