2012 Annual Report Mission and Background

Fiscal Year 2012 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute 2012 Annual Report Mission and Background

Mission Background The Virginia Tech Transportation Institute In 1996, VTTI was designated as one of three (VTTI) saves lives, saves money, and saves time Federal Highway Administration/Federal Transit in the transportation field by developing and Administration Intelligent Transportation Systems using state-of-the-art tools, techniques, and (FHWA/FTA ITS) Research Centers of Excellence. technologies to solve transportation challenges. Since then, the Institute has grown tremendously VTTI conducts applied research using a multi- and has garnered a reputation as one of the leading disciplinary core of researchers and educates transportation research institutions in the nation. students in the latest transportation technologies Its cutting-edge research is effecting significant through hands-on research and experience. VTTI change in public policies in the transportation uses a breadth of tools to explore transportation domain on state and national levels. In 2005, due to problems, including facilities such as the Virginia its continued research leadership, the Institute was Smart Road and the internally developed data designated the National Surface Transportation acquisition system (DAS). Safety Center for Excellence (NSTSCE). VTTI has an elite team of engineers that develops new techniques and technologies to study transportation challenges from any perspective: vehicle, driver, infrastructure, and environment. These capabilities earn the Institute a unique standing in the transportation research field and make VTTI a one-stop shop for transportation research, evaluation, analysis, and development.

2 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

Table of Contents 2012 Annual Report

• Mission and Background 2

• Sponsors, Clients, Partners 4

• Facilities and Equipment 5

• The Virginia Smart Road 7

• Special Initiatives 9

• Tours and Open Houses 10

• Media Coverage 11

• Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center 12

• Center for Automotive Safety Research 14

• Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology 28

• Center for Sustainable Mobility 32

• Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems 38

• Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure 42

• National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence 46

• Center for Truck and Bus Safety 70

• Center for Injury Biomechanics 78

• Center for Product Development 86

• Center for Technology Development 88

• National Tire Research Center 90

• Virginia Green Highway Initiative 92

• The I-81 Coalition/Transportation Policy Group 94

• Financial Information 96

• Stakeholders 122

• Personnel 124

• Publications 142

• Presentations and Honors 154 3 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute 2012 Annual Report Sponsors, Clients, Partners

