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Building Structures Fundamentals of Crossover Design

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Building Structures Fundamentals of Crossover Design Building Structures Fundamentals of Crossover Design REVISED EDITION By Nawari O. Nawari and Michael Kuenstle University of Florida Cover image digitally rendered by Audrey M. Gutierrez. Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Christopher Foster, General Vice President Michael Simpson, Vice President of Acquisitions Jessica Knott, Managing Editor Kevin Fahey, Cognella Marketing Manager Jess Busch, Senior Graphic Designer Zina Craft, Acquisitions Editor Jamie Giganti, Project Editor Brian Fahey, Licensing Associate Copyright © 2013 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. First published in the United States of America in 2013 by Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Image attributions: 1.2g (Eurico Zimbres); 1.3b (Fir0002/Flagstaffotos); 1.4b (Fred Hsu); 1.4l (Beast from the Bush); 1.4n (Mgv81); 1.27b (Cédric Thévenet); 1.32c (Steve F.); 1.35a-c (Copyright © by Rowell Brokaw Architects); 1.36a (Copyright © 2010 by Todd Eberle); 1.36b-c (Copyright © 2010 by Studio Daniel Libeskind); 1.38 (Copyright © by ArchDaily. Reprinted with permission.); 5.33b (Copyright © 2011 by American Institute of Steel Construction); 6.1a (Tropenmuseum of the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT)); 6.5a (David Wright); 7.5 (Ad Meskens); 10.4a (Copyright © 2011 by American Institute of Steel Construction); 11.2 (Sailko); 11.61 (Copyright © 2011 by American Institute of Steel Construction). Any images not specifically attributed are cleared via Creative Commons license or in the public domain. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62131-045-7 (pbk) / 978-1-60927-366-8 (br) Preface ix S Companion Material xiii Acknowledgments xv Dedication xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Natural Structures 2 CONTENT Man-Made Structures 3 Building Structures 5 Structural Systems 10 Foundations 12 Structural Walls 13 Slabs 15 Framework 15 Truss Systems 19 Arches and Vaults 19 Plates and Shells 21 Tensile Structures 23 Hybrid Systems 24 Study of Buildings and Structures 28 Building Structural Classifications 29 Superstructure 30 Substructure 32 Form, Space, and Function 33 CHAPTER 2 FORCES ON BUILDINGS 41 Introduction 41 Loads on Buildings 41 Forces 47 Force Systems 49 Distributed Forces 49 External and Internal Forces 54 Resultant of Concurrent Forces 55 Resolution of Forces 65 Finding Resultant of Forces Using their Rectangular Components 68 CHAPTER 3 EQUILibRIUM OF BUILDING STRUCTURES 71 Introduction 71 Moment of a Force 73 Moment of a Couple 77 Equivalent Forces 78 Resultant of Parallel Forces 78 Equilibrium of a Structural Element 82 Free Body Diagram (FBD) 84 Reactions at Supports and Connections 86 CHAPTER 4 LOAD PATH: VERTicAL FORCES 97 Introduction 97 Tributary Areas 105 One-Way and Two-Way Spanning Systems 107 Stacked vs. End Framing 113 Openings on Floors and Roofs 114 Framing Levels 115 CHAPTER 5 LOAD PATH: LATERAL FORCES AND STAbiLITY 127 Introduction 127 Wind Loads 128 Calculations of Wind Forces 138 Approximate Method 142 Seismic Loads 143 Fundamental Period 145 Building Configuration Effects 147 Summary 151 Calculation of Seismic forces 152 Lateral Resisting Systems 158 Lateral Resisting Frame Systems 158 Braced Frames 158 Moment Resisting Frames 160 Shear Walls 162 Floor and Roof Diaphragm Action 165 Arrangement of Lateral Resisting Systems 165 CHAPTER 6 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: CABLES 175 Introduction 175 Fundamentals 176 Anchorage and load path 176 Stability 180 Analysis 182 Design Notes 194 CHAPTER 7 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: ARCHES 197 Introduction 197 Fundamentals 200 Modern Arches 202 Stability 209 Analysis 209 Design Notes 219 CHAPTER 8 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: TRUSSES 221 Introduction 221 Fundamentals 223 Load Path 226 Lateral Stability 228 Analysis 228 Joints under Special Loading Conditions 239 The Method of Sections 242 Design Notes 247 CHAPTER 9 SHAPE FACTORS: PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS 251 Introduction 251 Centroids of Areas 251 Moment of Inertia 255 Radius of Gyration 257 Section Modulus 258 CHAPTER 10 STRUCTURAL MATERIALS: STRENGTH AND BEHAviOR 259 Introduction 259 Concept of Stress 259 Shear Stress 260 Bearing Stress 261 Bending Stress 262 Torsion Stress 263 Concept of Deformation 264 Strain 265 Stress-Strain Relationship 265 Thermal Strain and Stresses 271 Design Notes 277 CHAPTER 11 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: BEAMS 279 Introduction 279 Analysis 285 Relationships among Distributed Load (w), Shear Force (V), and Bending Moment (M) 