Pacific Affairs

Vol.53, No. 1 Spring 1980

Administrative Reform and Modernization in Post-Mao China Victor C. Falkenheim 5

The Chinese Controversy Over Higher Education Jonathan Unger 29

India's Changing Role in the United Nations Stanley A. Kochanek 48

The Japanese Supreme Court and the Governance of Education Benjamin C. Duke 69

The Roots of Indochinese Civilisation: Recent Developments in the Prehistory of Southeast Asia Donn Bayard 89

La Chine Antique Revisited Review Article E.G. Pulleyblank 115

Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 120 BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

PEASANTSAND POLITICS.Grass Roots Reaction to Change in Asia, edited by D.B. Miller. Rodolphe De Koninck MANYREASONS WHY. The American Involvement in Vietnam, by Michael Charlton and Anthony Moncrieff. Gareth Porter THECAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA.Volume 10: Late Ch'ing, 1800-191 1, Part I, edited by John K. Fairbank. Thomas A. Metzger LANDLORDAND LABORIN LATEIMPERIAL CHINA.Case Studies from Shandong, by Jing Su and Luo Lun, translated by Endymion Wilkinson. Edgar Wickberg THEARMS OF KIANGNAN.Modernization in the Chinese Ordnance Industry, 1860-1895, by Thomas L. Kennedy. Stanley Spector THEPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.A Basic Handbook, compiled by James R. Townsend. William A. Joseph THEPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.A Documentary History of Revolutionary Change, edited by Mark Selden, with Patti Eggleston. ./ Dennis Woodward MAO:THE PEOPLE'S EMPEROR, by.Dick Wilson. Stephen Uhalley, Jr. LAWWITHOUT LAWYERS. A Comparative View of Law in China and the United States, by Victor H. Li. Douglas M. Johnston LACHINE ET LE REGLEMENTDU PREMIERCONFLIT D'INDOCHINE (GENEVE1954), by Fran~oisJoyaux. Milton Osbome A CHINESE/ENGLISHDICTIONARY OF CHINA'SRURAL ECONOMY, by Kieran Broadbent. Graham E. Johnson HONGKONG: STABILITY AND CHANGE.A Collection of Essays, by Henry J. Lethbridge. Janet W. Salajf SOZI~~KONOMISCHEENTWICKLUNG UND INDUSTRIELLE ORGANISATIONJAPANS, edited by Sepp Linha~andErich Pauer. Kurt Steiner JAPAN'S PUBLICPOLICY COMPANIES,by Chalmers Johnson. J. W.C. Tomlinson LABORAND MANAGEMENT.edited bv Kiichiro Nakaeawa. Robert D. Walton CONFUCIANGENTLEMEN AND BARBARIAN ENVOYS.The Opening of Korea, 1875-1885, by Martina Deuchler. C.I. Eugene Kim THENEW VAISYAS. Entrepreneurial Opportunity and Response in an Indian City, by Raymond Lee Owens and Ashis Nandy. C.A. Bayly REVOLUTIONARYVIOLENCE. A Study of the Maoist Movement in India, by Manoranjan Mohanty. Victor M. Fie SOCIALMOVEMENTS AND SOCIALTRANSFORMATION. A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India, by M.S.A. Rao. James M. Freeman AGRICULTUREAND SOCIALSTRUCTURE IN TAMILNADU. Past Origins, Present Transformations and Future Prospects, by Joan P. Mencher. David Washbrook CASTEAND KINSHIPIN KANGRA,by Jonathan P. Parry. Gerald D. Beweman FROGSIN A WELL.Indian Women in Purdah, by Patricia Jeffery. Syluia M. Hale LANGUAGEAND CIVILIZATIONCHANGE IN SOUTHASIA, edited by Clarence Malopy. Tej K. Bhatia BANGLADESH-EQUITABLEGROWTH?, by Joseph F. Stepanek. Robert S. Anderson CASTEAND FAMILYIN THE POLITICSOF THE SINHALESE,1947- 1976, by Janice Jiggins. A. Jeyaratnam Wilson POVERTYAND SOCIALCHANGE IN SOUTHEASTASIA, edited by Ozay Mehmet. J. L.S. Girling COMMUNISTINDOCHINA AND U.S. FOREIGNPOLICY: POSTWAR REALITIES,by Joseph J. Zasloff and MacAlister Brown. J.L.S. Girling DYNAMICSOF INDONESIANHISTORY, edited by Haryati Soebadio and Carine A. du Marchie Sarvaas. J.D. Legge ADATLAW IN MODERNINDONESIA, by M.B. Hooker. Daniel S. Lev AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MALAYSIANLEGAL SYSTEM (2nd edition), by Wu Min Aun. Victor M. Fie MAYORSAND MANAGERSIN THAILAND.The Struggle for Political Life in Administrative Settings, by Ronald L. Krannich. Thak Chaloemtiarana THECONSTITUTIONALIST PARTY IN COCHINCHINA:THE YEARS OF DECLINE,1930- 1942, by Megan Cook. Milton Osborne 167 DOCUMENTSON AUSTRALIANFOREIGN POLICY, 1937-49. Volume Ill: January-June 1940, edited by H. Kenway, H.J.W. Stokes and P.G. Edwards. Henry S. Albinski 168 AUSTRALIA'SASIAN POLICIES. The History of a Debate, 1839- 1972, by A.W. Stargardt. P.J. Boyce 170 ESSAYSON BORNEOSOCIETIES, edited by Victor T. King. David Hicks 172 KURUSORCERY. Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands, by Shirley Lindenbaum. John LeRoy 173 THEAMERICANIZATION OF MICRONESIA. A Study of the Consolidation of U.S. Rule in the Pacific, by Roger W. Gale. Harold K. Jacobson 174 NO-NO BOY,by John Okada. Gordon Hirabayashi 176 REGIONALIZATIONOF THE LAWOFTHE SEA,edited by Douglas M. Johnston. Barry Bman 177 MALACCA,SINGAPORE, AND INDONESIA, by Michael Leifer. Barry Bman 177

