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Guide to Plant Collection and Identification
GUIDE TO PLANT COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION by Jane M. Bowles PhD Originally prepared for a workshop in Plant Identification for the Ministry of Natural Resources in 1982. Edited and revised for the UWO Herbarium Workshop in Plant Collection and Identification, 2004 © Jane M. Bowles, 2004 -0- CHAPTER 1 THE NAMES OF PLANTS The history of plant nomenclature: Humans have always had a need to classify objects in the world about them. It is the only means they have of acquiring and passing on knowledge. The need to recognize and describe plants has always been especially important because of their use for food and medicinal purposes. The commonest, showiest or most useful plants were given common names, but usually these names varied from country to country and often from district to district. Scholars and herbalists knew the plants by a long, descriptive, Latin sentence. For example Cladonia rangiferina, the common "Reindeer Moss", was described as Muscus coralloides perforatum (The perforated, coral-like moss). Not only was this system unwieldy, but it too varied from user to user and with the use of the plant. In the late 16th century, Casper Bauhin devised a system of using just two names for each plant, but it was not universally adopted until the Swedish naturalist, Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) set about methodically classifying and naming the whole of the natural world. The names of plants: In 1753, Linnaeus published his "Species Plantarum". The modern names of nearly all plants date from this work or obey the conventions laid down in it. The scientific name for an organism consists of two words: i) the genus or generic name, ii) the specific epithet. -
Hydrological and Climatic Responses of Pinus Elliottii Var. Densa in Mesic Pine Flatwoods Florida, USA Chelcy Ford, Jacqueline Brooks
Hydrological and climatic responses of Pinus elliottii var. densa in mesic pine flatwoods Florida, USA Chelcy Ford, Jacqueline Brooks To cite this version: Chelcy Ford, Jacqueline Brooks. Hydrological and climatic responses of Pinus elliottii var. densa in mesic pine flatwoods Florida, USA. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2003, 60 (5), pp.385-392. 10.1051/forest:2003030. hal-00883710 HAL Id: hal-00883710 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883710 Submitted on 1 Jan 2003 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. For. Sci. 60 (2003) 385–392 385 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2003 DOI: 10.1051/forest:2003030 Original article Hydrological and climatic responses of Pinus elliottii var. densa in mesic pine flatwoods Florida, USA Chelcy Rae FORDa,b, Jacqueline Renée BROOKSc* a Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa FL 33620-5150, USA b Present address: Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602-2152, USA c U.S. EPA/NHEERL Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA (Received 4 January 2002; accepted 18 September 2002) Abstract – Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. -
Quercus Laevis Walt. Turkey Oak Fagaceae Beech Family Richard F
Quercus laevis Walt. Turkey Oak Fagaceae Beech family Richard F. Harlow Turkey oak (Quercus Zaeuis), also called Catesby Habitat oak or scrub oak, is a small, moderately fast to fast- growing tree found on dry sandy soils of ridges, Native Range pinelands, and dunes, often in pure stands. This oak is not commercially important because of its size, but Turkey oak (figs. 1, 2) is limited to the dry the hard, close-grained wood is an excellent fuel. The pinelands and sandy ridges of the southeastern Coas- acorns are an important food to wildlife. Turkey oak tal Plain from southeast Virginia to central Florida is so named for its 3-lobed leaves which resemble a and west to southeast Louisiana (14). It reaches its turkey’s foot. maximum development in a subtropical climate. This Figure l-The native range of turkey oak. The author is Research Wildlife Biologist (retired), Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 672 Quercus laevis in organic matter, and are strongly acid. Depth to water table is more than 152 cm (60 in) (18,211. Associated Forest Cover Turkey oak is commonly associated with longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), bluejack oak (Quercus in- cana), and sand (dwarf) post oak (Q. stellata var. margaretta). Depending on location it can also be associated with sand pine (Pinus clausa), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), southern red oak (Q. falcata), live oak (Q. virginiana), blackjack oak (Q. marilan- dica), sand hickory (Carya pallida), mockernut hick- ory (C. tomentosa), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). Understory, depending on the part of the range con- sidered, can include sassafras (Sassafras albidum), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), pawpaw (Asimina spp.), dwarf huckleberry, deerberry, and tree sparkle- berry (Vaccinium spp.), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus), gopher-apple (Geobalanus oblongifolius), blackberry (Rubus spp.), crooked wood (Lyonia spp.), scrub hickory (Carya fZoridana), myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia), Chapman oak (Q. -
