MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY: , CULTURE, ONLINE EVENT WORKSHOP PROGRAMME

24-25 June 2021

SURREY.AC.UK

OUR SPONSORS INTRODUCTION

Despite being perceived as unique, self- Our timely inter-disciplinary two-day contained systems, most of the workshop is the first of its kind to examine world are not isolated entities, and exist in mutual intelligibility from cultural and linguistic continua with other related cognitive as well as linguistic perspectives. varieties. Related languages share many By bringing together researchers from a properties, giving rise to the global range of fields, this workshop aims to Surrey Morphology Group (SMG) is a The institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) phenomenon of mutual intelligibility, where provide a foundation for the development of research centre dedicated to the The Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) at a speaker of one language can use their multi-disciplinary research projects on study of language diversity and its theoretical the University of Surrey sponsors workshops to efficiently communicate with a mutual intelligibility. The goal is to gain a consequences. and Fellowships at the ‘cutting edge’ of speaker of another language, and vice versa broader understanding of this significant and Its research combines the investigation of science, engineering, social science and the (e.g. Spanish and Portuguese). complex global phenomenon, and identify grammatical categories in a broad sample of humanities. Through this scheme the Whilst research in this area has typically how various theoretical and empirical languages with the use of explicit formal and Institute fosters interdisciplinary been associated with the realm of linguistics, research methods can be combined in future statistical frameworks for the expression of collaborations and encourages a flow of a cultural studies approach to mutual research. typological and theoretical generalizations. international scholars to visit, enjoy their intelligibility demonstrates how it facilitates SMG has received funding from the European stay at Surrey and leave behind excellent intercultural exchange between Research Council, the Economic and Social ideas and innovations. communities, challenging the misconception Research Council, the Arts and Humanities of languages as discrete units that has Research Council, the British Academy and ias.surrey.ac.uk reinforced national and racial essentialism. Workshop Chair: the Leverhulme Trust, among others. From the point of view of cognition, Dr Nadezda Christopher, University of meanwhile, empirical research methods can Surrey smg.surrey.ac.uk shed light on the biological underpinnings of mutual intelligibility, i.e. what neural Organising committee: correlates and cognitive processes underlie Dr Catherine Barbour, University of Surrey language comprehension and by extension Dr Katie Gilligan, University of Surrey enable speakers of different languages to successfully communicate with each Administrative support: other. Ms Vicki Blamey and Ms Penny Everson (University of Surrey)

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PROGRAMME

DAY 2 – FRIDAY 25TH JUNE DAY 1 – THURSDAY 24TH JUNE

(UK TIME ) (UK TIME) 12.45 – 13:00 Welcome Remarks 12.50 – 13.00 Welcome back

13:00 – 14:00 Keynote Talk: Mutual Intelligibility between Closely Related Languages 13.00 – 14.00 Keynote Talk: Estimated Mutual Intelligibility of Kurdish - Eve Eppler in Europe - Charlotte Gooskens 14.00 – 14.15 Break 14.00 – 14.15 Break 14.15 – 14.45 Mutual intelligibility in Philippine Austronesian languages: The case of 14.15 – 14.45 Receptive in scenarios involving one dominant Tagalog and Bikol - Orlyn Joyce D. Esquivel variety - Slavomír Čéplö 14.45 – 15.15 L3 word recognition based on non-native competence in an L2 - Jacopo 14.45 – 15.15 Intelligibility in Natural Languages and Formal Languages - Harald Saturno Hammarström 15.15 – 15.45 Word Order Transfer on Learning Mandarin Writing for Hong Kong 15.15 – 15.45 Intelligibility across : the role of inflexional (-Speaking) Learners - Yijun Hu morphology - Chiara Cappellaro 15.45 – 16.00 Break 15.45 – 16.00 Break 16.00 – 17.00 Keynote Talk: Interview with artist, poet and translator Andreea 16.00 – 17.00 Keynote Talk: Miniature artificial languages: a promising approach to Birsanu study SLA - Bertram Opitz

