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History of Insurgency in Manipur The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367 History of Insurgency in Manipur M.AROCKIA SELVA SUNDARI, Reg.No:18112231082005 Ph.D Research Scholar, P.G&Research Department History, V.O.Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi.628008 MAIL ID [email protected] (Affiliated to ManonmaniamSundaranarUniversity, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India) Dr.K.SASIKALA. M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D, Assistant Professor, P.G&ResearchDeparttmentOf History, V.O.Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi.628008 (Affiliated to ManonmaniamSundaranarUniversity, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.) Introduction Manipur, one of the important states of India in the North-Eastern region has been afflicted by insurgency since the Independence of India. Manipur acceded to Indian Union on 15 October, 1949. Certain sections of the people who were loyal to the erstwhile King called this as forced accession and started insurgent activities against the established government. The State also has sizeable population of Nagas in two districts of the State. They follow the pattern of insurgency prevalent in the State of Nagaland. Similarly other ethnic groups such as Kukis, Paitesetc have their own insurgent outfits which promote the narrow political agenda of the extremists of such ethnic groups. Historical background of insurgency in Manipur The Kingdom of Manipur was conquered by the British following the brief Anglo- ManipurWar of 1891, becoming a British protectorate.1 The Kingdom of Manipur was merged with the Indian Union on 15 October 1949. After a protracted agitation it was declared a separate state in 1972. The alleged „forced‟ merger of Manipur and the delay in the conferring of full-fledged statehood to it was greatly resented by the people of Manipur.2 The first insurgent outfit to emerge in the State is the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), which was formed on 24 November 1964. Since then several other outfits, like the People's Liberation Army (PLA), founded on September 25, 1978, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) set up on October 9, 1977 and the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) that came into being in April, 1980 have emerged in the Manipur valley areas consisting of four districts (Imphal West, Imphal East, Thoubal and Bishnupur) of the State. All these insurgent groups have been demanding a separate. Volume XI, Issue XII, December/2019 Page No:2887 The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367 Key words: Manipur,erstwhile King, insurgent,People's Liberation, independent Manipur. Spill-over insurgency of Nagas in the State Earlier, the number of districts was only nine—four in the valley namely, Imphal West, Imphal East, Thoubal and Bishnupur and five districts in the hills namely, Senapati, Ukhrul, Churachandpur, Chandel, and Tamenglong. However in December 2016, the Government created 7 more districts by bifurcating Tamenglong, Ukhrul, SenapatiChurachandpur, Chandel, Thoubal and Imphal East districts. Tamenglong, district has been bifurcated into Noney and Tamenglong districts, Churachandpur into Pherzawl and Churachandpur, Chandel into Tengnoupal and Chandel districts, Ukhrul into Kamjong and Ukhrul districts, Senapati into Kangpokpi and Senapati districts, Thoubal district into Thoubal and Kakching districts and Imphal-East into Imphal- East and Jiribam. Kangpokpi district is also the other name of Sadar Hills district. The creation of these districts came in the wake of the ongoing indefinite economic blockade enforced by the United Naga Council (UNC), protesting against the creation of two districts, Sadar and Jiribam, alleging that the new districts would encroach the ancestral land of the Nagas. The hill areas of the State have been affected by different types of militancy. From Nagaland, violence by the Naga groups has spilt over into Manipur, a substantial part of which is claimed by the Isak-Muivah faction of National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-IM) as part of Nagalim, the proposed unified territory of the Nagas as claimed by the Naga rebels. Several clashes between the NSCN-IM and the Khaplang faction of National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K) have been reported from the hill districts of the State. Insurgency by Kuki groups Kukitribals in the early 1990s initiated their insurgency against the alleged oppression by the NSCN-IM. Following ethnic clashes between the Nagas and Kukis in the early 1990s, a number of Kuki outfits were formed. Several other tribes, such as the Paite, Vaiphei and Hmars have also established their own armed groups. Similarly, Islamist outfits like the People‟s United Liberation Front (PULF) have