Contortae, the Fire Pines
Contortae, The Fire Pines Contortae includes 4 species occuring in the United States and Canada. Leaves are usually 2 per fascicle and short. The seed cones are small, and symmetrical or oblique in shape. These cones are normally serotinous, remaining closed or opening late in the season, and often remaining for years on the tree. Cone scales may or may not be armed with a persistent prickle, depending upon species. Contortae includes 2 species in the southeastern North America: Pinus virginiana Pinus clausa Virginia pine sand pine Glossary Interactive Comparison Tool Back to Pinus - The Pines Pinus virginiana Mill. Virginia pine (Jersey pine, scrub pine, spruce pine) Tree Characteristics: Height at maturity: Typical: 15 to 23 m (56 to 76 ft) Maximum: 37 m (122 ft) Diameter at breast height at maturity: Typical: 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) Maximum: 80 cm (32 in) Crown shape: open, broad, irregular Stem form: excurrent Branching habit: thin, horizontally spreading; dead branches persistent Virginia pine regenerates prolificly, quickly and densely reforesting abandoned fields and cut or burned areas. This pine is a source of pulpwood in the southeastern United States on poor quality sites. Human uses: pulpwood, Christmas trees. Because of its tolerance to acidic soils, Virginia pine has been planted on strip-mine spoil banks and severely eroded soils. Animal uses: Old, partly decayed Virginia pines are a favorite nesting tree of woodpeckers. Serves as habitat for pine siskin (Spinus pinus) and pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator). A variety of songbirds and small mammals eat the pine seeds. Deer browse saplings and young trees. -
June 2015 Hello Everyone. One Again We Had a Great Trip to Francis Marion National Forest
June 2015 Hello everyone. One again we had a great trip to Francis Marion National Forest. Just like last year, we combined our trip with the annual Hell Hole reptile and amphibian survey. SCAN members that participated include Phil Harpootlian, Kitty Beverly, Bill Hamel, Marsha and Bob Hamlin, Greg Ross, Pat and Jerry Bright, Gene Ott, Mary Douglass, Tom Jones, Kim McManus, Paul Kalbach, and Gordon Murphy. We all gathered at the primitive campground on Hell Hole Road. Win Ott did a quick show-and-tell with some of the snakes that he and Gene had already caught and gave us the opportunity to hold and photograph them. After Kim’s introduction to the various options for the day, which included road cruising for herps and exploring a nearby isolated wetland system, we split up and headed off in different directions. I can’t speak to the success that the road-cruisers had, but Kitty, Bill, and I headed for the wetland system. The isolated wetland was only a couple of miles from the campsite, as the crow flies, but it was quite a drive to get to it. Along the way we found an eastern kingsnake on the shoulder of Yellow Jacket Road. Once at the wetland, which was dominated by cypress and tupelo, we saw a few birds including a great blue heron and an anhinga. We only had a short time at the wetland because we wanted to get back to the campsite around noon to see some snakes that Jeff Holmes and his research staff had caught earlier in the week. -
An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks
Article An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks (Quercus Subgenus Quercus): Review of the Contribution of Phylogenomic Data to Biogeography and Species Diversity Paul S. Manos 1,* and Andrew L. Hipp 2 1 Department of Biology, Duke University, 330 Bio Sci Bldg, Durham, NC 27708, USA 2 The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The oak flora of North America north of Mexico is both phylogenetically diverse and species-rich, including 92 species placed in five sections of subgenus Quercus, the oak clade centered on the Americas. Despite phylogenetic and taxonomic progress on the genus over the past 45 years, classification of species at the subsectional level remains unchanged since the early treatments by WL Trelease, AA Camus, and CH Muller. In recent work, we used a RAD-seq based phylogeny including 250 species sampled from throughout the Americas and Eurasia to reconstruct the timing and biogeography of the North American oak radiation. This work demonstrates that the North American oak flora comprises mostly regional species radiations with limited phylogenetic affinities to Mexican clades, and two sister group connections to Eurasia. Using this framework, we describe the regional patterns of oak diversity within North America and formally classify 62 species into nine major North American subsections within sections Lobatae (the red oaks) and Quercus (the Citation: Manos, P.S.; Hipp, A.L. An Quercus Updated Infrageneric Classification white oaks), the two largest sections of subgenus . We also distill emerging evolutionary and of the North American Oaks (Quercus biogeographic patterns based on the impact of phylogenomic data on the systematics of multiple Subgenus Quercus): Review of the species complexes and instances of hybridization. -
