Heavymetalová Hudba Jako Součást Hudebního Průmyslu

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Heavymetalová Hudba Jako Součást Hudebního Průmyslu MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Management v kultuře Bc. Anna Minjaríková Heavymetalová hudba jako součást hudebního průmyslu Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Aleš Opekar, CSc. 2019 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………………… Podpis autorky práce Ráda bych poděkovala svému vedoucímu, PhDr. Aleši Opekarovi, CSc., za věcné připomínky, rady a za trpělivost. Také bych ráda poděkovala svému partnerovi, rodině a přátelům za jejich podporu, pochopení a inspiraci. Obsah 1. Úvod ................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Hudební průmysl ............................................................................................................................. 3 3. Definice heavy metalu ..................................................................................................................... 5 4. Historie heavy metalu...................................................................................................................... 6 4.1. Vznik heavymetalové hudby a přelom 60. a 70. let .................................................................... 6 4.2. Přelom 70. a 80. let a vznik NWOBHM ................................................................................... 10 4.3. Heavy metal v 80. letech ........................................................................................................... 12 4.4. Ústup heavy metalu do pozadí v 90. letech ............................................................................... 18 4.5. Počátek druhého tisíciletí .......................................................................................................... 21 5. Komerční úspěšnost heavymetalové hudby .................................................................................. 22 5.1. Způsob konzumace hudby příznivci jednotlivých hudebních žánrů ......................................... 22 5.1.1. Streamování ........................................................................................................................... 23 5.2. Hudební žebříčky ...................................................................................................................... 26 5.2.1. Billboard ................................................................................................................................ 26 5.2.1.1. Žánrové žebříčky ............................................................................................................... 30 5.2.1.2. Mezinárodní žebříčky ........................................................................................................ 35 5.2.1.3. Kategorie „Greatest Of All Time“ ..................................................................................... 37 5.2.1.4. Year-End Charts ................................................................................................................ 40 5.2.1.4.1. Žánrové Year End žebříčky ............................................................................................... 42 6. Možný budoucí vývoj heavymetalové hudby ............................................................................... 47 6.1. Schopnost heavy metalu konkurovat jiným žánrům ................................................................. 52 6.2. Možná symbióza heavy metalu a jiných žánrů ......................................................................... 54 7. Heavy metal a hudební ocenění .................................................................................................... 58 7.1. Grammy Awards ....................................................................................................................... 59 7.2. Billboard Music Awards ........................................................................................................... 61 7.3. Zlatá a platinová deska .............................................................................................................. 62 8. Závěr ............................................................................................................................................. 63 Resumé .................................................................................................................................................. 66 Resumé .................................................................................................................................................. 67 Resümee ................................................................................................................................................ 