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The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts HAUNTED DEMOCRACIES and the POLITICS of POSSIB The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts HAUNTED DEMOCRACIES AND THE POLITICS OF POSSIBILITY: A DECONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF TRUTH COMMISSIONS A Thesis in Philosophy by Leigh M. Johnson © 2007 Leigh M. Johnson Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2007 The thesis of Leigh M. Johnson was reviewed and approved* by the following Shannon Sullivan Philosophy Department Head and Associate Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies and African and African-American Studies Thesis Advisor and Chair of Committee John Christman Associate Professor of Philosophy Vincent Colapietro Professor of Philosophy Paul Tiyambe Zeleza Professor of History and African and African-American Studies John D. Caputo Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion and Humanities and Professor of Philosophy, Syracuse University Special Member *Signatures are on file in The Graduate School ii ABSTRACT This study is a deconstructive analysis of the contemporary political innovation known as the “truth commission.” As such, it has a two-fold aim: first, to demonstrate the relevance and force of deconstruction for political analysis through an explication of key concepts and insights in the work of Jacques Derrida and, second, to reinforce this interpretive claim by applying deconstructive analysis to the study of contemporary truth commissions. With regard to the first aim, I argue that political concerns are evident in Derrida’s entire corpus, from his earliest work in Of Grammatology, Writing and Difference and Margins of Philosophy, through his later (more explicitly ethical and political) work in Specters of Marx, The Politics of Friendship, Monolingualism of the Other and Rogues. Using three dominant deconstructive tropes—autoimmunity, the aporia, and specters/ghosts (or the critique of the metaphysics of presence)—I show the implicit consonance between the philosophical methodology of deconstruction and the theory and practice of democracy. This consonance is further elaborated in my analysis of two key concepts employed by truth commissions (most especially, the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission)—truth and forgiveness/reconciliation. I argue that not only is deconstruction helpful for understanding the work of truth commissions, but that the work of truth commissions is helpful in concretizing and making real the implications of deconstruction. Using the examples of recent political transitions (in Argentina, Chile and South Africa, among others), I characterize these transitional polities as “haunted democracies” attempting to reckon with the memory of gross violations of human rights. Their attempts to do so in the form of a truth commission, I contend, offers historical evidence of what I call the “politics of possibility,” that is, the attempt to rethink and refigure democracy as something that is pursued, rather than achieved. In the end, I address the important relationship between memory and the future (or what Derrida calls the a venir) for emergent or extant democracies—a relationship, I argue, which is essential to understanding both the full implications of deconstruction and the possibility for successfully executing the truth commission form. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................vi Dedication..........................................................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION: DECONSTRUCTING A MIRACLE..................................................1 Chapter 1. DERRIDEAN DECONSTRUCTION: POLITICAL AND POSTCOLONIAL.............................................................................................................14 1.1 Derrida’s Last Word.......................................................................................16 Reconciling différance and le dernier mot du racisme (Mis)reading Derrida 1.2 Mastery, Monologism, Monolingualism........................................................35 Language and citizenship: the poetics and politics of relation Postcolonial critique in Derrida, Fanon, Spivak Deconstruction as postcolonial political critique Chapter 2. DECONSTRUCTIVE AND DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES.........................62 2.1 Autoimmunity..................................................................................................64 Algeria (un)veiled 9/11 and repression (psychoanalytical and political) 2.2 Aporia..............................................................................................................86 The gift Responsibility and the decision 2.3 Specters/ghosts, or, the critique of the metaphysics of presence...................112 The trace Derrida’s “hauntology” Chapter 3. HAUNTED DEMOCRACIES: TRUTH COMMISSIONS AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN TRC.................................................................................................129 3.1 Transitional Justice and the Latin American truth commissions...................136 Transitional justice The “Latin American experience”: Argentina and Chile 3.2 South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission..................................164 Historical Context of the TRC New democracies, new problems, new promises Chapter 4. TRANSITIONAL TRUTH...........................................................................188 4.1 Truth according to the TRC...........................................................................194 Factual or forensic truth Personal and narrative truth Social truth Healing and restorative truth 4.2 The effective meaning of the TRC taxonomy: “transitional truth”...............220 4.3 An incomplete truth.......................................................................................234 iv Chapter 5. FORGIVENESS AND/OR RECONCILIATION.........................................241 5.1 Philosophical considerations of forgiveness and reconciliation....................248 Nietzsche and Arendt Hegel 5.2 Derrida’s aporia of forgiveness.....................................................................278 Derrida on the TRC Situating Derrida’s criticism CONCLUSION: MEMORY AND THE A VENIR.........................................................302 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................323 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project has benefited from the support of many people, in many ways and in many locations. I am particularly appreciative of The Pennsylvania State University’s Institute for the Arts and Humanities and the Graduate School’s Humanities Initiative Program for providing me with two separate research grants, which allowed the time and resources for finishing the last stages of this project. I am also indebted to the members of my committee for transcending in almost every conceivable way the standard role of “committee member.” Shannon Sullivan has been a steady and reassuring anchor as my advisor, and I thank her for navigating me through a seemingly endless sea of obstacles and delivering me safely (and employed) to the other shore. As her student, I hope that my work will stand up to the high standards that many have rightly come to associate with her name. I thank Jack Caputo for his untiring patience and belief in me and in this project over many years, his sensitivity to the issues at stake herein, his calm and wise counsel, and for serving as a model beyond compare of intellectual integrity, professional conduct and, in true Derridean fashion, hospitality and justice. Paul Zeleza is, in my estimation, an academic force of nature, and I feel fortunate to have stolen away the time that I did from his impressive schedule. I thank him for his friendship and for sharing with me his almost encyclopedic knowledge of African and African-American scholarship and literature. I would be remiss not to acknowledge the unexpected insights I gained in conversation with Vincent Colapietro and John Christman, both of whom were always accessible and generous in sharing their own work where it overlapped with mine. I also feel fortunate to have conducted my graduate studies over the last several years in the context of a vibrant and stimulating intellectual community of friends, both at Villanova University and at Penn State, from whom I learned much and on whom I depended greatly. Much of my own personal and intellectual growth can be traced directly to conversations with, in particular, Kyle Grady, Alexi Kukuljevic, Adriel Trott and Michael Schleeter. I treasure those friendships and look forward to many more years of growth with them as colleagues. Finally, I want to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Donna Marcano, who reminded me on many occasions that this project would not be the last thing I will ever say on this topic. She has, for almost a decade now, been my inspiration to sharpen my philosophical work on the edge of the “real” world, to reach beyond my grasp, and to remember that good questions are ultimately more indispensable than good answers. vi DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the three grandparents that I lost while in graduate school, Mack W. Johnson, Sr., Jack Crouch and Dorothy Crouch, who would have been proud to see it finished, as well as to my last living grandmother, Barbara Johnson, who is proud. vii Monsters cannot be announced. One cannot say: “here are our monsters” without immediately turning the monsters into pets. --Jacques Derrida History, despite its
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