27 BAB II Hallyu & Bisnis Hiburan Korea Selatan 2.1 MNC Dalam

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27 BAB II Hallyu & Bisnis Hiburan Korea Selatan 2.1 MNC Dalam BAB II Hallyu & Bisnis Hiburan Korea Selatan 2.1 MNC Dalam Industri Hiburan Korea Selatan MNC menjadi salah satu aktor terpenting dalam perdagangan global. Mulanya, MNC didominasi oleh perusahaan-perusahaan dari negara maju seperti Amerika Serikat, Eropa, dan Jepang sehingga ekpansi ke luar negeri berguna untuk menghindari pajak yang tinggi, upah buruh yang tinggi, dan persaingan di negara home country.25 Kegiatan ekonomi setiap negara ditopang oleh berbagai jenis industri yang dijalankan perusahaan-perusahaan dengan tujuan untuk memaksimalkan kekayaan pemegang saham. Tujuan ini tidak hanya dimiliki oleh perusahaan yang menjalankan bisnis domestik, tetapi juga perusahaan yang mengembangkan bisnis internasional sebagai sarana untuk menambah nilai perusahaan. Karena pasar asing dapat sangat berbeda dengan pasar domestik, pasar ini memberikan peluang untuk memperbaiki arus kas perusahaan. Dewasa ini pula hambatan untuk masuk ke pasar asing sudah berkurang, karena mendorong perusahaan untuk meraih peluang bisnis internasional. akibatnya, banyak perusahaan telah berubah menjadi perusahaan multi nasional. MNC didefinisikan sebagai perusahaan yang terlibat dalam berbagai bentuk bisnis internasional. Pada mulanya, perusahaan hanya mengekspor produknya ke negara tertentu atau mengimpor barang dari produsen asing. Namun, seiring 25 Riva Djohar, Peran Pemerintah India Dalam Transformasi HCL Technologies Menjadi EMNCs, Skrpsi, Kota: Yogyakarta, Universitas Gadjah Mada, hal.2. 27 berjalannya waktu, beberapa perusahaan melihat peluang asing baru dan akhirnya membentuk anak perusahaan di negara asing. MNC setidaknya memiliki paling sedikit satu anak perusahaan di luar negara asalnya. Anak perusahaan dengan tujuan untuk memaksimalkan nilai pada perusahaan secara keseluruhan.26 Bentuk perusahaan multinasional terdiri atas beberapa bagian yang sangat diperlukan untuk menentukan dan membedakan hubungan hukum diantara bagian- bagian tersebut berkaitan dengan kegiatan perusahaan multinasional. Bagian- bagian dari perusahaan multinasional yang melaksanakan kegiatan perusahaannya, yaitu:27 a. Induk perusahaan (parent company) b. Kantor pusat (head office) c. Anak perusahaan (Affiliated company) d. Anak perusahaan subsidiary Beberapa MNC melakukan usaha melalui cabang perusahaannya di negara- negara berkembang. MNC melakukan usahanya ke wilayah yang lebih menguntungkan dengan tujuan perluasan wilayah pemasaran, efisiensi biaya produksi, dan memperoleh tenaga kerja dengan gaji yang lebih rendah.28 Pengaruh ekonomi yang dimiliki oleh MNC dapat membangun perekonomian suatu negara 26 Riken Pithaloka & Andry Irwanto, Pengaruh Status Perusahaan (Multinasional/Domestik) Dan Defree Of Internationalozation (DOI) Terhadap Firm Performance, Faluktas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Airlangga, Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Tahun XXVI, No. 2 Agustus 2016. 27 Diakses dari http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/49315/Chapter%20II.pdf;jsessionid=F7ED 039BC69145E56D0E19D6708CD548?sequence=3 pada 16/05/2018 pukul 22.32 WIB. 28 Lila Sitha Rambisa & Ni Made Suksma Pridandhini Devi Salain, “Kedudukan Dan Tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Multinasional (MNC) Dalam Hukum Internasional”, Bagian Hukum Internasional, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Udayana. 28 melalui dana investasi, menciptakan lapangan pekerjaan, menyediakan pendidikan latihan serta teknologi canggih. MNC dalam bidang hiburan sangat menjanjikan karena semakin maju sebuah era maka semakin besar pula tekanan hidup manusia, sehingga setiap manusia butuh hiburan untuk hiburan mengurangi rasa stres. Inilah yang mendorong industri hiburan berkembang pesat dari masa ke masa karena para pendirinya berhasil melihat ada peluang di dalamnya. Industri hiburan menyediakan spektrum media yang luas seperti film, musik, taman hiburan dan atraksi lain yang disukai konsumen dari seluruh lapisan masyarakat tanpa mengenal gender dan usia. Pilihan yang bermacam-macam membuat konsumen tidak ragu untuk menghabiskan sejumlah yang mereka untuk sekedar mencari hiburan. Hallyu menitik beratkan pada Kpop, merupakan produk budaya popular Korea Selatan. Musik pop mulai digemari di Korea sekitar tahun 1960-an bersama Jpop yang terlebih dahulu dikenal. Industri hiburan Korea Selatan menciptakan boygroup dan girlgroup karena ingin budaya mereka diakui di seluruh dunia. Ada dua unsur utama di dalamnya yaitu fashion dan musik yang unik dan beragam. Pada tahun 1930-an, Kpop pra-modern muncul pertama kali dikarenakan popularitas Jpop di Korea karena saat itu adalah masa penjajahan Jepang. Tahun 1950-an, musik pop barat mulai masuk ke Korea. Banyaknya pertunjukan musik di pangkalan militer Amerika Serikat di Korea Selatan menjadi