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“A Study of Cue Characteristics on Prospective Memory: Exploring the Role of Sleep” “A Study of Cue Characteristics on Prospective Memory: Exploring the Role of Sleep” A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY Tulika Singh Roll No. 11614105 DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI GUWAHATI, INDIA May, 2015 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Guwahati 781039 Assam, India DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “A study of Cue Characteristics on Prospective memory: Exploring the Role of Sleep” is the result of investigation carried out by me at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, under the supervision of Dr Naveen Kashyap. The work has not been submitted either in whole or in part to any other university / institution for a research degree. IIT Guwahati Tulika Singh May 2015 i TH-1403_11614105 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Guwahati 781039 Assam, India CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms Tulika Singh has prepared the thesis entitled “A study of Cue Characteristics on Prospective memory: Exploring the Role of Sleep” for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. The work was carried out under my supervision and in strict conformity with the rules laid down for the purpose. It is the result of her investigation and has not been submitted either in whole or in part to any other university / institution for a research degree. IIT Guwahati Naveen Kashyap May 2015 Supervisor ii TH-1403_11614105 Acknowledgments I express my heartfelt gratitude at the outset to my supervisor Dr. Naveen Kashyap Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Guwahati, for been a tremendous mentor for me. I am extremely thankful and indebted to him for sharing his expertise, sincere and valuable guidance extended to me. His invaluable suggestions and foresightedness helped me in a big way in completion of this work for which I really feel privileged. I would like to thank you for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been priceless. I am extremely grateful to my colleague and friend Ms Suman Dhaka for her invaluable contribution in my thesis work. Words cannot express how thankful I am to my brother Mr. Priyanshu Verma and my best friend Ms. Madhavi Singh for their invaluable support and involvement in my experiments. I would like to express our sincere thanks towards volunteers and participants of the experiments who devoted their time and knowledge in the implementation of this project. I express my gratitude to my Doctoral committee members, Associate Prof. Nachiketa Tripathi, Dr. Sambit Mallik and Dr. Dilwar Hussain for providing me all the help and needed directions for the research on the subject. At last but not the least, I am thankful to my parents for their unwavering patience, understanding, and encouragement, as the present work is much because of their personal sacrifices and support for which I shall ever remain indebted. IIT Guwahati Tulika Singh May 2015 iii TH-1403_11614105 Abstract Memories are central to most cognitive processes in humans. Memories are either retrospective (past information) or prospective (future intentions) in origin. Prospective memories combines retrospective knowledge with future intentions [for e.g., remembering to buy milk while crossing the supermarket]. The effectiveness of memory depends on either the nature of the stimuli (component of memory) or the memory process itself (encoding, stabilization, consolidation & retrieval). The present thesis evaluates both the nature of the stimuli and the memory components that form the prospective memory process. Cues (seeing the supermarket), that signal prospective actions (buying milk), are the core component that guarantee the success of prospective memory. The thesis evaluates the role of cue characteristics on the success of prospective memory retrievals. Cue characteristics are manipulated in terms of affect valence, cue encodings and stimulus modality and their effects are studied on prospective memory retrieval accuracy. Besides cue characteristics, variables like retention interval, encoding interference & neural states play a major of retrieval accuracy of prospective memory. The thesis manipulates these factors by studying prospective memory under un-disturbed and sleep deprivation conditions. Results from our thesis suggest that positively valence cues are effective equally under both indirect and direct encodings. Further visual cues are more effective then semantic cues under all conditions. Sleep, as opposed to sleep deprivation, promotes better retrieval accuracies of prospective memory intentions for all cues variations. This is expected as sleep helps in stabilization of cue encodings due to favorable neural states & negligible interference. The outcomes of the thesis can help design systems that minimize prospective memory failures. The thesis also adds theoretical knowledge to the existing literature on prospective memory. Keywords: Prospective Memory, Intentions, Cue Characteristics, Sleep, Sleep deprivation. iv TH-1403_11614105 CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------ DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………….. I CERTIFICATE………………………………………………………………………….... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………..………………….. III ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………..... …IV LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………….….V LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………….…….VI CHAPTER1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………1-10 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW…. .............................................................. 11-49 2.1. Current Model of Memory……………………………………...……….. 12 2.2. Retrospective and Prospective Memory ………………………………….13 2.3. Emergence of Prospective Memory……………………………………….14 2.4. Phase of Prospective Memory…………………………………………..…15 2.5. Theoretical Perspectives of Prospective Memory…………………….…..16 2.6. Paradigm of Studying Prospective memory…………………………….…18 2.7. Prospective Memory Intentions………………………………………...…19 2.8. Cue Characteristics of Prospective Memory………………………………21 2.9. Role of Emotion in Memory…….…………………………………..….….22 2.10. Prospective Memory and Stimuli Type……………………….…….……28 2.11. Prospective Memory and Presentation Mode. ……………………..…….29 2.12. Sleep…….…………………………………………………………….…..33 2.13. Sleep and Memory: A General Overview………………………….…..…34 2.14. Sleep and Emotional Memory …………………………………….….….40 2.15. Sleep and Prospective Memory…….…………….…………….……….. 45 2.16. Rationale of the Thesis…………….……………………………….…… 48 CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTS……………………………………….…...50-97 3.1: Experiment 1 -Effect of emotional valence on prospective memory types………………………………………………………………………… ... 50 3.1.1. Objectives…………………………………………….….……. .... 50 TH-1403_11614105 3.1.2 Hypothesis………………………………………………………... 50 3.1.3. Variables……………………………..………………………..…. 51 3.1.4. Methodology……………………………………….…………..… 51 3.1.4.1. Participants…………………………………..……….…. 51 3.1.4.2. Definitions of task used in the Experiments….……… ..... 51 3.1.4.3. Material and Procedure……………………………… ..... 52 3.1.5. Results….…………………………………...…………………. ... 53 3.1.5.1. Emotional Valance and Prospective Memory Type… ..... 53 3.1.5.2. Positive vs. Neutral cue effects on Prospective memory Scoring 54 3.1.5.3. Negative vs. Neutral cue effects on prospective Memory………………………………………………………. ..... 55 3.1.5.4. PANAS and Mood Scores…………………………… .... 56 3.1.6. Conclusion…………………………………………………...….. 56 3.2. Experiment 2 - Effect presentation mode (indirect / indirect) for valence cues on event cued prospective memory performance…………………………..…57 3.2.1. Objectives……………………………………………………….. 57 3.2.2 Hypothesis…………………………………………………..…. .... 57 3.2.3. Variables…………………………………………………….….. 58 3.2.4. Methodology………………………………………………….… 58 3.2.4.1. Participants………………………………………….…. 58 3.2.4.2. Design……………………………………………...….. 58 3.2.4.3. Material and Procedure…………………….………….. 58 3.2.5. Results….…………………………………………………..…... 60 3.2.5.1. Cue Valance and Prospective Memory Performance……………………………………...……….….… 60 3.2.5.2. Cue Mode and Prospective memory Performance….…..60 3.2.6. Conclusion……………..……………………………………….. 61 3.3. Experiment 3- Effect of nature of stimuli (picture / word) used as valence cue presented across different modes on event cued prospective memory performance……………………………………………………………...……62 TH-1403_11614105 3.3.1. Objectives………………………………………………….…... 62 3.3.2 Hypothesis…………………………………………………… ..... 62 3.3.3. Variables……………………………………………………….. 63 3.3.4. Methodology……………………………………………...……. 63 3.3.4.1. Participants……………………………………...…….. 63 3.3.4.2. Design……………………………………………....…. 63 3.3.4.3. Material and Procedure……………………….…….…. 63 3.3.5. Results….…………………………………………………..…... 65 3.3.5.1. Cue Valance and Stimuli type…………..……….….… 65 3.3.5.2. Cue Valence and Presentation Mode………………. .....65 3.3.6. Conclusion……………..……………………………….. 65 3.4. Experiment 4 - Effect of emotional valence and presentation mode across sleep and sleep deprivation………………………………………………...…...…..66 3.4.1. Objectives…………………………………….……… ...... 66 3.4.2 Hypothesis…………………………………………… ....... 67 3.4.3. Variables……………………………..……………...…... 68 3.4.4. Methodology……………………………………..……… 68 3.4.4.1. Participants………………………..……………. 68 3.4.4.2. Material and Procedure……………………...…. 68 3.4.5. Results….…………………………………………...…... 70 3.4.5.1. Sleep stages and Retrieval Accuracy. ….....……70
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