Notes RICHARD FREADMAN AND LLOYD REINHARDT: INTRODUCTION 1. Reed Way Dasenbrock (ed.), Redrawing the Lines: Analytic Philosophy, Deconstruction, and Literary Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minne­ sota Press, 1989). 2. The reply appeared initially in Scrutiny, Vol. VI, No.1 Oune 1937) and is reprinted in F. R. Leavis, The Common Pursuit (London: Penguin, 1966), pp. 211-22. 3. Dasenbrock, Redrawing the Lines, p. 3. 4. Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer­ sity Press, 1957). See especially Frye's 'Polemical Introduction'. 5. See Richard Macksey and Eugene Donato (eds), The Structuralist Controversy: The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970). 6. See Mary Louise Pratt, Towards a Speech Act Theory of Literature (Bloom­ ington: Indiana University Press, 1977), and Richard Ohmann, 'Speech Acts and the Definition of Literature', Philosophy and Rhetoric, 4 (Winter 1971), pp. 1-19. 7. For discussion of the Geneva School and other aspects of Husserl's influence see Robert R. Magolia, Phenomenology and Literature: An Introduction (West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1977). 8. Alfred Schutz, Collected Papers, ed. Maurice Natanson (3 vols, The Hague: Martinus Nijoff, 197~1976). 9. Mikel Dufrenne, The Phenomenology of Aesthetic Experience, trans. E. S. Casey, A. A. Anderson, Willis Domingo and Leon Jacobson (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973). 10. Roman Ingarden, The Literary Work of Art: An Investigation on the Borderlines of Ontology, Logic, and the Theory of Literature, trans. George G. Grabowicz (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973); The Cognition of the Literary Work of Art, trans. Ruth Anne Crowley and Kenneth R. Olson (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973). 11. See especially E. D. Hirsch Jr, Validity in Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967). 12. Jacques Derrida, 'Signature Event Context', trans. Samuel Webber and Jeffrey Mehlman, Glyph, 1 (1977), pp. 172-97; John Searle, 'Reiterating the Differences: A Reply to Derrida', Glyph, 1 (1977), pp. 198-208; Jacques Derrida, 'Limited Inc abc', Glyph, 2 (1977), pp. 162-254. 13. Dasenbrock, Redrawing the Lines, p. 13. 14. Shoshana Felman, The Literary Speech Act: Don Juan with J. L. Austin, or Seduction in Two Languages, trans. Catherine Porter (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983); Henry Statten, Wittgenstein and Derrida (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984). 253 254 Notes - Ian Saunders RICHARD FREADMAN AND SEUMAS MILLER: DECONSTRUCTION AND CRITICAL PRACTICE 1. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'Sex and History in The Prelude (1805), Books IX-XIII', Richard Machin and Christopher Norris (eds.), Post­ structuralist Readings of English Poetry (London: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 193-227. Page references to the article will appear in parentheses after quotations. The article is reprinted in Gayatri Spivak's recent volume, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (London: Methuen, 1987), pp. 46-76. 2. Howard Felperin, Beyond Deconstruction: The Uses and Abuses of Literary Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), p. 33. 3. The text used here is J. c. Maxwell (ed.), William Wordsworth: The Prelude: A Parallel Text (London: Penguin, 1971). Unless, as in this case, there has been cause to quote the 1850 version, we have followed Spivak in citing the 1805 one. 4. On Wordsworth and Burke, see James K. Chandler, Wordsworth's Second Nature: A Study of Poetry and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). 5. Geoffrey Hartman, Wordsworth's Poetry: 1787-1814 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), p. 168. 6. The note of doubt appears in such lines as: Of these and other kindred notices I cannot say what portion is in truth The naked recollection of that time, And what may rather have been called to life By after-meditation. (III, 644-8) 7. Woody Allen, 'Conversations with Helmholtz', in Getting Even (New York: Vintage Books, 1978), p. 85. 8. We have largely derived this account from the chapter 'Linguistics and Grammatology' in Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp.27-73. 9. M. H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature (New York: Norton, 1971), p. 96. For a review of Natural Supernaturalism written under Derridean influence see J. Hillis Miller 'Tradition and Difference', Diacritics, 2 (Winter 1972), pp. 6-13. 10. Ibid., pp. 113-14. 11. David Novitz, Knowledge, Fiction & Imagination (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987). See especially Ch. 1 and Ch. 2. 12. Hartman, Wordsworth's Poetry, p. 66. 