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KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Charlotte Gooskens Bertam Opitz Eve Eppler Andreea Birsanu University of Groningen University of Surrey University of Roehampton Andreea Birsanu, (born 1998, Bacău, Charlotte (BA in Comparative Linguistics, Bertram Opitz studied Biophysics at the Eva Eppler is Associate Professor of Romania) is an artist based in Galicia, north- University of Aarhus, ; MA in Russian State University in Moscow, Russia. Linguistics at the University of Roehampton, west Spain, where she emigrated with her General Linguistics, Leiden University, the He was a PhD student at the Max-Planck- London. She completed her MA in English family in 2005. Her artistic project Silvatiica, Netherlands; PhD in Linguistics, University of Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain and and Literature at the an exploration of Galician nature in art, was Nijmegen, the Netherlands) is an associate Sciences, Leipzig and received his doctoral University of Vienna where she later worked developed during the pandemic in 2020. She professor of European Linguistics at the degree in 2000. Until autumn 2001 he as teaching and research assistant to Prof believes in the power of artistic creation for University of Groningen and an adjunct continued working as a post-doc researcher Dieter Kastovsky. A post-graduate grant from social change, with particular commitment associate professor at the University of New and then moved to Saarland University as an the Austrian Ministry of Science enabled her to the rural sphere, feminism, and England, Australia. Assistant Professor for Cognitive to move to University College London for her motherhood. She commissions projects via Her research focuses on the perceptual and Neuroscience. Bertram joined the Brain & PhD. In London she got involved with the her personal website and Etsy shop. Andreea communicative effects of language variation, Behaviour Group at the University of Surrey Language Interaction in Plurilingual and is currently undertaking a literary translation e.g. language attitudes, speaker identity and in August 2012 as a Professor for Plurilectal Speakers group and set up a project from Romanian to Galician, as well as mutual intelligibility between closely related Neuroimaging. He has been leading the Brain transcription and coding system for creating the first illustrated Romanian- languages. She has authored more than 120 and Behaviour Group since 2015. multilingual data (LIDES, 2000). Her PhD on Galician dictionary. She is a keen writer and articles and book chapters, and served as a Bertram’s research focuses on the neural structural aspects of German-English code- runs the project ‘Mulleres que escriben en guest editor for several special issues of underpinnings of learning and memory, with switching is conducted within one of the first galego’ (Women Who Write in Galician) to linguistic journals; she also co-organised a his primary interest being in the neural cognitive theories of language as a promote writing by women in the language. large number of international conferences mechanisms of language acquisition and system, Word (Hudson 1990, Andreea speaks Romanian, Galician and and workshops. what factors influence the learning process. 2007). It generated the ‘Dependency Spanish fluently. She is a consultant and co-investigator in Bertram is also interested in the functional Distance Hypothesis for bilingual code- various international projects examining architecture of different memory systems switching’ which has been tested on Website: https://silvatiica.com/ mutual intelligibility between closely related and the processes by which information is German-English and Chinese-English data languages (e.g. Scandinavian languages, transferred between these memory systems. which support it. Romance languages, Finnish-Estonian, In current research projects he investigates Since then Eva Eppler has been working on Czech-Slovak, Kurdish in the Middle the processes of creating new enduring various aspects of multilingualism, including East, Gurage dialects of Ethiopia, languages memory traces and modulating existing testing predictions of theoretical frameworks of the Pacific Islands of Vanuatu, dialects of ones. Other projects focus on how we can on code-mixed data and multilingualism in and Nigeria). She was a guest exert control over our memories, and how audio-visual translation. Her recent interest researcher at Firat University (Turkey), these control processes could be trained. in Kurdish has led her to pursue more University of New England (Australia), and The main focus of these projects lies on impactful applied topics in collaborations University of (Denmark), and training induced changes in the neural with a geographer/GIS expert, such as a currently is a fellow at the Polish Institute of network in healthy participants and patient Perceptual Dialectological study of Kurdish. Advanced Studies (PIASt) in Warsaw. samples. She has written and edited six books, To achieve a comprehensive understanding published nine peer reviewed journal of learning and memory systems Bertram articles and twenty-six chapters in edited examines the neural organization of these volumes. She is now working on establishing systems using well established neuroimaging degrees of mutual intelligibility of Kurdish techniques like event-related potentials and varieties and on maps of Kurdish functional magnetic resonance tomography based on the Dialects of Kurdish web- in combination with neural stimulation resource (Matras et al. 2026). She is techniques like transcranial magnetic interested in developing materials for a stimulation (TMS) to investigate the neural functional mutual intelligibility application correlates of learning and memory. that can be adapted to different language 6 7 SURREY.AC.UK combinations and families. UNIVERSITY OF SURREY

