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Annotated Bibliography ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES “The 13th Street Law School.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, 2010. This is an image of “the basement school” as referred to by Thurgood Marshall. The school was established to satisfy the order of Judge Archer, who later found the school to be “substantially equal” to the University of Texas Law School. “African American Woman Hard at Work” Venable, Rose. The Civil Rights Movement: Journey to Freedom. Childs World, 2010. This photo shows a black woman working very hard for little to no pay. Even after slavery was abolished, African-Americans were not treated equally or fairly, and they were not accepted as the free citizens they were supposed to be. One cause of this was the Jim Crow Laws, which would have an impact on our nation for many years. “Appeal Filed in Sweatt Case.” The Kilgore News Herald, 30 Sept. 1947, pp. 1–1. This newspaper article was written about Heman Sweatt’s appeal to the Third Court of Civil Appeals. The publicity that Heman Sweatt received made him a hero to other African-Americans but a villain to those fighting against integration and equalization. Benoit, Reese, and Dale Wainwright. “Interview with Former Texas Supreme Court Justice Dale Wainwright.” 10 Mar. 2020. Dale Wainwright is a former Texas Supreme Court Justice. Justice Wainwright participated in a moot argument of Sweatt v. Painter in which he argued the case on behalf of Heman Sweatt, just as Thurgood Marshall did. In preparation, he thoroughly researched the Sweatt case, and the knowledge he shared greatly benefited my project. I enjoyed hearing his legal perspective on the case and its impact on the country today. Some of the segments from our video interview are included in my website. Benoit, Reese, and Gary Lavergne. “Interview with the Author of Before Brown.” 29 Jan. 2020. This interview was an invaluable experience. It allowed me to hear firsthand from someone who is an expert on Heman Sweatt and his life story and someone who has spent time with his family. I was able to ask him a few of the questions I had after researching and creating my project. I was able to video the interview and include some of the footage in my website. Benoit, Reese, and Ward Farnsworth. “Interview with the Dean of the University of Texas School of Law.” 5 Dec. 2019. This was another one of the most interesting parts of my research. I emailed the current dean of the University of Texas School of Law and asked him questions about the impact of Heman Sweatt and the Sweatt v. Painter decision on the law school. I also sought his thoughts about diversity at the school. He provided detailed answers, some of which I included on my historical impact page. “Harlan, John Marshall.” Plessy v. Ferguson, Britannica, Washington, D.C., www.britannica.com/event/Plessy-v-Ferguson-1896. This is an image of John Marshall Harlan. He was a Supreme Court Justice during the time of Plessy v. Ferguson and the sole dissenter in the decision. He believed that the Separate Car Act was unconstitutional. “Heman Marion Sweatt About the Time of His Application to the UT Law School.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, 2010. This is an image of Sweatt near the time of his application to the UT Law School. This set in place a chain of events that would eventually lead to a Supreme Court case. “Heman Marion Sweatt as a Graduate of Jack Yates High School.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, 2010. Heman Sweatt attended Jack Yates High School, which was segregated at the time. Later in his life, Sweatt would work to end school segregation, specifically in higher education. “Heman Marion Sweatt As A Young Man.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, 2010. The young student shown here is Heman Sweatt. This is before he began his struggle to gain admission to the University of Texas School of Law and before his fight to break the barrier of segregated education. “Heman Marion Sweatt Speaking at a Rally.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, University of Texas at Austin, 2010. This is a photograph of Heman Sweatt speaking at a rally. He became a famed speaker in support of equality for African Americans. 2 “Heman Marion Sweatt with an Unidentified Little Girl.