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Winning Hearts and Minds? Examining the Relationship Between Aid and Security in Afghanistan’S Faryab Province Geert Gompelman ©2010 Feinstein International Center
JANUARY 2011 Strengthening the humanity and dignity of people in crisis through knowledge and practice Winning Hearts and Minds? Examining the Relationship between Aid and Security in Afghanistan’s Faryab Province Geert Gompelman ©2010 Feinstein International Center. All Rights Reserved. Fair use of this copyrighted material includes its use for non-commercial educational purposes, such as teaching, scholarship, research, criticism, commentary, and news reporting. Unless otherwise noted, those who wish to reproduce text and image files from this publication for such uses may do so without the Feinstein International Center’s express permission. However, all commercial use of this material and/or reproduction that alters its meaning or intent, without the express permission of the Feinstein International Center, is prohibited. Feinstein International Center Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4800 Medford, MA 02155 USA tel: +1 617.627.3423 fax: +1 617.627.3428 fic.tufts.edu Author Geert Gompelman (MSc.) is a graduate in Development Studies from the Centre for International Development Issues Nijmegen (CIDIN) at Radboud University Nijmegen (Netherlands). He has worked as a development practitioner and research consultant in Afghanistan since 2007. Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank his research colleagues Ahmad Hakeem (“Shajay”) and Kanishka Haya for their assistance and insights as well as companionship in the field. Gratitude is also due to Antonio Giustozzi, Arne Strand, Petter Bauck, and Hans Dieset for their substantive comments and suggestions on a draft version. The author is indebted to Mervyn Patterson for his significant contribution to the historical and background sections. Thanks go to Joyce Maxwell for her editorial guidance and for helping to clarify unclear passages and to Bridget Snow for her efficient and patient work on the production of the final document. -
Political Laws and Ethnic Accommodation: Why Cross-Ethnic Coalitions Have Failed to Institutionalize in Afghanistan
Political Laws and Ethnic Accommodation: Why Cross-Ethnic Coalitions Have Failed to Institutionalize in Afghanistan Mohammad Bashir Mobasher A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Robert Pekannen, Chair Jonathan Eddy, Co-Chair James Long Scott Radnitz Leigh Anderson Program Authorized to Offer Degree: School of Law © Copyright 2017 Mohammad Bashir Mobasher University of Washington ABSTRACT Political Laws and Ethnic Accommodation: Why Cross-Ethnic Coalitions Have Failed to Institutionalize in Afghanistan Mohammad Bashir Mobasher Chairs of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Robert Pekannen – Jackson School of International Studies Professor Jonathan Eddy – School of Law Afghanistan suffers from an ethnic-based and fragmented party system. Although some cross-ethnic coalitions have emerged, especially during the presidential elections, these coalitions have failed to survive across elections and branches of government. As for what explains the failure of the consolidation of coalitions, some scholars pointed to the SNTV system and others to the presidential system. This study examines all related institutional designs, including the SNTV system for parliamentary elections, the runoff system for presidential elections, the presidential system, dual vice presidency, and party qualification thresholds. These systems and institutions are designed by three bodies of political laws: the Constitution, electoral laws, and party laws. Analyzing these laws and institutional designs, this study makes three observations. First, the failure of coalitions to institutionalize in Afghanistan is not due to a single political law or institutional design but due to the influence of a number of them. Second, for cross-ethnic coalitions to institutionalize, all related institutional designs must act cohesively or else they fail to incentivize coalition-building, as is the case in Afghanistan. -
The a to Z Guide to Afghanistan Assistance