BRIEFLY NOTED ASIANMASS COMMUNICATIONS: A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOG- RAPHY. 1977 Supplement, by John A. Lent. J. ~c~eeElrod THEPAWNSHOPIN CHINA,by T.S. Whelan. Terry G. McGee THECHINESE LAKE MURDERS, by Robert Van Gulik, with an Introduction by Donald F. Lach. Ralph W. Huenemann THECHINESE GOLD MURDERS, by Robert Van Gulik, with an Introduction by Donald F. Lach. Ralph W. Huenemann "OVERSEAS CHINESE"IN SOUTHEASTASIA AND CHINA'SFOREIGN POLICY. An Interpretative Essay, by Leo Suryadinata. Edgar Wickberg MORIOGAI AND THE MODERNIZATIONOF JAPANESE CULTURE, by Richard John Bowring. Leon M. Zolbrod KOREA,NORTH AND SOUTH:THE DEEPENING CRISIS, edited by Gavan McCorrnack and Mark Selden. Yunshik Chang TRADITIONAND POLITICSIN SOUTHASIA, edited by R.J. Moore. Fritz Lehmann CHANGINGECONOMY IN INDONESIA. A Selection of Statistical Source Material from the early 19th Century up to 1940: Vol. 4, initiated by W.M.F. Mansvelt, re-edited and continued by P. Creutzberg. G.B. Hainsworth 183 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

VICTOR C. FALKENHEIM,Associate Professor of Political Science, Scarborough College, University of Toronto, Canada.

JONATHAN UNGER,Assistant Professor of East Asian Cultures and Sociol- ogy, University of Kansas, U.S.A. Author of Education under Mao: A Study of Canton Schools, 1960-1980 (forthcoming) and co-author of a forthcoming study of a village in the People's Republic.

STANLEYA. KOCHANEK,Professor of Political Science, The Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A. Author of The Congress Party of India (Princeton University Press, 1968) and Business and Politics in India (University of Cali- fornia Press, 1974). He has just completed a book on Interest Groups and Political Development in Pakistan.

BENJAMINC. DUKE,Professor of Comparative and International Educa- tion, and Chairman, Graduate School Division of Education, Inter- national Christian University, Japan. Author of Japan's Militant Teachers: A History of the Left Wing Teachers' Movement (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1973; translated into Japanese and published in 1977).

DONNBAYARD, Senior Lecturer in Anthropology, University of Otago, New Zealand. Author of Non Nok Tha: he 1968 Excavation and The Cultural Relationships of the Polynesian Outliers (Dunedin: University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology, 197 1, 1976).

E.G. PULLEYBLANK,Professor of Asian Studies, University of British Co- lumbia, Canada. Pacific Affairs

Vol. 53, No. 2 Summer 1980

"Ex-Untouchable": Problems, Progress, and Policies in Indian Social Change Barbara R. Joshi 193

Indian Defense Policy: Continuity and Change Under the Janata Government Raju G. C. Thomas 223

Japan's Rearmament Dilemma: The Joseph M. Ha Paradox of Recovery John Guinasso 245

The China Trade: Recent Developments and Future Prospects Samuel P.S. Ho 269

Family, Lineage, and Team in South China Today: Review Article W.E. Willmott 290

A Far Away Country: The Fruits of Unrealistic Diplomacy Towards Cambodia Review Article A. W. Stargardt 298

Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 306 BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