The continued success of the Institute 0 Hubbell Lighting, Inc. 0 Research and Special 0 is due in large part to its sponsors, Human Factors North Programs Administration 0 Institute for Critical Technology and 0 RGS Associates, Inc. clients, and partners. VTTI would like Applied Science (ICTAS) 0 ROHO, Inc. to acknowledge the contributions and 0 IDEA Programs 0 Rowan University 0 0 support of the following organizations: Institute for Transportation Research Rutgers University and Education at North Carolina 0 SAE International State University 0 Schneider National, Inc. 0 3M 0 Interactive Design 0 0 Science Applications AAA Foundation for Traffi c Safety and Development, Inc. International Corporation 0 0 AAA Mid-Atlantic Jacobs, Edwards, and Kelcey, Inc. 0 Science Museum of Western Virginia 0 0 ACF Johns Hopkins University 0 Scientex 0 0 American Association of Motor Last Resource 0 Shenandoah Telephone 0 Vehicle Administrators Lisboa, Inc. 0 Shentel Service Company 0 0 American Transportation Litton Network Access Systems 0 Siecor/Corning Research Institute 0 Lord Corporation 0 0 Siemens Amoco 0 Maccaferri 0 0 Snow Economics Arlington County, VA 0 MaineWay Services 0 0 Soft ware Technology, Inc. Atlantic Construction Fabric 0 MCI Federal 0 0 South Carolina DOT Attention Technologies, Inc. 0 Michelin 0 0 Systems Technology, Inc. Automotive Events 0 Minnesota DOT 0 0 Texas DOT Battelle 0 Mississippi DOT 0 0 Texas A&M Transportation Institute Beam Brothers 0 ModComp 0 0 TNO Defense, Security and Safety Bedford County, VA 0 Montana State University – Western 0 0 Tom Tom Bekaert Transportation Institute 0 0 0 Toyota Bishop Consulting Monterey Technologies, Inc. 0 0 0 Transanalytics Booz Allen Hamilton Motor Coach Industries 0 0 0 Transecurity California Department Motorcycle Safety Foundation 0 of Transportation (DOT) 0 Transportation Research Board National Academy of Sciences 0 0 Calspan 0 Travelers Insurance National Cooperative Highway 0 0 Cambridge Systematics United Defense, L.P. Research Program 0 0 Canadian Council of Motor 0 University of Calgary National Highway Traffi c 0 Transport Administrators Safety Administration University of Central Florida 0 0 Carnegie Mellon Robotics Institute 0 National Institutes of Health University of Iowa 0 0 CARPI USA 0 National Parks University of Maryland 0 0 CEI Group 0 National Private Truck Council University of Massachusetts/Amherst 0 0 Center for Innovative Technology 0 National Science Foundation University of Michigan Transportation 0 Cisco Systems 0 Research Institute National Transit Institute 0 0 Clean Air Tech International 0 University of Minnesota National Transportation Research 0 0 Clear Roads Center, Inc. University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill 0 0 Corning Cable Systems 0 NAVTEQ University of Pennsylvania 0 0 Crack Sealant Consortium 0 New River Valley Planning University of South Dakota 0 0 Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership District Commission U.S. Air Force 0 0 Delaware Department of Motor Vehicles 0 Nissan U.S. Department of Agriculture 0 0 Norfolk Southern Railroad ChooseMyPlate.gov Program Delaware Technical 0 and Community College 0 North American Fatigue Vehicle Safety Communications 3 0 0 DENSO Management Program Veridian 0 0 DLA Piper 0 North Carolina State University Virginia Center for Transportation 0 Donovan Hatem 0 Oilcom Innovation and Research/Virginia DOT 0 Operations and Security Division 0 Dunlap and Associates, Inc. Omni Weight Corporation 0 0 0 Osram/Sylvania Virginia Department of Conservation Dynamic Research, Inc. and Recreation 0 0 Outdoor Advertising Association Enercon Services, Inc. 0 Virginia Department 0 Ergonomic Analysis, Inc. of America 0 of Environmental Quality 0 Fairfax County, VA PACCAR, Inc. 0 0 Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles 0 Pacifi c-Sierra Research 0 Federal Highway Administration 0 Virginia Department of Rail 0 Parsons Brinckerhoff and Public Transportation Federal Motor Carrier 0 Safety Administration PB Farradyne, Inc. 0 Virginia DOT 0 0 Fluor, VA PB World 0 Virginia Rail Policy Institute 0 0 Ford Motor Company Penn State University 0 Virginia Tech Parking Auxiliary 0 0 Foundation for Outdoor Advertising Pennsylvania DOT 0 Virginia Tourism Commission 0 Research and Education Performance Fuels System 0 Visteon Corporation 0 0 General Motors Philips Lighting 0 Volvo Trucks North America 0 0 General Motors OnStar Division Pitt Ohio 0 Weigh-In-Motion 0 0 George Mason University Professional Truck Driving Institute 0 Westat 0 0 Georgia DOT PSMJ Resources, Inc. 0 Western Research Institute 0 0 Guard Rail of Roanoke, Inc. Realtime Technologies, Inc. 0 Windwalker Corporation 0 0 Howard/Stein-Hudson Associates, Inc. REI Safety Services, Inc. 0 Wisconsin DOT 4 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

