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The Transcription Factor CUX1 Negatively Regulates Invasion in Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer

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The Transcription Factor CUX1 Negatively Regulates Invasion in Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer www.oncotarget.com Oncotarget, 2020, Vol. 11, (No. 9), pp: 846-857 Research Paper The transcription factor CUX1 negatively regulates invasion in castrate resistant prostate cancer Emma R. Dorris1, Amanda O’Neill1, Ann Treacy2, Helmut Klocker3, Omri Teltsh1, Elaine Kay4 and R. William Watson1 1UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland 2Pathology Department, Mater Private Hospital, Dublin, Ireland 3Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 4Department of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Correspondence to: Emma R. Dorris, email: [email protected] Keywords: castration-resistant prostatic cancer; neoplasm invasiveness; androgen-independent prostatic cancer; recurrence Received: August 06, 2019 Accepted: January 29, 2020 Published: March 03, 2020 Copyright: Dorris et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ABSTRACT Metastatic prostate cancer is treated with androgen ablation therapy but progress to castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This study aimed to investigate the role of CUX1 in CRPC using clinical samples and in vitro models. CUX1 expression was increased in androgen-independent cells compared to androgen-sensitive cells. The multi-isoform nature of CUX1 makes it difficult to assay in tissue microarrays as there is no epitope able to distinguish the many isoforms for immunohistochemistry. Using surrogate markers, we found no differential expression between castrate resistant and local hormone naïve tissue. However, differences have been demonstrated at the transcript level. In androgen-sensitive cells, migration, but not invasion, increased following CUX1 knockdown. Conversely, in androgen-independent cells, invasion was increased. This observed difference in invasion capacity is not E-cadherin mediated, as CUX1 knockdown increases the expression of E-cadherin in both cell lines with no inter-cell line difference. Cells expressed different ratios of p110/p200 isoforms depending on androgen status and cathepsin L was only detectable in androgen- sensitive cells. MMP3 is upregulated in the androgen-independent cells. Rather than a simple presence or absence of CUX1, the relative balance of CUX1 isoforms and their interplay may be a significant factor in the functional role of CUX1 in CRPC. INTRODUCTION in initial rapid responses and reduction in tumour size in men with metastatic disease. However, the disease recurs Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in nearly all patients within three years of treatment and in men, accounting for an estimated 14.5% of cancers the disease progresses to castrate resistant prostate cancer diagnosed in men worldwide in 2018 [1]. Prostate (CRPC), whereby the recurrent tumours no longer require cancer is the fifth leading cause of death from cancer androgens for growth or survival [4]. in men; 6.6% of the total men cancer deaths worldwide Although initially considered to be androgen- [2, 3]. Localised prostate cancer is potentially curable signalling independent, it is now known that CRPC can by surgery or radiation therapy, but advanced disease often remain hormone driven [5]. Multiple and varied represents a significant clinical challenge with no effective mechanisms are responsible for the castrate resistant treatments. Proliferation of prostatic cells is dependent phenotype (reviewed in [6]). Prostate cancer is a upon androgens and non-organ confined prostate cancer heterogeneous disease and the development of CRPC is a is treated with androgen ablation therapy. This can result complex process. Molecular targeting of individual genes www.oncotarget.com 846 Oncotarget or proteins has only had minor impact on overcoming p75 isoform. Both p200 and p110 are processed from the resistance, as exemplified by clinical trials targeting same gene transcript and can be detected with a primer MTOR in naïve CRPC [7]. Transcription factors regulate to exon boundary 16/17, which detects the full-length multiple signalling pathways and biological processes. transcript only (Figure 1A). In order to determine if the As such, understanding the central transcription factors p75 isoform would confound our results, we also measured underlying the castrate resistant phenotype may provide a CUX1 gene expression with primers that detected both the more appropriate therapeutic targeting approach. full length and alternatively spliced isoforms (primers to Our group previously combined transcriptomic exon boundary 21/22). As per