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The Effects of Cerebrovascular Accidents on Prospective Memory Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2013 The Effects of Cerebrovascular Accidents on Prospective Memory Scott A. Magnuson Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the Psychology Commons Repository Citation Magnuson, Scott A., "The Effects of Cerebrovascular Accidents on Prospective Memory" (2013). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 764. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/764 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS ON PROSPECTIVE MEMORY PROFESSIONAL DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY BY Scott A. Magnuson, M.A. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY Dayton, Ohio September, 2014 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Jeffery Allen, Ph.D., ABPP Committee Member: Leon Vandercreek, Ph.D., ABPP Committee Member: Nicholas Doninger, Ph.D., ABPP Copyright by Scott A. Magnuson 2013 WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY June 25, 2013 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE DISSERTATION PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY SCOTT A. MAGNUSON ENTITLED THE EFFECT OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ON PROSPECTIVE MEMORY BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY. _______________________________________ Jeffery B. Allen, Ph.D., ABPP Dissertation Director _______________________________________ La Pearl Logan Winfrey, Ph.D. Associate Dean Abstract Prospective memory is the ability to remember to do something in the future, also known as meta-remembering. Prospective memory is required to complete certain tasks, such as remembering to take medications, pay bills, and perform various activities of daily living. The Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST) is a standardized objective assessment of prospective memory that has been utilized to document impairment in prospective memory in various clinical populations such as Alzheimer’s Disease, mild cognitive impairment, mild traumatic brain injury, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s Disease (Raskin, 2009). The current research project utilized the MIST to identify the effect of CVA on prospective memory. Data were obtained from patient files diagnosed with CVA and compared to individuals who have not had a CVA, but have been diagnosed with cerebrovascular risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, substance abuse, and tobacco use. Results of the study suggest that individuals who have had a CVA evidence greater impairment in prospective memory, as measured by the MIST, than individuals with cerebrovascular risk factors, particularly in regards to 15-minute delay trials. iv Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... viii I. Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 1 Current Limitations in the Literature .......................................................................... 2 Cognitive Processes Involved in Prospective Memory .............................................. 8 Neuropsychology and Prospective Memory ............................................................. 18 Neuropsychology and Cerebrovascular Accidents ................................................... 25 Memory for Intentions Screening Test ..................................................................... 28 Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) ......... 30 Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test ............................................................................. 32 Hypothesis................................................................................................................. 33 II. Method ......................................................................................................................... 34 Participants ................................................................................................................ 34 Materials ................................................................................................................... 36 Procedures ................................................................................................................. 37 III. Results ......................................................................................................................... 38 IV. Discussion ................................................................................................................... 44 V. References .................................................................................................................... 49 v List of Figures Figure 1: Schematic Conceptual Framework of Prospective Memory ………………......9 vi List of Tables Table 1: MIST Trials 1 – 8 ................................................................................................29 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics ...........................................................................................36 Table 3: Mean Percentile Rank of Participants by Group .................................................39 Table 4: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Groups Performances on the MIST .......40 Table 5: Trials 1-8 Mean Raw Score Between Groups .....................................................41 Table 6: Results of the Univariate Analysis for Trials 1-8 ................................................42 vii Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge my dissertation committee members who have given me guidance throughout my research endeavors. I would also like to acknowledge a former clinical supervisor, Dr. Chris Contardo, for his assistance and mentorship. Lastly, I want to thank my loving wife for her continual love and support, which has allowed me to follow my dreams and accomplish my goals of graduate school. viii Chapter I Literature Review Memory can be considered to take two distinct forms, remembering what we have done, and remembering what we will do. Remembering past experiences has been labeled retrospective memory; and remembering what we will do in the future is referred to as prospective memory. Prospective memory has been defined as remembering to do something at a particularly moment, or time, in the future (Einstein & McDaniel, 1990). Prospective memory is a distinct form of memory that encompasses the formation, retention, and future retrieval of intended actions that are encoded for future purposes. It has been implicated as necessary for carrying out such actions to include, but not limited to, performing activities of daily living (ADL’s), adhering to medication regimens, performing daily errands and chores, executing financial responsibilities, and the overall ability to live a functioning and independent life (Burgess, 2000; Costa, Perri, Serra, Barban, Gatto, Zabberoni, Caltagirone, & Carlesimo, 2010). Furthermore, it has been suggested that prospective memory plays a more integral role in these activities than other higher-level cognitive functions, such as retrospective episodic memory (Woods, Moran, Dawson, Carey, Grant et al., 2008). Due to the complex nature of prospective memory, as well as the research findings suggesting that the frontal lobes are involved in executing prospective memory tasks (Cockburn, 1995; Shapiro, Shapiro, Russell, & Alper, 1998), it is likely that prospective memory is affected by cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes (McFarland & 1 Glisky, 2009). However, there is limited research available examining prospective memory deficits following stroke, despite its high prevalence in the adult population (Hachinsky, 2007) and the impact of stroke on executive functioning (Caplan, 2009). Furthermore, the studies that are available frequently utilized data gathering methodologies that have been cited for poor validity (Uttl & Kibreab, 2011). Therefore, the goal of this research was to design an empirical study employing data collecting methodologies that had never been used in research of the effect of cerebrovascular accidents on prospective memory. Data were collected, using a repeated measures methodology, in order to investigate the impact of cerebrovascular accidents on prospective memory. The overall objective was to develop a more sophisticated understanding of how prospective memory is affected by ischemic cerebrovascular accidents. This information will allow clinicians to more accurately predict stroke patients’ functional outcomes in terms of their need for living assistance and their ability to adhere to medication regimens and other treatment regimens to address individual patient needs. In the following sections, specific limitations to the current research are initially addressed along with a review of the current literature on prospective memory as it pertains to current
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