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Resilience of California Black Oak Experiencing Frequent Fire Doi: 10.4996/Fireecology.1301091 Page 91 Fire Ecology Volume 13, Issue 1, 2017 Hammett et al.: Resilience of California Black Oak Experiencing Frequent Fire doi: 10.4996/fireecology.1301091 Page 91 RESEARCH ARTICLE RESILIENCE OF CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK EXPERIENCING FREQUENT FIRE: REGENERATION FOLLOWING TWO LARGE WILDFIRES 12 YEARS APART Ethan J. Hammett1*, Martin W. Ritchie1, and John-Pascal Berrill2 1 Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 3644 Avtech Parkway, Redding, California 96002, USA 2 Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, California 95521, USA *Corresponding author: Tel.: +1-530-739-5270; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMEN Historically, oak woodlands in western Históricamente, los bosques de roble en el oes- North America were maintained by te de Norte América estuvieron mantenidos frequent fire that killed competing co- por fuegos frecuentes que eliminaban a las co- nifers. Today, these woodlands are of- níferas competidoras. Hoy, esos bosques se ten in decline as competition from co- encuentran en franca declinación al incremen- nifers intensifies. Among oak species tarse la competencia de coníferas. Entre las affected is the ecologically important especies de roble afectadas, está el roble negro California black oak (Quercus kellog- de California (Quercus kelloggii Newberry). gii Newberry). Within its range, large Dentro de su rango de dispersión, grandes fue- high-severity wildfires have become gos de alta severidad están siendo cada vez more common. We examined respons- más comunes. Nosotros examinamos las res- es of black oak to two mixed-severity puestas del roble negro a dos fuegos de severi- wildfires 12 years apart (2000 Storrie dad mixta separados por 12 años de diferencia Fire and 2012 Chips Fire reburn). Re- (el incendio Storrie en el 2000, y el incendio generation was examined in relation to Chips en el 2012). La regeneración fue exa- fire severity as measured by the Rela- minada en relación a la severidad del fuego tive differenced Normalized Burn Ra- medida mediante el índice relativo normaliza- tio (RdNBR). We found that the RdN- do de tasa de quema (RdNBR). Encontramos BR of the Storrie Fire was a useful que el RdNBR del incendio Storrie fue un pre- predictor of the RdNBR of the Chips dictor útil del RdNBR del incendio Chips, lo Fire reburn, suggesting that effects of que sugiere que los efectos del incendio Sto- the Storrie Fire on vegetation influ- rrie influenciaron el comportamiento del fuego enced fire behavior in the Chips reburn del incendio Chips (t12 = 2.892, P = 0.014, n = (t12 = 2.892, P = 0.014, n = 14, r = 14, r = 0.641). Después de experimentar una 0.641). After experiencing a second segunda muerte de su parte aérea (muerte top-kill (complete cambium mortality completa del cambium por encima de la coro- above the root collar) in the Chips re- na de la raíz) en el incendio Chips, el 95% (99 burn, 95% (99 of 104) of black oak de 104) de los tocones del roble negro rebrota- sprout clumps resprouted. Twelve ron. Doce años después del Fuego Storrie, en- years after the Storrie Fire, we found contramos que una proporción menor de las Fire Ecology Volume 13, Issue 1, 2017 Hammett et al.: Resilience of California Black Oak Experiencing Frequent Fire doi: 10.4996/fireecology.1301091 Page 92 lower proportions of sprout clumps matas de roble negro produjeron bellotas en produced acorns in places where more lugares donde más árboles del estrato superior − overstory trees survived the fire (t5 = sobrevivieron al fuego (t5 = 3.023, P = 0.029, −3.023, P = 0.029, n = 7, r = 0.804). n = 7, r = 0.804). Luego de ambos fuegos, el After both fires, the crown volume of volumen de la corona de los rebrotes de todas entire sprout clumps was lower in ar- las matas fue menor en áreas que tenían mayo- eas of higher live overstory tree basal res coberturas de área basal de árboles del es- area (Storrie Fire: t5 = 2.527, P = 0.053, trato superior (Fuego Storrie: t5 = 2.527, P = n = 7, r = 0.749; Chips reburn: t5 = 0.053, n = 7, r = 0.749; Fuego Chips: t5 = −3.597, P = 0.016, n = 7, r = 0.849). −3.597, P = 0.016, n = 7, r = 0.849). Nuestro Our finding that most black oak sur- descubrimiento de que la mayoría del roble vived successive top-kill from repeat negro sobrevivió a la muerte sucesiva de su fire suggested that repeated high-sever- parte aérea sugiere que fuegos repetidos de se- ity or mixed-severity fire is not an im- veridad alta o mixta no es una amenaza inme- mediate threat to black oak presence diata para la presencia del roble negro en el on the landscape. Our findings also paisaje. Nuestros resultados también sugieren suggest that, if high-severity fire is fol- que, si un fuego de alta severidad es seguido lowed by historically normal fire return por fuegos con intervalos de retorno históri- intervals, rapidly regenerating black cos, la rápida regeneración del roble negro oak may be favored over conifers and puede ser favorecida por sobre la de las coní- recover from decline. feras y recuperarse de su declinación. Keywords: 2000 Storrie Fire, 2012 Chips Fire, forest regeneration, post-fire response, Quercus kelloggii, RdNBR, reburn, resilience Citation: Hammett, E.J., M.W. Ritchie, and J.