ASIANTRANSFORMATION. A History of South-East, South and East Asia, by Gilbert Khoo and Dorothy Lo. H.E. Wilson THEWESTERNIZATION OF ASIA.A Comparative Political Analysis, by Frank C. Darling. J. Stephen Hoadley A TURNINGWHEEL. Three Decades of the Asian Revolution as Witnessed by a Correspondent for The New Yorker, by Robert Shaplen. Josef Silverstein A HANDBOOKON THE METHODOLOGYFOR AN INTEGRATED EXPERIMENT-SURVEYON RICE YIELD CONSTRAINTS, by S.K. de Datta, et al. Barrie M. Morrison INTERPRETIVEANALYSIS OF SELECTEDPAPERS FROM CHANGES IN RICEFARMING IN SELECTEDAREAS OF ASIA,edited by the International Rice Research Institute, Manila. Barrie M. Morrison FOREIGNRELATIONS OF THE UNITEDSTATES, 1952-1954. Volume 111: United Nations Affairs, edited by Ralph R. Goodwin. Samuel S. Kim A HISTORYOF CHINA.Volume I., bv, Witold Rodzinski. L. Carrington Goodrich PERSPECTIVESON A CHANGINGCHINA. Essays in Honor of Professor C. Martin Wilbur on the Occasion of His Retirement, edited by Joshua A. Fogel and William T. Rowe. Edgar Wickberg PASSAGETO POWER.K'ang-hsi and His Heir Apparent, 1661- 1722, by Silas H.L. Wu. Lawrence D. Kessler MILITARISMIN MODERNCHINA. The Career of Wu P'ei-fu, 1916- 39, by Odoric Y.K. Wou. Donald G. Gillin THELAST CONFUCIAN. Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity, by Guy S. Alitto. Harold Z Schijfrin THEBROKEN WAVE. The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement, 1922-1928, by Roy Hofheinz, Jr. Lucien Bianco THEPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA:A HANDBOOK,edited by Harold C. Hinton. J. Bruce Jacobs THEFUTURE OF CHINAAFTER MAO, by Ross Terrill. Frederick C. Teiwes DIE WIRTSCHAFTOSTEUROPAS UND DER VR CHINA,1970-1980: BILANZUND PERSPEKTIVEN,edited by Hans-Hermann Hohmann. W. Klatt THEPOLITICS OF AGRICULTURALMECHANIZATION IN CHINA,by Benedict Stavis. Kenneth R. Walker CONTEMPORARYCHINESE NOVELS AND SHORTSTORIES, 1949- 1974: AN ANNOTATEDBIBLIOGRAPHY, by Meishi Tsai, with the assistance of I-mei Tsai. T. D. Huters SYMBOLSOF ETERNITY.The Art of Landscape Painting in China, by Michael Sullivan. James 0. Casweil HOW MONGOLIAIS REALLYRULED. A Political History of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1900-1978, by Robert Rupen. Owen Lattimore BIBLIOTHECAMONGOLICA. Part I: Works in English, French, and German, edited by Henry G. Schwarz. Paul Hyer ECONOMICGROWTH AND STRUCTURALCHANGE IN TAIWAN. The Postwar Experience of the Republic of China, edited by Walter ~alenson. Ching-yuan (Ken) Lin HONGKONG. A Study in Economic Freedom, by Alvin Rabushka. James Riedel JAPAN AS NUMBERONE: LESSONS FOR AMERICA,by Ezra F. Vogel. J. A. A. Stockwin A SEASONOF VOTING.The Japanese Elections of 1976 and 1977, edited by Herbert Passin. James W. White WORK,MOBILITY, AND PARTICIPATION.A Comparative Study of American and Japanese Industry, by Robert E. Cole. Thomas P. Rohlen THEJAPANESE WORKINGMAN: WHAT CHOICE? WHAT REWARD?,by Ernest van Helvoort. Thomas P. Rohlen SUBURBANTOKYO. A Comparative Study in Politics and Social Change, by Gary D. Allinson. Sepp Linhart LONG-TERMPROSPECT FOR ECONOMICAND SOCIALDEVELOP- MENT, 1977-91, edited by the Korea Development Institute. Young-lob Chung ALIGARH'SFIRST GENERATION: MUSLIM SOLIDARITY IN BRITISH INDIA,by David Lelyveld. Dauid Taylor INDIA:A RISINGMIDDLE POWER, edited by John W. Mellor, Foreword by Phillips Talbot. Stephen Philip Cohen POLITICSMAINLY INDIAN, by W. H. Morris-Jones. Paul R. Brass SONSOFTHE SOIL.Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India, by Myron Weiner. W. Klatt INDIA'SPOLITICAL ECONOMY, 1947-1977: THEGRADUAL REVOLUTION,by Francine R. Frankel. Baldeu Raj Nayar THEINDIAN ECONOMY:POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT,by Pramit Chaudhuri. J. S. Uppal IN DEFENSEOF THE IRRATIONAL PEASANT.Indian Agriculture after the Green Revolution, by Kusum Nair. B. H. Farmer LANDTENURE AND PEASANTIN SOUTHASIA, edited by Robert Eric Frykenberg. Dietmar Rothermund BANGLADESH:THE UNFINISHED REVOLUTION. Parts I and 11, by Lawrence Lifschultz. Helen M. Nugent EARLYSOUTH-EAST ASIA. Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography, edited by R.B. Smith and W. Watson. Richard Pearson THEARMY AND POLITICSIN INDONESIA, by Harold Crouch. Ruth MCVey THEUNITED STATES AND THE INDONESIANMILITARY, 1945-1965. A Study of an Intervention: Volumes I & 11, by Rudolf Mrizek. Ulf Sundhaussen NEOCOLONIALIDENTITY AND COUNTER-CONSCIOUSNESS.Essays on Cultural Decolonization, by Renato Constantino, edited by Istvin M6sziros. Dauid V. DuFault ANATOMYOF A PEASANTECONOMY. A Rice Village in the Philippines, by Y. Hayami, et al. Richard R. Barichello ECONOMICCONSEQUENCES OF THE NEWRICE TECHNOLOGY, edited by The International Rice Research Institute. Richard R. Barichello ISLAMAND ISLAMICINSTITUTIONS IN BRITISHMALAYA: POLICIES AND IMPLEMENTATION,by Moshe Yegar, Foreword by S.N. Eisenstadt. Gordon P. Means PRINCEOF PIRATES.The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784-1885, by Car1 A. Trocki. Wong Lin Ken A HISTORYOF AUSTRALIA:Volumes I-IV, by C.M.H. Clark. Robert Kubicek A CONSTITUTIONALHISTORY OF AUSTRALIA,by W.G. McMinn. Alan C. Cairns WILLIAMMORRIS HUGHES: A POLITICALBIOGRAPHY. Volumes I and 11, by L.F. Fitzhardinge. C. Hartley Grattan POLITICSBETWEEN DEPARTMENTS. The Fragmentation of Executive Control in Australian Government, by Martin Painter and Bernard Carey. Garth Steuenson CITIESUNLIMITED. The Sociology of Urban Development in Australia and New Zealand, by Leslie Kilmartin and David C. Thorns. DO KAMO:PERSON AND MYTHIN THE MELANESIANWORLD, by Maurice Leenhardt, translated by Basia Miller Gulati, Preface by Vincent Crapanzano. Peter B. Huber THELEADERS AND THE LED.Social Control in Wogeo, New Guinea, by Ian Hogbin. Jane C. Goodale WEEKENDWARRIORS. Alcohol in a Micronesian Culture, by Mac Marshall. William H. Alkire WHITECANADA FOREVER. Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia, by W. Peter Ward. Charles Price BRIEFLY NOTED A MATTER OF TWO CHINAS.The China-Taiwan Issue in U.S. Foreign Policy, by William R. Kintner and John F. Copper. Robert Boardman THEORGANIZATION OF CHINESEEMIGRATION, 1848-1888. With Special Reference to Chinese Emigration to Australia, by Sing- wu Wang. STRAWSANDALS. Chinese Short Stories, 1918-1933, edited by Harold R. Isaacs, Foreword by Lu Hsun. Jan W. Walls JAPANESE INVESTMENTIN SOUTHEASTASIA, by Kunio Yoshihara. Geoffrey B. Hainsworth THEFAR-OFF HILLS, by Rita Anton. George Woodcock SOUTHEASTASIAN AFFAIRS 1979, edited by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. Donald Hindley INDONESIANBANDA. Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands, by Willard A. Hanna. M.C. Ricklefs INDONESIEN: GESCHICHTEEINES ENTWICKLUNGSLANDES(1945- 1971), by B. Dahm. Paul W. van der Veur VIEWPOINTS,by Tunku Abdul Rahman (First Prime Minister of Malaysia). Richard Stubbs