ABSTRACTS AND

PARTICIPANTS

References: Typically, the DV is the language of a The DV in this case is Naija, once again THURSDAY 24TH JUNE politically dominant nation (as with Russian largely due to the population figures and the Asante, Molefi Kete 2002. Culture and and the rest of the Slavic-speaking world socioeconomic status of Nigeria, as well as a customs of Egypt. London: Greenwood Press. Receptive multilingualism in scenarios pre-1989) or the variety used by a result of the region being flooded with

involving one dominant variety nation/community that is dominant in a soft media production from Nollywood and Delsing, Lars-Olof; and Katarina Lundin 2005. Slavomír Čéplö way, e.g. quantitatively or culturally (as with Nigerian radio broadcasts. Håller språket ihop Norden? En Austrian Academy of Sciences Czech and Slovak until very recently). In this paper, I examine these two RMODV forskningsrapport om ungdomars förståelse There are two typical and very similar scenarios, their sociolinguistic background av danska, svenska och norska. Copenhagen: examples of RMODV: the first one, a classic and their unique nature vis-à-vis other types Receptive multilingualism (RM) is a TemaNord. well established case, involves the of RM. In addition to this, I will also propose phenomenon in human communication intelligibility of Egyptian (henceforth: a method for the functional testing of where the parties involved do not share a Golubović, Jelena 2016. Mutual intelligibility EgAr)1 to speakers of other Arabic varieties. RMODV that takes into account the context language, but they are still able to in the Slavic language area. University of While the mutual intelligibility of Arabic in which RMODV most often takes place, i.e. communicate effectively by virtue of Groningen: PhD thesis. varieties and thus the role of RM in the the passive reception of media. speaking varieties which are close enough in communication between their speakers is This testing method can be used not only to terms of so as to allow for Gooskens, Charlotte 2019. “8. Receptive still very much an unexplored field, it is a describe the level of RMODV in the mutual intelligibility (Gooskens 2019). Multilingualism.” In: Multidisciplinary truth generally acknowledged that the EgAr community in question, but it can also serve Typical examples include the Nordic Perspectives on Multilingualism, ed. by is the DV in this context. This is not so much to measure the influence of RMODV on the countries (i.e. RM between Danish, Simona Montanari and Suzanne Quay, 149– due to the sheer number of speakers of mutual intelligibility of the variety in Norwegian and Swedish; Delsing and Lundin 174. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. EgAr, as it is the effect of Egypt’s cultural question and DV, as well as account for some 2005) or (Golubović 2016). dominance as the major producer of TV of the shortcomings of the standard battery In these scenarios, the relationship between Gooskens, Charlotte; and Vincent J. van shows, movies and popular music (Asante of mutual intelligibility tests (i.e. the lack of the linguistic communities – and thus the Heuven 2020. “How well can intelligibility of 2002: 117). The exposure to this cultural consideration of the paralinguistic factors, cf. level of RM – is generally quite symmetrical, closely related languages in Europe be production results in greater familiarity with Gooskens and van der Heuven 2020: 376). i.e. none of the languages in question is predicted by linguistic and non-linguistic EgAr all over the Arabic-speaking world and considered more prestigious and/or variables?” Linguistic Approaches to thus asymmetric RM. The other scenario of speakers of one variety are not more likely Bilingualism 10, 351–379. RMODV is an emerging one and involves the to have been exposed to the other variety or West African varieties of Afro-Caribbean varieties. There exists, however, another Yakpo, Kofi 2021. Subjunctive complements English-lexifier Creoles, i.e. Sierra Leone Krio, type of RM, one where the converse is true. in the English-lexifier creoles of Africa and Ghanaian Pidgin, Cameroon Pidgin and In this RM scenario (‘RM with one dominant the Americas. A paper read at the meeting of Nigerian Pidgin/Naija2 (Yakpo 2021), but also variety’ or RMODV), one of the varieties in the “Labex EFL Variation syntactique dans les Liberian Kolokwa (own research). question is the dominant one (‘dominant langues creoles” research group on April variety’ or DV) and speakers of the other 16th, 2021 varieties are much more likely to have been exposed to it.