the full-length transcript, analysis with bioinformatic prediction tools to identify CUX1 was increased in the LNCaP-ABL cell line transcription factors associated with an experimental compared to LNCaP Parental (p = 0.002; Figure 1B). model of the CRPC phenotype [8]. The transcription factor There was no significant difference in the relative gene cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) was among the predicted expression levels detected by two primer sets (p = 0.779). transcription factors associated with castrate resistance. CUX1 expression is increased in LNCaP-ABL CUX1 was chosen for further clinical and functional cells (Figure 1C). Densitometry of the p200 and p110 analysis because it is involved in cellular processes isoforms, normalised to endogenous control, demonstrates relevant to cancer including cell proliferation, cell a statistically significant upregulation in the p200 (p = motility and invasiveness [9–12]. There is contradictory 0.028) but not the p110 (p = 0.362) isoform in LNCaP- evidence between the association of CUX1 and cancer. ABL compared to LNCaP parental cells. The ratio of Most studies to date have attributed an oncogenic role for p110: p200 protein is reduced in LNCaP-ABL cells, with CUX1 in human cancer [11–14]. Studies in breast cancer the androgen-sensitive LNCaP parental cells expressing have identified an association between elevated CUX1 a mean p110/p200 proportion of 0.69 ( ± 0.20) compared expression and tumour progression and CUX1 expression to 0.23 (±0.05) in the androgen-independent LNCaP- was inversely correlated with relapse-free and overall ABL (p = 0.04; Figure 1D). Thus, although the androgen- survival in a small subset of breast cancer tissues [15, 16]. independent cells express more CUX1 p200, a reduced However, a large scale genomic analysis of 7,651 diverse proportion of the full-length protein is being cleaved to human cancers identified inactivating mutations in CUX1 the p110 isoform. in 1-5% of tumours and concluded that CUX1 acts as a tumour suppressor [17]. CUX-1 has been shown to play Silencing of CUX1 alters cellular phenotype in a role in breast cancer progression and in drug resistance prostate adenocarcinoma cells in gastric cancer but to date has minimal functional association with prostate cancer [11, 18, 19]. Knockdown of CUX1 does not alter cell proliferation CUX1 is a multi-isoform protein (reviewed in [20]). in LNCaP cells. CUX1 was knocked down with a non- The full length protein is approximately 200 kDa and targeting siRNA used as control. No difference was predominantly acts as a transcriptional repressor [21]. The observed in the proliferative capacity of LNCaP parental p200 CUX1 can be proteolytically cleaved into multiple cells following knockdown of CUX1 (p = 0.687; Figure 2A). isoforms with distinct transcriptional regulation, including Similarly, no difference was identified in the proliferation the p110CUX1 isoform that acts as both a transcriptional of LNCaP-ABL cells following CUX1 knockdown (p = activator and repressor [13]. CUX1 also has distinct splice 0.829; Figure 2A). For all knockdown experiments, CUX1 variants; the p75CUX1 isoform of the transcription factor has knockdown was confirmed by gene expression analysis been associated with breast cancer and myeloid leukaemia (Figure 2D), with CUX1 significantly downregulated in [11, 14]. In this study, we investigate the association of siRNA-treated cells compared to scramble control (P < CUX1 in clinical samples of CRPC and investigate its role 0.05) for all assays. Knockdown was also confirmed by in CRPC using a preclinical model of disease. Western blot analysis of p200CUX1 (Figure 2E). RESULTS CUX1 knockdown modifies migration and invasion capacity of cells Prostate adenocarcinoma cells express different ratios of p110/p200 isoforms depending on Prior to transfection, the migration rate between androgen status LNCaP parental and LNCaP-ABL cells were measured. No significant difference was observed between LNCaP The prostate adenocarcinoma cell line LNCaP is parental (mean 46.33 ± 27 cells per field) and LNCaP- androgen sensitive whereas the derivative subline LNCaP ABL cells (mean 61.78 ± 11.15 cells per field), p = 0.516. ABL is androgen-independent [22]. CUX1 has increased When CUX1 was knocked down, there was a statistically gene expression in androgen-independent LNCaP-ABL significant increase in the number of cells migrating compared to androgen-sensitive LNCaP (p = 0.003; Figure through the transwell inserts in LNCaP parental (p = 1A). CUX1 has multiple splice variants, most notably the 0.003) but not LNCaP-ABL (p = 0.126) cells (Figure 2B). www.oncotarget.com 847 Oncotarget Prior to transfection, the invasion rate between 26.6% and 24.1% invading cells compared
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