9780521030014 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-03001-4 - Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History Kingsley Bolton Index More information

Index

Abbas, Ackbar 66, 70–1 Asian Englishes 2, 31, 32 acculturation 198 recognition and legitimation 203–6 Achin 126 vocabulary 214 Acton, Harold 237 Atkinson, Paul A. 111, 222–3 Ada, Mateer 234 Aurora Catholic University 243 Adamson, Bob 226, 228, 246–7 Australia 27, 55, 57, 69, 89, 90, 91, 186, 197 Afendras, Evangelos A. 44, 112, 116 Australian 27, 88 Africa 1, 4, 5, 9, 13, 30, 34, 37, 38, 39, 122, Australian English 9, 16, 17–19, 23 198 Australian National Dictionary, The 27 East Africa 1, 13 Austro-Asiatic 76 South Africa 15, 27, 186 Austronesian 76 West Africa 5, 23, 27, 198 Avis, Walter S. 27 African English 32 Axler, Maria 44, 221–2 East African English 17 South African English 16, 17 backlash against missionary education 236–9 West African English 16, 17 Bacon-Shone, John 13, 44, 112–15, 205, 209, Allen, Jamie 57 223 Allsopp, Richard 27, 43 Bahasa Indonesia 90 American English 23, 27 baihua 80, 95 Americas, the 9, 39, 122 Bailey, Nathan 133 Amoy 178, see also Xiamen Baker, Philip 22, 23, 162–3, 164, 168, 169, 189, Anderson, Aeneas 149, 156 195, 216 Anderson, Benedict 123 Bakhtin, Mikhail M. 190 Anglo-Chinese schools 84, 199 Bald, Wolf-Dietrich 19 anglophones 14 Balfour, S. F.76–7 Anson, George 148, 156 Ball,DyerJ. 77, 179, 185 Anunghoi 127 Bangladesh 30, 198 Apple, Michael 15 Banjo, Ayo 27 applied linguistics 7 Barber, Katherine 27 Arab 76 Barrere,` Albert 179, 185 Ashcroft, Bill 6 Barreto, Luis F.124 Asia 1, 4, 5, 9, 37, 38, 39, 57, 122, 123, 124, 135, Bartlett, John R. 27 144, 198–9, 215 Basic Law of the HKSAR 56, 93, 118, 228 East Asia 126 Bauer, Robert S. 60, 74–5, 78, 81, 94, 101–2 South Asia 27, 72, 115, 126, 186, Bautista, Maria L. S. 13, 43, 204, 212 198 Bawden, Charles R. 168 Southeast Asia 137, 198 Becker, Jasper 246

327

328 Index

Beijing 52, 55, 56, 124, see also Peking Cameron, Nigel 127 Bell, Daniel A. 65 Cameroon 4, 15, 30 Bell, Roger T. 13 Cameroon creole22 Benedict, Paul K. 60, 74–5, 78, 81, 94, 101–2 Campbell, Keith P. 48, 228, 250 Benson, Phil 26, 27, 44, 45, 99, 107, 209, Canada 55, 57, 89 214 Canadian 88 Bhatia, Tek K. 19 Canadian English 9, 17–18 Bhatkal 126 Cannon, Garland 212 Bickers, Robert 159 Cannon, P. S. 122, 160 bilingualism Canton, see Guangzhou bilingual creativity 18–19, 198 Canton English 23, 47, 156 elitist bilingualism 86, 199 Canton English to Hong Kong English 199 mass bilingualism 87, 199 Canton jargon xiv, 23, 47, 148, 150–4, 228, see Blair, Tony 226 also Canton English Bloomfield, Leonard 71 Canton trade 146–9 Blount, Thomas 133 Cantonese 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 90, Blunden, Edmund 111 94, 97, 109, 119, 199, 200 Bolton, Kingsley 12, 13, 16, 40, 44, 45–6, 47, and other varieties of Chinese 73 48, 77, 107, 112–15, 121, 150, 189, 191, as a co-officiallanguage of government and 205, 206–9, 211, 216, 218, 223 law 118 Bolton, Whitney F.26 dictionaries 77–8 Bopp, Franz 189 films 92 Borneo 123 Hong Kong Cantonese 118–19 Bowring, John 150 people82 Boxer, Charles R. 133 regional dialects of 81 Boxer Rebellion 230 rise of modern Cantonese 78 Boyle, Joseph 44, 106 standard variety of 81, 82 Boyle, Linda 44, 106 tones 60 Branegan, Jay 93 written form 79, 80, 81 Branford, William 27 capitalism 57–8, 227 Bridgman, Elijah C. 77, 150, 153 Caribbean English, the 9, 17–20, 21 Britain 57, 59, 88, 110, 144, 147, 186, 188, 192, Caribbean, the 30, 37, 186, 198 197 Carless, David R. 44, 45, 99–100, 107, 209 British English 23 Cassidy, Friedric G. 27 Brown Corpus of American English, the 11 Castells, Manuel 59, 61 Brown, Samuel R. 229 Cebuano 90 Bruce, Nigel 93 censuses, see language censuses Brumfit, Christopher 43 Central America 9 Brutt-Griffler, Janina 41 Central School (Queen’s College), the 230 Bullokar, William 133 Ceylon 24 Bunton, David 44, 106 Ch’ing (Qing) dynasty 60 Burchfield, Robert 7, 8, 30, 42 Chako, Sussy 111, see also Xu Xi Burgess, Anthony 31 Chan, Brian H. S. 44 Burnell, Arthur C. 26, 136, 139, 159, 163, 179, Chan, Mimi 44, 45, 99, 105, 107, 209, 217 185 Chan, Victor H. F.97 Burney, E. 194 Chan, Yuen-ying 114 Business English 250, 257 Chao, Sankey C. 242, 252 Butler, Susan 3, 28, 43, 46, 47, 205, 209, 215 Chaozhou, see Chiu Chau Charter, David 88 calque, see loan translation Cheke, John 133 Cambodia 147 Cheng, Chin-chuan 48 Cameron, Deborah 107 Cheng, Helen N. L. 41

