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The Study of the Compressibility Characteristics of Soft Soil in Sarawak ______

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The Study of the Compressibility Characteristics of Soft Soil in Sarawak ______ THE STUDY OF THE COMPRESSIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT SOIL IN SARAWAK WONG SEAK YEO This project is submitted in partial of fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2005 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK Kota Samarahan fk BORANG PENGESAHAN TESIS Judul: The Study of The Compressibility Characteristics of Soft Soil in Sarawak __ _ ___ ___________________________________________________________ _ ______________________________________ ______________________ ___ Sesi Pengajian: 2001 - 2005 Saya WONG SEAK YEO__________________________ _________________ (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hamilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pengdigitan untuk membangunkan Pengkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan ( √ ) di kotak berkenaan Sulit (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan 1 Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) Terhad (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ 1 badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan). Tidak Terhad _____________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat tetap: Lot.2806, Jalan Bunga Raya, 1 Pasir Pinji, 1 1 Dr. Prabir Kumar Kolay 31650 Ipoh, Perak. 1 (Nama Penyelia) Tarikh: Tarikh: CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD. PKS/2001 The Following Final Year Project Report: Title : THE STUDY OF THE COMPRESSIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT SOIL IN SARAWAK Name of the author : WONG SEAK YEO Matrix Number : 7477 Was read and certified by : _____________________________ ____________ Dr. PRABIR KUMAR KOLAY Date Project Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincerest appreciation must be absolutely to my supportive and helpful supervisors; project supervisor, Dr. Prabir Kumar Kolay for his lofty visions, guidance, supports and valuables knowledge during the project work. The author also take this opportunity to thank the laboratory assistants of Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and the stuffs and laboratory assistants in Geospec for their supply of undisturbed soil samples and use their lab facilities and assistance in carrying out the laboratory works during the progression of the project. A special thanks to my dearest friends Ong Chee Zen, Chong Kah Weng, Chai Peng How, Kho Joo Tiong, Ong Khin Kiat, Adrian Fong Wei Yi, Dorothy Chai Sim Yee, Onn Yin Wee and Ling Leh Shia who had been so helpful and supportive along the implementation of the project. The author is very grateful to his family, especially Madam Lee Tng Chu and Mr. Wong Kow Chye, who always give their full supports and love. Your advice and guidance will be always bear in mind. Finally, I am deeply grateful to those individuals who involve directly and indirectly all throughout the process of doing this project. i ABSTRACT The present study investigates the compressibility characteristics of soft soil in Sarawak. To accomplish this study, eight undisturbed soil samples are collected from different location i.e., Desa Senadin (Miri), Kampung Punang (Lawas), Lundu (Kuching), Dan (Mukah), Sungai Miri (Miri) and Upper Lanang (Batang Rajang). Different laboratory tests (moisture content, Atterberg limit, specific gravity, grain size analysis, and consolidation) have been conducted on these soil samples. The results reveal that the value of co-efficient of volume change, mv for all the soil samples is gradually decreasing with the increase of higher-pressure ranges but the co-efficient of consolidation, cv for all the samples tested do not follow any specific trend with the increase of pressure. The compression index, Cc values calculated from e-log P graph and formula ( Cc = 0.009 × (wL-10) ) are correlated with the values of plasticity index (PI). ii ABSTRAK Kajian ini mengkaji tentang ciri-ciri kemampatan tanah lembut di Sarawak. Untuk menyempurnakan kajian ini, lapan sample tanah telah dikumpul dari kawasan-kawasan yang berlainan, yakni Desa Senadin (Miri), Kampung Punang (Lawas), Lundu (Kuching), Dan (Mukah), Sungai Miri (Miri) and Upper Lanang (Batang Rajang). Kajian eksperimen yang berlainan tentang moisture content, Atterberg limit, specific gravity, grain size analysis, dan consolidation telah dijalankan terhadap smple-smple tanah itu. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa pemalar bagi perubahan isipadu, mv untk semua sample tanah adalah berkadar songsang dengan tekanan. Tetapi, pemalar bagi consolidation, cv untuk semua tanah yang dikaji tidak mempunyai sebarang trend yang unik dengan peningkatan tekanan. Tambahan pula, index mampatan, Cc yang dikira daripada graf e-log P dan dikira dengan menggunakan formula (Cc = 0.009 × (wL-10)) saling dihubungkan dengan nilai index plastik (PI). iii Table of Content CONTENTS Page No. