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Memory 7 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter you should be able to: 1 describe memory and outline the model of information processing 2 describe working memory 3 outline the major types of long-term memory 4 describe how information is encoded and organised in long-term memory 5 explain why remembering, misremembering and forgetting occur. Copyright © 2014. Wiley. All rights reserved. © 2014. Wiley. All Copyright Burton, Lorelle, et al. Psychology, Wiley, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/griffith/detail.action?docID=3059089. Created from griffith on 2018-02-26 16:59:57. CONCEPT MAP 7 Memory Memory and Working memory A visual overview of memory information processing • Working memory refers to the temporary storage and Information processing processing of information that can be used to solve • For information to come back to mind after it is no A memory is a mental representation for something to be remembered. problems, respond to environmental demands or achieve longer present, it has to be represented. Sensory Rehearsal goals. response representations store information in a sensory mode; • Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) model proposed rehearsal, verbal representations store information in words. reasoning and making decisions about how to balance two Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory • The standard model of memory is predicated on the • sensory tasks are the work of a limited-capacity central executive (20–30 seconds) (enduring storage) metaphor of the mind as a computer; it distinguishes • verbal system. • motoric three memory stores: sensory memory, short-term • Most contemporary models distinguish between a visual maintenance memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). rehearsal Retrieval store (the visuospatial sketchpad) and a verbal store. • Working memory and LTM are distinct from one another in both their functions and neuroanatomy, but interact to help enhance memory capacities. Working memory Varieties of Visuospatial sketchpad long-term memory • Declarative memory refers to memory for facts and Remembering, Sensory memory Central executive Long-term memory events; it can be semantic or episodic. Procedural memory refers to ‘how to’ knowledge of procedures misremembering or skills. and forgetting Verbal phonological store • Explicit memory refers to conscious recollection. articulatory or phonological loop Implicit memory refers to memory that is expressed • Psychologists often distinguish between the availability in behaviour. of information in memory and its accessibility. • Everyday memory refers to memory as it occurs in • People make memory errors for a variety of reasons. Long-term memory daily life. • Psychologists have proposed several explanations for why people forget, including decay, interference and motivated (Memory for particular events) • flashbulb memories forgetting. Visuospatial sketchpad • autobiographical • Memories recovered in therapy cannot be assumed to be accurate, but they also cannot be routinely dismissed as Central executive Encoding and organisation false. Sensory memory Semantic (general memory) Short-term memory • covers memory for colours, of long-term memory • Specific kinds of distortion can also occur within the smells, taste, images, memories of people whose brains have been affected sounds and feeling • To be retrieved from memory, information must be by illness or injury. Anterograde amnesia involves the Verbal phonological store encoded, or cast into a representational form or ‘code’ inability to retain new memories. By contrast, retrograde amnesia involves losing memories from a period before Procedural that can be readily accessed. • driving • Mnemonic devices are systematic strategies for the time that a person’s brain was damaged. • reading remembering information. • typing • Knowledge stored in memory forms networks of association — clusters of interconnected information. • LTM is organised in terms of schemas, organised knowledge structures or patterns of thought. CentralCentral questions: questions: what what is memor is memory?y? ◆ The concept of memory is expanding and we are beginning to see an Copyright © 2014. Wiley. All rights reserved. © 2014. Wiley. All Copyright ◆ The concept of memory is expanding and we are beginning to see an integration among the integrationdiffering psychological among the perspectives. differing psychological perspectives. Burton, Lorelle,246 et Psychologyal. Psychology, Wiley, | 4th 2014. Australian ProQuest Ebook and Central,New Zealand http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/griffith/detail.action?docID=3059089. Edition Created from griffith on 2018-02-26 16:59:57. CONCEPT MAP Memory Memory and Working memory A visual overview of memory information processing • Working memory refers to the temporary storage and Information processing processing of information that can be used to solve • For information to come back to mind after it is no A memory is a mental representation for something to be remembered. problems, respond to environmental demands or achieve longer present, it has to be represented. Sensory Rehearsal goals. response representations store information in a sensory mode; • Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) model proposed rehearsal, verbal representations store information in words. reasoning and making decisions about how to balance two Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory • The standard model of memory is predicated on the • sensory tasks are the work of a limited-capacity central executive (20–30 seconds) (enduring storage) metaphor of the mind as a computer; it distinguishes • verbal system. • motoric three memory stores: sensory memory, short-term • Most contemporary models distinguish between a visual maintenance memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). rehearsal Retrieval store (the visuospatial sketchpad) and a verbal store. • Working memory and LTM are distinct from one another in both their functions and neuroanatomy, but interact to help enhance memory capacities. Working memory Varieties of Visuospatial sketchpad long-term memory • Declarative memory refers to memory for facts and Remembering, Sensory memory Central executive Long-term memory events; it can be semantic or episodic. Procedural memory refers to ‘how to’ knowledge of procedures misremembering or skills. and forgetting Verbal phonological store • Explicit memory refers to conscious recollection. articulatory or phonological loop Implicit memory refers to memory that is expressed • Psychologists often distinguish between the availability in behaviour. of information in memory and its accessibility. • Everyday memory refers to memory as it occurs in • People make memory errors for a variety of reasons. Long-term memory daily life. • Psychologists have proposed several explanations for why people forget, including decay, interference and motivated (Memory for particular events) • flashbulb memories forgetting. Visuospatial sketchpad • autobiographical • Memories recovered in therapy cannot be assumed to be accurate, but they also cannot be routinely dismissed as Central executive Encoding and organisation false. Sensory memory Semantic (general memory) Short-term memory • covers memory for colours, of long-term memory • Specific kinds of distortion can also occur within the smells, taste, images, memories of people whose brains have been affected sounds and feeling • To be retrieved from memory, information must be by illness or injury. Anterograde amnesia involves the Verbal phonological store encoded, or cast into a representational form or ‘code’ inability to retain new memories. By contrast, retrograde amnesia involves losing memories from a period before Procedural that can be readily accessed. • driving • Mnemonic devices are systematic strategies for the time that a person’s brain was damaged. • reading remembering information. • typing • Knowledge stored in memory forms networks of association — clusters of interconnected information. • LTM is organised in terms of schemas, organised knowledge structures or patterns of thought. CentralCentral questions: questions: what what is memor is memory?y? ◆ The concept of memory is expanding and we are beginning to see an Copyright © 2014. Wiley. All rights reserved. © 2014. Wiley. All Copyright ◆ The concept of memory is expanding and we are beginning to see an integration among the integrationdiffering psychological among the perspectives. differing psychological perspectives. Burton, Lorelle, et al. Psychology, Wiley, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/griffith/detail.action?docID=3059089. CHAPTER 7 | Memory 247 Created from griffith on 2018-02-26 16:59:57. magine walking into a room to find 300 people you have never met before, seated around tables. You briefly walk around the room, finding out the name of each person. Then, half an hour later, you must go around the room and identify all 300 people by name. That’s I impossible, you might think. No-one could memorise that many people’s names in such a short space of time. Well, don’t tell that to Kerry Domann, an Australian entertainer who regularly amazes dinner func- tions with his ability to recall the names of up to 300 audience members just minutes after meeting them for the first time. Performing under the stage name ‘The Amazing Nigel’, Kerry is in demand around the country as an after-dinner speaker who enter- tains with a mix of comedy and magic. The extremely funny act regularly has the crowd in stitches. But the climax of the stage show
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