Index 329

Cheng, Tien-mu 94 Cochin 123, 126 Cheng, Tung-choy 194 Cocker, Mark 39 Cheshire, Jenny 12, 16–17, 22, 36, 38, 42, 46 Cockeram, Henry 133 Cheung, Anne 94 code-switching and code-mixing 92, 93, Cheung, Chi-fai 97, 117 99–104, 107, 200, 216 Cheung, Martha P. 217 Cohn, Bernard S. 40 Cheung, Oi Ling 44 colonial modernity 257 Cheung, Yat-shing 110 colonialism 2, 38, 40, 70, 110 CHILDES database, the 11 communism 69 Chin, Wan-kan 77, 79, 94 communist modernity 257 China 1, 59, 63, 74, 81, 90, 124, 125, 126, 131, Confucianism 68 135, 141, 146, 148, 150, 188, 192, 197, 200, Conrad, Andrew W. 14, 40 203, 216, 225, see also People’s Cook, Robin 226 Republic of China (PRC) Cooper, Robert L. 11, 14 South China 125, 139, 147, 148, 150, 166, Corbett, Charles H. 234–5 194 Cortazzi, Martin 48 China Coast English 23, 178–86, 225 cosmopolitanism 216 China Critic 243 Couling, Samuel 149, 234 China Daily 94, 250 Cowles, Roy T. 77 Chinese 88 Cox Report 25 culture 89 Craddock, Percy 51, 52 dialects (in Hong Kong) 72 Craig, Kenneth 44, 106 dialect groups 74 Craigie, William A. 27 elite 85 Cran, William 2, 28–32, 96 identity 68 Crazy English 252–8 overseas Chinese 82 creole studies, see pidgin and creole studies students in United States 252 criticallinguistics 7, 32–5 Chinese Englishes xv, 22, 47–9, 226–58 Crystal, David 7, 10, 26, 32, 35, 38, 43 after 1949 246 Cuba 15 archaeology of 122–96 Cultural Revolution 48, 246–7 English teaching 239, 241–2 Cushing, Caleb 150 in South China 194–6 Cuthbert, Alexander R. 61–2 spread of English in China 228 textbooks in the PRC 247 Da Silva, Beatriz 158 Chinese language movement, the 78 Dalby, David 257 Chinese-medium education 200 Das Gupta, Jyotirinda 13 Chinese pidgin English xiv, 22, 23, 48, 148–91 Davis, John F.150 and the representation of China 186–9 Dawson, Raymond 187 Chinese-language sources for 165–78 DeFrancis, John 78, 192 linguistic analysis of 161–4 Democrats (in Hong Kong) 56 Chinese Republic 95, 144 Deng, Peng 192, 231, 233, 238–9 Chinese University of Hong Kong, the 55, 65, Deng, Xiaoping 48, 51, 228 87 Dengzhao 192 Chinese–English interface xv, 256 Dennys, Nicholas B. 26, 161, 192 Ching, Frank 58–9 Detaramani, Champa 44 Chiu Chau (Chaozhou) 59, 60, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84 Dictionary of Bahamian English 27 Christian colleges in China 231–42 Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage 27 Chuan, T. K. 244 Dictionary of Jamaican English 27 Chuanbi (Chuenpi) 127 Dictionary of New Zealand English 27 City University of Hong Kong 55 Dictionary of South African English on Historical Coates, Austin F.H. 123–4, 126, 146 Principles 27 Cobuild Corpus 11 Dictionary of West African English 27

