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Hydrological and Climatic Responses of Pinus Elliottii Var. Densa in Mesic Pine Flatwoods Florida, USA Chelcy Ford, Jacqueline Brooks

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Hydrological and Climatic Responses of Pinus Elliottii Var. Densa in Mesic Pine Flatwoods Florida, USA Chelcy Ford, Jacqueline Brooks Hydrological and climatic responses of Pinus elliottii var. densa in mesic pine flatwoods Florida, USA Chelcy Ford, Jacqueline Brooks To cite this version: Chelcy Ford, Jacqueline Brooks. Hydrological and climatic responses of Pinus elliottii var. densa in mesic pine flatwoods Florida, USA. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2003, 60 (5), pp.385-392. 10.1051/forest:2003030. hal-00883710 HAL Id: hal-00883710 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883710 Submitted on 1 Jan 2003 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. For. Sci. 60 (2003) 385–392 385 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2003 DOI: 10.1051/forest:2003030 Original article Hydrological and climatic responses of Pinus elliottii var. densa in mesic pine flatwoods Florida, USA Chelcy Rae FORDa,b, Jacqueline Renée BROOKSc* a Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa FL 33620-5150, USA b Present address: Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602-2152, USA c U.S. EPA/NHEERL Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA (Received 4 January 2002; accepted 18 September 2002) Abstract – Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. densa Little & Dorman is the only native sub-tropical pine in the US and is now restricted to an estimated 4.5% of its original area. To understand how this species might respond to changing environments, we examine the relationship between two hydrologic variables and growth of three stands of P. elliottii var. densa occurring along a hydrologic gradient using tree-ring records. The two variables were a short-term indicator of water status, precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration (P-PET), and a long-term indicator of water status, runoff (R). Growth at all sites was positively correlated to current growing season P-PET and R, and strongly, negatively correlated with previous winter R. The positive correlation with spring R was greater in the site with the deepest water table than in sites with shallower water tables. We discuss the potential for root dynamics to explain the relationships between growth and R. south Florida slash pine / Pinus elliottii var. densa / dendrochronology / tree-ring / runoff / potential evapotranspiration Résumé – Réaction de Pinus elliottii var. densa aux conditions hydrologiques et climatiques dans les forêts de plaine mésoïque. Pinus elliottii Engelm. Var densa Little et Dorman est la seule espèce de pin subtropicale des États-Unis. Elle n’occupe plus que 4,5 % de son aire d’origine. Afin de comprendre comment cette essence pourrait réagir face à un changement des conditions de milieu, nous avons examiné les relations entre deux variables hydrologiques et l’accroissement dans 3 peuplements de P. elliottii var. densa situés sur des stations présentant un gradient hydrologique, à partir de mesures de largeur de cernes. Les deux variables étaient d’une part un indicateur à court terme du statut hydrique, à savoir précipitations moins l’évapotranspiration potentielle (P-PET) et d’autre part un indicateur à long terme du niveau de la nappe d’eau dans le sol par mesure de l’écoulement (R). La croissance, dans toutes les stations, était corrélée positivement avec P-PET et R de la saison de végétation en cours ; la liaison est très fortement négative avec le R de l’hiver précédent. La corrélation positive avec le R du printemps est plus grande pour la station dont le niveau de la nappe d’eau dans le sol est plus profond que pour les stations à niveau d’eau plus superficiel. La discussion porte sur le potentiel dynamique des racines pour expliquer les relations entre croissance et R. Slash Pine de Floride du Sud / Pinus elliottii var. densa / dendrochronologie / cernes / écoulement de l’eau / évapotranspiration potentielle 1. INTRODUCTION mesic pine flatwoods in southern peninsular Florida are domi- nated by Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. densa Little & Dorman Recent changes in land-use practices are having a dramatic (south Florida slash pine), the only pine to inhabit the lower effect on ecosystem characteristics [7] and are largely driven third of the Florida peninsula, and the only native subtropical by changes in hydrology. Faced with the impact of rapid envi- pine in the United States [28]. Currently, the P. elliottii var. ronmental changes and limited resources, Myers et al. [34] densa ecosystem type has been reduced in area by 95% from identified 25 global hotspots for conservation priorities. Southern pre-settlement conditions [39]. peninsular Florida was included as the third-ranked hotspot. Managers of parks and