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Biología Reproductiva Del Ectoparasitoide Dineulophus Phthorimaeae De Santis Y Su Interacción Con El Endoparasitoide Pseudapanteles Dignus (Muesebeck)

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Biología Reproductiva Del Ectoparasitoide Dineulophus Phthorimaeae De Santis Y Su Interacción Con El Endoparasitoide Pseudapanteles Dignus (Muesebeck) Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Trabajo de Tesis para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Biología reproductiva del ectoparasitoide Dineulophus phthorimaeae De Santis y su interacción con el endoparasitoide Pseudapanteles dignus (Muesebeck). Implicancias para el control biológico de la polilla del tomate Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Lic. Vivina Savino Directores Dr. Carlos Eduardo Coviella y Dra. María Gabriela Luna Jurados Dra. Silvia Adriana Salvo, Dr. Eduardo Gabriel Virla y Dr. Diego Fernando Segura 2014 A mi familia Agradecimientos Al Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva y a la Universidad Nacional de Luján por la financiación recibida través del Programa de Formación de Doctores en Áreas Tecnológicas Prioritarias (PFDT - PRH Nº19) para la realización de este proyecto de tesis, así como también al Proyecto Nº 585 correspondiente al Programa de Incentivos a Docentes-Investigadores del Ministerio de Cultura y Educación de La Nación. A mis directores Carlos y Gaby, por sus enseñanzas, su profesionalismo y su trabajo codo a codo. Por sus contemplaciones y por respetar mis tiempos. Gracias por sus exigencias, porque me han enseñado a trabajar con excelencia. A los miembros del jurado por sus valiosos aportes ya que han enriquecido la versión final de esta tesis doctoral. A la Dirección del Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), Dras. Alda González y Graciela Navone y todo su personal, por permitirme llevar a cabo las tareas de investigación de laboratorio y campo en dicho Instituto. Al grupo de Ecología de Plagas, especialmente a las Norma Sánchez, Patricia Pereyra, Nancy Greco, Claudia Cédola, Martha Roggiero y Gerardo Liljesthröm, por permitirme formar parte de su grupo durante estos años. Ha sido un honor inmenso haber trabajado a su lado. Muy especialmente a una persona maravillosa, la Dra. Fernanda Cingolani, que siempre ha estado a mi lado, en las buenas y sobre todo en las malas. No voy a olvidar nunca todo lo que me has ayudado. A los compañeros del laboratorio del CEPAVE, las Dras. Eliana Nieves, Fernanda Gugole, Margarita Rocca y a Nicolás Cluigt por los almuerzos, mates y otros momentos compartidos. A dos personas con las que he compartido mi laboratorio y que he aprendido muchas cosas de ambos, a Mariano Lattari y Nadia Salas. A mi compañera de muestreos Julia Rouaux por esas salidas al campo en pleno verano, por su ayuda, pero por sobre todas las cosas por su amistad. A todos los pasantes que han colaborado en mis tareas, a Cristian De Battista, María Zubillaga, Denise Paoletti, Sofía Capasso, Consuelo Vallina y Yamila Vaio. A Guillermo Reboredo por su ayuda incondicional en cada uno de los muestreos de campo. A Luis Giambelucca por su asesoramiento y asistencia. A Marcela Schneider, Naty Francesena, Luciana Mirande y Marina Haramboure por compartir momentos de charlas y haberme hecho sentir con su compañía parte de su laboratorio A todo el Laboratorio de Ecología de la Universidad Nacional de Luján: Leonardo Malacalza, Liliana Falco, Patricia Gantes, Anibal Sanchez Caro, María Eugenia García, María Andrea Casset, Fernando Momo, César Di Ciocco, Andrés Duhour, Marina Santadino, Rosana Sandler, María Riquelme, Ricardo Castro Huerta, Mónica Díaz Porres, Karina Aguilar, Constanza Ranieri, Nadia Codugnello y Laura Rigacci. Al Laboratorio de Control Biológico del PROIMI, entre ellos a. Eduardo Virla, a Erica Luft, a Eduardo Frías, Martín Espinosa, Alvaro Foieri y Victoria Coll, por su buena predisposición y generosidad en los muestreos llevados a cabo en la provincia de Tucumán. A mis amigas del alma Solange Faura y Yamila Vaio, por toda su contención, consejos y ayuda de siempre y más especialmente durante esta etapa. A mi familia por toda su ayuda y amor, muy especialmente a mi mamá, por su compañía y amor, y a mis hermanos Toia, Juan, Mono y Dolly, a Maga, Laura y Pablo y a mis sobrinos. A mi papá que me enseñó que no hay edad para terminar ciertas cosas y empezar otras. Y a mis ángeles guardianes… A lo más importante que tengo en la vida, a mis amores, a Edu por estos 20 años de puro amor, por su inmensa generosidad para apoyarme y contenerme en toda mi carrera, por hacerme volver a mi centro cuando me sentía desorientada; a mis hijos: a Pedro y Nico porque no me conocen sin estar estudiando algo y me han aguantado tanta locura, pero me han enseñado a ordenar mis prioridades cada vez que me sentía abrumada y a Manu, mi regalito del cielo, que fue el que terminó de ordenar y poner las cosas en su lugar en mi vida. Los amo profundamente! Índice