330 Index

Diocesan Girls School, The 230 Fujian (Fukien) 72, 73, 74, 81, 82, 83, 94, 118, Douglas, Robert Kennaway 186 123, 132, 215 Downs, Jacques M. 156, 158 Fukien Christian University 231 Draft Agreement 97 Fung, Daniel R. 57 Dzau, Yulin F.48 Fung, Wai-kong 56 Furber, Holden 135 Eagleton, Terry 39 Fuzhou 159, see also Foochow East India Company, the 135, 146–9, 157 East Indies, the 123, 135 Gallagher Louis J. 125 Edinburgh 148 Galtung, Johan 33 Edwards, Dwight W. 233 Gambia 30 Eggington, William G. 35 Gan (dialect) 74, 75 Eitel, Ernest J.77 Gates, Bill 28 Elder, Chris 159 Germany 91 Elliot, Dorinda 120 Ghana 5, 24, 30 Elliott, Elsie 50, 86 Gibbons, John 23, 41, 44, 95, 103–4, 108 Ellis, Paul 63, 64 Gidumal,R.89 Empson, William 237 Giles, Herbert A. 179, 185, 186 Encarta Dictionary of World English 28 Gill,Alexander 133 England 59, 123, 147, see also Britain Gill, Ian 244 Englishes, see World Englishes Gill,William 159 English corpus linguistics 11 Gillieron,´ Jules 12 English Schools Foundation (ESF) 98, 202 Gillingham, Paul 85 English Today 3, 20 Ginling College 231 English World-Wide 2, 10, 20 global English(es) 3, 4 Eurasians 72, 115, 202 Goa 123, 129 Europe 9, 59, 124, 125, 131, 147 Gomes, Luis G. 168 European Union (EU), the 15 Gonzalez, Andrew B. 13, 32, 204–5 Evans, Grant 44, 67–8 Gor¨ lach, Manfred 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 20, 22, 26, 27, extending (expanding) circle, the 197 36, 42, 134 Graddol, David 35–6, 40, 43 Fairbank, John K. 146, 240 Gramsci, Antonio 25 Faraclas, Nicholas 22 Gray, Piers 236 Farmer, John S. 27 Green, Owen M. 160, 192 Farrington, Anthony 126 Greenbaum, Sidney 7, 8, 10, 11, 36, 42 Fasold, Ralph 12 Grierson, George 13 Faure, David 73 Grifﬁths, Gareth 6 Ferguson, Charles 12, 13 Grimm, Jakob 189 Filipina domestic helpers 203 Grolier International Dictionary 210–11 Filipino language 90 Guang Fangyan Guan 240 Filipinos 72, 89, 90, 115–16, 119 Guangdong (Kwangtung) 58, 59, 60, 66, 72, 74, Firth, J.R.7 76–7, 117, 118, 123, 215 Fisher, Arthur A. 122, 195 Guangxi 74 Fishman, Joshua A. 12–13, 14–15, 37, 42 Guangzhou (Canton) xiii, 47, 74, 76–7, 81, 89, Foley, Joseph 2 119, 124, 126, 127, 129, 135, 139, 150, 156, Foochow 159, see also Fuzhou 159, 178, 225 Forster, Lancelot 229 Guanhua 74, see also Mandarin France 147 Guldin, Gregory E. 82–3 Frank, AndreG.123´ Gupta, Anthea F.5, 32, 43, 98 Freeborn, Dennis 134 Gurka89 Fu, Gail S. 44, 111, 220–1 Gutz¨ laff, Karl 150 Fuchs, Walter 165, 166, 170 gwailou (gwailo) 68, 82