Facilities and Equipment 2012 Annual Report

Overview VTTI has several laboratories to aid in research objectives. These labs include driver-interface The traditional laboratories at VTTI are housed development, eye-glance data reduction, lighting in two buildings totaling more than 52,000 square research, accident analysis, accident database feet. Building I is 30,000 square feet and houses analysis, pavement research, and traffic simulation. office, laboratory, and garage facilities. Low-service laboratories include facilities dedicated to driver interface development, eye-glance data reduction, Vehicle Fleet lighting research, accident analysis, accident The VTTI vehicle fleet includes 32 vehicles database analysis, pavement research, and traffic and tractor trailers, many of them uniquely simulation. The National Surface Transportation instrumented for specific experiments. The Fleet Safety Center for Excellence (NSTSCE) building Inventory table outlines the year, model, make, and added 22,000 square feet of office and laboratory color of each vehicle or trailer. Researchers use the space and was occupied in July 2006. VTTI vehicle fleet for Smart Road tests; experimental test currently has approximately 7,500 square feet of vehicles are used to develop new instrumentation “flex” space in The Moss Building and Research packages. Several of the vehicles are long-term Building 7 at the Virginia Tech Corporate loaners from vehicle manufacturers, the Virginia Research Center (CRC). VTTI is expanding Department of Transportation (VDOT), and other its on-site capacity with the 7,000-square-foot partnering organizations. addition of three garage bays and a 24,400-square- All vehicles are maintained in-house when possible foot addition to Building 1 that will comprise with fully functional garages and a machine shop. office space. Flex space currently used in Research Loaned vehicles are maintained in cooperation Building 7 will be vacated following completion of with the organization that provided the vehicle. the new building. To supplement and support the focused transportation research of the Institute, facilities feature a fully staffed garage and machine shop to instrument experimental vehicles. Technicians and engineers use full-scale machine and welding shops, electronics laboratories, and garage facilities to customize transportation hardware and software designed to collect large amounts of data. These facilities are also used to support the maintenance and expansion of the Virginia Smart Road systems and capabilities. Additionally, VTTI occupies an adjacent four-bay, 7,200-square-foot garage. This facility is used to store the VTTI instrumented vehicle fleet and the equipment necessary for research and Smart Road operations. Smart Road Control Room/Laboratories VTTI houses the Smart Road Control Room through which on-road research is scheduled and overseen. The Control Room also acts as the 511 Virginia Data Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Center. Dispatchers located in the Control Room have the ability to manipulate lighting and all-weather testing systems on the road and can control access to the facility itself. 5 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute 2012 Annual Report Facilities and Equipment

Fleet Inventory

Year Make Model DateofAcquisition Color 1997 Volvo TractorTrailer NovͲ96 Green 1994 Peterbilt TractorTrailer SepͲ98 White/Blue 1995 Oldsmobile Aurora AprͲ96 White 1997 Ford Tauras DecͲ96 White 1999 Chevrolet Van(15Passenger) DecͲ98 White 1999 Ford ExplorerXLT MarͲ99 White 1999 Ford CrownVictoria AprͲ99 White 1999 Ford Contour AprͲ99 White 2000 Ford ExplorerXLS JanͲ00 White 2000 Chevrolet CͲK2500 JunͲ00 White 2002 Chevrolet Silverado2500 2ͲMay White 2002 Ford NewsVan 2ͲFeb White 2002 Cadillac Escalade 2ͲAug Pewter/Gold 2002 Cadillac Seville 3ͲAug Red 2001 Saab 504ͲASR 3ͲNov MidnightBlue 2006 Cadillac STS 6ͲOct White 2006 Cadillac STS 6ͲOct White 1999 Dodge RamͲPickup 6ͲNov Green 2007 RamLin TrailerͲWindMachine 7ͲOct Maroon 2003 Chevrolet Malibu 8ͲJan White 1997 Wasbash Trailer 7ͲJun Orange 2007 Utility Trailer 7ͲJun White N/A Mitsubushi MightyMitz 6ͲDec Silver 1990 Hyster Forklift 4ͲJul 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe 8ͲMay Grey 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe 8ͲMay Blue 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe 8ͲMay Gold 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe 8ͲMay Red 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe 8ͲMay Blue 2008 Chevrolet Tahoe 8ͲMay White 2003 Chevrolet Malibu 8ͲSep White 2008 Kawasaki LE650ͲA 9ͲJan Red

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The Virginia Smart Road 2012 Annual Report

Overview The Smart Road is a unique, state- of-the-art, full-scale, closed test-bed research facility managed by VTTI and owned and maintained by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). The Smart Road continued to play an important role in VTTI research and overall success during Fiscal Year 2012. Since its inception, more than 15,700 hours of research have been conducted on the road.