penanda awal popularitas musik pop barat. Genre pertama yang populer di Korea Selatan adalah 29 oldies pada tahun 1960-an, genre rock tahun 1970-an diperkenalkan oleh Cho Yongpil, dan genre trot yang dipengaruhi oleh musik enka dari Jepang.29 Pada tahun 1980 adalah era saat program-program televisi Korea Selatan di dominasi oleh acara-acara asing, salah satunya adalah program produksi Amerika dan Jepang. Tayangan Amerika menduduki peringkat pertama, kedua dan ketiga sekaligus di Korea Selatan. Penayangan program produk Amerika di Korea Selatan memberikan pengaruh terhadap konten acara televisi Korea Selatan. Keberadaan konten Amerika ini memberi inspirasi kepada Korea Selatan untuk mengembangkan produksi acara televisinya menjadi unik dan mampu menarik perhatian masyarakatnya. Hingga kemudian rating konten lokal Korea Selatan terus meningkat sehingga berhasil mengejar kepopularitasan konten produksi Amerika di akhir tahun 1980-an.30 Selain konten televisi produksi Amerika, terdapat pula konten produksi Jepang berupa animasi yang berhasil menarik perhatian para penyuka animasi di Korea Selatan. Perkembangan animasi Jepang di Korea Selatan memberikan ide penting untuk perencanaan dan produksi animasi Korea Selatan. Konten produksi kedua negara berperan penting dalam pengembangan konten dalam negeri Korea Selatan. Presiden Kim Daejung (1998-2002) memberikan perubahan terhadap industri budaya Korea Selatan. Pada masa jabatannya, ia mengalokasikan dana untuk mendukung hallyu sebagai suatu budaya global. Ia menaikkan pengeluaran 29 Syafril Alam, Ansgrasia Jenifer Nyarimun, Musik Kpop Sebagai Alat Diplomasi Dalam Soft Power Korea Selatan, Prodi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Satya Negara Indonesia, International & Diplomacy, Vol.3, no.1 (Juli-Desember 2017), hal.76. 30 Milim Kim, The Role Of The Government in Cultural Industry: Some Observations from Korea’s Experience, Keio Communication Review No.33, 2011 dalam http://www.mediacom.keio.ac.jp/publication/pdf2011/10KIM.pdf pada 09/05/2018, 6:09 WIB. 30 total untuk industri budaya Korea Selatan yang meningkat dari 0,23% di tahun 1980 menjadi 1,24% di tahun 2001. Kim Daejung mengenalkan program The Basic Law for the Cultural Industry Promotion sebagai sebuah kebijakan yang penting. Lembaga ini ditetapkan pada tahun 1999 dengan tujuan untuk memberikan perannya dalam deregulasi dorongan perkembangan pada sektor budaya.31 Kepopuleran hallyu cepat menyebar di Tiongkok sejak penayangan K- drama berjudul ‘What Is Love?’ dan menjadi konten favorit di kalangan masyarakat Tiongkok pada tahun 1997. K-drama ini mendapat respon yang sangat baik, kemudian ditayangkan kembali pada tahun 1998. Pada tahun 1999, salah satu K- drama lainnya berjudul Stars In My Heart dan kembali menjadi dralam terpopuler di Tiongkok dan Taiwan. Sejak saat itu fenomena kepopuleran hallyu terus berkembang dengan diikuti oleh kepopuleran musik dan juga selebriti-selebriti Korea. Berbeda dengan Tiongkok, kepopuleran hallyu di Jepang mulai sejak tahun 2003 setelah K-drama Winter Sonata ditayangkan di stasiun televisi NHK April 2003.32 Sejak tahun 2000, Korea mengalami lonjakan minat dalam ekspor konten budaya seperti serial drama, musik, dan film ke negara-negara di kawasan Asia sehingga perusahaan multinasional dibidang hiburan dan media telah menjamur selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Setiap perusahaan memiliki spesifikasi dan standar masing-masing dalam menciptakan konten. Melalui perusahaan di industri hiburan berskala besar seperti SM, JYP, YG dan CJ E&M mengadakan audisi untuk 31 Laprilla., Op.Cit. Hal.53. 32 Adina., Op.Cit., Hal.48 31 mendapatkan talenta baru sebagai bentuk regenerasi dari para artis sebelumnya. Strategi dan pengembangan teknologi pada masing-masing perusahaan memberi kontribusi pada penyebaran Hallyu ke seluruh dunia. Semua perusahaan hiburan di Korea Selatan memanfaatkan media sosial berbasis internet seperti blog, youtube, facebook, dan twitter yang mana berfungsi sebagai jalan utama untuk menjangkau jutaan penggemar di seluruh dunia. MNC hiburan di Korea Selatan umumnya menggunakan metode “one soure, multi-use”. Sehingga tidak jarang sebuah perusahaan hiburan memiliki anak perusahaan lain yang memproduksi film, drama, maupun game. Kolaborasi dengan suatu brand atau perusahaan hiburan lain juga dilakukan sebagai jembatan antara selebritis dengan penggemar. Cara ini secara tidak langsung menciptakan model bisnis baru yang dikenal sebagai “business to business” (B2B) untuk mengurangi kerugian akibat pembajakan konten dengan menjual ruang virtual ke perusahaan lain. Perusahaan tersebut memungkinkan memaksimalkan produksi konten dengan biaya minim. Tentunya cara ini lebih efektif dila dibandingkan dengan “business to consumer” (B2C) yang mana fokus menjual produk konten gratis secara langsung ke konsumen. Metode ini cukup berisiko karena pendapatan perusahaan bergantung
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