Index 331

Hakka 73, 74, 76–7, 81, 82, 83, 84, 118, see also person/people 59, 66–9, 70–1, see also heung¯ Kejia (dialect) góng yàhn Hall, Robert A. 161, 162 political context 50–6, 69–71 Halliday, Jon 58 popular culture 78 Halliday, Michael 1, 18, 23–4, 43 population and immigration 58–9, 61 Hamilton, Alexander 135 social class 62–3, 70, 115 Hamlett, Tim 44 social welfare and education 65–6, 70, 118 Han 74, 75 society xiv, 44, 50–71, 116 Han Chinese 74 sociolinguistic issues in 91–3 Hancock, Ian 41, 104, 190 sociolinguistics of English 44, 50–121 handover, the 1997 xiii, xiv, 56, 70, 93, 110, 120, sociology of language 116 199, 226, 247 speech community 71–91 Hangchow University 231 universities 120 Hannah, Jean 7, 12, 16, 17, 36, 42, 46, 206 Hong Kong Baptist University 55 Hao, Keqi48 Hong Kong Education Commission 92 Hao, Yen-p’ing 159 Hong Kong English xv, 17–19, 22, 23, 47, 48, Harris, Peter B. 59 93, 119, 120, 228 Harris, Roy 44, 55, 119, 197, 223, 224 accent 206–9 Hart, Robert 240 and English in Hong Kong 104–7 Haugen, Einar 12, 123, 212 as a new English 41–7, 197–225 Hawkins,R.E.27 attitudes to 220–5 Hayhoe, Ruth 236 autonomy of 199 heung¯ góngyàhn 59, 66–9 creativity of 199 heung¯ háa dialect 82 falling standards myth 108–11, 200 Hickey, William 149, 156 history of 215–16 Hill, A. P. 179, 185 invisibility myth 116, 200–1 Hindi 90 literary creativity 217 history of English 10 monolingual myth 111–16, 200 Ho, Louise 47, 217, 220 paradigm shift for 197–225 Ho, Mian-lian 5, 205, 206 reference works 218 Hobson-Jobson 139 standards of English 108–11, 222 Hogue, Cavan 215 Hong Kong English vocabulary 209–14 Hoklo 73, 82, see also Chiu Chau, Fujian borrowing in 213 Holborow, Marnie 35 categories of word-formation in 214 Holland 147 coinage in 212 Holm, John 27, 43, 189, 190 modified grammatical form in 213 Honan 76–7 modified semantic reference in 213 Hong Kong 1, 28, 39, 49, 69, 70, 76–7, 82, 84, preservation of ‘archaic’ usage in 214 85, 87, 89, 95, 117, 131, 139, 191, 200, 211, Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor 90 215, 226–8 Hong Kong Polytechnic University 55 autonomy 51, 227 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Chinese in 84, 200 (HKSAR) 116 Chinese speech community in 72–83, 90, Hong Kong University of Science and 93 Technology, the 55 economic and social context 56–64, 69–71 Horwill, Herbert W. 27 English-language speech community 83–8, Hosillos, Lucila6 90 House, Herbert E. 235–6 housing 60–2, 70, 117 Huachung University 231 identity 59, 66–9, 70–1, 82–3, 117 Huang, Parker Po-fei 77 immigrants 58, 88, 117 Huang, Zhenhua 48 language policies and planning 93–5, 199 Hughes, Arthur 16, 36 minority groups in 89, 90 Hulbert, James R. 27

332 Index

Hung, Joseph 218 Joaquin, Nick 6 Hung, Tony T. N. 47, 209 Johnson, Christopher 41 Hunter, Duncan B. 105 Johnson, ReginaldE.237 Hunter, William C. 169, 170 Johnson, Robert K. 44, 96, 103, 110, 116, Hutton, Christopher 150 200–1, 203–4 Hwa Nan Women’s College 231 Johnson, Samuel 25–6, 133 hybridization 190–1 Joint Declaration, the 51, 52, 69, 119 Jones, Daniel 42 ideologies, see language ideologies Jones, Rodney 44 Ilocano 90 Jordan 13 immigrant education 98 Jose, F.Sionil 6 imperialism 2 Joseph, John E. 44, 45, 107 India 2, 4, 5, 15, 23, 24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 39, 76, 89, 119, 123, 135, 148, 153, 186, 197, 198, Kachru,Braj1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,13, 201, 215 17–18, 20, 24, 37, 43, 197–9, 223, 224, Indian creative writing 31 225 Indian English 2, 5, 14–15, 16, 30–1, 46, 197 Kale, Joan 191 Indian languages 90 Kang, Jianxiu 48 Indian newspapers 30–1 Kass, G. V. 114 Indian people 76, 89, 90, 119 Kejia (dialect) 74, 75, see also Hakka Indo-China 123 Kennedy, Graeme 11 Indonesia 76, 89 Kenya 4, 15, 198 Indonesian English 5 Kenyan English 13 Indonesian people 72, 88, 90, 115, 119 Kersey, John 133 Ingrams, Harold 61, 85–6, 226, 230 Keswick, Simon 51 inner circle, the 197 King, Anthony D. 70 InternationalCorpus of English (ICE), the 11 King, Bruce 6 International English(es) 3, see World Englishes King, Charles W. 150 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) system, King, Rex 110 the 60 Kingman Report 25 Internet 203, 218–20, 252 Koerner,E.F.K.12 Ireland English 17–18 Korean War, the 63 Irish 16 Kowloon 50, 51 Ishiguro, Kazuo 6 Krio 9, 20, 22, 30 Israel 15 Krio-English Dictionary, A 30 Iyer, Pico 6 Kuala Lumpur 215 Kurath, Hans 12 Jacoby, Russell 39 Kwo,OraW.Y.44 Jamaican creole 22, 30 Kwok, Edmond S. T. 96, 107 Jamaican English 30, 31 Kwok,Helen 44, 45–6, 47, 99–101, 105, 107, Jao, Yu-ching 51 206–9, 216 Japan 33, 89, 123, 124, 127, 130, 147, 197, 238 Kwong, Ki Chiu 178 Japanese 72, 89, 90, 115, 119 Japanese English 22 Labov, William 12, 18, 71 Jardine Matheson 51, 52, 176–8 Lai, Eva 252 Java 147 Lake, Joshua 27 Jernudd, Bjorn¨ 12 Lam, Agnes 47, 217 Jespersen, Otto 42 Lam, William C. P. 44, 55, 106 Jiangnan Arsenal 240 Lampakkan (Langbaiao) 124 Jiang, Zemin 226–7 language attitudes 93, 220–2 Jin, Ha 257 language censuses and surveys 112–16, 119, 199 Jin, Lixian 48 language ideologies 107–16, 200–2, 222–4