The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit The A to Z Guide to Afghanistan Assistance 3rd Edition, August 2004 Writer: Lucy Jones Editor: Brandy Bauer, with assistance from Thomas Muller With special thanks to: Lua Anderson, Mir Ahmad Joyenda, and Jawed Faraidoon Shariq Cover illustration: Sayara Media and Communications Design and printing: The Army Press © 2004 The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU). All rights reserved. Preface In 2002, AREU released the first A to Z Guide to Afghanistan Assistance during a time of great change in Afghanistan. At that time, coordination mechanisms and aid processes were changing so fast that old hands and new arrivals alike were sometimes overwhelmed by the multiplicity of acronyms and references to structures and entities that had been recently created, abolished or re-named. Two years on, this, the third edition of the guide, is also coming out during a tremendous time of change in Afghanistan. For the first time in over two decades, the country is preparing for national elections, scheduled for autumn 2004 (presidential) and spring 2005 (parliamentary). Given the importance of the elections over the next six months, this edition includes a section focusing on elections that provides an overview of the election law, political parties, the timetable for elections, electoral districts and other critical information to assist you in understanding the political process. The elections section also includes a handy question and answer guide to the elections. Like the previous editions of the A to Z Guide, the purpose of this third edition is to provide a manual of the terms, structures, mechanisms and coordinating bodies critical to the Afghanistan relief and reconstruction effort to help ensure a shared vocabulary and common understanding of the forces at play. -
Electoral Choices, Ethnic Accommodations, and the Consolidation of Coalitions: Critiquing the Runoff Clause of the Afghan Constitution
Washington International Law Journal Volume 26 Number 3 6-1-2017 Electoral Choices, Ethnic Accommodations, and the Consolidation of Coalitions: Critiquing the Runoff Clause of the Afghan Constitution Mohammad Bashir Mobasher Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Election Law Commons Recommended Citation Mohammad B. Mobasher, Electoral Choices, Ethnic Accommodations, and the Consolidation of Coalitions: Critiquing the Runoff Clause of the Afghan Constitution, 26 Wash. L. Rev. 413 (2017). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol26/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington International Law Journal by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Compilation © 2017 Washington International Law Journal Association ELECTORAL CHOICES, ETHNIC ACCOMMODATIONS, AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF COALITIONS: CRITIQUING THE RUNOFF CLAUSE OF THE AFGHAN CONSTITUTION Mohammad Bashir Mobasher* Abstract: Article sixty-one of the Afghan Constitution requires a candidate to win an absolute majority of votes to become the president. This constitutional rule comprises a runoff clause, which prescribes a second round of elections between the two front-runners should no candidate win over 50% of the votes in the first round. While this article agrees with the majority view of Afghan scholars and politicians who see the runoff clause as instrumental to developing trans-ethnic coalitions and governments, it distinguishes between the formation of alliances and their consolidation. -
Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan Februari 2006
Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan februari 2006 Directie Personenverkeer, Migratie en Vreemdelingenzaken Afdeling Asiel- en Migratiezaken Inhoudsopgave Pagina 1 Inleiding 4 2 Landeninformatie 5 2.1 Basisgegevens 5 2.1.1 Land en volk 5 2.1.2 Geschiedenis 6 2.1.3 Staatsinrichting 10 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen 13 2.2.1 Kabinet 14 2.2.2 Verkiezingen 15 2.2.3 Machtsfactoren 22 2.3 Militaire ontwikkelingen en veiligheidssituatie 24 2.3.1 ‘Enduring Freedom’ 24 2.3.2 ISAF 25 2.3.3 PRT 26 2.3.4 Afghaanse veiligheidsorganisaties 26 2.3.5 Ontwapening, demobilisatie en reïntegratie (Disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration: DDR) 28 2.3.6 Veiligheidssituatie 30 2.4 Sociaal-economische situatie 36 2.4.1 Humanitaire situatie 36 2.4.2 Economische situatie 37 2.4.3 Drugsbestrijding 38 3 Mensenrechten 40 3.1 Juridische context 40 3.