Un Confronto Sulle Città Storiche Tra Italia E Giappone: C Conservazione E Trasformazione

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Un Confronto Sulle Città Storiche Tra Italia E Giappone: C Conservazione E Trasformazione Atti del Convegno Italo-giapponese Un confronto sulle città storiche tra Italia e Giappone: c conservazione e trasformazione Tokyo, 10-11 aprile 2010 a cura di Laura Ricca Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Art History Un confronto sulle città storiche tra Italia e Giappone: c conservazione e trasformazione Atti del Convegno a cura di Laura Ricca Tokyo National University of the Arts 10-11 aprile 2010 2 3 Finito di stampare nel mese di novembre 2010 presso www. Traduzione dei testi dei relatori giapponesi a cura di Laura Ricca Sulla copertina è riprodotta un‟immagine del giardino Hama-Rikyū di Tokyo La trascrizione dei termini giapponesi segue il metodo Hepburn secondo il quale le vocali sono pronunciate come in italiano e le consonanti come in inglese. Il metodo Hepburn prevede che le vocali lunghe siano indicate con una linea orizzontale sopra la vocale. Inoltre si noti che: ch è un‟affricata e si pronuncia come la "c" di "cena" sh è una fricativa come nell‟italiano "scelta" g è velare e si pronuncia come la "g" di "gatto" k è gutturale e si pronuncia come la "c" di "cane" s è aspra e si pronuncia come la "s" di "sotto" j è un‟affricata e si pronuncia come la "g" di "gioco" h è sempre aspirata y si pronuncia come la "i" di "ieri" Nei testi degli autori giapponesi si è scelto di indicare sempre i macron per trascrivere le vocali lunghe, anche per i nomi di luogo più comuni come Tōkyō, Kyōto, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū ecc. Sono in tondo e non in corsivo termini ormai in uso in italiano (come samurai). 4 Convegno Italo-giapponese Tokyo, 10-11 aprile 2010 Organizzato da Tokyo University of the Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts Università di Bologna, Istituto di Studi Superiori, "Laboratorio di ricerca sulle città" Con il patrocinio di Ambasciata d‟Italia a Tokyo Responsabili scientifici del Convegno Raffaele Milani Michiaki Koshikawa Comitato scientifico Raffaele Milani Michiaki Koshikawa Hidenobu Jinnai Masao Noguchi Wataru Mitsui Il Convegno è stato realizzato grazie al contributo di Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Tokyo Kajima Foundation for the Arts SERINAR (Servizi Integrati d‟Area) Fund for International Exchange, Tokyo University of the Arts Centro Universitario di Bertinoro 5 Ringraziamenti Il Convegno Italo-giapponese sul tema Un confronto sulle città storiche tra Italia e Giappone: conservazione e trasformazione è stato realizzato grazie al contributo dell‟Ambasciata d‟Italia a Tokyo, dell‟Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Tokyo, della Kajima Foundation for the Arts, del SERINAR (Servizi Integrati d‟Area), del Fund for International Exchange della Tokyo University of the Arts e del Centro Residenziale Universitario di Bertinoro, enti ai quali gli organizzatori del Convegno esprimono la più viva gratitudine. Si ringrazia inoltre il Professor Corrado Molteni dell‟Ambasciata d‟Italia che con la sua gentile collaborazione ha dato un contributo decisivo alla realizzazione del Convegno. Il Convegno, presieduto da Masao Noguchi, Professore di Teoria e Storia dell‟Architettura presso l‟Università delle Arti di Tokyo, Raffaele Milani, docente di Estetica presso l‟Università di Bologna, Michiaki Koshikawa, Professore di Storia dell‟Arte Occidentale presso l‟Università delle Arti di Tokyo e Taisuke Kuroda, Professore associato di Architettura presso l‟Università Kanto Gakuin, si è aperto nella Sala Conferenze dell‟Università delle Arti di Tokyo. Hanno portato il loro saluto ai numerosi partecipanti il Ministro Consigliere dell‟Ambasciata d‟Italia Alfredo Maria Durante Mangoni, il Professor Masao Noguchi, il Professor Raffaele Milani. Hanno partecipato alla discussione come commentatori Mizuko Ugo, Professore associato presso il Gakushuin Women‟s College, e Matteo Dario Paolucci, Research Fellow presso l‟Università Hosei. La curatrice del presente volume desidera rivolgere un ringraziamento particolare al Professor Michiaki Koshikawa che ha fornito suggerimenti preziosi nella revisione del presente volume. 