Index 333

language standards 93, 98, 105, 110, 223, see Livingstone, David N. 123 also Hong Kong English Llamzon, Teodoro 5–6, 46, 204 Lanham, L. W. 11 LLBA (Linguistics and Language Behaviour Lantau island 76–7 Abstracts)3 Laos 76 Llewellyn Report, The 91 Latourette, Kenneth S. 193, 231 loan translations (or calques) 102 Lau, Chi-kuen 110 LOB Corpus of British English, the 11 Lau, Chun-fat 83 Loh, Christine 91 Lau, Sidney 77 Longman Corpus 11 Lau, Siu-kai 62, 67 Lord, Robert 41, 44, 91–2, 108 Law, Edmond H. F.44 Lowenberg, Peter H. 43 Le Page, Robert B. 24, 27, 45, 107, 209 Lu, Xun 243 Lee, Bruce 67 Luce, Henry W. 234 Lee, Chu-ming Martin 56 Lugard, Frederick 194 Lee, Gregory B. 188, 189 Luk, Sidney 203 Lee, Kuan Yew 31, 96 Luke, Kang-kwong 41, 44, 47, 80, 112, 201–2 Lee, Leo Ou-fan 243 Lutz, Jessie G. 231 Lee, M. K. 62–3 Luzon 123 Lee, Paul L. M. 44, 103 Lyons, John 71 Lee, S. Y. 221 Lee, Siu-lun Cedric 104 Macao 47, 49, 59, 60, 81, 124, 125, 126, 127, Lee, Wing-on 98 129, 130, 132, 135, 139, 146, 147, 150, 151, Legislative Council (Legco), the 55, 200 157, 166, 170, 225, 229 Leland, Charles G. 169, 179, 185, 186, 188, Macartney, George 149 195, 216 Macaulay, Thomas B. 192 Lelyveld, David 40 MacIntosh, Angus 1, 23–4, 43 Lethbridge, Henry J.85 Mackerras, Colin 125 Leung, Benjamin K. P. 63, 66–7 MacLehose, Murray 51, 65 Leung, Ping-kwan 47, 217 MacNeil, Robert 2, 28–32, 96 lexical borrowing Macquarie 209 from Chinese into English 102–3 Macquarie Concise Dictionary, The 28 from English into Chinese 99–102 MacquarieDictionary, The 27–8, 46 lexicography 7 Malacca 123, 124, 126, 135, 147, 229 Li, David C. S. 41, 44, 104, 201, 203–4 Malaysia 4, 15, 28, 32, 39, 89, 139, 198, 211, 215 Li, Dong 48 Malaysian English 5, 22, 46–7, 197 Li, Hung-Chang 239 Malaysian people 72, 88, 90, 115, 119 Li, Peng 226 Malcolm, Elizabeth L. 150 Li, Yang 226, 252–8 Maley, Alan 48 Li, Yongyan 252 Manchus 76–7 Liberia 21 Mandarin 74, 75, see also Putonghua Lim, Shirley Geok-Lin 6 March, A. W. 235 Lin, Angel Mei Yi 44, 108 Martin, W. A. P. 240 Lin, Yutang 242–6, 256 Masini, Federico 225 Lindsay, Hugh H. 164 Mateer, Calvin W. 193, 234–5 Lingnan University (Canton) 231 Mathews, Mitford M. 27 Lingnan University (Hong Kong) 55 Matthews, Stephen 60 linguicism 33–4 May 30th incident 238 linguistic borrowing 99–102 May Fourth Movement 238 linguistic imperialism 32 McArthur, Tom 2, 3, 4, 7, 9–10, 13, 20, 41, 42, Lintin (Lingding) 151 104–5, 190, 256–7 Liu, Kwang-ching 176–8 McCrum, Robert 2, 6, 28–32, 38, 43, 96 Liu, Ru-shan 48 McDavid, Raven 12

