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Notes

RICHARD FREADMAN AND LLOYD REINHARDT: INTRODUCTION

1. Reed Way Dasenbrock (ed.), Redrawing the Lines: , Deconstruction, and Literary Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minne• sota Press, 1989). 2. The reply appeared initially in Scrutiny, Vol. VI, No.1 Oune 1937) and is reprinted in F. R. Leavis, The Common Pursuit (London: Penguin, 1966), pp. 211-22. 3. Dasenbrock, Redrawing the Lines, p. 3. 4. Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer• sity Press, 1957). See especially Frye's 'Polemical Introduction'. 5. See Richard Macksey and Eugene Donato (eds), The Structuralist Controversy: The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970). 6. See Mary Louise Pratt, Towards a Speech Act Theory of Literature (Bloom• ington: Indiana University Press, 1977), and Richard Ohmann, 'Speech Acts and the Definition of Literature', Philosophy and Rhetoric, 4 (Winter 1971), pp. 1-19. 7. For discussion of the Geneva School and aspects of Husserl's influence see Robert R. Magolia, Phenomenology and Literature: An Introduction (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1977). 8. Alfred Schutz, Collected Papers, ed. Maurice Natanson (3 vols, The Hague: Martinus Nijoff, 197~1976). 9. Mikel Dufrenne, The Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience, trans. E. S. Casey, A. A. Anderson, Willis Domingo and Leon Jacobson (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973). 10. Roman Ingarden, The Literary Work of Art: An Investigation on the Borderlines of Ontology, Logic, and the Theory of Literature, trans. George G. Grabowicz (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973); The Cognition of the Literary Work of Art, trans. Ruth Anne Crowley and Kenneth R. Olson (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973). 11. See especially E. D. Hirsch Jr, Validity in Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967). 12. , 'Signature Event Context', trans. Samuel Webber and Jeffrey Mehlman, Glyph, 1 (1977), pp. 172-97; John Searle, 'Reiterating the Differences: A Reply to Derrida', Glyph, 1 (1977), pp. 198-208; Jacques Derrida, 'Limited Inc abc', Glyph, 2 (1977), pp. 162-254. 13. Dasenbrock, Redrawing the Lines, p. 13. 14. Shoshana Felman, The Literary Speech Act: Don Juan with J. L. Austin, or Seduction in Two Languages, trans. Catherine Porter (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983); Henry Statten, Wittgenstein and Derrida (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984).

253 254 Notes - Ian Saunders

RICHARD FREADMAN AND SEUMAS MILLER: DECONSTRUCTION AND CRITICAL PRACTICE

1. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'Sex and History in The Prelude (1805), Books IX-XIII', Richard Machin and Christopher Norris (eds.), Post• structuralist Readings of English Poetry (London: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 193-227. Page references to the article will appear in parentheses after quotations. The article is reprinted in Gayatri Spivak's recent volume, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (London: Methuen, 1987), pp. 46-76. 2. Howard Felperin, Beyond Deconstruction: The Uses and Abuses of Literary Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), p. 33. 3. The text used here is J. c. Maxwell (ed.), William Wordsworth: The Prelude: A Parallel Text (London: Penguin, 1971). Unless, as in this case, there has been cause to quote the 1850 version, we have followed Spivak in citing the 1805 one. 4. On Wordsworth and Burke, see James K. Chandler, Wordsworth's Second Nature: A Study of Poetry and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). 5. Geoffrey Hartman, Wordsworth's Poetry: 1787-1814 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), p. 168. 6. The note of doubt appears in such lines as:

Of these and other kindred notices I cannot say what portion is in truth The naked recollection of that time, And what may rather have been called to life By after-meditation. (III, 644-8)

7. Woody Allen, 'Conversations with Helmholtz', in Getting Even (New York: Vintage Books, 1978), p. 85. 8. We have largely derived this account from the chapter 'Linguistics and Grammatology' in Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp.27-73. 9. M. H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature (New York: Norton, 1971), p. 96. For a review of Natural Supernaturalism written under Derridean influence see J. Hillis Miller 'Tradition and Difference', Diacritics, 2 (Winter 1972), pp. 6-13. 10. Ibid., pp. 113-14. 11. David Novitz, Knowledge, Fiction & Imagination (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987). See especially Ch. 1 and Ch. 2. 12. Hartman, Wordsworth's Poetry, p. 66. 13. Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, ed. George Watson (London: Dent, 1975), especially Ch. XIII. 14. The quotation is from Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 348. Notes - Ian Saunders 255

15. Given that Gayatri Spivak, a non-Caucasian critic, has written at length about the status and mythology of the 'subaltern' (see In Other Worlds, Ch. 12), it may seem provocative of us to use the term 'alien' here. This is not our intention. However, in respect of Wordsworth's poem we use the term advisedly, and here some explanation is necessary. At one level we sympathise with Spivak's desire to con• struct out of elements of Wordsworth's poem (and other texts, theor• ies etc.) a sort of subversive or ur- text which will meet her needs, and address her interests, as a marginalised person. At another level, however, such a critical procedure concerns us insofar as its denial or silencing of the poem Wordsworth actually wrote amounts to a denial and silencing of Wordsworth. We believe such critical acts of re• pression on the part of the repressed to be of doubtful value. By all means, let us understand the presence and nature of ideological elements in Wordsworth's poem; but we contend that in order to understand these and other things about the poem, it is necessary to grasp the poem in its own discursive context. Failure to do so ulti• mately works against the interests of political criticism because it blocks or obscures access to the very things - ideology, for instance• that political criticism seeks to elucidate. It should also be noted that the poem Wordsworth wrote serves perfectly valid, non-ideological interests and needs of individuals in cultural situations other than (or even, perhaps, similar to) that of Spivak's own: for example, individ• uals whose spiritual sensibilities find fulfilment in The Prelude but would be desolated by the Marxist-semiological denial of the spiritual realm. 16. The term is Eugene Goodheart's, The Skeptic Disposition in Contempor• ary Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 14.

IAN SAUNDERS: ON THE ALIEN

1. Jonathan Ree, Philosophical Tales: An Essay on Philosophy and Literature (London: Methuen, 1987), p. 55. 2. Michel de Certeau, 'On the OppOSitional Practices of Everyday Life', Social Text, 3 (1980), pp. 3-43, (6). 3. Imre Salusinszky, Criticism in Society (New York and London: Methuen, 1987), p. 81. 4. Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays 1972-1980 (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982), p. 97. 5. The phrase is Wolfgang Haug's. See his Commodity Aesthetics, Ideology and Culture (New York: International General, 1987), pp. 103-20. 6. See for example Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contempor• ary Criticism, (second edition, London: Methuen, 1983), pp. 206, 237, and Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 19. 7. Salusinszky, Criticism in Society, p. 164. 8. , On Certainty, trans. Denis Paul and G. E. M. Anscombe (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1969), p. 24e #166. 256 Notes - Christopher Cordner

9. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), p. xxiii. 10. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), p. 99. 11. Gayatri Spivak, 'Sex and History in The Prelude', in Richard Machin and Christopher Norris (eds), Post-structuralist Readings of English Poetry, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 219. 12. Ian Hacking, Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 171. 13. Roy Harris, The Language Myth (London: Duckworth, 1981), p. 204. 14. Donald Davidson, 'A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs' in Ernest LePore (ed.), Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 446. Cited in Rorty, Con• tingency, Irony, Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 15. 15. Rorty, Contingency, p. 21. 16. Michael Dummett, 'A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs: Some Com• ments on Davidson and Hacking', in LePore (ed.), Truth and Interpreta• tion, p. 465. 17. The 'origin' (if that is quite the word under the circumstances) being of course Derrida's 'Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences', in Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (London: Routledge, 1978), p. 292.

CHRISTOPHER CORDNER: F. R. LEAVIS AND THE MORAL IN LITERATURE

1. There is a fair body of critical work on Leavis. Among the best of it is V. Buckley, Poetry and Morality (London: Chatto & Windus, 1959), Ch. 6 and Ch. 7; J. Casey, The Language of Criticism (London: Methuen, 1966), Ch. 8 and Ch. 9; and M. Tanner, 'Literature and Philosophy', New Universities Quarterly (Winter 1975), pp. 54-64. Those who have sought to criticise Leavis from a post-modernist standpoint have for the most part shown little insight into his work: e.g. C. Belsey, 'Re-Reading the Great Tradition', in Re-Reading English ed. P. Widdow• son (London & New York: Methuen, 1982), and Critical Practice (Lon• don & New York: Methuen, 1980), Ch. 1; and H. Felperin, Beyond Deconstruction: The Uses and Abuses of Literary Theory (Oxford: Claren• don Press, 1985), Ch. 1 in an otherwise perceptive and judicious book. A partial exception is Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), Ch. 1 who spoils his brief but apt (as far as it goes) recapitulation by assuming that a sociological account of the origins of Leavis's views suffices to discredit them. I should like to register my indebtedness to a number of excellent articles on the moral in literature by S. L. Goldberg. These include: 'Morality and Literature; with some Reflections on Daniel Deronda', The Critical Review, XXII (1980), pp. 3-20; 'Moral Thinking: The Mill on the Floss', The Critical Review, XXIV (1982), pp. 55-79; 'Agents and Notes - Christopher Cordner 257