6 Un confronto sulle città storiche tra Italia e Giappone: c conservazione e trasformazione Indice Laura RICCA: Introduzione 8 Conservazione e trasformazione delle città storiche italiane: Pier Luigi CERVELLATI: La città storica come rigenerazione della città 10 Pietro LAUREANO: Sulle tecniche tradizionali nel restauro della città, dal caso Matera 18 Giordano CONTI: La città del buon vivere 27 Giovanni GUANTI: Edificare con la musica, dalla “Magna Grecia” al Rinascimento Italiano 41 Raffaele MILANI: Estetica della città antica 54 Conservazione e trasformazione delle città storiche giapponesi (traduzione dal giapponese di Laura Ricca): Wataru MITSUI: Le città storiche giapponesi: tipologia e caratteristiche 63 Katsuhisa UENO: Conservazione delle città e dei villaggi storici in Giappone - Sistemi di tutela delle aree costituite da edifici tradizionali- 72 Hidenobu JINNAI: Strategie di analisi dell‟eredità storica urbana a Tōkyō 83 Kenro ISHII: Narai e Kiso-Hirasawa: rinascita di due città storiche sull‟antica 89 via Nakasendō Naoyuki KINOSHITA: Memoria e ricostruzione della città - il “dopoguerra” di Hiroshima, Yokosuka e Kamakura- 98 Osamu NAKAGAWA: Sulle due “Storie” emerse attraverso una riorganizzazione moderna della città. La nascita della città storica di Kyōto e la resistenza dei cittadini 109 Profili biografici 13) Profili dei relatori italiani 120 14) Profili dei relatori giapponesi 122 7 Laura Ricca Introduzione Qual è il significato che attribuiamo alla città storica? Quale ruolo gioca la conservazione e il restauro? Come possiamo preservare un bene prezioso costruito dal lavoro dell'uomo? Studiosi di varie discipline provenienti da paesi lontani si sono incontrati a Tokyo per confrontarsi sul tema della città storica in relazione all‟incessante cambiamento delle forme dell'abitare. Il convegno ha mostrato approcci diversi ma al tempo stesso convergenti su un tema di riflessione che, in Italia come in Giappone, mobilita alcuni valori profondi radicati nella sensibilità dei rispettivi paesi, pur così diversi per la loro storia, le loro tradizioni edilizie e tecnologiche, la loro cultura dell‟abitare. Valori antichi, che potremmo riconoscere anche in una immagine emblematica dell‟ immaginario urbano italiano e occidentale, non a caso più volte evocata in questo convegno di studi: l‟Allegoria degli Effetti del Buon Governo in città e in campagna di Ambrogio Lorenzetti nel Palazzo Pubblico di Siena. Potremmo assumerla, questa immagine, come una sorta di Magna Charta figurata dei diritti universali della città e affidarle il ruolo di esergo di questa pubblicazione, in perfetta sintonia con i suoi contenuti. Perché il filo conduttore che lega gli interventi qui raccolti, al di là delle distanze evocate da nomi di città e di relatori tanto lontani per appartenenza geografica, è proprio quello della responsabilità storica nei confronti di una memoria millenaria che occorre mettere in salvo, se non si vuole che un tema già da anni entrato nel dibattito scientifico, quello della “fine della città” come modello storicamente determinato di aggregazione umana, si trasformi nel giro di poche generazioni in una realtà di fatto anche per il patrimonio urbano ereditato dal passato. E ciò non solo e non tanto, ormai, per la fragilità complessiva dell‟oikos di cui anche la città, come “seconda natura”, fa parte, nella civiltà nata proprio con l‟ urbanesimo moderno; ma per una minaccia assai più insidiosa, perché immateriale, che reca in sé l‟ omologazione di tempi e spazi del mondo “a una dimensione” in cui viviamo: la perdita di identità dei luoghi. Una perdita tanto più evidente, per quanto riguarda i luoghi urbani, quanto più ci si sforza di immobilizzare e mettere al riparo il tempo pietrificato delle città storiche dall‟eterno presente che scorre nel villaggio globale. Ce lo ricorda proprio in apertura Pier Luigi Cervellati, puntando l‟indice contro le nuove Arcadie turistiche che fioriscono sempre più spesso sulle rovine dei borghi abbandonati. La città, luogo di nascita della storia, è per sua stessa natura “storica”, in perpetuo divenire, e dunque anche oggi irriducibile al suo passato, alle dicotomie che ne hanno modellato l‟ imago classica: quelle tra città e campagna, centro e periferia, e, in epoca moderna, tra passato da superare e progresso. Tutte linee di demarcazione che la storia stessa ha reso ormai insostenibili, come evidenziano termini quali “metapolis” o “ecumenopolis”, apparsi già negli anni sessanta del secolo scorso con le teorizzazioni “echistiche” del city planner greco Constantinos Doxiadis, non a caso molto attento a quanto andava accadendo in quel periodo nel mondo giapponese. Il Giappone è stato infatti terra di elezione di una riflessione urbanistica che, attraverso il gruppo dei “metabolisti” guidati da Kenzō Tange, aveva messo in primo piano il problema del superamento delle forme tradizionali di città, intese come centri di gravità territoriali fondati sulla subordinazione gerarchica della periferia al centro e sui confini regionali di aree urbane tendenzialmente autocefale. Andando oltre il paradigma modernista di una città razionalmente fondata sulla divisone in centri direzionali ed aree specializzate, gli urbanisti giapponesi, in accordo con gli sviluppi delle neuroscienze e della cibernetica di quegli anni, già ponevano il problema di una città intesa come nodo emergente e strutturalmente aperto (appunto “metabolico”) di un più ampio network di scambi sempre più istantanei, omologo a quello dei mezzi di comunicazione di massa. Un network oggi ormai implementato nelle reti digitali che hanno abolito di fatto
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