334 Index

McGurn, William 222 diary of 129–46 medium of instruction (in Hong Kong) 95–8 English of 133–5 Meillet, Antoine 12 in China 125–46 Melanesia 21 linguistics of 132–45 Mellor, Bernard 194, 229 on Chinese and Japanese, and Chinese Mendoza, Juan Gonzalez de 125 English 144–5 Mexico 15 Portuguese of 135–8 Meyer, Bernard F.77 Munn, Christopher C. 179 Meyer, Charles F.11, 42 Murray, James A. H. 26 Millward, Celia M. 133–5, 136, 138 Min (dialect) 74, 75, 83 Nababan, P. W. J.5 Min, Anchee 257 Nagasaki 124 minority Chinese languages 81–3 Nancarrow, Owen 80 minority ethnolinguistic groups 88 Nanhai (Nam-hoi) 73 minority speech communities 88–91 nationalism 109 missionaries 73, see also backlash against nation-language 30 missionary education Nelson, Gerald 11, 42, 218 and colonial studies of Cantonese 77–8 Nepali 72, 88, 89, 115 language debates 233 Nevius, John L. 159 linguistics 150–4 new Englishes, see World Englishes schools and colleges 84, 229–39 new middleclass 66, 70 MLA (Modern Language Association) New Territories, the 50, 76–7, 81 Bibliography 3 New Testament in Cantonese 77 Mo, Timothy 6 New Zealand 55, 186 modernity 2 New Zealand English 16, 17–19 Mody, H. N. 89 Ng, Christina 48 Mok,KaLaiCynthia 81 Ng, Peter T. M. 231 Mok, Man Cheung 178 Nigeria 2, 4, 5, 15, 24, 30, 32, 198, 201 monolingualism 72, 90 Ningbo (Liampo) (Ningpo) 123, 159, 178, 192 Moody, A. J. 44, 99 Nist, John 134 Moorehead, Caroline 236 Noble, Charles F.149, 156 Morris, Edward E. 27 Norman, Jerry 78 Morris, Paul 226, 246–7 North America 59, 69, 88, 120, 122, 135, 186 Morrison, John R. 154–6, 179, 185 North American English 16 Morrison’s 1834 glossary of Canton jargon North Point 81 154 Noss, Robert 5–6 Morrison Education Society School, the 229–30 O’Sullivan, Dan 122–3 Morrison, Robert 77, 150 Ofﬁcial Languages Ordinance 94 Morse, Hosea B. 126–7, 146, 147 Ohannessian, Sirarpi 13 Moser, Leo J.74 Okri, Ben 6 Moy, Joyce 97 Ondaatje, Michael 6 Mufwene, Salikoko S. 21, 40 open door policy 48, 52 Muh¨ lhaus¨ ler, Peter 22, 23, 43, 162, 164, 168, Open University of Hong Kong, The 55 169, 189, 195, 216 Opium Wars 50 Mujica, Mauro 32 Orsman, Harry 27, 43 multiculturalism 98 outer circle, the 197, 198 multilingualism 72, 90, 93, 119 overseas study 252 multinational corporations 15 Oxford English Dictionary 26–7 Munby, John 41, 104 Mundy, Peter 122, 128, 257 Paciﬁc languages 17–22 and Asian English of 138–44 Pakir, Anne 43

Index 335

Pakistan 23, 24, 30, 88, 89, 115 Putonghua 78, 82, 83, 92, 93, 95, 109, 119, 199, Panyu [Pun-yue] 73, 76 200, 203, see also Mandarin Papua New Guinea 15 Puttenham, George 133 Parker, Peter 150 Parkin, Andrew 217 Qian, Qichen 226 Parsee 72, 88, 115, 119 Quebec 15 Pasierbsky, Fritz 94 Quirk, Randolph 7, 8, 10, 11, 17–20, 24, 27, 36, Patri, Mrudula 112 37, 42 Patten, Christopher 56, 226 Pearl River, the 126, 128, 130, 156 race 2, 85, 88 Peking 149, see also Beijing Radio Television Hong Kong 165 Peking University 236 Rafael, Vincente L. 201 Pennel,Elizabeth R. 188 Rafferty, Kevin 53, 55 Pennington, Martha C. 44, 107, 112, 121, 216, Ramsey, S. Robert 78 220–2 Rao, G. Subba 27 Pennycook,Alastair 32, 34–5, 39, 40, 43 Rao, Raja 19, 198 People’s Republic of China (PRC) xv, 48, 50, Rao, Zhenhui 48 51, 58, 69, 78, 95, 144 Received Pronunciation (RP) 23, 30, 201 PRC’s ofﬁciallanguage policy 94 Reinecke, John E. 43, 159, 161, 195 Persia 76, 88 Ricci, Matteo 124–5 Persian 76 Ricento, Thomas 35 Pettman, Rev. Charles 27 Richards, Ivor A. 237 Philippine English 5, 16, 22, 46–7, 197, 201, Richards, JackC. 4, 36, 41, 44, 47, 116, 201–2 204–5 Richards, Stephen 44 Philippines, the 4, 5, 13, 15, 28, 30, 32, 89, 119, Rickford, John R. 11 198, 201, 203–4, 211 Ritchie, William C.19 Phillipson, Robert 1, 32–5, 37–8, 39, 43, 121 Robins, Benjamin 148 phonetic loans 99–100 Roebuck, Derek 78, 94 Pickering, John 27 Romaine, Susanne 24, 25, 43, 71, 110, 190 pidgin and creole studies 2, 20–3, 30, 43, Rosenthal,Elizabeth 252 189–90, see also Chinese pidgin Ross, Heidi A. 48, 240–1, 242, 247 English Rubal-Lopez, Alma 14 Pierson, Herbert D. 44, 51, 220–1 Rubinstein, Murray A. 147–8 Pierson-Smith, A. 44 Ruggieri, Michale 124 Pinyin 60 Rushdie, Salman 6 Platt, John 5, 13, 36, 44, 205, 206 Russell, Bertrand 236–7 pluralism 198 Russia 48, 147 pluricentricity 256 Polome,´ Edgar 13 Sanchuang (Sancian) 124 Porter, Jonathan 158 Saudi Arabia 15 Portuguese people 30, 72, 76, 115, 122–5 Saussure, Ferdinand de 12 Postiglione, GeraldA.98 Saville-Troike, Muriel 18 Pott, Francis L. H., Dr. 233–4 Scandinavia 33 Potter, John 44, 106 Schiller, Herbert I. 33 Prator, Clifford 24–5, 204 Schleicher, August 189 Pred, Allan 225 Schneider, Edgar W. 10, 42 Pride, John B. 2, 4, 5, 36, 48 Schuchardt, Hugo 43 Prince Charles 226 Schumann, John H. 108 Prince Kung 239–40 Schwab, Raymond 40 Puerto Rico 15 Scott, C.P.G.26 Pun, Shuk-han 96 Scottish 16 Punti 73, 76–7 Sebba, Mark 43, 189