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

BARBARAR. JOSHI, Assistant Professor of Political Science, State University College of New York, Geneseo, U.S.A. Author of Democracy in Search of Equality: Untouchable Politics and Indian Social Change (New Delhi: Hindustan Publishing Corp., forthcoming).

RAJU G.C. THOMAS,Assistant Professor of Political Science, Marquette University, U.S.A.; Research Fellow, Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, 1980-81. Author of The Defence of India: A Budgetary Perspective of Strategy and Politics (Macmillan Company of India, 1978).

JOSEPH M. HA, Chairman and Professor of International Affairs, Lewis and Clark College, U.S.A. His most recent book is on Major Powers in East Asia (forthcoming).

JOHN GUINASSO,Fellow in the Curriculum of International Affairs, Lewis and Clark College, U.S.A.

SAMUELP.S. HO, Associate Professor of Economics, University of British Columbia, Canada.

W.E. WILLMOTT,Professor of Sociology at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Editor of Economic Organization in Chinese Society (1972).

A.W. STARGARDT,Director of the Cambridge Project on Asian Diplomatic History. His most recent work is Australia's Asian Policies: The History of a Debate, 1839-1972 (Hamburg: Otto Harrassowitz, 1977). Pacific Affairs

Vol. 53, No. 3 Fall 1980

Religious Ideology and Social Change: The Islamic Revival in Malaysia Judith Nagata 405

The Open Economy and Its Friends: The "Development" of Thailand Pasuk Phongpaichit 440

Prelude to Power: The Meaning of Non-Alignment Before Indian Independence TA. Keenleyside 461

What the Statues Tell: The Politics of Choosing Symbols in Trivandrum Robin Jeffrey 484

The Security of Northeast Asia: Review Article Donald W. Klein 503

Rectification and Purge in Chinese Politics: Review Article Lowell Dittmer 509

To the Precipice and Back: Reflecting on the 1975 Australian "Constitutional Crisis": Review Article Robert J. Williams 5 15

Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 52 1

Pacific Affairs (USPS 767-380) is published quarterly by the University of British Columbia. Office of publication: William Byrd Press, 2901 Byrdhill Rd., Rich- mond, VA 23261, U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Richmond, Virginia.

