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Social Gospel, Social Economics, and the YMCA : Sidney D. Gamble and Princeton-In-Peking

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Social Gospel, Social Economics, and the YMCA : Sidney D. Gamble and Princeton-In-Peking University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1992 Social gospel, social economics, and the YMCA : Sidney D. Gamble and Princeton-in-Peking. Wenjun, Xing University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Xing, Wenjun,, "Social gospel, social economics, and the YMCA : Sidney D. Gamble and Princeton-in- Peking." (1992). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1188. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1188 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOCIAL GOSPEL, SOCIAL ECONOMICS, AND THE YMCA — SIDNEY D. GAMBLE AND PRINCETON-IN-PEKING A Dissertation Presented by WENJUN XING Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 1992 Department of History (c) Copyright by Wenjun Xing 1992 All Rights Reserved SOCIAL GOSPEL, SOCIAL ECONOMICS, AND THE YMCA — SIDNEY D. GAMBLE AND PRINCETON-IN-PEKING A Dissertation Presented by WENJUN XING Approved as to style and content by: Milton Cantor, Chair Bruce Laurie, Member Fred W. Drake, Member orman Sims, Member Robert Jones, qhair Department of history To My Family To My Family ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my thanks to the many people and institutions that have made this dissertation possible. Persistent help and encouragement from the China Committee, the Department of History and the Department of Journalism were indispensable in the long process of completing both the MA and PhD degrees in history. Special thanks are due to Barbara B. Burn, Director of the International Programs, and Lawrence Pinkham, journalism professor at the Beijing Institute of Journalism, who were instrumental in bringing me to this campus from China. The China Committee provided me with one and a half years of scholarship. In addition to a four-year assistantship, the History Department granted me a Bauer-Gordon Summer Fellowship in 1990 to do research at the YMCA National Archive in Minneapolis. Robert Griffith, Roland Sarti, Ronald Story, Robert Jones, Bruce Laurie, Milton Cantor and Fred Drake have been professionally supportive in making me the first Chinese student in the Department to complete a PhD degree. Faculty members of the Department of Journalism have kept up my interest in journalism and provided me with office space and facilities in my crucial year of writing the dissertation. Jim Boylan introduced me to the bibliography of the social survey movement which shed much light on Sidney D. Gamble and his works. Secretarial staff of both History and Journalism have V always been on hand to offer me assistance and help without which no graduate student could survive. My interest in Sidney D. Gamble and Princeton-in-Peking began in 1989 when I was invited by anthropologist Nancy Jervis of the China Institute in America to assist in curating the Smithsonian travelling exhibition of Gamble's photographs on China. Jonathan D. Spence's insightful article on Gamble inspired my decision to work on Gamble's life story. I would like to thank Professor Spence for reading and commenting on my dissertation prospectus and for giving me timely encouragement to pursue the project. Charles W. Hayford of Evanston, Illinois, kindly let me read his manuscript on James Y.C. Yen, a life-long friend and associate of Sidney D. Gamble, and gave me suggestions on how to approach my dissertation research. Mrs. L. Carrington (Anne Swann) Goodrich, another life-long friend of Sidney D. Gamble, spent several days with me at her Florida home, identifying Gamble's slide and photo collections and movie footage, reminiscing about her days as a missionary in Beijing and her association and friendship with the Gambles. Her recollections were of tremendous help in my reconstruction of Gamble and his life story. I am greatly indebted to the Sidney D. Gamble Foundation for China Studies, and especially to its president, Mrs. Catherine G. Curran, and other members of the Gamble family, for access to Gamble's personal papers, library, and photo collection, for support and assistance throughout the entire project, and for financial assistance in covering my travel expenses to major archive centers in the country. Catherine G. Curran and Louise G. Harper on several occasions gave me detailed recollections of their father. Sarah G. Epstein directed me to Clarence Gamble's private papers which include valuable information and photographs of the family's 1908 visit to the Orient. Louise Hall, Gamble's cousin, kindly took me on a tour of the Gamble House in Pasadena, California. Jean S. Albaum of Encino, California, sent me copies of the writings and correspondence of her late father. Rev. Richard H. Ritter, Gamble's fellow member of Pr inceton-in-Peking