336 Index

Selby, Anne 172, 174–5 Standard British English 105 Selby, Stephen 172, 174–5 Stedman, Thomas L. 178 self-strengthening movement 239 Stevens, Trudy 44, 221–2 semilingualism 92 Stewart, William 12 Serjeantson, Mary S. 138 Story of English, The 28–9 Seth, Vikram 6 Straits Settlement 215 Shanghai 63, 66, 159, 178, 192, 216, 227–8, 231 Strasser, Steven 120 Shanghai English 242 Strevens, Peter 1, 9, 23–4, 41, 43, 104–5 Shanghainese 81, 82, 83, 94, 117 Sudan 15 Shantung Christian University 231 Sukwiwat, Mayuri 5 Shaw, George B. 236 Sumatra 147 Shaw, Wilkinson J. 159 Sun, Fo 243–4 Shek, Cecilia K. W. 44 Sun, Ruimei 49 Shi, Ding-xu 23, 162, 163, 216 Sun, Yat-sen 226, 230 Shipp, Steve 258 Sung dynasty 76 Siam 124 Swahili15 Sibayan, Bonifacio P. 32 Sweden 147 Siegel, Jeff 21 Sweet, Henry 42 Sierra Leone 30 Sweeting, Anthony 65 Sikh89 Szeyap 59, 60, 81, 82, see also Siyi Silva, Penny 27 Simpson, Robert K. M. 223 T’ien Hsia Monthly 243 Simpson, William 159 T’sou, Benjamin K. 44, 91–2, 108, 222–3 Sin, King-sui 78, 94 Tabouret-Keller, Andree´ 45, 209 Singapore 2, 4, 5, 15, 28, 30, 32, 39, 61, 65, 96, Tai 75 119, 139, 198, 204, 211, 214, 215 Taipa 127 Singapore English 16, 22, 31–2, 46–7, 197 Taiwan 65, 69, 94 Singler, John V. 21 Tam, Maria S. M. 67–8 Singlish 31 Tang dynasty 76–7 Siu, Yat-ming 58 Tang family 76–7 Siyi 81, see also Szeyap Tang, Eunice 48 Skeldon, Ronald 44, 55 Tang, Ivan 252 Skutknabb-Kangas, Tove 35 Tanka 76, 82 Smith, Carl T. 176, 230 Tanzania 15 Smith, George 72–3, 76 Tay, Mary W. J. 5, 41, 116 Smith, Larry E. 3, 4, 18, 37, 43 Taylor, Andrew 44–5, 107, 209 Smith, Thomas 133 Temple, Richard C. 122, 125–6, 128, 129–33, So, Daniel W. C. 44, 111 144–5, 146, 257 Social Sciences Research Centre (SSRC) 112 Teng, Ssu-yu¨ 240 socialism with Chinese characteristics 257 Tenney, C.D.193 sociolinguistics xiii, 7 Thai 72, 90, 115, 119 Sohigian, Diran J. 243, 245 Thai English 5 Soochow University 231 Thailand 76, 89, 124, 211 Soyinka, Wole 19, 198 Thatcher, Margaret 51 Spain 124 Thom, Robert 150 Speake, Jennifer 138 Thompson, Robert W. 168 Spolsky, Bernard 12, 13 Thornton, Richard H. 27 Sranan 20 Tiananmen Square Massacre, the 52–3, 55, 69, Sri Lanka 4, 15, 189 109, 120 St John’s University (Shanghai) 231, 233, 243 Tifﬁn, Helen 6 St Joseph’s College 230 Timor 123 St Paul’s College 230 Todd, Loreto 12, 20, 21–2, 41, 43, 104–5, 190