Lives: Making Moral Sense of People', The Critical Review, XXV (1983), pp. 25-49; and 'Literary Judgment: Making Moral Sense of Poems', The Critical Review, XXVIII (1986), pp. 18-46. On these articles, and especially the last, I have drawn heavily in this paper. 2. I do not wish to define 'imaginative literature' at all precisely. I take the term to cover at least novels and short stories, plays and poetry. But much else outside that field - for example travel-writing, history, political satire, cultural commentary, (auto)biography, journalistic re• portage and philosophy - can, although it need not, be treated as imaginative literature. 3. F. R. Leavis, The Great Tradition (London: Chatto & Windus, 1973), p. 7. 4. F. R. Leavis, 'Johnson and Augustanism', in The Common Pursuit (London: Penguin, 1962), pp. 110-1I. 5. F. R. Leavis, Revaluation (London: Pelican, 1978), pp. 203. 6. F. R. Leavis, '''Thought'' and Emotional Quality', Scrutiny, XIII (1945); pp.53-71. 7. F. R. Leavis, Revaluation, p. 202. 8. Ibid., p. 207. 9. If we find someone graceful or noble or pompous, it is not quite right to ascribe these qualities to the person's consciousness. They rather denote the person - under a certain aspect. Similarly with the sorts of characterisations Leavis offers of Shelley's poetry. Later I shall speak, more aptly, of the 'whole way of being alive in and to the world' which is manifested in a text. The phrase comes from Goldberg, 'Literary Judgment', p. 29. 10. D. Holbrook, 'F. R. Leavis and "Creativity"', New Universities Quar• terly (Winter 1975), p. 76. 11. points out that the concept of the voluntary embraces that of choice. In what follows I shall sometimes speak elliptically of the voluntary, thereby intending to cover choice as well. 12. The discussion that follows - of the need to extend the range of the morally evaluable beyond the voluntary - is certainly not exhaustive. Two other relevant discussions are L. C. Holborrow, 'Blame, Praise and Credit', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, LXXII (1971-72), pp. 85-100, and R. M. Adams, 'Involuntary Sins', Philosophical Review, 94 (1985), pp. 3-31, to the latter of which, particularly, I am indebted. 13. In fact I think that acting in those ways is wrong primarily because of what it shows about one - that one is vain, or self-righteous, for example. It is commoner to suppose that it is wrong to be vain because vanity is a disposition to act in certain ways whose wrongness can be independently identified - for example by the harmful effects on others. 14. R. M. Adams, art. cit., p. 6. 15. There is a long story to be told about the motives for the generation of this conception. of the mind. It has to do with the attempt to accommo• date the mind within the newly compelling picture of the world as atomistic and mechanistic. Complex things are composed of discrete atoms, themselves wholly passive. Their motion is always the result of the application of external forces to them. So nothing internal to the processes of consciousness (conation, effection and cognition) can be 258 Notes - Christopher Cordner

active. But a separate will can be posited which is external to these processes, while still somehow belonging to the person, and which can initiate movement of the body, just as external forces can effect motion in other bodies. 16. In the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle tries to show that the concept of the voluntary is wider than that of control (roughly in the sense I have spoken of):

it was at first open to the unjust and licentious person not to become such, and therefore they are voluntarily what they are; but now that they have become what they are, it is no longer open to them not to be such. (1114a, 20-22)

I take it that Aristotle thinks his point helps to show that our ordinary practices of moral evaluation do not in fact take as their objects dispositions which lie outside the voluntary. But I think he is mis• taken. Doubtless many past choices and voluntary actions by someone will have helped to shape his current affective dispositions. But people choose and act as they do out of the way they see things, and out of the desires and values and capacities for feeling which they have; and these, while more or less educable, are partly non-voluntary disposi• tions which are not themselves wholly the issue of further choices and voluntary actions. A further observation. Aristotle seems to think that the voluntariness of our dispositions is a function of their genesis from past actions and choices. A different approach might emphasise forward-looking criteria, e.g. that a person's dispositions are volun• tary to the extent to which he is educable in respect of them. An outline of such an approach is given by T. Irwin in 'Reason and Responsibility in Aristotle', in A. Rorty (ed.), Essays on Aristotle's Ethics (California: Berkeley, 1980), pp. 117-55. While interesting, this ap• proach faces difficulties of its own. 17. D. Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966), p. 322. 18. 1. Murdoch, 'Vision and Choice in Morality', Proceedings of the Aristote- lian Society, Supplementary Volume XXX (1956), pp. 39-40. 19. D. Hume, lac. cit. 20. D. Hume, lac. cit. 21. Goldberg brings this point out nicely in 'Literary Judgment', p. 22. 22. The example is borrowed from Goldberg, 'Morality and Literature', pp. 13-14. In his discussion of it Goldberg shows how Leavis's treat• ing Gwendolen as a fully responSible moral agent who has created her own moral self through her choices and voluntary actions, severely limits his critical account of the book. 23. F. R. Leavis, The Great Tradition, pp. 102-3. 24. Ibid., pp. 106-7. 25. Ibid. 26. Compare J. Derrida, 'Differance', in Speech and Phenomena (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), p. 137: Notes - Kevin Hart 259

And we shall see why what is designated by 'differance' is neither simply active nor simply passive, that it announces or rather recalls something like the middle voice, that it speaks of an operation which is not an operation, which cannot be thought of either as a passion or as an action of a subject upon an object, as starting from an agent or from a patient, or on the basis of, or in view of, any of these terms. But philosophy has perhaps commenced by distributing the middle voice, and has itself been constituted in this repression.

27. B. Johnson, The Critical Difference: Essays in the Contemporary Rhetoric of Reading (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 5. 28. E.g. J. Derrida, 'Deconstruction and the Other', in R. Kearney, Dia• logues with Contemporary Continental Thinkers: The Phenomenological Heri• tage (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 123. 29. Cf. Goldberg, 'Literary Judgment', p. 30.

KEVIN HART: ON BEING PROPER

1. Walter Jackson Bate, 'The Crisis in English Studies', Harvard Magazine (Sep.-Oct., 1982), pp. 46-53. 2. Pierre Macherey, A Theory of Literary Production, trans. Geoffrey Wall (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 16. 3. Frederick A. Pottle, 'The Life of Boswell', The Yale Review, 35 (1946), p.449. 4. Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, trans Alan Bass (London: Rout• ledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 280. 5. Derrida, 'Deconstruction and the Other', in Richard Kearney, Dialogues with Contemporary Continental Thinkers: The Phenomenological Heritage (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 112. 6. Derrida, Schibboleth: Pour Paul Celan (Paris: Editions Galilee, 1986); Ulysse gramophone; Deux mots pour Joyce (Paris: Editions Galilee, 1987). 7. e.e. cummings, Complete Poems 1910-1960, ed. George James Firmage, (revised edition, London: Granada, 1981), Vol. 1, p. 396. 8. John Ashbery, The Tennis Court Oath (Middletown: Wesleyan Univer• sity Press, 1962), p. 33.

GREGORY CURRIE: INTERPRETING FICTIONS

1. Sometimes real people and places are referred to in fictions. Thus 'London', as used in The Turn of the Screw, refers to London. (Through• out I use ordinary quotation marks, as here - correctly - and in places where comers ought to go.) 2. In The Nature of Fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), I develop a theory which dispenses with fictional worlds and fictional beings. 3. I realise that at least some of these putative features of belief are 260 Notes - Gregory Currie

controversial (see e.g. Robert Stalnaker, Inquiry, (Cambridge, Massa• chusetts: MIT Press, 1984), especially Ch. 5. 4. If a functional account of belief is correct then beliefs are essentially connected with behaviour; beliefs are to be characterised partly in terms of their typical behavioural effects. But to say this is not to say that a certain piece of behaviour is invariably the result of having a certain belief. 5. This is Hilary Putnam's characterisation of realism in Meaning and the Moral Sciences (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), pp. 123-40. 6. We might call this 'minimal scientific realism.' For example, van Fraassen is a realist by this criterion, but in other important respects he is an anti-realist (see his The Scientific Image (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980». 7. The determinacy of mentalistic attribution has been challenged by a number of writers, most famously Quine. The most recent, and most radical, challenge is that of Kripke, in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982). 8. See T. Parsons, Nonexistent Objects (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980). 9. I assume for the moment that the concept of relevant evidence is unproblematic. I withdraw this assumption in Section 4. 10. I consider this strategy independently from the first, ontology• inflating proposal, but in fact they might be adopted as a package: it is authorial intention that connects the story with one of the determinate Parsonian governesses rather than the other. But if I am right in my criticism of the intention-based strategy, that proposal cannot be saved by connecting it to the proposal just considered. 11. In fact there is an alarming tendency in the current literature to go to the opposite extreme. See Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels, 'Against Theory', Critical Inquiry, 8 (1982), pp. 72~ and 'Against Theory 2; Hermeneutics and Deconstruction', Critical Inquiry, 14 (1987), pp. 49-68. For criticism see my The Nature of Fiction, Ch. 3. 12. The example is due to David Lewis ('Truth in Fiction', in Philosophical Papers, Vol. 1 [London: Oxford University Press, 1984]). 13. This is another point of similarity with belief. You may believe that either P or Q, without believing P or believing Q. 14. This strategy is adopted by Alan Goldman in defending the claim that moral propositions have truth values in the face of fundamental moral disagreements (see his Moral Knowledge [London: Routledge, 1989]). 15. On some accounts 'Holmes lived in Baker Street' is truth-valueless. According to the semantics for fictional names that I give in Ch. 4 of The Nature of Fiction, such sentences are false. But this issue does not really affect the present question, because if such sentences are truth• valueless, that is equally an objection to the account we are considering. 16. See Frank Jackson, Conditionals (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p. 10. 17. On make-believe and its relation to fiction reading see my The Nature of Fiction, especially Ch. 5. See also Kendall Walton, Mimesis as Make• Believe, forthcoming. 18. This, of course, is a rational reconstruction of a process that proceeds Notes - Anne Freadman 261

in fits and starts, with much backtracking for revision as we read and so accumulate more knowledge of the text. 19. See Frank Jackson, Conditionals, Section 5.5. 20. 'Relativism' is a somewhat adaptive term, and the sense I ascribe to it in what follows is just one of the senses it may bear. For some writers its meaning is close to what I here call 'anti-realism' (see e.g. Joseph Margolis, 'Robust Relativism', Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 35 (1976), pp. 37-46). 21. Earlier I argued against the idea that what is true in a story is determined by the author's intentions. But my argument there was consistent with the weaker claim that the author's intentions count as relevant evidence, along with evidence of other kinds, as to the acceptability of an interpretation. 22. This argument corresponds to, or at least has close affinities with, one of the more interesting lines of thought recently pursued by Stanley Fish. But in Fish's exposition it is mixed up with a number of others which I regard as straightforwardly mistaken. See e.g. his 'Normal Circumstances ... and Other Special Cases', in Is There a Text in This Class? (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980). A good account of some of Fish's errors is to be found in Peter Kivy, 'Fish's Consequences', British Journal of Aesthetics, 29 (1989), pp. 57-64. 23. See The Nature of Fiction, Ch. 3. 24. An earlier version of this paper was read at The London School of Economics in May 1989. I am especially indebted to Elie Zahar, who pointed out an important error in the earlier version.