Copyright @ 1980, University of British Columbia. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

RAWMATERIALS AND PACIFICECONOMIC INTEGRATION, edited by Sir John Crawford and Saburo Okita, assisted by Peter Drysdale and Kiyoshi Kojima. Leon Hollerman 52 1 CONSTITUTIONALISMIN ASIA. Asian Views of the American Influence, edited by Lawrence Ward Beer. John M. Maki 522 THEMILITARY EQUATION IN NORTHEASTASIA, by Stuart E. Johnson, with Joseph A. Yager. Arthur Huck 523 AMERICAIN VIETNAM,by Guenter Lewy. David G. Man 524 THELOST PEACE.America's Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War, by Allan E. Goodman, Foreword by Ambassador William H. Sullivan. David C. Man 524 THEIRONY OF VIETNAM:THE SYSTEM WORKED, by Leslie H. Gelb, with Richard K. Betts. Blema S. Steinberg 527 CHINESEWALLED CITIES. A Collection of Maps from Shina J6kaku no Gaiyti, edited by Benjamin E. Wallacker, Ronald G. Knapp, Arthur J. Van Alstyne, and Richard J. Smith. Gilbert Rozman 529 LANDAND LINEAGEIN CHINA.A Study of T'ung-ch'eng County, Anhwei, in the Ming and Ch'ing Dynasties, by Hilary J. Beattie. Morton H. Fried 530 OLDMADAM Y1N. A Memoir of Peking Life, 1926-1938, by Ida Pruitt. Elisabeth Croll 53 1 THEMILITARY-GENTRY COALITION: CHINA UNDER THE WARLORDS,by Jerome Ch'en. S.A.M. Adshead 533 THEURBAN ORIGINS OF RURALREVOLUTION. Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 191 1-1927, by Angus W. McDonald, Jr. L& Shaffer 534 THEPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINAAFTER THIRTY YEARS. An Overview, edited by Joyce K. Kallgren Victor C. Falkenheim 536 WIRTZCHAFTLICHEENTWICKLUNG UND SOZIALER~ANDELIN DER VOZKSREPUBLIKCHINA (Economic Development and Social Change in the People's Republic of China), by Willy Kraus. W. Klatt 537 INSIDEPEKING. A Personal Report, by Beverley Hooper, Foreword by Stephen FitzGerald. David S. Zweig 539 FEI HSIAO-T'UNG.The Dilemma of a Chinese Intellectual, selected and translated by James P. McGough. Graham E. Johnson 540 SOCIOLOGYAND SOCIALISMIN CONTEMPORARYCHINA, by Siu- lun Wong. Martin King Whyte 542 CHINA,THE UNITED NATIONS, AND WORLDORDER, by Samuel S. Kim. Michael Yahuda 544 THEMIDDLE EAST IN CHINA'SFOREIGN POLICY, 1949-1977, by Yitzhak Shichor. Bruce D. Larkin 546 CHINAAND THE WORLDFOOD SYSTEM,by A. Doak Barnett. James E. Nickum 547 ESSENTIALS OF CHINESELITERARY ART, by James J.Y. Liu. W.J.F.Jenner 549 THEWOUNDED. New Stories of the Cultural Revolution, 77-78, by Lu Xinhua, Kong Jiesheng Yang Wenzhi, Lu Wenfu, Wang Yaping, Wang Meng, and Liu Xinwu, translated by Geremie Barme and Bennett Lee. Richard King 550 HONGKONG. Economic, Social and Political Studies in Development, edited by Tzong-biau Lin, Rance P.L. Lee and Udo-Ernst Sirnonis. Stuart Kirby 55 1 MONGOLIA'SCULTURE AND SOCIETY,by Sechin Jagchid and Paul Hyer, Foreword by Joseph Fletcher. Philip Nugmt 552 THEDEVELOPMENT OF KAMAKURARULE, 1180-1250. A History with Documents, by Jeffrey P. Mass. John S. Brownlee 554 PATTERNSOF JAPANESE POLICYMAKING:EXPERIENCES FROM HIGHEREDUCATION, by T.J. Pempel. Rob Steven 556 PATTERNSOF JAPANESE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.A Quantitative Appraisal, edited by Kazushi Ohkawa and Giyohei ~hinohara,with Larry ~eissner. W.R. Purcell 557 THEJAPANESE COMPANY,by Rodney Clark. William D. Wray THEPREHISTORY OF KOREA,by Jeong-Hak Kim, translated and edited by Richard J. Pearson and Kazue Pearson. Fumiko Ikawa-Smith STUDIESON KOREAIN TRANSITION,edited by David R. McCann, John Middleton, and Edward J. Shultz. Yunshik Chang GROWTHAND STRUCTURALTRANSFORMATION, by Kwang Suk Kim and Michael Roemer. Joseph S. Chung THEDEVELOPMENTAL ROLE OF THE FOREIGNSECTOR AND AID, by Anne 0.Krueger. Joseph S. Chung HINDUISM:A RELIGIONTO LIVEBY, by Nirad C. Chaudhuri. Paul Younger THEASCENDANCY OF THE CONGRESSIN UTTAR PRADESH,1926- 34. A Study in Imperfect Mobilization, by Gyanendra Pandey. Roderick Church INDIRA GANDHI'SEMERGENCE AND STYLE,by Nayantara Sahgal. Henry C. Hart MODERNSRI LANKA: A SOCIETYIN TRANSITION,edited by Tissa Fernando and Robert N. Kearney. Bruce Matthews COLLECTIVEIDENTITIES, NATIONALISMS,AND PROTESTIN MODERNSRI LANKA, edited by Michael Roberts. Tissa Fernando VEDDAVILLAGES OF ANURADHAPURA.The Historical Anthro- pology of a Community in Sri Lanka, by James Brow. Bonnie Graham MacDougall 574 SHADOWAND SOUND.The Historical Thoueht" of a Sumatran . People, by James Siegel. James J. Fox 575 MILESTONESON MYJOURNEY. The Memoirs of Ali Sastroamijoyo, Indonesian Patriot and Political Leader, edited by C.L.M. Penders. Roger Paget 577 WEST IRIAN AND JAKARTA IMPERIALISM, by Kees Lagerberg. Robert Lawless 578 MAUROMENDEZ: FROM JOURNALISM TO DIPLOMACY,by Sylvia Mendez Ventura, Foreword by Carlos P. Romulo. Jean Grossholtz 580 PERAK:THE ABODE OF GRACE.A Study of an Eighteenth-Century Malay State, by Barbara Watson Andaya. M.C. Ricklefs 58 1 MALAYSIANSTUDIES: PRESENT KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH TRENDS,edited by John A. Lent. Richard Stubbs 582 BROKERSOF MORALITY.Thai Ethnic Adaptation in a Rural Malaysian Setting, by Louis Golomb. Cordon P. Means 584 SOCIALENGINEERING IN SINGAPORE.Educational Policies and Social Change, 1819-1972, by H.E. Wilson. Yue-man Yeung 586 BUDDHISM,IMPERIALISM AND WAR.Burma and Thailand in Modern History, by Trevor Ling. John F. Cady 587 IRONMAN OF LAOS:PRINCE PHETSARATH RATANAVONGSA, by "3349"; translated by John B. Murdoch, edited by David K. Wyatt. MacAlister Brown 589 AUSTRALIA,NEW ZEALAND, AND THE PACIFICISLANDS SINCE THE FIRSTWORLD WAR, edited by William S. Livingston and William Roger Louis. Stephen Levine 590 POLITICSAND POLICY IN AUSTRALIA,by Geoffrey Hawker, R.F.I. Smith, and Patrick Weller. Garth Stevenson 593 IMPROVINGNEW ZEALAND'S DEMOCRACY, edited by J. Stephen Hoadley. John B. Condlzffe 595 THEINDO-FIJIAN EXPERIENCE,edited and Introduced by Subramani. Kamal K. Prasad 596 ECONOMICPLANNING AND SOCIALJUSTICE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,by Ozay Mehmet. Peter F. Bell 596