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, 2010. This image shows a young Heman Sweatt dressed nicely and standing next to a little girl. To me, this photo signifies Sweatt’s introverted but proper personality. His temperament and character influenced other people to respect him and gain an admiration for him, which helped his cause in trying to win the court case. “Heman Marion Sweatt with His Family.” Before Brown: Heman Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, 2010. This photo shows Heman Marion Sweatt with his wife, Ella Rose Sweatt, and his daughter, Hemella Sweatt. “Heman Marion Sweatt.” Heman Marion Sweatt, Austin, Texas, 3 Feb. 2010, tcarchivesarchives.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/cah-hms.jpg. This picture shows Heman Sweatt at his desk. This photograph depicts his determination to continue to work hard despite the negative comments from others and the health problems that he encountered. “Heman Sweatt and Family At the Time of Application.” Before Brown: Heman Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, University of Texas at Austin, 2010. This is an image of Heman Sweatt, Connie Sweatt (his wife), James Leonard Sweatt Sr. (his father), and Ella Rose Sweatt (his mother) at the time he applied to the University of Texas. “Heman Sweatt Holding a Press Conference for the NAACP.” Sweatt, Heman Marion, Texas State Historical Association, Austin, Texas, 15 June 2010, s3.amazonaws.com/static.enotes.com/images/american- decades/adps_0001_0006_0_img1417.jpg. This photo shows Sweatt’s involvement in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an organization that provided legal services—including that of Thurgood Marshall—for Sweatt. 3 “Heman Sweatt Standing in the Registration Line at the University of Texas.” Sweatt, Heman Marion, Texas State Historical Association, Austin, Texas, 15 June 2010, www.cah.utexas.edu/images/features/txbook/Heman-Sweatt.jpg. This is a photograph of Heman Sweatt waiting in the registration line for the University of Texas Law School. The photo shows the racial differences between Sweatt and the other students. This dramatically depicts the courage that Sweatt had by going to an all- white school. Hickman, R. C. “Thurgood Marshall and William Durham.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, University of Texas at Austin, 2010. This is a photograph of Sweatt’s lawyer, William Durham, working with Thurgood Marshall, an attorney from the NAACP, who also worked on the Sweatt v. Painter case. “James Leonard Sweatt, Sr. Heman Sweatt’s Father.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, 2010. This is a photograph taken of Heman Marion Sweatt’s father, a man he admired greatly. James Leonard Sweatt encouraged his children to actively seek an education, and was a prominent role model for Sweatt. One of James Sweatt’s sons said that his father “always stressed the value of an education.” Another trait of his father that Sweatt took after and admired was his refusal to believe that black Americans were inferior to white Americans. He knew that his children could do anything that a white child could do. This sense of questioning the barriers set in place by society would be instilled in Heman Sweatt and would lead to a case in the Supreme Court: Sweatt v. Painter. “Jim Crow Waiting Room.” The Jim Crow Era, www.thoughtco.com/what-is-jim-crow- 45387. This is a photograph that depicts a black man standing near the entrance to a segregated waiting room. The image displays the effect that Jim Crow Laws had on America. Jim Crow. Sold wholesale and retail by L. Deming, at the sign of the Barber’s pole Hanover St., Boston, and at Middlebury, Vt. Monographic. Online Text. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. This is a song written about Jim Crow laws. It was derogatory towards black Americans. 4 Jim Crow. [London, new york & philadelphia: pub. by hodgson, 111 fleet street & turner & fisher; between 1835 and 1845?] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. This is a cartoon that shows an African American man in tattered clothes meant to signify Jim Crow, a fictional character intended to denigrate African Americans. “Lawyers and Attorney General in a Conference with Judge Roy Archer.” Before Brown: Heman Marion Sweatt, Thurgood Marshall, and the Long Road to Justice, University of Texas Press, University of Texas in Austin, 2010. Here, Thurgood Marshall, C.B. Bunkley, William Durham, Attorney General Price Daniel, and Judge Roy Archer have a conference during the Sweatt v. Painter trial in the District Court of Travis County, Texas. Lyon, Danny. “Entrance to the City Cafe.” Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement, The University of North Carolina Press, 1992, pp. 103–103. This photo shows the impact segregation had on restaurants. African Americans could not walk into the same entrance as white people.
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