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen 40 3.1.2 Nationale wetgeving 40 3.2 Toezicht 44 3.3 Naleving en schendingen 48 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting 49 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering 50 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en overtuiging 51 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid en documenten 52 3.3.5 Rechtsgang 54 3.3.6 Arrestaties en detenties 58 3.3.7 Foltering, mishandeling en bedreiging 60 3.3.8 Verdwijningen 61 3.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden 62 3.3.10 Doodstraf 62 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen 63 3.4.1 Politieke opposanten 63 3.4.2 Etnische groepen 63 3.4.3 Journalisten 66 3.4.4 Vrouwen 67 3.4.5 Niet-moslims en bekeerlingen 72 3.4.6 Taliban 72 3.4.7 Ex-communisten 73 4 Migratie 74 4.1 Migratiestromen en –motieven -
Brokers, Bureaucrats, and the Quality of Government: Understanding Development and Decay in Afghanistan and Beyond
Brokers, Bureaucrats, and the Quality of Government: Understanding Development and Decay in Afghanistan and Beyond by Khalid Homayun Nadiri A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland January 2017 ⃝c 2017 – Khalid H. Nadiri All rights reserved Abstract Why do public institutions decay or break down? And why are they often so difficult to put back together? These questions have been the subject of a large body of academic literature in the social sciences, but we still do not have a good theoretical and empirical understanding of contemporary institutional development in countries with limited human capital, material resources, and the rule of law. External or internal conflicts often do not motivate governments to develop more robust institutional structures. Ethnic differences do not necessarily given rise to institutional dysfunction or conflict. And ideology frequently does not influence whether a government is able to design and implement policies that benefit the public at large, predictably enforce laws and property rights, or develop a monopoly of control over the national territory. In order to gain deeper insight into the processes by which contemporary institutions may develop or decay, this research closely examines a longitudinal case of initial institutional im- provement and subsequent failure that is not consistent with existing explanations: Afghanistan. In this puzzling case, I show that government institutions became progressively more institution- alized during the early and middle periods of the 20th century but ultimately failed to consolidate these gains, developing a recurrently unstable political system and an unproductive economy. -
Subordination, M Igration and M Obilization
3µ¢Ø≤§©Æ°¥©ØÆ - ©ß≤°¥©ØÆ °Æ§ - Ø¢©¨©∫°¥©ØÆ 3¥≤°¥•ß©•≥ ¶Ø≤ £Ø∞©Æß ©Æ °Æ °¨¥•≤•§ ≥•£µ≤©¥π ≥©¥µ°¥©ØÆ .©Æ° ,°Æß≥¨•¥ - °≥¥•≤ ¥®•≥©≥ ©Æ 3Ø£©Ø¨Øßπ $•∞°≤¥≠ •Æ¥ ض 3Ø£©Ø¨Øßπ °Æ§ (µ≠ °Æ '•Øß≤°∞®π &°£µ¨¥π ض 3Ø£©°¨ 3£©•Æ£•≥ 5.)6%23)49 ض /3,/ - °π '(() ii 3µ¢Ø≤§©Æ°¥©ØÆ - ©ß≤°¥©ØÆ °Æ§ - Ø¢©¨©∫°¥©ØÆ 3¥≤°¥•ß©•≥ ¶Ø≤ £Ø∞©Æß ©Æ °Æ °¨¥•≤•§ ≥•£µ≤©¥π ≥©¥µ°¥©ØÆ .©Æ° ,°Æß≥¨•¥ - °≥¥•≤ ¥®•≥©≥ ©Æ 3Ø£©Ø¨Øßπ $•∞°≤¥≠ •Æ¥ ض 3Ø£©Ø¨Øßπ °Æ§ (µ≠ °Æ '•Øß≤°∞®π &°£µ¨¥π ض 3Ø£©°¨ 3£©•Æ£•≥ 5.)6%23)49 ض /3,/ - °π '(() iii iv *≥¥≤°£¥ Why do people respond differently to an apparently equal security threat, and which factors are decisive in the decision making? The present thesis explores different strategies for coping with an altered security situation among Pashtuns in northern Afghanistan. In 2001 a US-led coalition toppled the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. This had severe implications for persons belonging to the Pashtun ethnic group in northern Afghanistan. The Pashtun constitute the biggest ethnic group in Afghanistan. In the north, however, Pashtuns are a minority, who have traditionally benefited from being associated with the power-holders in Kabul, who have been largely Pashtun. After the fall of the Taliban, all Pashtuns in the north were accused of being loyal to the Taliban, which had drawn most of its support from Pashtuns. The new non-Pashtun power-holders in the north made the Pashtuns in the north targets of severe harassment. The thesis explores how Pashtuns in northern Afghanistan coped with the new political context after the fall of the Taliban. -
The a to Z Guide to Assistance in Afghanistan