298 Determinant and Indeterminate Beams 308 Conclusions 310 Stresses in Beams 315 Section Modulus 318 Shear Stresses 320 Shear Stresses in Other Sections 322 Vertical and Horizontal Shear Stresses 324 Summary 326 Beam deformation 327 Deflection Formula 329 Analysis Conclusions 334 Stability 335 Beam Grid Systems 337 Beam Design 340 Design Notes 349 CHAPTER 12 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS: COLUMNS 355 Introduction 355 Analysis 357 Slenderness Ratio 360 Stability 362 Design Notes 372 CHAPTER 13 VAULTS AND DOMES 370 Introduction 370 Fundamentals 381 Domes 386 Stability 388 REFERENCES 391 APPENDIX A 393 Units of Measurement APPENDIX B 395 Wood Section Properties APPENDIX C 397 Wide-flange steel sections properties INDEX 407 Th is book strives to elucidate the principles that bridge between building structures and architectural design. Th is is what we callcrossover design in architectural structures. Th e book represents our view of how to critically en- gage the subject and how to understand building structures as an integral com- ponent of architectural space-making strategies and building design concepts. Th is approach to building design is a merger of architecture and structures, and represents a point of view that has been recognized by both academia and practice, and in particular, with the work of Professor Wolfgang Schueller, as displayed in his excellent books Th e Design of Building Structures and Building Support Structures. One of the primary focuses of this book is to introduce the fundamental aspect of the structural behavior of the elements within various architectural PREFACE forms, using simple hand calculation techniques with a minimum of math- ematics while determining the preliminary design of a structural member with reasonable accuracy. Th e mathematics is deliberately kept to a basic level so that the main emphasis on behavioral and conceptual concerns is not con- cealed behind complex analytical approaches. At the same time, it deals with the subject in a qualitative and practical manner that introduces this matter by means of many illustrations in the form of photographs of buildings and struc- tural diagrams to reinforce and extend the understanding of the mathematical equations and calculations. We tried also to highlight the embedded concepts from diff erent related fi elds such as building construction and engineering to explore the relation- ships between structural behavior and architectural design ideas at diff erent scales. Th is engagement of crossover design in architectural structures depends mainly on two principles: ∙ Deep understanding of the fundamental behavior and concepts of build- ing structures as related to architectural design and other related fi elds. ∙ Use of simple mathematical formulas and equations to analyze and verify structural design. PREFACE IX The need for these fundamentals is even more crucial nowadays where digital technology has had its biggest impact in the designs of buildings with seemingly in- finite variations of structural materials, member shapes and spans, and connection types that result in remarkably fluid, complex, and curvilinear forms that are more easily accomplished because of rapid advances in integrated digital technologies. Students can easily get lost in these technologies in terms of viability of their design development, specifically on how structural behavior and systems influence their design ideas. Currently, architectural students in the design studios are concerned primarily with artistic expressions and philosophical description, independent of the build- ing as an organism and how it is constructed. Structure is minimally discussed and presented in their work. They apparently are not motivated by the current way of conveying structural concepts and design processes. The purely mathemati- cal approach of the classical engineering schools is not effective in architectural and building construction colleges. Thus, students of these schools are driven to consider themselves as artists with less interest in scientific and engineering prin- ciples. However, all artists must acquire mastery of the technology of their chosen medium, particularly those who choose buildings as their means of expression. The structure of a building is the framework that preserves its integrity in re- sponse to external and internal excitations. It is a massive object that must somehow be incorporated into the architectural program. It must therefore be given a form that is compatible with other aspects of the building. Many fundamental issues as- sociated with the function and appearance of a building, including its overall form, the pattern of its fenestration, the general articulation of solid and void within it, and even,
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