and life-long friend. These shed much light to the life and work of the Princetonians in Beijing. I would like to thank the many archivists and librarians who have rendered tremendous help in locating papers and correspondence in relation to Sidney D. Gamble and Princeton's work in China. Special mention should be give to Martha L. Smalley of the Yale University Divinity School, Dagmar Getz of the National Archives of the YMCA, of Robert Pease of Princeton-in-Asia , Doris N. Gertmenian the Huntington Library, Thomas Rosenbaum of the Rockefeller Archive Center, Edward M. Rider of the Procter & Gamble Company, and Denise C. Miller of the Thacher School. I benefited a great deal from the help of archivists and Vll librarians of Princeton University, University of California at Berkeley, Columbia University, Harvard University Medical School, Mount Holyoke College and Radcliffe College. Librarians at the University of Massachusetts have always been on hand to offer help throughout the whole project. Special thanks are due to my dissertation committee members who have goaded and encouraged me through the different stages of my dissertation research and writing. I feel most grateful for the valuable and timely comments and meticulous editing done by Milton Cantor and Bruce Laurie in my earlier drafts. Without their help, the dissertation could never have read as smoothly. Theodor Schuchat kindly read the draft and gave valuable editorial suggestions for improvement. The Rockefeller University awarded me a grant-in-aid for 1992 to conduct research at the Rockefeller Archive Center in North Tarryton, New York. Last, but not the least, I want to thank my wife, Zhenqin Li. For many years she had to shoulder the burden of raising the children in support of my graduate studies. The PhD degree is as much hers as mine. I am forever indebted to her and the other members of my family. viii ABSTRACT SOCIAL GOSPEL, SOCIAL ECONOMICS, AND THE YMCA — SIDNEY D. GAMBLE AND PRINCETON-IN-PEKING SEPTEMBER 1992 WENJUN XING, B.A., BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES M.A., BEIJING INSTITUTE OF JOURNALISM M.A. , UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Milton Cantor Sidney D. Gamble (1890-1968) was a social scientist, religious reformer, photographer and Christian humanist who devoted his life to the study of Chinese urban and rural society. Gamble made four sojourns to China between 1908 and 1932. He served as research secretary for the Beijing YMCA and the Mass Education Movement at Dingxian. As a volunteer member of Princeton-in-Peking, he conducted major social- economic surveys of urban and rural north China, helped establish community service programs in Beijing, and pioneered in the teaching of sociology and social work in China. During his tenure, Gamble also used his camera to build up a visual archive of 5,000 black-and-white photographs which successfully captured the images of China during those critical years in its history. Through Gamble's life and work, the dissertation looks into the institutional history of the Princeton University center in China from 1906 to 1949, during which time its ix . , chief work was first to organize and operate the YMCA and then to run the Princeton School of Public Affairs at Yenching University. This study also seeks to analyze how Pr inceton-in-Peking under the influence of both the Social Gospelers and institutional economists at home and the forces of reform and revolution in late Qing and early Republican China, shifted the focus of its efforts first to community service and social work and later to higher education in the social sciences For the first time in the history of Christianity in China, Association work in Beijing demonstrated to the officialdom and the upper classes of the new Republic, that Christianity and the Chinese culture might not be incompatible. The motto of the May Fourth Movement, "To save China through science and democracy," and the missionary ideal of "Saving China through Christianity" for a time seemed to be united under the common goal of social uplift and reconstruction for the new Republic. In a very significant way, Sidney D. Gamble and Princeton-in-Peking reflected the rich intellectual and cultural interactions between the West and China in general and the United States and China in particular. X TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V ABSTRACT viii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1 II ORIENTAL BUG 24 III MOST CONFIDENT MAN AT PRINCETON 51 IV INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL REFORM 76 V AMERICAN THREE-RING CIRCUS 103 VI PRINCETON-IN-PEKING AND COMMUNITY SERVICE 137 VII FIRST SOCIAL SURVEY OF AN ORIENTAL CITY 165 VIII CHINA AS LIFE-WORK 195 IX NORTH CHINA VILLAGES 223 X GRAFLEX CAMERA 251 XI PRINCETON-YENCHING FOUNDATION 285 XII CONCLUSION 310 BIBLIOGRAPHY 317 xi LIST OF FIGURES ^ig^^^ Page 1.
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