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Building Sustainable Agriculture for Food Security in the Euro-Mediterranean Area: Challenges and Policy Options

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Building Sustainable Agriculture for Food Security in the Euro-Mediterranean Area: Challenges and Policy Options Building Sustainable Agriculture for Food Security in the Euro-Mediterranean Area: Challenges and Policy Options edited by Maria Cristina Paciello Edizioni Nuova Cultura Acknowledgments This volume is the follow-up of the international conference on “Building Sustainable Agriculture for Food Security in the Euro-Mediterranean Area: Challenges and Policy Options”, held in Rabat on 20-21 November 2014. The conference was organized within the Strategic Partnership between the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) and the OCP Policy Center (OCPPC). This volume has been made possible by funding from the OCP Policy Center and the Compagnia di San Paolo of Turin. First published 2015 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura For Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 - I-00186 Roma www.iai.it and OCP Policy Center Ryad Business Center - South, 4th Floor - Mahaj Erryad - Rabat, Morocco www.ocppc.ma Copyright © 2015 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Roma ISBN: 9788868125080 Cover: by OCP Policy Center Graphic Composition: by Luca Mozzicarelli The unauthorised reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Table of contents List of Contributors ..................................................................................................................... 11 List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................15 Foreward ..........................................................................................................................................21 1. Understanding Food Security and Agricultural Challenges in the Euro-Mediterranean Region, Maria Cristina Paciello .................................23 1.1 Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture .................................................23 1.2 Why Did the MENA Region Become a Net-Food Importer? ..................25 1.3 The Contributions to the Volume ......................................................................26 References ............................................................................................................................29 2. GeopoliticalPart I. Food Implications Security Challenges of Water and in Foodthe Euro-Mediterranean Security in Southern Area and Eastern Mediterranean Countries, Eugenia Ferragina and Giovanni Canitano ...................................................................33 Introduction ........................................................................................................................33 2.1 The Effect of Climatic Change on Water and Food Security .................34 2.2 The Water-Food Nexus ..........................................................................................38 2.3 The Quest for Food Security in SEMCs: Economic and Political Implications ...............................................................................................................42 ................................45 2.5 Food Security from the Euro-Mediterranean Perspective ................... 51 Conclusion2.4 Conflict ............................................................................................................................ Over Land and Water: A Geopolitical Issue 55 References ............................................................................................................................56 3. Livestock and Food Security in the Arab region: Policy Impact within the Euro-Mediterranean Framework, Shadi K. Hamadeh, Lina S. Jaber, Katharina Diehl ..................................................... 61 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 61 3.1 The Arab Livestock Sector ...................................................................................62 3.2 Trade with the EU ....................................................................................................65 3.3 National Policies .......................................................................................................68 5 INDICE 3.4 EU Policies ....................................................................................................................70 3.5 Synergies between EU and Arab Policies ......................................................73 3.5.1 Arab Policies ................................................................................................73 3.5.2 EU Policies ....................................................................................................75 3.5.3 Euro-Mediterranean Policies ...............................................................77 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................80 References ............................................................................................................................81 4. AllowingDaniela Corona or Banning ......................................................................................................................... Genetically Modified Food and Feed? Morocco 85 in Search of a Synthesis between Conflicting Regulatory Models, Introduction ........................................................................................................................85 4.1 GMOs in Context: A Possible Solution to Feed the African Continent? ...86 4.2 Regulatory Framework on Food Safety in Morocco: The Longstanding Attempt to Regulate GMOs ...........................................90 4.2.1 International Rules Dealing with GMOs .........................................90 4.2.2 National Regulatory Framework on Food Safety: GMO Regulation Is Notably Absent ...................................................92 ....................95 4.3.1 EU-Morocco Relations .............................................................................95 4.3 EU-Morocco4.3.2 EU Regulation Relations: on Exerting GMOs: Work Influence in Progress Against ................................... GMOs 98 .........101 4.4.1 The US Approach to GMOs: Go-ahead! ...........................................101 4.4 US-Morocco4.4.2 US-Morocco Relations: Free Exerting Trade Agreement Influence in(FTA) Favour ................................... of GMOs 102 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 104 References ......................................................................................................................... 106 Part II. Small Farming and Agricultural Production Systems 5. The Challenges to Achievein the Euro-Mediterranean Sustainable Exports of Area Fruit from Small-Holdings in the Southern Mediterranean, Caroline King-Okumu and Abdrabbo A.A.S. Aboukheira ...................................... 113 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 113 5.1 Background on Horticultural Imports to the EU ....................................114 5.2 Import Standards and Constraints on Smallholders’ Access to Export Markets ..................................................................................................116 5.3 Progress and Constraints to Environmentally Sustainable Citrus Production in Egypt .............................................................................. 121 5.4 Case Study: Citrus Production in El Bustan, Nile Delta, 2011-13 ... 124 5.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 126 5.6 Policy Implications ............................................................................................... 129 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 132 References ......................................................................................................................... 132 6 INDICE et l’intégration de l’élevage en vue de favoriser la sécurité alimentaire 6. Réhabiliterau Maroc, Mohamed les systèmes Taher agricoles Sraïri et basés Marcel sur Kuper la diversification ................................................. culturale 139 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 139 6.1 Volatilité des prix agricoles et vulnérabilité face à l’aléa climatique ....140 6.2 Le travail agricole: de l’abondance à l’exacerbation des tensions ...141 6.3 L’enjeu de la durabilité face à des ressources hydriques menacées ...143 6.4 Dépendance vis-à-vis de gènes importés ....................................................145 6.5 Stagnation des rendements des cultures vivrières et augmentation des importations .................................................................148 ...150 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................151 Références6.6 Une agriculture ............................................................................................................................... diversifiée pour une meilleure sécurité alimentaire ..153 7. Small Farmers’ Collective Action Problems in Crop Switching and Adopting Higher Food Standards: How Could the EU Help Foster Sustainable Development?, Omer Gokcekus
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