BRIEFLY NOTED OCEANOF DESTINY.A Concise History of the North Pacific, 1500- 1978, by J. Arthur Lower. Lawrence Carroll Allin 598 GEO-STRATEGYAND THE SOUTHCHINA SEABASIN. Regional Balance, Maritime issues, Future Patterns, by Lim Joo-Jock. J.L.S. Girling 599 DOUBLE-EDGEDSECRETS. U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific during World War 11, by W. J. Holmes. Alvin D. Coox 600 FACESOF MY NEIGHBOUR.Three Journeys into East Asia, by Maslyn Williams. George Woodcock 600 THET'ANG CODE.Volume I: General Principles, translated by Wallace Johnson. R. W.L. Guisso 60 1 GENESISOF A REVOLUTION.An Anthology of Modern Chinese Short Stories, selected and translated by Stanley R. Munro. Jan W. Walls 601 BETWEENGOD AND MAN.A Judgment on War Crimes. A Play in Two Parts by Kinoshita Junji, translated by Eric J. Gangloff. Kurt Steiner 602 LIFE,DEATH AND AGE IN MODERNJAPANESE FICTION,edited by Reiko Tsukimura. Lean Zolbrod 603 ASIEDU SUD:TRADITIONS ET CHANGEMENTS. (Sevres, 8-13juillet 1978.) Peter Hamett) 603 NATIONALAND REGIONALINTERESTS IN ASEAN. Competition and Co-operation in International Politics, by Russell H. Fifield. Donald Crone 604 SWITCHONÑSWITC OFF. Mass Media Audiences in Malaysia, by Newel1 Grenfell. John A. Lent 605

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

JUDITH NAGATA,Associate Professor of Anthropology, York University, Canada. Author of Malaysian Mosaic: Perspectives from a Poly-Ethnic Society (Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press, 1980); editor of Pluralism in Malaysia: Myth and Reality (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1975). On leave at Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1979-1980. PASUKPHONGPAICHIT, Senior Lecturer and Director of Research, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. Author of Economic and Social Transformation of Thailand, 1957-1976 (Chulalongkorn Univer- sity, Social Science Research Institute, 1980). T.A. KEENLEYSIDE,Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Windsor, Canada. Author of The Common Touch (Toronto and Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977). ROBINJEFFREY, Lecturer in Politics, La Trobe University, Australia. Author of The Decline of Nayar Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1897-1908 (London: Sussex University Press/New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976); editor of People, Princes and Paramount Power: Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States (New Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1978) and Asia: The Winning of Independence (London: Macmillan, forthcoming, 1981). DONALDW. KLEIN,Associate Professor of Political Science, Tufts Univer- sity, U.S.A. Co-author of Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921- 1965 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1971). LOWELLDITTMER, Chairman of the Center for Chinese Studies, and Asso- ciate Professor of Political Science, University of California at Berkeley, U.S.A. Author of Liu Shao-ch'i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution (University of California Press, 1974). ROBERTJ. WILLIAMS,Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of Political Science, University of Waterloo, Canada. Pacific Affairs