The A to Z Guide to Assistance in Afghanistan 2020 Fourteenth Edition The A to Z Guide to Assistance in Afghanistan 2020 Fourteenth Edition Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit IMPORTANT NOTE: The information presented in this guide relies on the voluntary contributions of ministries and agencies of the Afghan government, embassies, development agencies and other organisations representing donor countries, national and international NGOs and other institutions. While AREU makes a sincere effort to provide the most accurate and current information possible with each edition produced, details evolve and change continuously. Users of this guide are encouraged to submit updates, additions, corrections and suggestions to [email protected]. © 2020 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher, the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Permission can be obtained by emailing [email protected] or by calling +93 (0) 799 608 548. Funding for this publication is provided by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Provincial Profiles (maps and data): © World Bank; © Central Statistics Organization Maps: Ministry of Urban Development and Land, National Statistics and Information Authority, and OCHA Contact Information Address: District 10, Shahr-i-Naw, Kabul, Afghanistan Phone: +93 (0) 799 608 548 Email: [email protected] Website: www.areu.org.af The AREU library is located at the AREU office in Kabul and is open: Sunday to Thursday from 9 a.m.–12:30 p.m. -
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghanistan National Development Strategy 1387 – 1391 (2008 – 2013)
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghanistan National Development Strategy 1387 – 1391 (2008 – 2013) A Strategy for Security, Governance, Economic Growth & Poverty Reduction ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ In the Name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful إِ نﱠ ا ﻟ ﻠّ ﻪَ ﻻَ ﻳُ ﻐَ ﻴﱢ ﺮُ ﻣَﺎ ﺑِ ﻘَ ﻮْ مٍ ﺣَﺘﱠﻰ ﻳُ ﻐَ ﻴﱢ ﺮُ و اْ ﻣَﺎ ﺑِ ﺄَ ﻧْ ﻔُ ﺴِ ﻬِ ﻢْ Verily, never will Allah change the condition of people unless they change it themselves (013,011) VISION FOR AFGHANISTAN By the solar year 1400 (2020), Afghanistan will be: A stable Islamic constitutional democracy at peace with itself and its neighbors, standing with full dignity in the international family. A tolerant, united, and pluralistic nation that honors its Islamic heritage and the deep seated aspirations toward participation, justice, and equal rights for all. A society of hope and prosperity based on a strong, private-sector led market economy, so- cial equity, and environmental sustainability. OUR GOALS The Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS) serves as Afghanistan’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and uses the pillars, principles and benchmarks of the Af- ghanistan Compact as a foundation. The pillars and goals of the ANDS are: 1. Security: Achieve nationwide stabilization, strengthen law enforcement, and improve personal security for every Afghan. 2. Governance, Rule of Law and Human Rights: Strengthen democratic processes and in- stitutions, human rights, the rule of law, delivery of public services and government ac- countability. 3. Economic and Social Development: Reduce poverty, ensure sustainable development through a private-sector-led market economy, improve human development indicators, and make significant progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). -
Afghan Taliban Intent
3rd Edition Jan 11 1 Purpose To ensure that U.S. Army personnel have a relevant, comprehensive guide to help enhance cultural understanding; to use in capacity building and counterinsurgency operations while deployed in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. 2 About This Book The Smart Book contains information designed to enhance Soldier’s knowledge of Afghanistan, including history, politics, country data and statistics, and the military operational environment. The Smart Book concludes with an overview of the culture of Afghanistan including religion, identity, behavior, communication and negotiation techniques, an overview of ethnic groups, a regional breakdown outlining each province, a language guide, and cultural proverbs, expressions and superstitions. 