Resumen............................................................................................................................i Abstract.............................................................................................................................v Capítulo 1. Introducción General y Sistema de Estudio……………………………….1 El control biológico como estrategia del manejo integrado de plagas............................2 El uso de parasitoides para el control biológico de plagas.............................................7 El papel de la competencia entre enemigos naturales para el control biológico, con énfasis en especies de parasitoides.................................................................................10 Sistema de estudio: El cultivo de tomate, su manejo sanitario y posibilidades para la implementación de un MIP............................................................................................. 11 Control biológico de Tuta absoluta.................................................................................17 Biología del ectoparasitoide Dineulophus phthorimaeae. .............................................20 Biología del endoparasitoide Pseudapanteles dignus.....................................................22 Objetivos e hipótesis del trabajo de tesis........................................................................23 Capítulo 2. Ecología reproductiva del ectoparasitoide D. phthorimaeae……………26 Estrategias reproductivas y comportamiento de alimentación de los parasitoides........27 La respuesta funcional de insectos parasitoides.............................................................33 Objetivos, hipótesis y predicciones.................................................................................36 Materiales y Métodos......................................................................................................38 Colonias de insectos........................................................................................................38 Determinación de la estrategia de ovigenia de D. phthorimaeae……………………...41 Experimento 1: tipo de maduración de huevos y reabsorción........................................41 Experimento 2: tipo de estrategia de ovigenia................................................................42 Evaluación de diferentes fuentes de alimento sobre el éxito reproductivo de la hembra de D. phthorimaeae.........................................................................................................43 Análisis de la respuesta funcional de D. phthorimaeae..................................................46 Resultados.......................................................................................................................49 Determinación de la estrategia de ovigenia...................................................................49 Experimento 1: Tipo de maduración de huevos de D. phthorimaeae reabsorción.....................................................................................................................49 Experimento 2: Tipo de estrategia de ovigenia de D. phthorimaeae..............................51 Evaluación de diferentes fuentes de alimento sobre el éxito reproductivo de D. phthorimaeae...................................................................................................................52 Analisis de la respuesta funcional...................................................................................53 Discusión.........................................................................................................................57 Capítulo 3. Competencia interespecífica entre el ectoparasitoide D. phthorimaeae y el endoparasitoide P. dignus..........................................................................................63 Ecología de comunidades de insectos parasitoides........................................................64 Competencia entre insectos parasitoides........................................................................66 Objetivo, hipótesis y predicciones………………….......................................................71 Materiales y Métodos……………………………………….................................................72 Evidencia de multiparasitismo a campo.........................................................................72 Ensayo de competencia interespecífica en el laboratorio...............................................74 Resultados.......................................................................................................................76 Evidencia de multiparasitismo a campo.........................................................................76 Competencia interespecífica en el laboratorio...............................................................77 Discusión.........................................................................................................................81 Capítulo 4. Interacción
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