ANNE FREADMAN: REMARKS ON CURRIE

1. Michel Foucault, L'Ordre du discours (Paris: Gallimard, 1971). Michel Foucault, Archeology of Knowledge, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (London: Tavistock, 1972). Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan S!l.eridan (New York: Pantheon, 1977). 2. Jean-Fran~ois Lyotard, The Post-modern Condition: A Report on Knowl• edge, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Manchester: Man• chester University Press, 1984); Jean-Fran~ois Lyotard, Le Differend (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1983). 3. Jacques Derrida, 'La Loi du genrefThe Law of Genre', Glyph, 7 (1980), pp. 176-232. See also the use I have made of this analysis in my discussion of generic self-classification, in my 'Untitled (On Genre)', Cultural Studies 2, 1 (1988), pp. 67-99. 4. Jacques Derrida, The Truth of Painting, trans. Geoff Bennington and Ian McLeod (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). 5. Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge. 6. This is Lyotard's reading of a metaphor from Kant, in Le Differend. 7. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G. E. M. Ans• combe (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1953). 8. 'Modesty' is the product of rhetorical practices. Within the French 262 Notes - Anne Freadman

tradition, the exercise of the explication de texte is fundamental. This is not limited to the teaching of literary texts, but is equally characteristic of the pedagogical methods of history and of philosophy. The lectures of the 'great masters' of the 1960s and 1970s were characteristically structured by this kind of textual work, and it remains the basis of large portions of their books. Challenges to the generalisations about meaning made by either truth-conditional, or linguistic, semantics, are made on the strength of analyses of the specificities of discursive events. 9. Roman Jakobson argued the possibility of an exhaustive linguistic analysis of poetic texts, and one of the most famous, and longest• lasting controversies of the period of high literary structuralism was focused on this claim. A recent commented bibliography of the 'Les Chats' controversy can be found in Jean Mourot, 'Encore "Les Chats"!', in Etudes de langue et de litterature fran~aises: offertes a Andre Lanly (Nancy: Publications Nancy II, 1980), pp. 505-20. ('La Querelle des Chats: Bibliographie', pp. 519-20). Paul Werth took up Jakobson's claims from the point of view of linguistics showing that different descriptive postulates would reveal different structures, thus effec• tively scotching the pretension to definitive exhaustivity. See Paul Werth, 'Roman Jakobson's Verbal Analysis of Poetry', Poetics, 17 (1988), pp. 113-34. My discussion of Werth's critique of Jakobson can be found in 'Reason and Persuasion: Two Essays to Reread Jakobson' Poetics, 17 (1988), pp. 113-34. It was , in S/2, who first explored the necessity of selectivity in the reading processes of prose, see also The Pleasure of the Text, trans. Richard Miller (New York: Hill and Wang, 1975). Umberto Eco followed with his notion of 'inferential walks', "'Lector in Fabula": Pragmatic Strategy in a Metanarrative Text', in The Role of the Reader (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1978), pp. 299-360. 10. The structuralist who has canvassed most broadly the problem of translation as it is posed on the basis of the discontinuity of systems and the variety of mapping relations possible amongst them is Michel Serres, Hermes, III. La Traduction (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1968). 11. J. L. Austin, How to Do Things With Words, (Cambridge, Mass.: Har• vard University Press, 1962). 12. Emile Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics, trans. Mary Elizabeth Meek (Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1971). See espe• cially 'The Correlations of Tense in the French Verb', Vol. 1, pp. 205-15. 13. John Searle, Speech Acts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). 14. This distinction is part of the three-way distinction proposed by Charles Morris, Foundations of the Theory of Signs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938). John Lyons gives an introductory discussion of it in his Semantics, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), and it is of course part of the generalised structure of the institutional discipline of linguistics. I have discussed the difference between Morris' distinction, in particular as it claims to derive from Peirce, and the notion of the enonciation in Benveniste, in '''Prag- Notes - Anne Freadman 263

matics" and the"enonciation''', typescript in circulation. 15. Cf. also P. W. Strawson, 'On Referring', MIND, 59 (1950), pp. 329-433. 16. Shoshana Felman, Le Scandale du corps parlant: Don Juan avec Austin, ou La Seduction en deux langues (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1980). 17. This is of course a most incomplete account of Felman's book, which complements its analysis of the debate concerning the constative with an analysis of 'promising' in Moliere's Don Juan. In this part of the book, Felman demonstrates the utility for speech-act theory of analys• ing not only the failures of the act, but its violations. 18. I am here leaving out of consideration the work of structuralist and non-structuralist linguistic pragmatics, which is less concerned with the conceptual structure of its own discourse than with the empirical description of discursive forms. The value of this work cannot be overestimated. I think it is true to say that it is a practical consequence of this kind of work also, that the 'assertible' could not be considered separately from the 'assertable'. 19. This is collected together in Jacques Derrida, Limited Inc.: abc . .. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, c. 1977). 20. See Jacques Derrida,:Signature, evenement, contexte', in Marges - de la philosophie (Paris, Editions de Minuit), p. 393. 21. There is a significant difference between my notation, and Currie's decision to use S(P), since the implication of the latter is that S is of a different order from P. Serial notation of embedding structures is useful in the description of embedded narrative: the narrator recounts that a character tells a story in which ... 22. Russell's position, that they are false, has been hotly contested ever since it was put. See John Searle's overview of the question, 'The Logical Status of Fictional Discourse', New Literary History, 6 (1975), pp. 319-32. The literature on this issue is extensive, and has been one of the areas in which both philosophers and literary theorists have participated most fruitfully. A paper deserving to be better known comes from the school of 'logical semiotics' in Poland: Jerzy Pe1c, 'On Fictitious Entities and Fictional Texts', Recherches semiotiques/Semiotic Inquiry, Vol. 6 (1986), pp. 1-35. 23. Vladimir Propp, The Morphology of the Folk-tale, trans. Laurence Scott (second edition, Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1968). 24. See Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics, Vols. I and II. The two pairs are non-coincident: un enonce is the product of une enonciation, whereas histoire and discours are two kinds of discursive structure, distinguished by opposing uses of tenses and other deictics. Where histoire erases the signs of the enonciation in the text, discours capitalises on them, making the uttering act itself part of its thematic material. 25. Barbara Herrnstein-Smith, 'Narrative Versions, Narrative Theories', Critical Inquiry, 7, 1 (Autumn 1980), pp. 213-36. 26. Georges Poulet, La Conscience Critique (Paris: Corti, 1971), p. 52. 27. Roland Barthes, The Pleasure of the Text trans. Richard Miller (New York: Hill & Wang, 1975. 28. Ian Hunter, Culture and Government: The Emergence of Literary Education (London: Macmillan, 1988). 264 Notes - Anne Freadman

29. Pierre Bourdieu, Ler;on sur la ler;on (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1982). 30. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). 31. William Labov, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, c. 1972). 32. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences, trans. from the French (London: Tavistock, 1970). 33. A useful reminder of this history could be read in a series of articles in Le Monde (19 jan. 1990) on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the founding of Les Annales by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre (1929). The journal is given to writing its own history at moments of 'crise' in its 'reflexion methodologique'; Carlo Ginzburg's article on this theme mentions in particular Braudel's 'Histoire et sciences sociales. La longue duree' (1958), which opened the debate with Levi-Strauss and structuralism generally, and the 1988 editorial. The anniversary num• ber (nov.-dec. 1989) is devoted to the relation between history and the social sciences, and the 'crisis' provoked by new work in the history of art and science, the overthrow of the dominant paradigms of the previous thirty years, and of 'Le consensus implicite qui fondait l'unite du social en l'identifiant au reel'. 34. For example C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1923) and William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity (London: Chatto & Windus, 1947). 35. John Crowe Ransom, The New Criticism (Norfolk, Connecticut: New Direction, 1941). 36. I have discussed this problem at greater length in 'Taking Things Literally (Sins of my Old Age)', Southern Review, 18, 2 (1985) 162-88. 37. See Meaghan Morris, 'Apologia: Beyond Deconstruction/ "Beyond What?", in The Pirate's Fiancee: Feminism, Reading, Postmodernism (Lon• don and New York: Verso, 1988) pp. 123-36. 38. , Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietz• sche, Rilke and Proust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979). 39. Lyotard, Le Differend. 40. In this formulation, I am setting aside the problem of classification in order to attend to a 'level' of discursive coding that directly governs the form of discursive acts, or 'texts'. My first attempt to work out how these two problems are connected is in 'Anyone for Tennis?', in The Place of Genre in Learning: Current Debates, ed. Ian Reid (Geelong: Deakin University: Typereader Publications no. I, 1987) pp. 91-124. (Cf. mark II of the same paper, with some further reflections, 'Untitled (on Genre)'.) 41. The 'structuralist' question of genre, taking up the use of this concept from the Russian Formalists, was usefully put by Tzvetan Todorov, Les Genres du discours (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1978); Gerard Genette's important paper, 'Genres, Types, Modes', Poetique, 8, 32 (1977) 389-421, already raised the question of the historical dimension of genre through its careful study of the history of the Aristotelian framework in European poetics since the Renaissance. Both Todorov Notes - Anne Freadman 265