3 Focus “We must demonstrate to the people and to the Taliban that Afghan, US and coalition forces are here to safeguard the Afghan people, and that we are in this to win.” - General David H. Petraeus Commander, ISAF “Change of Command” 5 July 2010 The Washington Post 4 Table of Contents Topic Page History 9 Political 20 Flag of Afghanistan 21 Political Map 23 Afghan Provinces and Districts 24 Political Structure 25 President of Afghanistan and Cabinet 26 Provincial Governors 28 Country Data 30 Location and Bordering Countries 31 Comparative Area 32 Social Statistics 33 Economy Overview 34 History of Education 39 5 Table of Contents Topic Page Military Operational Environment 40 Terrain and Major Lines of Communication by ISAF RC 41 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) Missions -
Vision for Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghanistan National Development Strategy 1387 – 1391 (2008 – 2013) A Strategy for Security, Governance, Economic Growth & Poverty Reduction ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ In the Name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful إِ نﱠ ا ﻟ ﻠّ ﻪَ ﻻَ ﻳُ ﻐَ ﻴﱢ ﺮُ ﻣَﺎ ﺑِ ﻘَ ﻮْ مٍ ﺣَﺘﱠﻰ ﻳُ ﻐَ ﻴﱢ ﺮُ و اْ ﻣَﺎ ﺑِ ﺄَ ﻧْ ﻔُ ﺴِ ﻬِ ﻢْ Verily, never will Allah change the condition of people unless they change it themselves (013,011) VISION FOR AFGHANISTAN By the solar year 1400 (2020), Afghanistan will be: A stable Islamic constitutional democracy at peace with itself and its neighbors, standing with full dignity in the international family. A tolerant, united, and pluralistic nation that honors its Islamic heritage and the deep seated aspirations toward participation, justice, and equal rights for all. A society of hope and prosperity based on a strong, private-sector led market economy, so- cial equity, and environmental sustainability. OUR GOALS The Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS) serves as Afghanistan’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and uses the pillars, principles and benchmarks of the Af- ghanistan Compact as a foundation. The pillars and goals of the ANDS are: 1. Security: Achieve nationwide stabilization, strengthen law enforcement, and improve personal security for every Afghan. 2. Governance, Rule of Law and Human Rights: Strengthen democratic processes and in- stitutions, human rights, the rule of law, delivery of public services and government ac- countability. 3. Economic and Social Development: Reduce poverty, ensure sustainable development through a private-sector-led market economy, improve human development indicators, and make significant progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). -
Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan Mei 2004
Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan mei 2004 Directie Personenverkeer, Migratie en Vreemdelingenzaken Afdeling Asiel- en Migratiezaken Inhoudsopgave Pagina 1 Inleiding 4 2 Landeninformatie 6 2.1 Basisgegevens 6 2.1.1 Land en volk 6 2.1.2 Geschiedenis 7 2.1.3 Staatsinrichting 10 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen 13 2.3 Militaire ontwikkelingen en veiligheidssituatie 19 2.3.1 ‘Enduring Freedom’ 19 2.3.2 ‘Provincial Reconstruction Teams’ (PRT) 20 2.3.3 ISAF 22 2.3.4 Afghaanse veiligheidsorganisaties 23 2.3.5 Ontwapening, demobilisatie en reïntegratie 27 2.3.6 Veiligheidssituatie 29 2.4 Sociaal-economische situatie 35 2.4.1 Humanitaire situatie 35 2.4.2 Wederopbouw/economische situatie 35 2.4.3 Drugsbestrijding 36 3 Mensenrechten 38 3.1 Juridische context 38 3.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen 38 3.1.2 Nationale wetgeving 38 3.2 Toezicht 41 3.3 Naleving en schendingen 44 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting 45 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering 47 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en overtuiging 49 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid en documenten 50 3.3.5 Rechtsgang 52 3.3.6 Arrestaties en detenties 54 3.3.7 Foltering, mishandeling en bedreiging 56 3.3.8 Verdwijningen 58 3.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden 58 3.3.10 Doodstraf 59 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen 59 3.4.1 Politieke opposanten 59 3.4.2 Etnische groepen 60 3.4.3 Journalisten 63 3.4.4 Vrouwen 63 3.4.5 Niet-moslims en bekeerlingen 64 3.4.6 Taliban 64 3.4.7 Ex-communisten 65 4Migratie 67 4.1 Migratiestromen en –motieven 67 4.1.1 Terugkeer algemeen 67 4.1.2 Terugkeer vanuit Nederland 67 4.1.3