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Intelligibility in Natural Languages and Intelligibility across Romance languages: the To address these issues, two parallel achieved. And (iii) speakers of a language Formal Languages role of inflexional morphology. experiments were carried out in Italy with extensive root allomorphy (within Harald Hammarström Chiara Cappellaro (MontecatiniTuscany) and Romania (Iași- inflected lexemes but also variation in shape Uppsala University University of Oxford Moldovia). o 113 Italian final-year students across derivationally-related lexemes) seem were asked to recognize (and if so, to to be an advantage for the guessing This study is concerned with inherent translate) 159 Romanian words –108 task. intelligibility (Gooskens 2013) between A common view holds that intelligibility in cognate words with the same etymon and written Italian and Romanian. We focus in natural languages is a gradient property. In same meaning in Italian and Romanian (es. References particular on the role of inflexional this view intelligibility can be anywhere in lup ‘wolf’, mână ‘hand’, timp ‘time’) and 51 morphology in the process of interlingual the continuum between none, partial or words of nonLatin origin that have no Berthele, Raphaele, 2011. «On abduction in inferencing in a cognate guessing experiment total, with no natural border that would equivalent in Italian (abur ‘steam’, iad ‘hell’, receptive multilingualism», Applied (cf. Berthele 2011, Vanhove & Berthele divide it into a binary yes/no property. We pisică ‘cat’). o 116 Romanian final-year Linguistics Review 2, 191-220. 2015) or the ability of native speakers of a argue that this view is premature. students were presented with 143 to recognize cognate words in With some simple assumptions on what words in total –94 and 49 Italian Gooskens, Charlotte, 2013. «Methods of isolation in a cognate language without constitutes a language, we show that words that have no equivalent in Romanian measuring intelligibility of closely related previous knowledge of that language. We intelligibility can be defined as a yes/no (bosco ‘woods’, gatta ‘cat’, gambero language varieties», in: Bayley, Robert et al. address the following questions: • Is identity property in a simple formal way,without ‘shrimp’). The stimuli were selected (ed.), The Oxford handbook of at the level of the lexical root necessary and imposing an arbitrary threshold. The according to four main criteria: (i) , Oxford, Oxford University sufficient to correct cognate guessing? • To indication from this result is that natural identity/non-identity of lexical root; (ii) Press, 195-213. what extent are differences at the level of languages, can, at least in theory, be identity/non-identity of inflexional affix; (iii) inflexional affix a barrier to recognition? • discretized and counted in a systematic number of syllables; (iii) presence/absence Vanhove, Jan & Berthele, Raphaele, 2015. Are there ‘item-related’ variables that manner. of consonant clusters. Moreover, they were «Item-related determinants of cognate correlate with correct guessing? In coded for frequency and Levenshtein guessing in multilinguals», in: De Angelis, G. particular: o Is a purely quantitative Biography distance. We propose that factors of Jessner, U. & Kresić, M. (eds), Crosslinguistic difference (e.g. Levenshtein’s distance) self- morphological structure should be influence and crosslinguistic interaction in explanatory? o Does ‘phonological Harald Hammarström studied Computer considered when looking at interlingual multilingual language learning, Londra, substance’ (e.g. number of syllables) play Science and Linguistics at the University of inferencing and intelligibility. Our analysis, in Bloomsbury, 95-118 any role? o Is it the case that ‘consonants Uppsala (1997-2003). He then went on to do fact, will show that (i) Levenshtein distance a PhD in Computational Linguistics at may contribute more to the subjective cannot always account for the data; (ii) Chalmers University (2004-2009) developing transparency of cognate relationships than lexical root identity is sufficient (but not computational models that cater to diverse do vowels’ (Vanhove & Berthele 2015: 99)? necessary) for the correct guessing of lexical kinds of languages. Postdoctoral research at meaning, provided correct segmentation Radboud University Nijmegen, Max Planck between root and inflexional ending is Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, and Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History focussed on empirical and computational approaches to linguistic diversity, genealogical/areal relationships and language universals.

