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East Asian (Security) Intellectual Networks

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East Asian (Security) Intellectual Networks EAST ASIAN (SECURITY) INTELLECTUAL NETWORKS: THEIR EMERGENCE, SIGNIFICANCE AND CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL SECURITY (THE ASEAN-ISIS AND ITS JAPANESE COUNTERPARTS AS A CASE STUDY) By WARARAK CHALERMPUNTUSAK A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Social Science and International Studies The University of Birmingham February 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Wararak Chalermpuntusak Abstract This project aims at illuminating that agents’ ideas/perceptions on their (social) surrounding affect their deliberative actions to improve their regional security. The engaging/networking agents’ main attempt is to enlarge the scope of traditional security to accommodate more comprehensive aspects by using regional economic concerns as a spearhead before extending to other fields. Familiarity and socialising process through conferences and workshops are both positive outcomes and structure for agents’ ideas/perceptions on engaging/networking activities. Yet, agents’ (socially) collective identity has not commonly perceived as expected by a set-up framework. This project is conducted in a circular style which is open for revising a set-up framework employed here for narrating the results in a chronological fashion. The framework is constructed from related concepts and theories. Main concepts are ‘active agents’, ‘intellectuals’, and ‘networks’. Main sources of theories are drawn mainly from constructivism, epistemic community, advocacy coalition framework, and Jürgen Habermas’s theory of communicative action (TCA). The TCA provides a useful path to fill in the gap left by the earlier theories whose concerns are grounded on agents’ outward-looking aspects of cooperation. Trust is a presupposition from all theories. Although there is a trend towards it, the research result can not apparently express it. Wararak Chalermpuntusak Acknowledgment It is a pleasant to record my debts of gratitude to for this PhD thesis. Firstly, I am indebted to the generous of the Royal Thai Government through the Office of Higher Education Commission who granted me a full scholarship. Of course, without it, this project could not even take off the ground. My office, School of Political Science, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University (STOU) also partly sponsored me to get through my last year at Birmingham. Yet, funding alone can not help me produce this work as it appeared, I would like to thank all my Ajarns (lecturers at Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University) who had prepared and encouraged me to go on the academic path and have been my friends for all these years. Without their cares and understandings, I might not be able to start this project at all. I am very grateful to say that my supervisor, Dr. Julie Gilson, is the one whom I admire for her patience and understanding. She not only allowed me to be myself but also helped me receive a generous support from the Japan Foundation Endowment Committee (JFEC) for my field work in Japan. Fortunately, I also received generous academic helps from those who were my co-supervisors, Professor Colin Hay, Professor Magnus Ryner, and then Professor Thomas Diez. Without them, I might conduct this project differently and less interestingly. They all inspired me to think deeper and considered things more thoroughly, specifically to get through a socially and academically process as a PhD. I also would like to thank those who had their shares concerning my field works in many countries. From the Universitas 21, I received a research-travelling fund to conduct my field works in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The SIIA hosted me at Singapore, under supervision of Simon Tay who also works for the National University of Singapore (NUS), a network of the Universitas 21. At Indonesia, the CSIS granted me a status of visiting fellow, albeit a very short period. There, the late Hadi Soesastro was very kind, resourceful, and helpful for my project. Last but not least, I am grateful for untiring understands and supports for my families (the Chalermpunrusaks, the Subnankeyos, and the Thammos) and friends. The last one were those who joined the Asian Research Group at UB, those who joined Care Group at Q’s place and at Aston University and my long-termed friends (Mi-Woranut, Kae-Gullinee, Pom-Chaiwatt) who were available for me when I asked for their comforts through international lines. Table of Content List of Abbreviations Part I Background, Framework, and Methods Introduction 1 – 17 East Asia: In need of a study of the security role of non-state actors Janus-faced image of East Asia - Alternative security experiences Structure of arguments and research results Chapter 1: A Fabricated Framework: Comprehending the Intellectuals, 18 - 68 Their Function and Their Networking Activities What makes the ‘intellectual’ become an appropriate and effective agent? - The significance of ideas: more than an aspiration - To what extent and how can ideas be observed and studied? - The significance of ideas-bearers: Intellectuals as inspiring agents - What is the intellectuals’ social contribution? Knowledge-activity bound intellectual networking - To what extent can international collaboration be forged? Logic of arguing and ‘Theory of Communicative Action-TCA’: A better complementary way of understanding intellectual networking - Critical theory and Habermas’s Communicative Action Summary Chapter 2: Qualitative Methodology: A Compatible Framework 69 - 86 Constructing and conducting research questions Active interviews/conversations Interview questions Impressions gained during the field work Data presentation after applying the framework Part II Constructing and Sustaining East Asian (Security) Intellectual Networks Chapter 3: Constructing East Asian (Security) Intellectual Networks 87 – 129 The contradictory and uncertain regional context before 1984 - Politics-led state activities and economics-led private activities - 1970s: Observing more energetic non-governmental agents Initially ascending period of networking - Early movements before the formal establishment of ASEAN- ISIS - Consolidating (security) network: the inception of ASEAN-ISIS in 1988 Summary Chapter 4: Strengthening, consolidating, and revitalising networks 130 - 183 Ascending periods of success - Early 1990s: A very energetic period for engaging agents - New initiatives from ASEAN-ISIS and the Nakayama Proposal - ARF and CSCAP: results of broad cooperation for content and procedure Constructing ‘community’: A catch-concept for networking revitalisation - ASEM and CACE: Further ascending steps before the 1997 financial crisis - Engaging Activities after the 1997 financial crisis - East Asian Community: Boosting Networking Activities Summary Part III Assessment and Conclusion Chapter 5: The East Asian (Security) Intellectual Networks: 184 - 203 A Critical Assessment Critical reflection and assessment of networking experiences Reflection on the setting-up of a framework Trust: social qualification to unite networking activities Summary Conclusion 204 - 211 Figures 212 – 219 Bibliography 220 - 274 Lists of Abbreviations ACF Advocacy Coalition Framework ACFOD Asian Cultural Forum on Development ACPECC Asian Club for Promotion of Economic and Cultural Communications ADB Asian Development Bank AEC ASEAN Economic Cooperation AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AIA ASEAN Investment Area AICO ASEAN Industrial Cooperation Scheme AIIA Australian Institute for International Affairs AMF Asian Monetary Fund AMM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting AOTS Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship APAP Asian Pacific Agenda Project APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APR Asia Pacific Roundtable APT ASEAN Plus Three ASA Association of Southeast Asia ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN-ISIS ASEAN Institute of Security and International Studies ASEAN-PMC ASEAN Post Ministerial Meeting ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting ASPAC Asia Pacific Council ARF ASEAN Regional Forum AYLF ASEAN Young Leaders Forum BDIPSS Brunei Darussalam Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies CAEC Council for Asia Europe Cooperation CARP Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Programme (The Philippines) CBMs Confidence Building Measures CFR Council for Foreign Affairs (America) CICP Cambodia Institute for Cooperation and Peace CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CMI Chiang Mai Initiative CSCA Conference on Security Cooperation in Asia CSCAP Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific CSCE Council for Security Cooperation in Europe CSIS Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Indonesia) DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia) EAEC East Asia Economic Caucus EASG East Asian Study Group EAEG East Asia Economic Group EAVG East Asian Vision Group ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (UN agency changed to ESCAPE) EPG Eminent Person Group ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN agency) ESRC Economic and Social Research Council
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