and Genette limit their work to the literary, despite the fact that part of Todorov's argument concerns the transformation of non-literary dis• cursive forms into aesthetic forms. The use of the term to refer to the full range of discursive forms recognised by a society is due to Mikhail Bakhtin, 'The Problem of Speech Genres', in Speech Genres and Other Late Essays trans. Vern W. McGee (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986) pp. 6~102. The necessity of positing genre as the centre of a 'structuralist history' of literary forms was stated by Paul Hernadi, Beyond Genre (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1972) and its place in a Marxist history of literature has been explored more recently by John Frow, Marxism and Literary History (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986). 42. It has for a long time held an important place in cinema studies; its place in literary studies has been sporadic but regular. It has recently been taken up in studies of pedagogy (cf. Reid, (ed.), The Place of Genre in Learning). In feminism, it is central to the genre/gender question. Its place as a fulcrum in interdisciplinary cultural studies as practised in Australia was marked by 'The Patchwork Conference - On Genre', held at Queensland University under the aegis of ASPACLS, in July 1988; some of the papers from that conference are printed in Southern Review, 22 (1989), special no. on genre. 43. Cf. Note 22. 44. This may seem like a risky thing to say about Aristotle. It is justified by the fact - all too frequently forgotten - that Aristotle's Poetics as we have it is the study of the proprieties - the properties - of two genres, Attic tragedy, and epic. Since we know that the rules of mimesis governing comedy were different, my formulation is not far-fetched. Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose is, among other things, a speculation as to what the theory of comedy might have been in the lost second book of the Poetics. A point that has some bearing on the final argument I shall make in this paper is that Eco's 'fiction' is also of its own authority a theory of comedy, and thus by extension - Eco's Poetics. 45. Note that 'modernism' is also a tradition, with its canon, that can be dated to the middle of last century. In France, the name most fre• quently invoked in the history of modernism is that of Baudelaire. A serious history of literary modernism, focusing less on the opposition between 'textuality' and 'representation' than on the textual strategies produced by the social repositioning of 'literature' and on the regimes of reading responsible for what we now practise as literary interpreta• tion, is Ross Chambers' Melancolie et opposition (Paris, Corti, 1987). 46. , Course in General Linguistics, trans. W. Baskin (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966). 47. Richard Ohmann's is the first attempt I am aware of to use speech-act theory to account for literature: 'Speech Acts and the Definition of Literature', Philosophy and Rhetoric, 4 (1971), pp. 1-19. 48. This is certainly Kristeva's position in La Revolution du langage poetique (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1977) but it is also part of the standard understanding of Duchamp's 'found objects'. 49. , Collected Papers, Vols. 1-6, ed. Charles Harts- 266 Notes - Anne Freadman

horne and Paul Weiss; Vols. 7-8, ed. Arthur Burks (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1931-1958). SO. 'Semiosis' is Peirce's term for the action of signs, and is theorised on the basis of his notion of the 'interpretant'. Since Jakobson, it has become customary in some quarters in semiotics to use it to rethink the whole problem of 'meaning' in semiotic practices. My usage can be construed through my earlier comments on 'translation'. 51. Cf. Michel de Certeau, The Practices of Every-day Life, trans. Steven F. Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984). 52. Cf. Reid (ed.), The Place of Genre in Learning. 53. Cf. Pierre Bourdieu, and Jean-Claude Passeron, Reproduction: In Edu• cation, Society and Culture, trans. Richard Nice (London, Beverley Hills: Sage Publications, 1977). 54. The usage is due to Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, and has been explored by Lyotard in Le Differend. 55. I have argued (in 'Taking Things Literally') that representation is a secondary, if important, effect of systems and practices of 'difference'. The point of this argument is to move away from a futile polemic in 1970s semiotics, according to which: (I) 'representation' was against the rules in theories of signification, and (2) representational practices such as photography and the cinema have no use for the theory of semiotic systems. Cf. also my 'Reading the Visual', Framework, 39/31 (1986), pp. 134-57, in which I argue the possibility of analysing both representational and non-representational pictorial effects on the same principles. 56. Anne Freadman, 'Le Genre humain - A Classification', Australian Journal of French Studies (1986), pp. 309-74. 57. Frances Muecke, 'Virgil and the Genre of Pastoral', AUMLA, 44 (1974), pp.169-80. 58. Cf. Ian Reid, 'Genre and Framing', Poetics, 17 (1988) 25-35, and Ian Reid, 'When is an Epitaph not an Epitaph?', Southern Review, 22, 3 (1989), pp. 198-210; and John Frow, Marxism and Literary History. 59. Peirce, Collected Papers 1, 545-59. Cf. 5, 283 ff.; 5, 473: 5, 569. 1, 339. 1, 541, etc. 60. Cf. Anne Freadman, 'Untitled (On Genre)'. 61. The fiction can be read in terms of one of the conventions of tragedy, to the status of which grand opera accedes in the nineteenth century. This convention prescribes two classes of character, typically differen• tiated by a social hierarchy with which is correlated a differentiated access to truth or understanding. Seeing ghosts (Banquo's; Hamlet's father's) is a privileged knowledge from which those whose under• standing is limited to everyday practical realities are excluded - typically nurses, housekeepers and stolid or urbane companions. The very fact of transposing it into the grand form makes Britten's opera a reading of the generic practice of James' novella, which itself trans• poses these patterns from the 'high' into the intimist middle class arts of short prose fiction. 62. Max Black, Models and Metaphors (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1962). Notes - Robyn Ferrell 267

63. This argument is most fully worked out in the series known as the Harvard Lectures on Pragmat(ic)ism, vol. 5 of the Collected Papers. 64. The infinity of interpretations is posited by Blanchot as one of the defining characteristics of 'l'espace litteraire': L'Espace litteraire (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1955). Peirce also argues that semiosis is 'unlimited', and it has become customary to assimilate this to the Derridean concept of differance. Umberto Eco's corrective to this assimilation in his lecture to the C. S. Peirce Sesquicentennial International Confer• ence at Harvard, Sep. 1989, was based on a cautious and meticulous reading of the two conceptual traditions.

ROBYN FERRELL: XENOPHOBIA

1. In Writing and Difference (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981), p.278. 2. In Margins of Philosophy (Brighton: Harvester, 1982) p. 307. 3. In Glyph, 1 (1977), pp. 198-208; and see Derrida's reply, 'Limited Inc.', Glyph, 2 (1977), pp. 162-254. 4. Derrida pursues a critique of Freud (and Lacan) in many works, among them 'Freud and the Scene of Wrihng', in Writing and Differ• ence; in The Post Card (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); and Dissemination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981). 5. 'Philosophy as a Kind of Writing', in Consequences of Pragmatism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), p. 96. 6. Expression and Meaning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979). 7. Intentionality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). 8. Samuel Weber The Legend of Freud, (Minneapolis: University of Minne• sota Press, 1982). 9. In Margins of Philosophy. 10. In The Pelican Freud Library, Vol. 12, p. 243. 11. See Steven Marcus, Freud and the Culture of Psychoanalysis (London: Norton, 1987), p. 262.

STEPHEN GAUKROGER: THEORIES OF MEANING AND LITERARY THEORY

1. See, for example, the contributions to H. L. Dreyfus (ed.), Husserl, Intentionality and Cognitive Science (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1982). 2. R. Jakobson, Six Lectures on Sound and Meaning (Brighton: Harvester, 1978). 3. See F. De Saussure, Cours de linguistique generale, ed T. de Mauro (Paris: Payot, 1976), p. 172. 4. Ibid., pp. 44-5. 5. A very differe~t account of this is given in Derrida's De la grammatolo• gie (Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1967), pp. 46ff. 6. The most insightful modem discussion of Frege's semantics is given in 268 Notes - Stephen Gaukroger

M. Dummett, Frege: Philosophy of Language (second edition, London: Duckworth, 1981). 7. The Interpretation of Dreams, Standard Edition (hereafter SE), vol. V, p.277., , 8. J. Lacan, Ecrits (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1966), pp. 454ff. 9. In structuralist linguistics, linguistic units are said to bear paradigma• tic and syntagmatic relations to one another. A linguistic unit bears a paradigmatic relation to all those units which can occur in the same context. The word 'bottle' in the expression 'a bottle of milk', for example, bears a paradigmatic relation to 'jug', 'cup' etc. It bears a syntagmatic relation to 'a', 'of' and 'milk', because these are the linguistic units to which it is connected in the particular expression. A signifying chain can be defined in terms of two axes, the paradigmatic axis and the syntagmatic axis. The former is concerned with relations of similarity between units, and the selections of units determines the 'code' with which the signifying chain operates. The latter is con• cerned with relations of contiguity between units, and the order of combination of the units determines the 'message' conveyed by the signifying chain. Jakobson used these two axes to great effect in analysing different types of aphasiac speech disorder in R. Jakobson and M. Halle, Fundamentals of Language (second edition, The Hague: Mouton, 1971), pp. 67-96. 10. Freud, The Unconscious, SE, vol. XIV, p. 187. 11. Freud, The Ego and the Id, SE, vol. XIX, p. 20. 12. B. Russell, 'Logical Atomism' (1924), reprinted in his Logic and Knowl• edge, ed. R. C. Marsh (London: Allen & Unwin, 1956) p. 338. 13. On Richards see G. Hartman, 'I. A. Richards and the Dream of Communications', in his The Fate of Reading (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975). 14. R. Jakobson, 'Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics', in T. A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in Language (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1960), p.353. 15. Although I do not want to deal with the question here, it should at least be noted that Jakobson takes the positions of addresser and addressee to be fixed in advance, whereas more recent work in literary theory has tried to show how the communicative process creates places for addresser and addressee which will vary from discourse to discourse. 16. I do not mean to deny that there may be some things which one is always in a better position to know about oneself than anyone else, but this kind of privileged access is not at issue here. 17. Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege, ed. P. Geach and M. Black (Oxford: Blackwell, 1970), p. 3.