Volume 27, No. 3 Southeastern Conifer Quarterly September 2020
S. Horn Volume 27, no. 3 Southeastern Conifer Quarterly September 2020 American Conifer Society Southeast Region Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia From the Southeast Region President Hello, Everyone! Well, we have made it thru 2/3rds of 2020! I hope everyone is doing well and enjoying their garden. It has been a good garden year. With not much else to do, we have spent a lot of time in the yard. Most of it has not looked this good in years. We are planning on moving some plants this fall and relocating others. Sort of a garden spring cleaning. Creating spots for many more conifers. They are much easier to weed around than some perennials, which we all know. We will be looking for some more low-spreading ground covers this fall and winter. We love them for the edges of the garden beds and in between larger specimens. I have spoken to Dr. Alan Solomon, and he is very excited that we will be going to visit his garden and the Knoxville area the first weekend in May. There is plenty of parking and room to socially distance in his garden. Other details of the meeting are still taking shape as to what we can do. In the meantime, this fall, we are going to try to do a few virtual tours of gardens or hold some discussions. We will try a few different things and see what works better. More info will be sent out by email later this month or in early October. -
Age and Stand Structure of Old-Growth Oak in Florida High Pine
AGE AND STAND STRUCTURE OF OLD-GROWTH OAK IN FLORIDA HIGH PINE Cathryn H. Greenberg u.s. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Bent Creek Research and Demonstration Forest, 1577 Brevard Road, Asheville, NC 28806 Robert W. Simons 1122 SW 11th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32601 ABSTRACT We sampled stand and age structure of 4 high pine sites composed of old-growth sand post oak (Quercus margaretta) and turkey oak (Quercus laevis), and young longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), in north and central peninsular Florida. The oldest turkey oak sampled was 123 years old, and the oldest sand post oak was 230 years old. Turkey oak exhibited the greatest variation in diameter at breast height relative to age. The median age of rotten and/or hollow trees was 63 years for turkey oak and 105 years for sand post oak. Age reconstruction indicates that in 1900 minimum oak tree density ranged from 10-60 trees per hectare among sites. This study demonstrates that sandhill oak trees were historically an integral component of at least some phases of the high pine ecosystem. These data support the hypothesis that spatial patchiness and variability in fire frequency, season, and intensity historically permitted oaks to reach and maintain tree size in varying densities over time and across the high pine landscape. Citation: Greenberg, C.H., and R.W. Simons. 2000. Age and stand structure of old-growth oak in Florida high pine. Page 30 in W. Keith Moser and Cynthia R Moser (eds.). Fire and forest ecology: innovative silviculture and vegetation management. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. -
Flammability of Litter from Southeastern Trees: a Preliminary Assessment
FLAMMABILITY OF LITTER FROM SOUTHEASTERN TREES: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT J. Morgan Varner, Jeffrey M. Kane, Erin M. Banwell, and Jesse K. Kreye1 Abstract--The southeastern United States possesses a great diversity of woody species and an equally impressive history of wildland fires. Species are known to vary in their flammability, but little is known about southeastern species. We used published data and our own collections to perform standard litter flammability tests on a diverse suite of 25 native overstory trees from the region. Flame heights, duration of flaming and smoldering combustion, and fuel consumption were measured for each species. Species spanned a wide spectrum of flammability, from highly flammable to fire-impeding. The southeast has several flammable species, including several Pinus and Quercus that rank among the most flammable species ever measured. In addition to these species, several species burned with poor flammability, notably eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière], Ocala sand pine [P. clausa var. clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg.], and eastern white pine (P. strobus L.), dampening local fire intensity and enabling these fire-intolerant species to survive in fire-prone landscapes. INTRODUCTION The focus of flammability in forests is senesced The southeastern United States encompasses a litter, the primary carrier of fire in these wide variety of fire-prone ecosystems. Within ecosystems. Litter flammability can be evaluated this diversity of ecosystems, individual species in a number of ways that quantifies its ignitability have traits that allow them to withstand heating (resistance or delay to ignition), fire intensity (e.g., thick bark), recover damaged above- (energy release rate, as measured by flame ground stems (e.g., via resprouting), or link characteristics), sustainability (the duration of reproduction or establishment to the season or flaming and smoldering phases of combustion), frequency of fires. -