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii ABSTRAK iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF SYMBOLS ix CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1 1.2 Physical Properties and Classification 2 of Soft soil 1.3 Construction on Soft soil 4 1.4 Statement of the Problem 6 1.5 Objectives of the Present Study 7 1.6 Organization of the Project Paper 8 iv CHAPTER 2-LITERATUREVIEW 2.1 General 9 2.2 Physical Properties of Soft Soils 9 2.2.1 Organic content 10 2.2.2 Water content 11 2.2.3 Specific gravity 13 2.3 One-Dimensional Compression 15 2.3.1 Effect of permeability on consolidation 16 2.3.2 Compression - time relation 17 2.3.3 Estimation of final settlement 22 2.4 Critical appraisal 23 CHAPTER 3-MATERIALS, TEST PROGRAMME AND PROCEDURE 3.1 General 25 3.2 Test Materials 25 3.3 Test Programmes 26 3.4 Test Procedure 27 3.4.1 Moisture content 28 .4.2 Liquid limit and plastic limit 28 3.4.3 Specific gravity 29 3.4.4 Grain size analysis 30 3.4.5 Void ratio, e 31 3.4.6 Consolidation test 31 v CHAPTER 4-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 General 33 4.2 Moisture content 33 4.3 Grain size distribution 34 4.4 Atterberg limit 37 4.5 Specific gravity 37 4.6 Compressibility characteristics 38 4.7 Consolidation settlement 44 CHAPTER 5-CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 General 46 5.2 Recommendation 47 REFERENCES 49 APPENDIX vi LIST OF FIGURE Page No. Fig. 2.1 Correlation of water content with loss-on-ignition 13 Fig. 2.2 Correlation of specific gravity with loss-of-ignition 15 Fig, 2.3 Distortion of settlement curve by resetting of time zero 18 Fig.2.4 Middleton Wisconsin peat; Settlement --Time 20 curves on various scale Fig. 2.5 Middleton Wisconsin peat, oedometer test #6, 21 isotaches for loading and reloading 4 Fig. 2.6 Polder Zegveld peat, w/N - log σv’ for 10 d loading 23 Fig. 4.1 Grain size distribution graph for different clay soil 34 samples Fig. 4.2 Square root of time method 39 Fig.4.3 e-log P graph for Sample-1 39 Fig. 4.4 mv values of various sample with different pressures 42 Fig. 4.5 cv values of various sample with different pressures 42 Fig. 4.6 Relation between compression index and plasticity index 43 viii LIST OF TABLE Page No. Table 3.1 Test programmes 27 Table 4.1 Physical (index) properties of samples 36 Table 4.2 Consistency limits for different soil samples 37 Table 4.3 Specific gravity of different soil samples 38 2 Table 4.4 mv values (in m /kN) for different soil samples 41 with various pressure ranges Table 4.5 cv values for different soil samples with various 41 pressure ranges Table 4.6 Cc values for different soil samples 43 Table 4.7 Settlement estimation by using Cc of sample 44 with 1m depth Table 4.8 Settlement estimation by using mv of sample 45 with 1m depth ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Normally clay, peat and organic soils considered as soft soil. They show a wide range in the degree of compressibility. In Sarawak, the peat and soft soil creates an acute problem for any type of construction (building and road). The formation of peat soil is a relatively short biochemical process carried on under the influence of aerobic micro-organisms. Peat materials can be characterized for geotechnical engineering purposes in various ways depending on the purpose for which they are being described. The most relevant physical characteristics are water content, bulk density, organic content, and exchangeable cation; whereas engineering properties include compressibility, swelling and shrinkage, shear strength (stability) and permeability. 1 Soft soil (e.g., clay, peat and organic soils) is generally a topic of interest by the engineering community. Geotechnical engineering challenges especially associated with embankment and road construction over soft soil (e.g., clay, peat and organic soils) include potential instability and excessive long-term settlement. Although construction over such soils is generally avoided, the declining availability of sites with more favourable foundation soils has necessitated the development of area underlain by peaty or organic deposits. (O' Loughlin and Lehane, 2002). However, with the recent advances in the use of soil reinforcement, construction has primarily become a problem of controlling settlement (Edil and Den Haan, 1994). The resurging interest in soft soil as foundation materials have been underlain by the continual research and study on both the physical and engineering properties of such soils and the correlation among these properties. The origin and formation of soil clay minerals, namely micas, vermiculites, smectites, chlorites and interlayered minerals, interstratified minerals and kaolin minerals, are broadly reviewed in the context of research over the past half century.
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