Iron and Associated Industries of Lorraine, the Sarre District, Luxemburg, and Belgium
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UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 703 THE IRON AND ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES OF LORRAINE, THE SARRE DISTRICT, LUXEMBURG, AND BELGIUM BY ALFRED H. BROOKS AND MORRIS F. LA CROIX WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT P R I N T I N Q O F F I O E 1920 CONTENTS. Page. Preface, by Alfred H. Brooks......................... '.. .................... 9 The past and future use of Lorraine iron ore, by Alfred H. Brooks............. 13 Introduction............................................... ^.......... 13 Lorraine iron deposits.................................................. 16 General features................................................... 16 Reserves........................................................... 18 Geographic relations................................................ 19 Composition of ores................................................. 19 Mining costs....................................................... 20 Coking coal.............................................................. 20 General distribution.......................................:....... 20 . French coal fields.................................................. 20 Westphalian coal field............................................. 24 Coal fields west of the Rhine........................................ 25 Sarre coal field.................................................... 25 Belgian coal fields.................................................. 26 Summary.......................................................... 26 Ownership and value of.metallurgic plants and iron lands................. 28 Labor.................................................................... 31 Iron and steel industry................................................. 31 Conditions during reconstruction period............................. 31 Conditions after reconstruction period................................ 34 Summary and conclusions.............................................. 35 French Lorraine, by Alfred H. Brooks....................................... 37 Introduction..........................'................................ 37 Iron-ore deposits....................................................... 38 Concessions............................................................ 38 Mining^............................................................... 39 Manufacture of pig iron and steel....................................... 42 Ownership of iron lands and metallurgic plants.......................... 43 Lorraine AnnexǤe, by Alfred H. Brooks..................................... 50 Introduction.......................................................... 50 Iron-ore deposits. ....................................................... 51 Concessions............................................................ 51 Mining................................................................ 52 Production of pig iron and steel......................................... ' 54 Ownership of iron lands and metallurgic plants ........................... 55 Luxemburg, by Alfred H. Brooks and Morris F. La Croix..................... 59 Introduction.......................................................... 59 . Occurrence of iron ore................................................. 60 Iron-ore reserves...................................................... 60 Iron-land concessions.................................................. 60 Iron mining............................................................ 62 Cost of mining iron ore........................... v. ..................... 63 Blast furnaces......................................................... 64 Steel industry.......................................................... 66 3 4 CONTENTS. Luxemburg Continued. ' " Page.. Corporate ownership.................................................... 67 German-controlled companies...................................... 67 Belgian-controlled companies........................................ 68 Mixed capital...................................................... ^68 Sarre district, by Alfred H. Brooks......................................... 70 Introduction.......................................................... 70 Sarre coal field......................................................... 73 Coal-land concessions................................................... 74 Coal mining............................................................ 75 Manufacture of pig iron and steel....................................... ' 77 Ownership of iron and steel plants, coal mines, and coal lands........... 78 Belgium, by Morris F. La Croix............................................ 80 Introduction.......................................................... 80 Cost of raw materials. ....... ......'..................................... 82 Quantity and value of product......................................... 82 Profits, capital, and real value.......................................... 83 Value of German interests............................................... 84 Production and sources of iron ore....................................... 84 Imports.............................................................. 85 Coal fields............................................................. 86 Geographic distribution............................................ 86 Haine-Sambre-Meuse Basin........................................ 86 Province of Hainaut............................................ 87 Mons district.............................................. 87 Center district.......................:.................... 87 Charleroi district............................................. 87 Province of Namur............................................. 87 Province of Lidige............................................. " 88 Campine Basin...........................................:.......'. 88 Coal reserves. ...................................................... 89 Coal production...................................,..................... 89 Coal imports and exports................................................ 91 Production and sources of coke. .......................^........ r ....... 93 Production and importation of coking coal.........................: 94 Imports and exports of coke........................................ 95 Consumption of raw materials.......................................... 96 Iron ore....:....................................................... 96 Coal....................................................;.......... 97 Coke.............................................................. 98 Production of iron and steel............................................. 98 Pig iron .......................................................... 99 Steel............................................................. 101 Puddled and forge iron............................................. 103 Finished iron shapes...............:................................ 104 Workmen........................................................ 104 Imports and exports............................................... 105 Metallurgic plants..................................................... 106 German ownership.................................................... 109 Mines and plants...................................................... Ill Principal works consulted, compiled by Harold F. Crooks................... 125 Index.................................................................... 129. TABLES. Page. Area and ore reserves of Lorraine iron field, 1913.............................. 18 . Coke produced in France, 1913, by Departments............................. 24 Prices of coal and furnace coke in coal fields tributary to Lorraine iron districts, 1909-1914................................................................ 27 Coking coal in fields tributary to Lorraine iron field and estimate of production in 1924...:.............................................................. 27 Corporate ownership of iron and steel plants and iron lands in Lorraine, Sarre district, Luxemburg, and Belgium, 1913................................... 28 German corporations controlling iron and steel industry of Lorraine Annexed, Sarre district, and Luxemburg........................................... 29 Estimated value of German interests in iron and steel industry of Lorraine, - Sarre district, Luxemburg, and Belgium, 1913.. ^,.......................... 30 Estimated value of German interests in Sarre coal lands and coal mines, 1913.. 30 Estimate of gross value and profits on iron ore, pig iron, and raw slee] produced in districts using principally Lorraine iron ore, 1913...................... 31 Men employed in iron mining and rnetallurgic industries of Lorraine, Luxem burg, Sarre district, and Belgium, 1913.................................... 31 Lorraine iron ore produced and consumed, 1913.............................. 32 Estimated capacity for 1919 of rnetallurgic plants which before the war smelted Lorraine iron ores....................................................... 33 Estimate of minimum capacity of iron and steel plants dependent on Lorraine ore, 1924 ............................................................:.. 35 Estimate of consumption of Lorraine ore after iron and steel industry is rees tablished and enlarged.................................................... 36 Areas, iron-ore reserves, and production of French Lorraine iron field.......... 38 Iron ore produced in French Lorraine, 1904-1913............................. 40 Approximate distribution