13. Coleridge, Biographia Literaria, ed. George Watson (London: Dent, 1975), especially Ch. XIII. 14. The quotation is from Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 348. Notes - Ian Saunders 255 15. Given that Gayatri Spivak, a non-Caucasian critic, has written at length about the status and mythology of the 'subaltern' (see In Other Worlds, Ch. 12), it may seem provocative of us to use the term 'alien' here. This is not our intention. However, in respect of Wordsworth's poem we use the term advisedly, and here some explanation is necessary. At one level we sympathise with Spivak's desire to con­ struct out of elements of Wordsworth's poem (and other texts, theor­ ies etc.) a sort of subversive or ur- text which will meet her needs, and address her interests, as a marginalised person. At another level, however, such a critical procedure concerns us insofar as its denial or silencing of the poem Wordsworth actually wrote amounts to a denial and silencing of Wordsworth. We believe such critical acts of re­ pression on the part of the repressed to be of doubtful value. By all means, let us understand the presence and nature of ideological elements in Wordsworth's poem; but we contend that in order to understand these and other things about the poem, it is necessary to grasp the poem in its own discursive context. Failure to do so ulti­ mately works against the interests of political criticism because it blocks or obscures access to the very things - ideology, for instance­ that political criticism seeks to elucidate. It should also be noted that the poem Wordsworth wrote serves perfectly valid, non-ideological interests and needs of individuals in cultural situations other than (or even, perhaps, similar to) that of Spivak's own: for example, individ­ uals whose spiritual sensibilities find fulfilment in The Prelude but would be desolated by the Marxist-semiological denial of the spiritual realm. 16. The term is Eugene Goodheart's, The Skeptic Disposition in Contempor­ ary Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 14. IAN SAUNDERS: ON THE ALIEN 1. Jonathan Ree, Philosophical Tales: An Essay on Philosophy and Literature (London: Methuen, 1987), p. 55. 2. Michel de Certeau, 'On the OppOSitional Practices of Everyday Life', Social Text, 3 (1980), pp. 3-43, (6). 3. Imre Salusinszky, Criticism in Society (New York and London: Methuen, 1987), p. 81. 4. Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays 1972-1980 (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982), p. 97. 5. The phrase is Wolfgang Haug's. See his Commodity Aesthetics, Ideology and Culture (New York: International General, 1987), pp. 103-20. 6. See for example Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contempor­ ary Criticism, (second edition, London: Methuen, 1983), pp. 206, 237, and Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 19. 7. Salusinszky, Criticism in Society, p. 164. 8. Ludwig Wittgenstein, On Certainty, trans. Denis Paul and G. E. M. Anscombe (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1969), p. 24e #166. 256 Notes - Christopher Cordner 9. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), p. xxiii. 10. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), p. 99. 11. Gayatri Spivak, 'Sex and History in The Prelude', in Richard Machin and Christopher Norris (eds), Post-structuralist Readings of English Poetry, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 219. 12. Ian Hacking, Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 171. 13. Roy Harris, The Language Myth (London: Duckworth, 1981), p. 204. 14. Donald Davidson, 'A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs' in Ernest LePore (ed.), Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 446. Cited in Rorty, Con­ tingency, Irony, Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 15. 15. Rorty, Contingency, p. 21. 16. Michael Dummett, 'A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs: Some Com­ ments on Davidson and Hacking', in LePore (ed.), Truth and Interpreta­ tion, p. 465. 17. The 'origin' (if that is quite the word under the circumstances) being of course Derrida's 'Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences', in Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (London: Routledge, 1978), p. 292. CHRISTOPHER CORDNER: F. R. LEAVIS AND THE MORAL IN LITERATURE 1. There is a fair body of critical work on Leavis. Among the best of it is V. Buckley, Poetry and Morality (London: Chatto & Windus, 1959), Ch. 6 and Ch. 7; J. Casey, The Language of Criticism (London: Methuen, 1966), Ch. 8 and Ch. 9; and M. Tanner, 'Literature and Philosophy', New Universities Quarterly (Winter 1975), pp. 54-64. Those who have sought to criticise Leavis from a post-modernist standpoint have for the most part shown little insight into his work: e.g. C. Belsey, 'Re-Reading the Great Tradition', in Re-Reading English ed. P. Widdow­ son (London & New York: Methuen, 1982), and Critical Practice (Lon­ don & New York: Methuen, 1980), Ch. 1; and H. Felperin, Beyond Deconstruction: The Uses and Abuses of Literary Theory (Oxford: Claren­ don Press, 1985), Ch. 1 in an otherwise perceptive and judicious book. A partial exception is Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), Ch.