CHRISTOPHER NORRIS: LIMITED THINK

(All references to Ellis, Against Deconstruction, are given by page number only in the text.) Notes - Christopher Norris 269

1. See especially , 'Of Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense', in Walter Kaufmann (trans. & ed.), The Portable Nietzsche (New York: Viking, 1954), pp. 42-6. 2. Richard Rorty, 'Philosophy as a Kind of Writing', in Consequences Of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), pp. 89-109. See also Christopher Norris, 'Philosophy as Not Just a "Kind of Writing": Derrida and the claim of reason', in Reed Way Dasen• brock (ed.), Redrawing The Lines: Analytic Philosophy, Deconstruction, and Literary Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), pp. 189-203, and Rorty, 'Two Meanings of "Logocentrism": A Reply to Norris', ibid., pp. 204-16. 3. John M. Ellis, The Theory of Literary Criticism: a Logical Analysis (Berke• ley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974). 4. See especially the essays collected in Paul de Man, The Resistance to Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). 5. See Jacques Derrida, Dissemination, trans. Barbara Johnson (London: Athlone Press, 1981) and 'Living On: Border-Lines', in Deconstruction And Criticism, ed. Geoffrey Hartman, Harold Bloom et al (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 75-176. _ 6. See especially Derrida, Margins Of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Chi• cago: University of Chicago Press, 1982). 7. Derrida, 'Signature Event Context', Glyph, 1 (1977), pp. 172-97; John R. Searle, 'Reiterating The Differences' (reply to Derrida), Glyph, 1 (1977), pp. 198-208; Derrida, 'Limited Inc.: abc', Glyph, 2 (1977), pp. 162-254. The new edition of Limited Inc. (details at head of this article) contains both of Derrida's essay along with his 'Afterword: Toward an Ethics of Discussion', responding to questions submitted by the edi• tor, Gerald Graff. All further references to Limited Inc. (1989) given by page number in the text. For discussion of the debate between Derrida and Searle, see Jonathan Culler, 'Meaning and Convention: Derrida and Austin', New Literary History, Vol. 8 (1981), pp. 15-30; Stanley Fish, 'With the compliments of the Author: Reflections on Austin and Derrida', Critical Inquiry, Vol. 8 (1982), pp. 693-721; Christopher Norris, Derrida (London: Fontana, 1986), pp. 172-93; Gayatri Spivak, 'Revolu• tions That As Yet Have No Model: Derrida's Limited Inc.', Diacritics, Vol. 10 (1980), pp. 29-49. 8. Searle, 'Reiterating The Differences', p. 201. 9. J. L. Austin, How To Do Things With Words (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). 10. See for instance Derrida, 'Afterword: Toward an Ethics of Discussion', pp.111-54. 11. The point is already made with notable precision in Derrida, Of Grammatology, translated by Gayatri Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). See especially 'The Exorbitant: Question of Method', pp. 157-64. Let me cite one passage from this early text - a passage that Ellis ignores, along with various others to similar effect - lest it be thought that Derrida has indeed changed tack in response to hostile or uncomprehending criticism. 270 Notes - Christopher Norris

To produce this signifying structure [i.e. a deconstructive reading] obviously cannot consist of reproducing, by the effaced and respect• ful doubling of commentary, the conscious, voluntary, intentional relationship that the writer institutes in his exchanges with the history to which he belongs thanks to the element of language. This moment of doubling commentary should no doubt have its place in a critical reading. To recognize and respect all its classical exigencies is not easy and requires all the instruments of traditional criticism. Without this recognition and this respect, critical production would risk developing in any direction at all and authorize itself to say almost anything. But this indispensable guardrail has always only protected, it has never opened, a reading. (p. 158)

One could work through this passage sentence by sentence and show how it specifically disowns the attitude of free-for-all hermeneutic licence - or the downright anti-intentionalist stance - that Ellis so persistently attributes to Derrida. And of course it must also create problems for those among the deconstructionist adepts who likewise take him to have broken altogether with values of truth and falsehood, right reading, intentionality, authorial 'presence' and so forth. 12. Derrida, 's 'Origin of Geometry': An Introduction, trans. John P. Leavey (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1978); Derrida 'Speech And Phenomena' and other essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs, trans. David B. Allison (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973). 13. See especially Rodolphe Gasche The Tain Of The Mirror: Derrida and the Philosophy of Reflection (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986). 14. See Derrida, 'Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences', in Writing And Difference, trans. Alan Bass (London: Rout• ledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), pp. 278-93. 15. See Rorty, 'Philosophy as a Kind of Writing'; also 'Deconstruction and Circumvention', Critical Inquiry, Vol. 11 (1984), pp. 1-23. 16. Derrida, Glas, trans. John P. Leavey & Richard Rand (Lincoln, Ne• braska: Nebraska University Press, 1987). The Postcard: from Socrates to Freud and Beyond, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). 17. Gasche, The Tain Of The Mirror; John Llewelyn, Derrida On The Threshold Of Sense (London: Macmillan, 1986). 18. Jiirgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse Of Modernity: Twelve Lectures, trans. Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987). 19. See Derrida, 'The Supplement of Copula' and 'White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy', in Margins Of Philosophy pp. 175-205 and 207-271. 20. See Rorty, Consequences Of Pragmatism and Irony, Contingency, and Solidarity (New York & Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Notes - Horst Ruthrof 271

21. On this topic, see Norris, Paul de Man: Deconstruction and the Critique of Aesthetic Ideology (New York & London: Routledge, 1988). 22. Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. 23. Norris, 'Deconstruction, Postmodernism and Philosophy: Habermas on Derrida', Praxis International 8 (1989), pp. 426-46.

HORST RUTHROF: THE lWO PARADIGMS

1. A detailed exploration of the issues canvassed here can be found in Pandor and Occam: On the Limits of Language and Literature (forthcoming). 2. P. F. Strawson, 'On Referring', Mind, 59 (1950), pp. 320-44, (336). 3. Jean Baudrillard, Selected Writings, ed. Mark Poster (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988); Stanley Fish, 'Consequences', in Against Theory: Literature and the New Pragmatism, ed. W. J. T. Mitchell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985) and Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980). 4. Reed Way Dasenbrock, Redrawing the Lines: Analytical Philosophy, De• construction, and Literary Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), p. 17. 5. Gottlob Frege, 'On Sense and Reference', (1892), in Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege, ed. Peter Geach and Max Black (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1966), pp. 56-78, (58). Further page references will be made in the text. 6. Michel Pecheux, Language, Semantics and Ideology, trans. H. Nagpal (London: Macmillan, 1982), p. 43. 7. Donald Davidson, 'A Coherence Theory of Truth', in Truth and In• terpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, ed. Ernest Lepore (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp. 307-19, (13). 'A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs', in Truth and Interpretation, pp. 433-46, (445f.). 8. Alfred Tarski, 'The Establishment of Scientific Semantics', in Logic, Semantics, Mathematics, trans. J. H. Woodger (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), pp. 401-8, (401). 9. Donald Davidson, 'Semantics for Natural Languages', in Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (London: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 55-64, (60). 10. Donald Davidson, 'Radical Interpretation', Dialectica, 27 (1973) 313-27; 323; d. also his assertion that 'your utterance means what mine does if belief in its truth is systematically caused by the same events and objects', 'A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge', pp. 318, 324. 11. Umberto Eco, Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 43. 12. Gareth Evans, The Varieties of Reference, ed. John McDowell (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), pp. 305-40, (305, 307, 311f£., 317). 13. , Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, trans. Norman Kemp Smith (London: Macmillan, 1973), pp. 180-86. 272 Notes - Alexander Nehamas

14. Leibniz: Philosophical Writings, trans. Mary Morris and G. H. R. Parkinson (London: Dent, 1934), pp. 179-94, (184). 15. John R. Searle, Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind (Cam• bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 145ff. 16. Dieter Wunderlich, 'Methodological Remarks on Speech Act Theory', in Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics, ed. John R. Searle, Ferenc Kiefer, and Manfred Bierwirch (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980), pp. 291-312, (298). 17. , Being and Time, trans. John Macquarie and Edward Robinson (London: SCM Press, 1962), pp. 188-214. Further page references will be given in text. 18. Jacques Derrida, 'The Time of a Thesis: Punctuations', in Philosophy in France Today, ed. A. Montefiori (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 34-50, 4; Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 293; Positions, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 4f.; Speech and Phenomena, trans. David Allison (Evanston: Northwestern Univer• sity Press, 1973), p. 141; Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), p. 157; Dissemination, trans. B. Johnson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 122. 19. Rodolphe Gasche, The Tain of the Mirror. Derrida and the Philosophy of Reflection (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 135. 20. Jiirgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, (London: Polity Press, 1987), pp. 171ff. 21. Jean-Franc;ois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1984); The Differend: Phrases in Dispute (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983; 1988).