-P. Berrill. 2017. Resilience of California black oak experiencing frequent fire: regeneration following two large wildfires 12 years apart. Fire Ecology 13(1): 91–103. doi: 10.4996/fireecology.1301091 INTRODUCTION Black oak is widespread in California (Plumb and McDonald 1981). It is found There is interest in management and resto- growing as single trees or in groves and is a ration of California black oak (Quercus kellog- component of 11 different forest types (Mc- gii Newberry) due to its important ecological Donald 1990). Mature black oak can yield role in California’s forests (Standiford and high-value timber products, but California Purcell 2015). Black oak mast provides an lacks a well-developed hardwood processing important food source for a variety of mam- infrastructure and market (McDonald and Hu- malian and avian species (Bowyer and Bleich ber 1994). 1980, McDonald 1990, Koenig et al. 2008, Wildfire influences forest vegetation struc- Purcell and Drynan 2008). In addition, mature ture and composition (Scholl and Taylor black oak trees have the potential to develop 2010). This influence is described by three cavities that provide cover, rest, and nest sites ecologic effects of fire disturbance: fire return for two important western species: fishers interval (FRI), fire severity, and fire extent, (Martes pennant Erxleben) and great grey collectively described as the fire regime (Agee owls (Strix nebulosa Foster) (Zielinski et al. 1989). The mixed-conifer forests and oak 2004, Wu et al. 2015). woodlands of western North America histori- Fire Ecology Volume 13, Issue 1, 2017 Hammett et al.: Resilience of California Black Oak Experiencing Frequent Fire doi: 10.4996/fireecology.1301091 Page 93 cally were associated with a low-severity fire which can move black oak acorns farther from regime with a FRI of less than 25 years (Agee their parent tree than can wind dispersal (Mc- 1989, Barnhart et al. 1996). The fire suppres- Donald 1990, Koenig et al. 2008). sion era, which intensified around 1910, has Understanding fire-induced sprouting re- increased FRIs in western North America, sponses of California black oak could help causing forest densification and the decline of land managers assist in recovery of black oak oak woodlands (Barnhart et al. 1996). Large ecosystems in California. While there have high-severity fires have become more fre- been studies of the response of top-killed black quent, causing changes to vegetation structure oak trees following fire (Cocking et al. 2012, and composition (Westerling et al. 2006, 2014; Crotteau et al. 2015), we are not aware Scholl and Taylor 2010). Longer FRIs have of research examining the response of black adversely affected black oak by giving young oak sprout clumps to top-kill after a short FRI. conifers that establish beneath oak trees the Therefore, our objectives for this study were time to grow large enough to accumulate thick to: (1) compare burn severities in the Storrie fire resistant bark. Over time, these conifers Fire and Chips reburn, (2) examine black oak’s are able to pierce the oak crowns, overtopping ability to survive successive fire-induced top- them and weakening or killing them (Devine kill, and (3) examine the effect of live residual and Harrington 2006, Engber et al. 2011, overstory tree basal area (BA) on sprout clump Cocking et al. 2015). This process is com- vigor (i.e., in terms of crown volume develop- monly referred to as conifer encroachment, or ment) and acorn production after the Storrie succession to conifer (Cocking et al. 2012, Fire and the Chips reburn. Crotteau et al. 2015). While high-severity fires can have negative ecological effects, they METHODS may also give a competitive advantage to spe- cies such as black oak that have the ability to Study Area regenerate quickly by sprouting following top- kill (complete cambium mortality above the On 17 August 2000, the Storrie Fire ignit- root collar). Cocking et al. (2014) found that ed, burning ~23000 ha of land within Lassen fire severity acted as a catalyst for species National Forest and Plumas National Forest, compositional changes on the landscape, with California, USA. Twelve years later, on 29 low-severity fire favoring encroaching coni- July 2012, the Chips Fire started within the fers and high-severity fire favoring black oak Storrie Fire footprint, reburning ~10000 ha when present. before moving northeast out of the Storrie Fire Black oak trees and seedlings can resprout footprint to burn a total of ~31 000 ha.
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