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FRIDAY 25TH JUNE In this study, cognates candidates were L3 word recognition based on non-native Target words were etymologically related to extracted using the 100 most frequent competence in an L2 their Russian equivalent; however, some Mutual intelligibility in Philippine language words from both of the corpora. In Jacopo Saturno pairs diverged in a phonologically systematic Austronesian languages: The case of addition, the researcher used Tagalog and University of Bergamo and predictable manner (e.g. /dʲ/ vs. /ʥ/ in Tagalog and Bikol Bikol PALI dictionaries for manually Rus. /xoˈdʲitʲ/ vs. Pol. /ˈxoʥiʨ/ ‘to walk’), Orlyn Joyce D. Esquivel establishing the cognates or language pairs Against the background of while others presented unpredictable University of the Philippines Diliman of both languages based on the frequency intercomprehension (IC) studies, the present differences (e.g. /i/ in Rus. /iˈgratʲ/ vs. Pol. listings. The results of the data sets were paper describes L3 word recognition based /graʨ/ ‘to play’). The participants then took An archipelago of 7,100 islands located in compared, and the language distance was on existing knowledge of a genetically a 20-hour, meta-linguistically explicit course Southeast Asia, the Philippines is marked by calculated through crosslanguage related L2. This configuration implies that in comparative Slavic grammar focussing on significant linguistic diversity with 181 living distributions (Ciobanu & Dinu, 2014) of the the bridge language (i.e., the language used the systematic sound correspondences languages being used (Bravante & Holden, similar cognates. Finally, the results suggest to make inferences about the unknown between the two languages. The word 2019). Most of the languages are dialectally that mutual intelligibility can be established target language) is not the speaker’s native recognition task was then administered a diverse, having several originating extensive between these language pairs over the use language. second time. dialect strings. Moreover, the Philippine of online corpora and dictionaries. This study Traditionally, IC primarily targets native The results show that indeed, the effect of languages belong to the Western Malayo- also provides evidence that linguistic speakers of the bridge language — as explicit instruction was most noticeable on Polynesian group of the Malayo-Polynesian similarities promotes mutual intelligibility opposed to language learners — because of those targets whose difference from their branch of the Austronesian languages family. between Austronesian languages their greater access to its grammar and Russian equivalent can be described in terms The archeological record implies that the vocabulary. However, compared to the of systematic sound correspondences. earliest Austronesian speakers arrived in the Biography untrained native speaker, language learners northern Philippines about 5,500 years ago also feature skills that may facilitate IC, such References prior to the Austronesian expansion. Orlyn Joyce D. Esquivel is a licensed as a larger multilingual repertoire (Berthele According to Grimes (2000), with 167 professional teacher and a postgraduate & Lambelet 2009; Vanhove & Berthele 2015; Berthele, Raphael (ed.). 2008. Dialekt- Philippine ethnolinguistic groups, at least ten student in the linguistics program at the 2017), conceptual knowledge and strategic Standard Situationen als embryonale are presently spoken by more than a million University of the Philippines Diliman. She is know-how (Berthele 2011), and greater Mehrsprachigkeit. Erkenntnisse zum population, and account for what have been affiliated with the Linguistic Society of the tolerance to deviations of various type from interlingualen Potenzial des noted to as the ‘major’ Philippine languages. Philippines, British Association for Applied the norm of their known languages (Berthele Provinzlerdaseins. Sociolinguistica 22. 87– These are Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilokano, Linguistics, and AsiaTEFL. 2008). They also possess greater language 101. Hiligaynon, Bikol, Samar-Leyte, awareness and meta-linguistic reflection Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Maranao, and skills (Jessner 1999). Berthele, Raphael. 2011. On abduction in Maguindanao. With this context, the The research question of the study is receptive multilingualism. Evidence from researcher established the degree of mutual whether or not spontaneous L3 word cognate guessing tasks. Applied Linguistics intelligibility of closely related languages recognition skills may benefit from explicit Review 2. 191–220. within the Tagalog and Bikol language groups instruction on the systematic sound in the Philippines in a large-scale webbased correspondences between L2 and L3. Such Berthele, Raphael & Lambelet, Amelia. 2009. investigation, specifically through the use of positive effects are effectively postulated by Approche empirique de Leipzig corpus collections. the majority of IC resources (Klein & l’intercompréhension : répertoires, Stegmann 2000; Hufeisen & Marx 2007), but processus et résultats. Lidil 39. 151–162. were rarely tested empirically. To pursue the research question, 26 L1 Hufeisen, Britta & Marx, Nicole (eds.). 2007. Italian university students of L2 Russian were EuroComGerm - die sieben Siebe: asked to translate the Russian 30 Polish germanische Sprachen lesen lernen (Reihe words, presented in their written form. EuroComGerm). Aachen: Shaker.