ALEXANDER NEHAMAS: THE GENEALOGY OF GENEALOGY

1. On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life, in Friedrich Nietzsche, Untimely Meditations, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). I shall give reference by Section and page number. 2. Philosophy in The Tragic Age of the Greeks, trans. Marianne Cowan (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1962), p. 30. 3. On the Genealogy of Morals, trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Basic Writings of Nietzsche (New York: Random House, 1968), Essay III, Section 9. I shall refer to this work by means of essays and sections. 4. See Mark Warren, Nietzsche and Political Thought (Cambridge, Massa• chussetts: MIT Press, 1988), Ch. 3. 5. Jonathan Culler, The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruc• tion (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 5. Leaving aside the question whether 'yet another' interpretation of King Lear is as easy to come by as this statement suggests, it is important to note that such an approach does not really abandon interpretation as such, but only the interpretation of literary works in favour of the interpretation of those interpretations of literary works which we already possess. Notes - Alexander Nehamas 273

6. Jorge Luis Borges, 'Funes the Memorious', in Labyrinths (New York: New Directions, 1964). 7. Labyrinths, p. 66. 8. Arthur C. Danto, 'The End of Art', in his The Philosophical Disenfran• chisement of Art (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 114-15. Cf. On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life, VIII, p. 104. 9. The Birth of Tragedy, trans. Walter Kaufmann, in Basic Writings of Nietzsche, Section 7. 10. Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 79-102. 11. For a criticism of de Man's interpretation of The Birth of Tragedy, see Maudemarie Clark, 'Deconstructing The Birth of Tragedy', International Studies in Philosophy, 19 (1987), pp. 69-75. Robert L. Anderson has made a strong case for de Man's reading of the work but against his broader conclusions in his unpublished 'Deconstruction and Meta• physical Realism: Paul de Man's Interpretation of The Birth of Tragedy' (1989). 12. de Man, Allegories of Reading, p. 100. 13. The Gay Science, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Press, 1974) Sect. 54. 14. The Twilight of the Idols, trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Viking Portable Nietzsche (New York: Viking Press, 1968), 'The "Improvers" of Man• kind', Section l. 15. Beyond Good and Evil. trans. Walter Kaufmann, in Basic Writings of Nietzsche, Section 202. 16. I have made an argument for this claim in my essay, 'Writer, Text, Work, Author', in Anthony J. Cascardi (ed.), Literature and the Question of Philosophy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 267-9l. 17. Arthur C. Danto, 'Some Remarks on The Genealogy of Morals', Inter• national Studies in Philosophy, 18 (1986), p. 13. 18. This is the central thesis of my Nietzsche: Life as Literature (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985). 19. Thus Spoke Zarathustra, trans. Walter Kaufmann, in The Viking Portable Nietzsche, Book II, Section 20, pp. 252-3. 20. An interesting connexion between Nietzsche's and Overbeck's atti• tude toward this issue is established in Lionel Gossman's'Antimod• ernism in nineteenth-century Basle', Interpretation, 16 (1989), pp. 359-89. Index

Abrams, M. H. 31 Belief attribution 98, 99, 115, 120, Absolutism 109, 110 121, 123 Adams, R. M. 66, 67 Belsey, Catherine 256n; Critical Addison, Joseph 84 Practice 256n Aeschylus 56 Benn Michaels, WaIter 260n Aesthetics 1, 6, 86, 127; aesthetic Benveniste, Emile 118, 122, 262n, value 61 209; Problems in General Agonistics 231, 232, 233 Linguistics 262n, 263n Akenside, Mark 84 Bersani, Leo 211 Althusser, Louis 173 Bible, The 69 Anderson, Robert L. 272n Black, Max 138; Models and Anthropology 125, 206 Metaphors 138 Antinomy 197, 198 Blanchot, Maurice 90, 196, 267n; Aquinas, St Thomas 86 L'Espace litteraire 267n Aristotle 76, 77, 86, 258n, 265n, 131; Bloch, Marc 263n Aristotelian project 57; Bloom, Harold 193 Nichomachean Ethics 77,258n Border(s) 85, 158; border between Poetics 27 philosophy and language 142-54,162 Arnold, Matthew 60, SO, 83 Borges, Jorge Luis 238; Artaud, Antonin 89 Labyrinths 238 Asceticism 244 Boswell, James 89; The Journals 89; Ashbery, John 93 The London Journal 89 Assertability 10, 115, 118, 263n; Bourdieu, Pierre 124; Reproduction: In assertability conditions 108 Education, Society and Culture 266n Assertibility 10, 115, 118, 263n; Braudel, Fernand 264n assertibility conditions 108, 115, Brentano, Franz Clemens 164, 165 123, 124 Britten, Benjamin 136; The Turn of the Austen, Jane 61, 63, 75, 88 Screw 136, 259n, 267n Austin, J. L. 6, 86, 118, 145, 147, 196, Buckley, Vincent 256n; Poetry and 197, 199, 200, 201, 205, 207; How to Morality 256n Do Things With Words 200,262 Burke, Edmund 19; Reflections on the Author 2, 38, SO, 55, 73, 77, 80, 102, Revolution in France 19 133, 155, 27On; authorial intention 12, 22, 50, 52, 53, 102, Carey, Peter 76, 78, 89; Oscar and 103, 155, 157, 201, 202, 205; Lucinda 76, 87, 88 authorial presence 92, 270n Cascardi, Anthony J. 273n; Literature and the Question of Philosophy 273n Bakhtin, Mikhail 265n; Speech Genres Casey, J. 256n; The Language of and Other Late Essays 265n Criticism 256n Barthes, Roland 261n, 123; S/Z 83, Cavell, Stanley 213 262n; The Pleasure of the Text 262n Celan, Paul 90, 91 Bataille, Georges 89 Chambers, Ross 265n; Me/ancolie et Bate, WaIter Jackson 85 opposition 265n Baudelaire, Charles 265n Clark, Maudemarie 273n Baudrillard, Jean 214 Coherence theory 105, 123 Beardsley, Monroe 5 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 16, 18,39, Beckett, Samuel 89 127

274 Index 275

Conan Doyle, Arthur 100, 103, 104, Derrida, Jacques 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 23, 106 25, 26, 27, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, Condensation 171, 172, 173 48, 49, 79, 83, 90, 91, 94, 119, 120, Consciousness 79, 143, 158, 161, 164, 124, 142-9, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 258n 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, Criticism (see also Theory) 1, 2, 9, 169, 173, 187-212, 213, 215, 224, 28, 32, 34, 38, 39, SO, 55, 57, 61, 62, 227-32, 234, 259n, 261n; De la 63, 78, SO, 82, 83, 85, 86, 94, 103, Grammatologie (Of Grammatology) 123, 134, 189, 191, 195, 196, 207, 46, 267n, 269n, 205, 228, 229; 209, 212; and morality 66; as Dissemination 228, 267n, 269n; morally evaluative 60, 77, 79, 82, Edmund Husser/'s 'Origin of Geometry': 83,85,87,88,89,92;English An Introduction 203; Glas 208; criticism 60, 83, 85; history of Limited Inc.: abc 187, 263n, 269, criticism 90; humanist criticism 199, 200, 201; Marges - de la 36, 60, 82, 90; ideological philosophie (Margins of criticism 82; Leavisite criticism 5; Philosophy) 209, 263n, 269n, 272n, 'new criticism' 126; 228; Positions 228, 229; Schibboleth: post-structuralist criticism x; pour Paul Celan 91; Speech and psychoanalytic criticism 86; Phenomena 258n, 91, 203, 204, 226, structuralist criticism 86 229; The Postcard: From Socrates to Culler, Jonathan 269n, 272n Freud and Beyond 267n, 208; The Culture 38, 64, 70, 129, 160, 166, 195, Truth of Painting 261n; U/ysse 211, 236, 240, 252; cultural gramophone; Deux mots pour Joyce 91; heritage 84; cultural order 48; Writing and Difference 57, 267n, cultural structures SO; literary 270n culture 84 Descartes, Rene 48,86 Currie, Gregory 259n; The Nature of Differance 44, 120, 266n, 143, 158, 159, Fiction 111, 259n, 261n 208, 228, 229, 230, 231 'Differend' 126, 132,234 Danto, Arthur 240, 249-50, 251 Differential potential 230 Dasenbrock, Reed Way 5, 7, 214; Discourse 2, 25, 26, 33, 38, 94, 98, Redrawing the Lines: Analytic 114, 261n, 119, 122, 124, 129, 140, Philosophy, Deconstruction, and 144, 161, 176, 177, 267n, 189, 191, Literary Theory (Dasenbrock ed.) 4, 208, 215, 216, 232, 233, 237, 238; 5, 269n, 214 discursive discontinuity 113; Davidson, Donald 51, 215, 216, 217, discursive practice 118, 122; 218, 219, 234; Inquiries into Truth and discursive universe 54, 113 Interpretation 217, 218, 219 Disjunction 103, 104; disjunctive de Certeau, Michel 42; The Practices of reading 103 Everyday Life 266n Displacement 2, 3, 22, 35, 39, 40, Deconstruction 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 157, 172, 173, 207 20, 24, 25, 26, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, Dissemination 190, 193, 196, 232 41-48, 60, SO, 83, 90, 91, 120, 126, Donne, John 85 143, 146, 149, 157, 160, 187-212, 214, Dreams 171; latent content of 171, 215, 228, 230; deconstructionists 78, 172; manifest content of 171, 172 90,187,197 Dufrenne, Mikel' 6; The Phenomenology Deictics 233 of Aesthetic Experience 253n de Man, Paul 45, 46, 126, 193, 210, Dummett, Michael 52 241-2; Allegories of Reading: Figural D'Urfey, Thomas 84 Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke Durkheim, Emile 125 and Proust 255n, 83; Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Eagleton, Terry 256n; Literary Theory: Contemporary Criticism 255n; The An Introduction 256n Resistance to Theory 193 Eco, Umberto 215, 219, 262n, 267n; 276 Index