Vol. 53, No. 4 Winter 1980-81

PAGE Indian Socio-Economic Development The Green Revolution in a Punjab Village, 1965- 1978 Murray J. Leaf 6 17 Rural Development and Politics in India Walter C. Neale 626 India's Foreign Trade and Payments Since 1965: Managing the Nation as a Peasant Household John Adams 632 Regions in Indian Development Thomas Timberg 643 Comments Harry W. Blair, Nicholas B. Dirks, George Rosen 651 Development and the Environment: Politics, Production and Pollution H.C. Brookfield 66 1 China's Strategic Posture and the Great-Power Triangle Gerald Segal 682 A Survey of Recent Trends in French Studies on Contemporary China: The State of the Field Marianne Bastid 698 The Future of Japanese Agriculture Review Article Michael W. Donnelly 708 Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 7 17 Contributors to This Issue 809 Index to Volume 53-1980 8 10

Pacific Affairs (USPS 767-380) is published quarterly by the University of British Columbia. Office of publication: William Byrd Press, 2901 Byrdhill Rd., Rich- mond, VA 23261, U.S.A. Second-class postage paid at Richmond, Virginia. Copyright C3 1980, University of British Columbia. BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

THEAGE OF PARTNERSHIP.Europeans in Asia before Dominion. Edited by Blair B. Kling and M.N. Pearson. W. Dauid McIntye JAPAN AND THE UNITEDSTATES: ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ADVERSARIES.Edited by Leon Hollerman. Alan Rix NUCLEARENERGY AND NUCLEARPROLIFERATION. Japanese and American Views. By Ryukichi Imai and Henry S. Rowen. P. R. (ROBJohannson VIETNAM:THE DEFINITIVE DOCUMENTATION OF HUMAN DECISIONS.Volumes 1 and 2. Edited with Commentary and Intro- duction by Gareth Porter. Special Introduction by Stuart Loory. ' David G. Man SHANGCIVILIZATION. By Kwang-chih Chang. Richard Pearson THECAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA.Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589-906, Part I. Edited by Denis Twitchett. Wang Gungwu MANDARINSAND MERCHANTS.Jardine Matheson &Co.: A China Agency of the Early Nineteenth Century. By W.E. Cheong. John K. Fairbank WAITINGFOR CHINA.The Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, 1818- 1843, and Early Nineteenth-Century Missions. By Brian Harrison. H. E. Wilson RELIGION,NATIONALISM, AND CHINESESTUDENTS. The Anti- Christian Movement of 1922-1927. By Ka-che Yip. Stephen Endicott THECHINA DIFFERENCE. Edited by Ross Terrill. Marianne Bastid BUNKATO KAKUMEI:MO TAKUTOJIDAINO CHUGOKU(Culture and Revolution: China in the Era of Mao Tse-tung). Edited by Nomura KOichi. Ronald Suleski MICROPOLITICSIN CONTEMPORARYCHINA. A Technical Unit During and After the Cultural Revolution. By Marc J. Blecher and Gordon White. Dauid M. Lampton CHINESEAPPROACHES TO FAMILYPLANNING. Edited with an Introduction by Leo A. Orleans. Translated by Robert Dunn. Delia Dauin ECONOMICGROWTH AND EMPLOYMENTIN CHINA.By Thomas G. Rawski. Jon Sigurdson MOVINGA MOUNTAIN.Cultural Change in China. Edited by Godwin C. Chu and Francis L.K. Hsu. Charles P. Cell CHINA'SSCHOOLS IN FLUX.Report by the State Education Leaders Delegation, National Committee on United States-China Relations. Edited by Ronald N. Montaperto and Jay Henderson. William Saywell PAINTINGIN THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA.The Politics of Style. By Arnold Chang. Ralph Croizier THEKIRGHIZ AND WAKHIOF AFGHANISTAN.Adaptation to Closed Frontiers. By M. Nazif Mohib Shahrani. Owen Lattimore THESILK ROAD. A Journey from the High Pamirs and Hi through Sinkiang and Kansu. By Jan Myrdal. Translated by Ann Henning. Owen Lattimore POLITICSOF THE MEIJI PRESS.The Life of Fukuchi Gen'ichiro. By James L. Huffman. Stephen S. Large EMPIREAND AFTERMATH.Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878-1954. By John William Dower. Regine Mathias THEJAPANESE FILE.Pre-War Japanese Penetration in Southeast Asia. By Eric Robertson. John H. Boyle SHINOHATA.A Portrait of a Japanese Village. By Ronald P. Dore. David W. Plath THESHIGA HERO. By William F. Sibley. Ted Goosen THEMOON IN THE WATER.Understanding Tanizaki, Kawabata, and Mishima. By Gwenn Boardman Petersen. Chieko Irie Mulhern KOREANUNIFICATION. Source Materials with an Introduction: Volume 11. Edited by Chong-Shik Chung. Yung Park A HISTORICALATLAS OF SOUTHASIA. Edited by Joseph E. Schwartzberg. Robert W. Bradnock LAND,LANDLORDS, AND THE BRITISHRAJ. Northern India in the Nineteenth Century. By Thomas R. Metcalf. Anand A. Yang PEOPLE,PRINCES AND PARAMOUNTPOWER. Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States. Edited by Robin Jeffrey. Lloyd I. Rudolph INDIRA GANDHIIN THE CRUCIBLEOF LEADERSHIP.A Political Biography. By Mary C. Carras. Bhabani Sen Gupta ETHNICITYAND EQUALITY.The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay. By Mary Fainsod Katzenstein. Duncan B. Forrester REGIONALISMIN INDIA.A study of Telangana. By G. Ram Reddy and B.A.V. Sharma. Duncan B. Forrester MEDICALSOCIOLOGY IN AN INDIANSETTING. By R. Venkataratnam, Roger Jeffery PAKISTAN.By B.L.C. Johnson. Lawrence Zzring ELITEPOLITICS IN AN IDEOLOGICALSTATE. The Case of Pakistan. By Asaf Hussain. Khalid Bin Sayeed SOUTHEASTASIA. An Introductory History. By Milton Osborne. H. E. Wilson THEDEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIANSOCIETY. From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day. Edited by Harry Aveling. Daniel S. Lev PLANTERAND PEASANT.Colonial Policy and the Agrarian Struggle in East Sumatra, 1863-1947. By Karl J. Pelzer. Kian Wie Thee THEBLOOD OFTHE PEOPLE.Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra. By Anthony Reid. Benedict R. O'G. Anderson POLITICALTHINKING OF THE INDONESIAN CHINESE,1900- 1977. A Sourcebook. Edited by Leo Suryadinata. William R. Roff AGRICULTURALMODERNIZATION, POVERTY AND INEQUALITY.The Distributional Impact of the Green Revolution in Regions of Malaysia and Indonesia. By David S. Gibbons, Rodolphe De Koninck, and Ibrahim Hasan. J. Stephen Hoadlty CARVINGTHE PATHTO THE SUMMIT.By Ahmad Boestamam. Translated with an Introduction by William R. Roff. Margaret Clark MALAYSIANMOSAIC. Perspectives from a Poly-Ethnic Society. By Judith Nagata. Gay1 D. Ness CLASS,RACE AND COLONIALISMIN WEST MALAYSIA.The Indian Case. By Michael Stenson. Gay1 D. Ness BATEKNEGRITO RELIGION. The World-View and Rituals, of a Hunting and Gathering People of Peninsular Malaysia. By Kirk Endicott. Shuichi Nagata EMPIRESIN COLLISION.Anglo-Burmese Relations in the Mid- Nineteenth Century. By Oliver'B. Pollack. Edmund Leach ETHNICADAPTATION AND IDENTITY. The Karen on the Thai Frontier with Burma. Edited by Charles F. Keyes. Robert B. Jones THERATIONAL PEASANT. The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. By Samuel L. Popkin. WilliamJ. Duiker LE CAMBODGEET LA COLONISATIONFRANQAISE. Histoire d'une Colonisation sans Heurts (1897-1920). By Alain Forest. David P. Chandler THE AUSTRALIANNATIONAL ELECTIONS OF 1977. Edited by Howard R. Penniman. Garth Stevenson RACE,CLASS AND REBELLIONIN THE SOUTHPACIFIC. By Alexander Mamak and Ahmed Ali, with Richard Bedford, Hugh Laracy, Daniel Lyons and Hannah Middleton. Martin G. Silverman VISIBLEMINORITIES AND MULTICULTURALISM.Asians in Canada. Edited by K. Victor Ujimoto and Gordon Hirabayashi, with the assistance of P.A. Saram. Anthony H. Richmond VIETNAMESEAMERICANS. Patterns of Resettlement and Socioeconomic Adaptation in the United States. By Darrel Montero. Foreword by Chau Nhan. Kenneth Rivett BRIEFLY NOTED DICTIONARYOF CHINESEHISTORY. By Michael Dillon. Robert A. Kapp 803 SURATIN THE SEVENTEENTHCENTURY. A Study in Urban History of Pre-modern India. By Balkrishna Govind Gokhale. Ashin DOSGupta 804 CHANGINGECONOMY IN INDONESIA.A Selection of Statistical Source Material from the early 19th Century up to 1940. Volume 5: National Income. Initiated by W.M.F. Mansvelt. Re-edited and continued by P. Creutzberg. G.B. Hainsworth 805 ASSESSMENTOF INDONESIANEDUCATION. A Guide in Planning. By C.E. Beeby. Wim Krayenhoff 805 BEFOREKAMPUCHEA: PRELUDES TO TRAGEDY.By Milton Osborne. W.E. Willmott 806 AUSTRALIANDICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY.Volume 7: 1891- 1939, A-Ch. Edited by G.C. Bolton, K.J. Cable, R.J. O'Neill, J.R. Poynter, and Heather Radi Robert Kubicek 806 FEDERALEXECUTIVE MINUTES, 1915-1955. Minutes of the Meetings of the Federal Executive of the Australian Labor Party. Edited by Patrick Weller and Beverley Lloyd. Alan C. Cairns 807 FROMWHITLAM TO FRASER.Reform and Reaction in Australian Politics. Edited by Allan Patience and Brian Head. Robert J.Williams 807 LOOKINGBACK. A Photographic History of New Zealand. By Keith Sinclair and Wendy Harrex. John B. Condlzffe 808