Index 337

Tok Pisin 9, 20, 22 Ward, Alan 44, 106 Tollefson, James W. 35 Waters, Dan 44–5, 106 Tong, King-sing 229 Weber, Heidi 5, 13, 205, 206 Tong, Qing Sheng 125, 237 Webster, Michael 44, 106 Tong, Ting-ku¨ 172–3, 175, 195 Webster, Noah 27 Tongwen Guan 240 Weddell, Captain John 125–9, 145–6 Tongue, Ray 44–5, 106 Wei, Sandy Tsz-shan 94 Toreen, Olof 172 Weinreich, Max 12 Traugott, Elizabeth C.11 Weinreich, Uriel 12 treaty ports 159–61 Wells, John 7 Trigault, Nicolas 125 Welsh 16 Troutner, Jennifer L. 246 Welsh, Frank 51–2 Trudgill, Peter 7, 12, 16, 17–20, 36, 37, 42, 46, Wempe, Theodore F.77 206 Wen Wei Po 53 Tryon, Darrell T. 189 Wen, Yuan-ning 243–4 Tsang, Shu-ki 63, 64 Wenker, Georg 12 Tsinghua University 231, 243, 254 wenyan 80 Tsui, Clarence 83 West China Union University 231 Tuen Mun 76–7 West Indian English 16 Tung, Chee-hwa 97, 120, 224, 226 West Indies 23 Western district, the 81 Uganda 15, 30 Whampoa (Huangpu) 151, 157 UK (United Kingdom), the 55, 65, 70, 89, 90, Whinnom, Keith 190, 194 91, 198 Whitney, Dwight 12 UK English, the 17–20 Whitworth, George Clifford 27 United Nations, the 63–4 Widdowson, Henry G. 8, 42 United States, the 55, 89, 90, 91, 147, 186, 188, Wild, Norman 165 197, 198 Williams, Samuel Wells 23, 77, 150–3, 156, 168, University of Hong Kong, The 55, 65, 84, 111, 169, 195 228 Wilson, David 55, 65 University of Nanking, The 231 Winchester, Simon 28 University of Shanghai, the 231 Winford, Donald21 US English 16, 17–18 Wong, Fanny 56 Wong, Fun 229 Van Dyke, Paul A. 153, 157, 172 Wong, Irene F.H. 5–6 Viereck,Wolfgang 19 Wong, Laurence 217 Vietnam 76 Wong, Lok 56 Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect 7 Wong, LukeS.K.62 vocabulary, see Hong Kong English Wood, Chris 70 vocabulary World English 3, 4, 9 World Englishes 2, 3–4, 20, 47 Wade, Geoff 124 World Englishes xiv, 1–49 Wade, Thomas F.150 current approaches to 42–3 Wade–Giles system 59 English languages 9 Waiguo Yuyan Wenzi Xueguan 240 English literatures 9 Walcott, Derek 6 English studies 7–11 Wallis, John 133 futurologists 7 Walter, Richard 148 international (auxiliary) language 3 Walters, Steve 44 lexicographical approach 25–8 Wan, Cynthia 98 localised varieties 3 Wang, Annie 257 models of word-formation in World Wang, Yinquan 48 Englishes 212–14

338 Index

World Englishes (cont.) Yee, Albert H. 223 new Englishes 1–49, 225 Yeh, Wen-Hsin 242 new varieties 3 Yenching University 231, 233, 243 non-native varieties 3 Yip, Virginia 60 popularisers, criticallinguists and Yoruba 30 futurologists 7, 28–32 Youde, Edward 51, 55 second-language varieties 3 Young, John 68–9 sociolinguistic approach, the 11–12 Young, Peter 27 sociology of language and World Englishes Young, Robert J. C.39 12–15 Yow, Sophia 250 World Language English 3 Yu, Vivienne W. S. 111, 222–3 World Trade Organization (WTO), the 227 Yue dialect 74, 75, 82, 83 Wrede, Ferdinard 12 Yue ethnicity 74 Wren, Helen 35 Yue, Francis 44, 220–1 Wu (dialect) 74, 75 Yule, Henry 26, 27, 43, 136–8, 139, 159, 163, Wu, Ching-hsiung (Wu, Jing Xiong) 244–6, 256 179, 185 Wu, Jing Xiong 243 Yung, Shang Him 230 Yung, Wing 229–30 Xiamen 159, 178, see also Amoy Xiang (dialect) 74, 75 Zambia 30 Xu Xi (Sussy Chako/Komala) 47, 197, 217 Zhang, Ailing 48 Xu, Edward Yihua 233–4 Zhang, L. Jun 48 Zhang, Wannian 226 Yale system of transcription of Cantonese 60 Zhang, Yuan 226 Yale University 238 Zhang, Zhidong 241 Yali(Yale-in-China) University 231 Zhao, Yong 48, 228, 250 Yamamoto, Sumiko 237–8 Zhejiang (Chekiang) 123 Yan, Li 252 Zhousan (Chusan) islands 123 Yang, Xun 109 Zhuang 74 Yang, Anson 44, 221–2 Zimbabwe 30 Yangtze 176 ZongliYamen 240–1 Yau, Man-siu 104, 111 Zuengler, Jane Ellen 13