Eco, Umberto continued 178, 179; metalingual 179; Semiotics and the Philosophy of phatic 178, 179; poetic 178, 179; umguage 213, 219; The Name of the referential 178, 179, 180; Rose 265n; The Role of the symbolic 176 Reader 262n Eliot, George 72-4, 88, 89; Daniel Gasche, Rodolphe 208; The Tain of the Deronda 72-4 Mirror: Derrida and the Philosophy of Eliot, Thomas Steames 5, 64, 65 Reflection 228, 270n Ellis, John M. 12, 187-212; Against Genealogy 243, 244 Deconstruction 187-212; The Theory Genet, Jean 89 of Literary Criticism 191 Genette, Gerard 264n Embedding structures 120, 121 Geneva School, The 5 Epistemology 6, 42, 86, 125, 135 Genre ix, 2, 20, 29, 56, 57, 83, 92, Ethics xi, 7, 8, 12, 39, 82, 86 114, 115, 122, 123, 126, 128-40, 190, Evans, Gareth 215, 220-1, 234; The 234; semiotics of 137 Varieties of Reference 220 Gibbon, Edward 89; The Decline and Exegesis 208 Fall of the Roman Empire 89 Ginzburg, Carlo 264n Febvre, Lucien 264n Godel, Kurt 234 Felman, Shoshana 6, 118, 126 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 236 Felperin, Howard 19; Beyond Goldberg S. 1. 9, 256n, 258n, Deconstruction: The Uses and Abuses of 259n Literary Theory 256n Goldman, Alan 260n; Moral Feminism 16,17,37,87,110,125,163, Knowledge 260n 183,265n Goodheart, Eugene 255n Feuerbach, Ludwig 24,35 Gossman, Lionel 273n Fiction 10, 96--112, 114, 121, 124, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 149, 177, 196; Habermas, Jurgen 208, 209, 212, 231; fictional beings 259n; fictional The Philosophical Discourse of worlds 97 Modernity 231 Fish, Stanley 193, 214, 261n, 268; Is Hacking, Ian 50 There A Text in This Class? 261n Hardy, Thomas 64 Foucault, Michel 3, 119; Discipline and Harris, Roy 51 Punish: The Birth of the Prison 261n; Hartman, Geoffrey 20, 34, 43, 45, Les Mots et les choses 54; L'Ordre du 210; Deconstruction and Criticism 44, discours 261n; The Archeology of 269n; Saving the Text 83; Knowledge 261n, Wordsworth's Poetry 34 Freeplay 187, 190, 193, 197, 202, 206, Haug, Wolfgang 255n; Commodity 207 Aesthetics, Ideology and Culture 255n Frege, Gottlob 50, 164, 165, 168, 169, Hegel, Friedrich 48, 83, 86, 145, 148, 174-5, 181-2, 214, 215, 216, 223; 149, 205, 229, 238-9 Begriffsschrift 181 Heidegger, Martin 6, 86, 90, 145, 165, Freud, Sigmund 23, 35, 36, 40, 90, 205, 215, 226, 227, 228; Being and 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, 160, Time 165 161, 171, 173, 174, 227; Civilisation Hermeneutics 6, 227, 250, 151 and its Discontents 160; The Hemadi, Paul 265n; Beyond Interpretation of Dreams 171, 172 Genre 265n Frow, John 265n; Marxism and Hermstein-Smith, Barbara 122 Literary History 265n, 266n Hillis Miller, J. 83; The Linguistic Frye, Northrop 5, 38, 46; The Moment 83 Anatomy of Criticism 5 Hirsch, E. D., Jr 6, 55; Validity in Functions of language 177, 178, 179, Interpretation 253n 182; cognative 178; conative 178, History 8, 16, 17, 26, 36, 39, 122, 125, 179; denotative 178; emotive 176, 237-43, 248, 251, 252; literary Index 277

history 83 Johnson, Barbara 45, 78 Holborrow, 1. C. 257n Johnson, Samuel 61, 63, 64, 83; Holbrook, David 64-5 Preface to Shakespeare 61 Horace 132, 133 Joyce, James 90, 91 Hulme, T. E. 5 Human suffering 246-51 Kant, Immanuel 69, 78, 86, 139, 166, Hume, David 68, 70, 71 196, 205, 221; Groundwork 69; Hunter, Ian 123 Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Husser!, Edmund 5, 86, 91, 164, 165, Reason 221-2; Kantian 196, 203, 204, 206, 229, 230; schematism 215, 221-2, 223 Phenomenology of Inner Time Kearney, Richard 259n; Dialogues with Consciousness 229 Contemporary Continental Thinkers: The Phenomenological Heritage 259n Ideology 17, 23, 29, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, Keats, John 78, 86 49, SO, 194, 210 Kivy, Peter 260n I1Iocutionary act 117, 154, 177 Knapp, Steven 260n Indeterminacy 24, 234 Kripke, S. A. 214, 234; Ingarden, Roman 6, 234; The Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Cognition of the Literary Work of Language 260n Art 6; The Literary Work of Art 6 Instrumentalism 10, 109 Labov, William 125 Intention (see also authorial Lacan, Jacques 163, 170, 171, 172, intention) 11, 23, 153, 156, 158, 173, 174, 267n, 268n 164--6, 173, ISO, 183, 196, 203, 249; Language 7, 10, 11, 24, 50, 51, 52, 56, intentional fallacy 103; intentional 90, 114, 119, 122, 125, 126, 127, 131, object 77; intentionality 11, 155, 143, 145, 146, 149, 152--61 passim, 158, 162, 165, 234, 235, 270n 164, 165, 166, 169-83, 190, 205, 206, Interpretation 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 21&-35; and culture 53; and 1&-28, 36, 38, 41--6, 50--8, 91, 9&-112, metaphor 169; functions of 114, 115, 116, 117, 123, 124, 126, language (see under Functions of 127, 133, 135, 138, 139, 140, 202, language); language games 42,46, 206, 207, 208, 215, 218, 219, 235-52; 53, 153, 234; natural function of 108; interpretative language(s) 176, 181, 217-9, 223, claims 9, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 234; theory of language 44, 51, 120, 115, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 135, 122, 124, 147, 169, 179, 198, 224 136, 139; interpretative Lanson, Gustave 194 differences 51; interpretative Law 69, 70, 71, 131, 140 hypotheses 99, 100; maximal Leavis, F. R. 5, 9, 60--65, 72-5, SO, 83, interpretations 102, 103, 104, 105, 85, 89; Revaluation 5, 62; The 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 123 Common Pursuit 252n; The Great Irony 100, 140, 150, 151 Tradition 61 Irwin, Terence 258n Leibnitz, Gottfried W. 48, 215, 222 Iterability 143, 155, 156, 157, 159, Levi-Strauss, Claude 119, 206, 264n 190, 197, 228 Levinas 229 Lewis, David 260n Jabes, Edmund 90 Linguistics 117, 126, 164, 166, 268n Jackson, Frank 261n; Literary canon, The 17; Conditionals 261n canon-formation 88 Jakobson, Roman 11,129,167,171, Llewelyn, John 208 262n, 268n, 177-81; Fundamentals of Locke, John 86, 164 Language 268n Logic 86 James, Henry 97, 102, 136; The Turn Logocentrism 28, 148, 159, 198, 209, of the Screw 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 212, 231; logocentric philosophy 79 103, 107, 131, 136, 140, 267 Ludus Coventriae, The 56 278 Index

Lyons, John 117n; Semantics Vol. 1 Mnemic residues 174 262n Modernism 93,265n Lyotard, Jean-Franc.;ois 261n, 119, Moliere 262n; Don Juan 263n 126, 127, 232-4; Le Differend 26On, Moral in literature, The ~; moral 261n, 265n, 232-34; The Post-modern language 71 Condition: A Report on Knowledge Morality 12, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 232,261n 244-8 Morris, Charles 262n; Foundations of Macksey, Richard 5; The Structuralist the Theory of Signs 262n Controversy: The Languages of Criticism Mourot, Jean 262n; Etudes de langue et and the Sciences of Man 5 de litterature fran~ises offertes a Macpherson, James 88; Fingal: An Andrew Lanly 262n Ancient Poem 89 Muecke, Frances 133 Magolia, Robert R. 253n; Murdoch, Iris 68-9, 70, 72, 77 Phenomenology and Literature: An Introduction 253n Narratology 121, 122 Mallarme,Stephane 196 Nehamas, Alexander 273n; Nietzsche: Margin 44, 45, 46, 142, 228; Life as Literature 273n marginalisation 16, 37, 39, 44, 57, Neurath, Otto 176 255n Nietzsche, Friedrich W. x, 12, 86,90, Margolis, Joseph 261n 114, 127, 143, 145, 190, 205, 229, Marvell, Andrew 85 236-52; Beyond Good and Evil 245; Marx, Karl 23, 24, 35, 36, 40 On the Genealogy of Morals 244, Marxism 38, 110 246-52; On the Uses and Disadvantages Meaning(s) 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 22, 24, of History for Life 236, 272n, 242; 25, SO, 51, 52, 54, 55, 85, 91, 113, The Basic Writings of Nietzsche 272n; 115, 122, 126, 128, 133, 143, 144, The Birth of Tragedy 241; The Gay 145, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, Science 273n; The Portable 158, 159, 160, 161, 165, 167, 168, Nietzsche 269n; The Twilight of the 171, 173, 174, 183, 190, 192, 193, Idols 245; Thus Spoke 196, 198, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, Zarathustra 242, 251; Untimely 213, 215-19, 229, 230, 232, 234, Meditations 236-43 250, 251, 252; deferral of Noema 165; noematic closure 229 meaning 189; literal meaning 12, Norris, Christopher 269n; ISO, 152, 163, 169, 182, 215, 224, Derrida 269n; Paul de Man: 225, 227, 235; model of Deconstruction and the Critique of meaning 168; retrieval of Aesthetic Ideology 271n meaning 28, 50; theory of Novel, The 88; realist novel, the 92 meaning xi, 11, 53, 149, 162-70, Novitz, David 33 174, 176, 177, 180, 182, 183, 216, 217, 219, 223 Objectivism 96, 109, 110, 124; Metaphysics xi, 3, 42, 79, 86, 90, 143, objectivity 110 144,208,250; of knowledge 114; Ogden, C. K. 176; The Meaning of metaphysic 46; metaphysical Meaning 176 oppositions 78, 80 Ohmann, Richard 5, 127 Metaphor 30, 40, 77, 100, 138, 140, Ontology, literary 6, 102, 113, 221 142, 144, 151, 154, 160, 161, 163, Overbeck, Franz 273n 169-73, 182, 183, 196, 206, 209, 210, 228, 230, 234, 242; metaphoricity 11, Paradigm 2, 4, 7, 10, 31, 114, 264n, 229; theory of metaphor 150 169, 194, 204, 213-16, 220, 221, 222, Metonymy 147,173 230, 232, 234 Milton, John 84 Paraphrase 53, 97, 116, 122, 136, 139; Mimetic representation 196 paraphrastic interpretation 97, 101, 'Mise-en-abime' 189, 215, 228, 231 136 Index 279