Land Management Plan 2020
Lake Proctor Wilderness Area Land Management Plan 2020 LAKE PROCTOR WILDERNESS AREA LAND MANAGEMENT PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 WILDERNESS AREA OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 1 REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE .................................................................................................................................................. 1 ACQUISITION HISTORY ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 NATURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 3 NATURAL COMMUNITIES.................................................................................................................................................. 3 Table 1. Approximate acreage for each plant community and percent uplands and wetlands. .......................... 5 WILDLIFE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 SOILS .......................................................................................................................................................................... -
Pinus Virginiana (Virginia Pine) Is a Small to Medium Sized Tree Growing Among the Central Hardwoods of the East-Central United States
PinusPinus virginianavirginiana VirginiaVirginia pinepine by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine) is a small to medium sized tree growing among the central hardwoods of the East-central United States. It was first described as a species in 1768. One other scientific name has been historically used for this tree, Pinus inops. The scientific name means “pine of Virginia.” Other common names include scrub pine, possum pine, shortstraw pine, poverty pine, black pine, spruce pine, and Jersey pine. Pinus virginiana grows from Long Island, New York, South to the Northern tier of counties in Georgia, and West to Western Tennessee. New York lists Pinus virginiana as a state endangered spe- cies. See the Georgia distribution map figure. Pinus virginiana is not a Southern yellow pine, but is more closely akin to more Northern and Western pines. It grows in Hardiness Zone 6a - 7a and Heat Zone 5-8. The lowest number of Hardiness Zone tends to delineate the Northern range limit and the largest Heat Zone number tends to define the Southern edge of the range. This native Georgia pine grows in Coder Tree Grow Zone (CTGZ) A-B (a multiple climatic attribute based map), and in the temperature and precipitation cluster based Coder Tree Planting Zone 1-3. Figure 2. Pinus virginiana is slow growing and short-lived (80 years). Pinus virginiana grows on well drained sites in uplands, sandy and rocky woodlands, ridges, and eroded and heavy soils. It colonizes old infertile lands with open mineral soil and few hardwood competitors. -
Shoot Dieback of Planted Sand Pine Caused by Fusarium Moniliforme Var
Shoot Dieback of Planted Sand Pine Caused by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans G. M. BLAKESLEE, Assistant Professor of Forest Pathology, School of Forest Resources and Conservation and Department of Plant Pathology, and S. W. OAK, Biologist, and S. H. KRATKA, Assistant in Forest Pathology, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611 subglutinans, as did cultures derived ABSTRACT BLAKESLEE, G. M., S. W. OAK, and S. H. KRATKA. 1980. Shoot dieback of planted sand pine from conidia transferred from sporo- caused by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Plant Disease 64:703-704. dochia. The fungus isolates were morphologically the same (8) as those Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans was identified as the cause of shoot dieback in plantation- regularly obtained from slash pine grown Ocala and Choctawhatchee varieties of Pinus clausa in Florida. Isolates cultured from sand cankers as well as from sporodochia of F. pine were pathogenic to seedlings of both slash and sand pine. Sand pine seedlings were also moniliforme var. subglutinans from a susceptible to isolates of F. moniliforme var. subglutinans obtained from pitch cankers on slash variety of hosts and locations. (C. S. pine. Moses [personal communication] has recently isolated F. moniliforme var. subglutinans from a naturally occurring Pitch canker disease, caused by tested (3) by inoculating actively growing stem canker on a young Ocala sand pine Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. var. shoots of 2-yr-old potted slash pine and planted in a research area in Alachua subglutinans Wollenw. and Reink., is 18-mo-old potted Choctawhatchee sand County.) widespread in southern pine plantations pine seedlings.