Continued ►

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Jessner, Ulrike. 1999. Metalinguistic Negative Transfer Effects on Mandarin Therefore, this paper will use word order as References Awareness in Multilinguals: Cognitive (Putonghua) Word Order Processing for an important entry point to investigate the Aspects of Third Language Learning. Hong Kong (Cantonese-Speaking) Learners types of errors in speaking Mandarin which Birdsong, D. (Ed.). (1999). Second language Language Awareness 8(3–4). 201–209. Yijun Hu is caused by the negative transfer from acquisition and the critical period Little Beijing Chinese Education Centre Cantonese in Hong Kong students, and hypothesis. Routledge. Klein, Horst G. & Stegmann, Tilbert Dídac. propose targeted measures to improve With the emphasis on Mandarin education, 2000. EuroComRom - die sieben Siebe: academic writing in response to these errors. Cheng, K. Y., & Li, Y. (2016). Lexical-Semantic Hong Kong schools have gradually set up romanische Sprachen sofort lesen können ; In this paper, we will select 40 lower grade Transfer and Strategies for Teaching and mandarin courses as regular courses. [français, català, español, italiano, primary school students in Hong Kong with Learning Putonghua Vocabulary for However, due to the prevalence of português, română] (Editiones EuroCom 1). the same male to female ratio, and use the Cantonese-speaking Learners. Cantonese in Hong Kong, many students Aachen: Shaker Verl. survey method of oral interviews to design a have not been exposed to Mandarin before questionnaire about vocabularies, sentence Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics across cultures: enrolling the kindergarten. Cantonese and Vanhove, Jan & Berthele, Raphael. 2015. patterns and sentence components. The Applied linguistics for language teachers. Mandarin pronunciation and intonation have Item-related determinants of cognate topics of the oral test are visual University of Michigan Press:Ann Arbor. huge differences, although mutual guessing in multilinguals. In De Angelis, discrimination exercises, dialogues, multiple- intelligibility in written form (lexical items, Gessica & Jessner, Ulrike & Kresić, Marijan choice and True-or-False questions. After Lee, Y. S., Vakoch, D. A., & Wurm, L. H. tense, sentence constituents and so forth) (eds.), Crosslinguistic influence and data transcription, statistical analysis will be (1996). Tone perception in Cantonese and can help Hong Kong students understand crosslinguistic interaction in multilingual conducted on the experimental results to Mandarin: A cross-linguistic comparison. parts of Mandarin, many phrases they still language learning, 95–118. London: determine the types of errors. At meanwhile, Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 25(5), cannot express. For SLA, Birdsong (1999) Bloomsbury. according to the error analysis, effective 527-542. discussed the critical period hypothesis with teaching suggestions will be put forward. some linguistic and cognitive factors in the Vanhove, Jan & Berthele, Raphael. 2017. The importance of this study is in filling the Slabakova, R. (2020). Second language language learning process. Language transfer Interactions between formal distance and gap in previous research. By emphasizing the acquisition. consists of positive and negative transfer participant-related variables in receptive importance of word order in language (Ledo, 1957). Hong Kong students are often multilingualism. International Review of acquisition, this paper hopes to help Hong affected by language transfer and confuse Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching Kong students reduce negative language Cantonese usage with Mandarin, such as 55(1). 23–40. transfer. Practically, the error analysis will pronunciation, classifier, word order, etc. not only help students pay attention to the Biography Therefore, these problems reflect that word order problem but also help teachers Cantonese will produce negative transfer to improve their expression in applied writing. Jacopo Saturno holds a Ph.D. degree in a certain extent and interfere with learners Applied Linguistics jointly issued by the to learning Mandarin. Many studies are Universities of Bergamo, Pavia and Paris VIII based on the difference between Cantonese (2017). His research agenda focusses on the and Mandarin, for example, Lee, Vakoch, intersection between Second Language and Wurm (1996) compared in Tone Acquisition (SLA) studies, on the one hand, perception and Cheng and Li (2016) focused and the language teaching applications of on Lexical-Semantic Transfer with these two intercomprehension, on the other hand, languages. However, in the actual teaching with particular regard to Slavic languages. He process, we can find that the inversion of looks at intercomprehension as a particular word order is a great problem for applied case of SLA, whose peculiarities can be writing in teaching evaluation even in those didactically exploited to promote school teaching Chinese in Cantonese or high multilingualism. school students.

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University of Surrey Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK

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