Parsons, Terence 102; Nonexistent Putnam, Hilary 2600; Meaning and the Objects 2600 Moral Sciences 2600 Paul, St 69 Pecheux, Michel 216 Quine, Willard van Orman 234, 2600 Peirce, Charles ix, 135, 137, 138, 139; Collected Papers 266n Realism 37, 101, 102, 121, 124, 140; Phenomenology 5,204 anti-realism 101, 105, 110; Philology 85, 87, 121, 166 metaphysical realism 124 Philosophy 1, 2, 4, 7, 42, 44, 64, 65, Ree,Jonathan 42 86, 94, 125, 144, 153, 204, 207, 212, Reference 12, 35, 118, 215, 216, 219, 228, 244; 'analytic' philosophy 2, 3, 232, 233; referential universe 139 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 46, 90, Reid, Ian 2640, 265n; The Place of 118, 121, 122, 142, 144, 146, 147, Genre in Learning 2640, 265n 148, 163, 165, 177, 191, 196, 204, Relativism 109, 110, 111, 112, 115 214, 215, 221, 222, 224, 228, 232, 234; Religion 69, SO Anglo-American, see analytic Repression 26,28, 254n, 148, 158, philosophy; 'continental' 160, 161, 172, 173 philosophy 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, Rhetoric 11, 42, 58, 118, 119, 189, 147, 148, 162, 163, 165, 204, 205, 214; 195, 209, 211, 231 moral philosophy ix, x, 6Off; Richards, I. A. 5, 176 philosophy of language x, xi, 44, Romanticism 93, 127; Romantic 144, 145, 146, 147, 153; philosophy accounts of literature 83; Romantic of literature 97, 113; philosophy of autobiographies 24; Romantic mind 146, 147, 153, 176; conceptions of Imagination 33; philosophy of religion 86; Romantic genre 31; Romantic philosophy of social science X; poetry 92; Romantics, the 166 political philosophy 86; speculative Rorty, Amelie 258n; Essays on critical philosophy (see also Aristotle's Ethics 258n 'continental' philosophy) 214, 221, Rorty, Richard 7, 44, 46, 52, 148, 190, 232,234 193, 207, 208, 209, 213; Consequences Phonology 167, 171 of Pragmatism 2700; Irony, x, 47, 76, 86, 156, 1%, 228; Contingency and Solidarity 2700 Phaedrus x, 156 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 48 Pluralism 86, 87, 109, 110, 148, 240 Russell, Bertrand 86, 127, 175, 232 Poetics 11, 82, 87, 264n, 177, 179, Ruthrof, Horst 271n; Pandor and 182 Occam: On the Limits of Language and Poiesis 127 Literature 271n Polanyi, Michael 64 Ryle, Gilbert 224 Ponge, Francis 90 Pope, Alexander 84 Sade, Marquis de 89 Post-deconstructionism 49 Sartre, Jean-Paul 237; Les Mots 237 Postmodernism 256n, 93, 204 Saussure, Ferdinand de 122, 127, Post-structuralism 6, 9, 10, 114, 126; 158, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, post-structuralists 50 170, 204, 217 Pottle, Frederick A. 89 Schutz, Alfred 6; Collected Papers 6 Poulet, Georges 123 Searle, John 6, 7, 119, 127, 145, 147, Pratt, Mary Louise 5; Tawards a ISO, 152, 154, 155, 157, 162, 164, Speech Act Theory of Literature 253n 177, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 207, Propp, Vladimir 121 213, 215, 224-26, 234; Expression and Psychoanalysis 24, 39, SO, 110, 135, Meaning ISO; Intentionality 153, 146, 163, 174; psychoanalytic 224; Speech Acts 262n theory 170, 172, 174, 183 Self 7, 12, 16, 20-22, 23, 24, 25, Punishment 70, 71, 247-8, 250, 2fr30, 31, 32, 36, 40, 47-SO, 53, 55, 252 56,144,158 280 Index

Semantics 107, 109, 115, 117, 121, Logic, Semantics, Mathematics 217 123, 128, 163, 168, 174, 177, 182, Teleology 32, 148 217, 222, 225; semantic drift 12, Text(s) 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 16-18, 23--26, 215, 231, 232; semantic field 142, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 157 53, 57, 75, 78, 79, 84, 86, 89, 92, 94, Semiotics ix, 44, 87, 122, 129, 266n; 103, 105, 113, 114, 120, 122, 130, semiotic formations 126; semiotics 131, 137, 139, 143, 144, 160, 161, of discourse 116; semiotic 193, 206, 210, 214, 242, 243, 251, 252; systems 226 borders of 85; substance in 189 Serres, Michel 117; Hermes III La Textuality 193, 195, 204, 229, 232; Traduction 262n textual harrassment 19 Shakespeare, William 61,63,84; King Thackeray, William 56 Lear 238; Macbeth 36; Sonnets 230 Theory (see also Criticism) x, 1, 2, 3, Shelley, Percy Bysshe 62, 86, 89 4, 11, 18, 19, 37, 40, 41, 113, 115, Sign(s) ix, 25, 80, 127, 136, 143, 149, 133, 136, 139, 140, 146, 147, 177, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 163, 166, 179n, 191, 193, 194, 197, 210, 211; 168, 170, 171, 172, 182, 190, 198, aesthetico-humanist theory 2, 3, 4, 216, 219, 229, 231, 234, 245, 8; Anglo-American theory 7; signification 265n, 143, 224, 225, avant-garde literary theory 2, 3, 9; 229, 230, 231, 232; sign Marxist theory 4, 17, 49; systems 215, 218, 220, 221, 222, post-structuralist theory 9, 115, 225, 230, 235 117, 118, 119; reader-response Signified 127, 167, 170, 171, 172, 179, theory 192, 193, 195 189 Todorov, Tzvetan 265n Signifier 127, 129, 167, 170, 171, 172, Tolstoy, Leo 76, 78, 88; Anna 220; chain of signifiers 215 Karenina 89 Smith, Joseph H. 160, 179 Trace 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, Sociology 125 36, 39, 44, 120, 229 Speech acts 115, 120, 127, 153, 155, Truth 10, 22, 24, 30, 42, 97-114 164, 165, 177, 196, 200, 207, 224; passim, 125, 128, 130, 132, 135, 137, indirect speech acts 150, 151; 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 149, 159, speech act conventions 196, 198; 175, 176, 189, 192, 200, 201, 204, speech act theory x, 6, 11, 116, 206, 217, 219, 222-3, 241; regimes of 118, 130, 145, 149, 164, 196, 198, truth 119; theory of truth 218; 200, 201, 206, 215, 223, 224 truth-conditional semantics 9, 10, Spivak, Gayatri 8, 16-49, 54, 55, 56, 11, 107, 114, 115, 118, 119, 135, 137, 268n; In Other Worlds: Essays in 164, 177, 179, 234; truth Cultural Politics 255n, 43 conditions 9, 10, 105, 108, 109, 149, Stalnaker, Robert 26On; Inquiry 260n 168, 181, 215, 219, 224, 225; truth Statten, Henry 6 value(s) 10, 45, 56, 259n, 107, 109, Story 10, 97-112, 114, 122, 135 110, 122, 123, 128, 138, 168, 169; Strawson, P. F. 213,223 truth value gaps 10, 96, 107, 109, Structuralism 57, 113, 114, 261n, 119, 120, 121 263n, 163, 169, 174, 183 Subjectivism 124; subjectivity 10, Unconscious, The 172, 173, 174 11, 131, 145, 146, 148, 158, 159, 162, Undecidability 187, 198, 202 163, 166, 170-173, 183 Suspension of disbelief 127 van Fraasen, Bastiaan C. 260n; The Swift, Jonathan 89; Gulliver's Scientific Image 260n Travels 89 Vico, Giambattista 169

Taine, Hippolyte 194 Walton, Kendall 26On; Mimesis as Tanner, Michael 256n Make-Believe 260n Tarski, Alfred 214, 215, 217, 233, 234; Warren, Mark 272n; Nietzsche and Index 281

Political Thought 272n Philosophical Investigations 266n Weber, Samuel 266n; The Legend of Woodruff, Paul x Freud 160 Wordsworth, William 8, 16-40 Wellek, Rene 5 passim, 47, 49, 50, 55, 79, 92; The Werth, Paul 262n Prelude 8, 16-40 passim, 46, 47, 49, Widdowson, Peter 255n; Re-Reading 53,54,55 English 256n Wunderlich, Dieter 226 Will 65-8, 71, 72. 73, 74, 75, 76, 78 Wimsatt, W. K. 5 Yale School, The 44 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 7, 46, 48, 86, 265n, 165, 188, 191, 223, 234; Zahar, Elie 261n