also been formed to protect the interests of the „Pangals‟ (Manipuri Muslims). Present Scenario of insurgency in Manipur At present, there are more than 30 militant groups in Manipur (12 are active), including 10 KCP factions and 19 Kuki outfits operating in the state. Naga militant outfits such as NSCN-IM and NSCN-K are also operating in parts of the State's hill districts. The Kuki outfits are now in a mode of Suspension of Operations (SoO) with Volume XI, Issue XII, December/2019 Page No:2888 The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367 the Government. A report of the State Home department in May 2005 indicated that „as many as 12,650 cadres of different insurgent outfits with 8830 weapons were actively operating in the State‟. According to government sources, the strength of those concentrated in the valley districts, is assessed at around 1500 cadres for the Revolutionary People‟s Front (RPF) and its armed wing, the PLA, 2500 cadres for the UNLF and its armed wing Manipur People‟s Army (MPA), 500 cadres for the PREPAK and its armed wing Red Army, while KangleiYawolKannaLup (KYKL) and its armed wing YawolLanmi is assessed as having a strength of 600 cadres. The Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP)‟s strength is assessed at 100 cadres. In Manipur, the valley-based outfits have remained active and the security force operations have made little difference to their capabilities. The UNLF, PLA, KYKL, PREPAK and the KCP have been involved in some of the serious attacks on security forces. The insurgents have an avowed policy of not targeting the state police personnel, unless circumstances demand it. The practice of directing their attack on the Army and the central para-military personnel is an attempt to create a divide between Manipur and India and to secure vital popular support. Armed with an extremely efficient intelligence network and superior fire power, the militants have been able to carve out a number of liberated zones across the State. By the end of 2007, however, the security forces had managed to dislodge the militants from most of such zones except for one in the New Somtal area in Chandel district. The reign of terror has manifested in other forms as well, since the rule of the insurgents has combined with a complete retreat of civil governance. The insurgents continue to terrorize and extort with impunity, and people have little option but to obey their diktats. There are incidents in which militants of the State have targeted VIPs. One such attack was planned on the then Chief Minister OkramIbobi Singh on November 23, 2007. Incidents of firing and grenade explosions targeting the residences of Ministers and Members of the State Legislative Assembly are still continuing. Due to the problem of militancy, the investments meant for infrastructural development have been divested in countering the growing unemployment in the State. There has been increase in educated unemployed youths in the State and they are now becoming ready recruits for the militant outfits. The cases of extortion are also increasing. Militants have resorted to extorting from almost all places including places of worship, educational institutes, health centres and commercial establishments. This has led to closure of quite a few establishments in the State. Adding to the woes of the State, the Naga insurgents, operating from Nagaland and the hills districts of Manipur, have been dominating the two National Highways, NH- 39 and NH-53, imposing taxes on the use of the roads and subsequent punishment on not paying it. There are 26 permanent and systematic „tax‟ collection points along these roads thus hampering Manipur‟s link with Assam and the rest of India.. Volume XI, Issue XII, December/2019 Page No:2889 The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367 Another serious problem created by the militants is the kidnapping of children to train them to become members of insurgent outfits. There are also incidents of killing of non-Manipuri by the militants. The media in the State has also suffered and there had been quite a few incidents in which media persons have been killed by unidentified miscreants. State’s intervention Manipur had been declared a „disturbed area‟ in its entirety in 1980 and the Armed Forces Special Power Act (AFSPA) 1958 was imposed in the State on 8 September, 1980, which continues to be in place till now. The implementation of this Act resulted in the State witnessing an unprecedented civic uprising, including the infamous “mothers‟ nude protest” against the Act in July 2004 on the discovery of the mutilated body of ThangjamManorama, after she was picked up by the Assam Rifles and later found dead. The AFSPA is still embroiled in controversy and the people of Manipur are continuing their protest against the Act. RajkumarMeghen
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