68 Seznam pramenů a literatury ................................................................................................................. 69 1. Úvod V 50. letech minulého století vznikl fúzí žánrů rhythm & blues, swing popu a country rock’n’roll. Ačkoliv nebyl zpočátku všemi kladně přijat (z velké části i kvůli rasovým předsudkům, neboť šlo původně o tzv. „černou hudbu“), způsobil hudební revoluci a postupně z něj zrodilo i mnoho dalších hudebních žánrů. Ty si však také musely na přijetí veřejnosti mnohdy nějakou dobu počkat, což byl i případ heavy metalu, jenž vznikl na přelomu 60. a 70. let minulého století. Heavy Metal stejně jako rock’n’roll vznikl původně jako hudba lidí žijících na okraji společnosti, takže v průběhu let setkával s různými předsudky, s nimiž se mnohdy příznivci tohoto žánru vypořádávají dodnes. Předsudkům vycházejících z rasových stereotypů se sice se sice tento žánr vyhnul, ale podobně jako v případě rock’n‘rollu (a také rocku) a dalších žánrů z něj vzešlých bylo často předmětem stereotypů chování posluchačů heavy metalu, jejich inteligence či vztah k návykovým látkám, což se úzce pojí s poměry, v nichž se zrodil. Kromě toho se ke stereotypům přidal i satanismus. Ačkoliv je heavy metal pořád vnímán spíše jako „outsider hudebního průmyslu“, je v dnešní době veřejností vesměs přijímán a heavymetalovou hudbu tak lze příležitostně slyšet i v médiích, byť se mu stále nedostává tolik pozornosti jako například mainstreamovému popu, hip hopu a rapu či R’n’B, což je v práci ukázání mimo jiné prostřednictvím analýzy hudebních žebříčků. Knihy a další tištěné publikace, které se tímto tématem zabývají a jsou zároveň aktuální, bohužel prakticky neexistují, proto je většina práce založena na relevantních informacích dostupných online. V první řadě jde například o žebříčky, které tvoří velkou část této práce a nahrazují informace o přesných finančních ziscích interpretů a kapel, které nejsou zveřejňovány. Kapitoly, které s nimi pracují, nepatří mezi ty nejčtivější, nicméně jsou velmi důležité, neboť dokládají, jaké jsou v současné době v hudbě skutečné trendy, aniž by se opíraly o pouhé dohady, spekulace a subjektivní pocity. Zároveň z nich jde dobře poznat, jaké heavymetalové kapely – pokud se v žebříčcích nějaké objevují – mají největší úspěch. Z podobného důvodu jsou v práci obsaženy i kapitoly v rámci možností co nejdetailněji popisující historii heavy metalu a to, jak se vyvíjela jeho popularita v průběhu let. 1 V této práci je také pozornost věnována současným trendům v konzumaci hudby – zejména streamování – neboť právě to, jakým způsobem je hudba konzumována, ovlivňuje celý hudební průmysl, kterému v posledních letech uškodilo zejména internetové pirátství. Část práce staví také na poznatcích hudebních publicistů a dalších odborníků pohybujících se v oboru, ale také na názorech a poznatcích některých hudebníků. Je nicméně potřeba mít na paměti, že zejména v případě hudebníků můžou být některé jejich poznatky spíše postaveny na subjektivním dojmu. I tak je ale důležité je brát v potaz, neboť hudebníky samotné současná situace velmi silně ovlivňuje. V případě této práce je nicméně potřeba si uvědomit, že pro skutečně podrobné zmapování pozice heavymetalové hudby v hudebním průmyslu a na současné hudební scéně by bylo nutné v první řadě pokud možno co nejlépe zmapovat situaci v jednotlivých zemích, neboť v každé zemi je situace z různých důvodů odlišná. To však z důvodu časové náročnosti, množství zdrojů (které pochopitelně nejsou snadno dostupné) a použití mnoha rozličných jazyků není možné obsáhnout. 2 2. Hudební průmysl Hudební průmysl je chápán jako součást kulturního průmyslu, což je téma, jímž se zabývala již Frankfurtská škola v čele s Theodorem Adornem a Maxem Horkheimerem, autory knihy „Dialektika osvícenství“.1 Cílem je hudebního průmyslu je – stejně jako v případě jiných druhů průmyslu – primárně vydělat peníze a vytvářet tak zisk. Konkrétně je založen na prodeji nahrávek, notovin, příjmech ze vstupného na živé hudební akce a obchodu s autorskými, licenčními a distribučními právy.2 Předpokladem jeho existence a vzniku je tedy hudební či zvuková tvorba, na což navazují poskytovatelé této tvorby svojí činností, jež je podstatou hudebního průmyslu jako takového.3 Oblast hudebního průmyslu zahrnuje klasické a populární hudební žánry a spadá částečně jak do odvětví neprůmyslových, tak do odvětví průmyslových.4 Eva Žáková, odbornice na kulturní a kreativní průmyslu, k problémům hudebního průmyslu uvedla: „Hudební trh pocítil jako první problémy spojené s digitalizací a novými obchodními modely, ať už ve vztahu k uživateli (tzv. pirátství a podmínky dostupnosti), či ve vztahu mezi firmami (zejména obchod s licenčními a distribučními právy), a trpí jimi stále. Kvůli novým technologiím se dostal do krize především hudební vydavatelský
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