other areas within critical biodiver- Land-use changes in Florida are threatening the remaining nat- sity hotspots have begun to preserve and restore P. elliottii var. ural pine forest ecosystems. Among these pine forest ecosys- densa flatwoods throughout south Florida, without specific tems, pine flatwoods are characterized by dry, sandy, nutrient- data on basic long-term abiotic responses of these ecosystems. poor soils and a frequent fire-regime (every 3–10 years). Site Local hydrology has a strong effect on species composition moisture availability largely controls the productivity of these and ecosystem productivity in these flatwood systems; thus, ecosystems [31] and the dominant canopy species [32]. The understanding hydrological influences is critical for restoring * Corresponding author: [email protected] 386 C.R. Ford, J.R. Brooks these ecosystems. Specifically, managers need information on 1895 through 1998 the average annual precipitation of the region was how P. elliottii var. densa responds to hydrologic variables 1314 mm and the average annual temperature for the region was that can change over time due to climate change or land use 22.3 ºC (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration alterations, such as precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, [35, 36]). MRSP is Florida’s largest state park encompassing river discharge or runoff, and groundwater table fluctuations. 11 686 ha of land and 22.5 km of the Myakka River. The park’s land was acquired in 1934 and until 1976 a fire-exclusion and suppression This long-term response information could allow managers to management strategy existed; yet, nearly 85% of the plant communi- assess the impact of potential hydrologic fluctuations and cli- ties in MRSP are fire-dependent [25]. The present management strat- mate change scenarios [44] on the sustainability of the habitat egy is to promote or create conditions under which these plant com- and to develop alternative strategies for conserving habitat if munities will re-establish (Belinda Perry, MRSP biologist, pers. the habitat was potentially vulnerable. comm.). The dominant ecosystems in MRSP are fire-maintained dry Long-term correlations between tree growth and these var- prairies, pine flatwoods (mesic flatwoods), scrubby flatwoods, and iables can be evaluated using tree-ring records [15, 16] when fire-intolerant oak-palm hammocks [25]. records of the hydrologic parameters spanning the length of 2.2. Site selection and sampling the tree-ring records exist. Reliable long-term records of pre- cipitation exist for many sites, and can be used to calculate Sites were selected to (1) span the range of hydrologic conditions potential evapotranspiration when combined with long-term in mesic pine flatwoods within the park, but be relatively close to records of temperature [23]. Subtracting potential evapotran- each other in order to decrease climatic variability between sites, spiration from precipitation provides an estimate of water (2) comprise older trees to maximize the length of the tree-ring chro- demand and deficit. Estimates of water supply are also impor- nology, and (3) comprise at least 10–20 dominant individuals so that the sample depth of the chronology would stabilize variance. In a tant; and although precipitation records exist, soil water table related study, we found five stands that met the second two objec- positions may be a more reliable indicator of water supply than tives. For this study, we eliminated two of those stands – one because precipitation because the water table is influenced by infiltra- of its geographic distance from the other sites, and the other because of tion and soil storage. Recent efforts to model flatwoods a negative shift in growth due to recent hydrological changes (see [12]). groundwater tables have shown that removal of the canopy Within each of the three sites (CG, NP, and SP, Tab. I), average layer raised the water table during dry years but not during wet depth to the water table was recorded in the dry season to provide a years [43]. This suggests that tree growth may be highly relative index of water table depth differences among sites. Using a dependent on access to groundwater in dry years; thus a corre- soil auger, two wells at each site were drilled to the water table (one lation between tree-ring growth and groundwater depth could near the maximum and minimum site elevation). After equilibration, be expected. However, long-term records of ground water lev- water-table depths were recorded and the two values for each site els generally do not exist, but correlations between ground were averaged (Tab. I). For the NP and CG sites, the 2 depth values water and tree growth can be inferred from runoff data because differed by an average of 15 cm; at the SP site, the wells differed by the water table controls runoff in these lowland systems. Run- 1 m (due to slight rise in elevation in the stand).
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