Smart Road Features and Operations • Seventy-fi ve weather-making towers accessible on crowned and zero-crown pavement sections; Smart Road features and operations include, but are not limited to: • Artifi cial snow production of up to four inches • A 2.2-mile, controlled-access test track built to per hour (based on suitable weather conditions); interstate standards; • Production of diff ering intensities of rain with • Two paved lanes: varying droplet sizes; • Th ree bridges, including the Smart Road Bridge • Fog production; (the tallest bridge in Virginia); • Two weather stations with offi cial National • Full-time staff that coordinate all road activities; Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • 24/7 access control and oversight; (NOAA) weather available within one mile; • Centralized communications; • Variable pole spacing designed to replicate 95 • Lighting and weather system controls; percent of national highway systems; • Safety assurance and surveillance; • Multiple luminaire heads, including light- • Fourteen pavement sections, including an open- emitting diode (LED) modules; grade friction course; • A wireless mesh network variable control • In-pavement sensors (e.g., moisture, temperature, (i.e., luminaire dimming); strain, vibration, weigh-in-motion); • A high-bandwidth fi ber network; • Zero-crown pavement section designed for • A diff erential global positioning system (GPS) fl ooded pavement testing; base station; • An American Association of State Highway and • Complete signal phase and timing (SPaT) using Transportation Offi cials (AASHTO)-designated remote controls; and surface friction testing facility; • Wide shoulders for safe maneuvering during experimental testing.

7 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute 2012 Annual Report The Virginia Smart Road

Smart Road Enhancements The VDOT 511 Virginia Project During the year, the following facility VTTI serves as the primary QA/QC agency enhancements and additions were made to for the VDOT 511 Virginia project. The 511 improve the capabilities of the Smart Road: system is designed for travelers and delivers • Replacement and control upgrade of two information about events that may affect traffic surveillance cameras: (e.g., crashes, congestion, road work, and • Replacement of 37 of 39 luminaires with effi cient weather-related road conditions). and variably controlled LED units; • Upgrades to the weather-system hydrant that QA/QC services provided by VTTI include, included wireless control via a mesh network; but are not limited to: • Th e re-design of infl atable “socks” used for pop- • Reviewing entries within the VDOT VaTraffi c up bollards (such devices infl ate instantly from incident management system. hidden pockets in pavement sections to create • Monitoring the various 511 public services to emergency stop events for studies); ensure that VaTraffi c information is delivered • Installation of a photovoltaic-powered sump to the public in an accurate and timely manner. Th ese 511 public services include: pump designed to address water infi ltration at a » bunker without ready access to utility power; and Th e 511 public website that provides • Installation of decorative covers on unused coverage for most roads in Virginia weather-tower bases. (www.511virginia.org); » Th e 511 interactive voice response The following repairs and/or upgrades are planned phone system (dial 511), which includes for the Smart Road in the near future: information for approximately 400 • Upgrade of existing analog fi ber communications Virginia roads (all interstate roads and most primary roads); to gigabit-speed Ethernet (digital); » • Installation of roadside equipment transceivers Th e VA511 Alert emails, available free to the public via subscription; and to support the VTTI connected-vehicle test bed; » • Continued upgrades to the weather-making Dynamic message boards at nine hydrant controls; welcome centers across Virginia. • Replacement of existing analog surveillance The VTTI 511 QA/QC team functions within cameras with digital Internet protocol (IP) units; the Smart Road Operations Group and includes • Replacement of existing weather stations with three full-time staff members and as many as units compatible with VDOT usage; 15 part-time employees. The 511 and VaTraffic • Upgrades to existing Smart Road management systems are monitored 24/7, 365 days per year soft ware systems; from the Smart Road Control Room. • Upgrade or replacement of the existing two-way communication system; As more information and new modes of • Probable installation of Wi-Fi access points on communication become available, the VDOT all Smart Road facilities; and 511 Virginia project will continue to expand its • Upgrades to the static test area, including public services. The project provides valuable access and visibility controls, surveillance, assistance to travelers navigating congested and communications. areas, road and lane closures, and dangerous roadways due to inclement weather.

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Special Initiatives 2012 Annual Report

International Center for Naturalistic Building a data center at this scale requires Driving Data Analysis at Virginia various skills and teams. The VTTI data center team works closely with the central IT Tech (formerly Smart Data Center) organization of Virginia Tech and the Virginia The VTTI data center experienced several Bioinformatics Institute (VBI) to best leverage expansions this year. Most noteworthy among strategic investments of the University in these were a new computational cluster, the research computing. This collaboration has application of the Virginia Tech HPC Storage been particularly noteworthy in the design and System, and a significant upgrade to the storage implementation of the HPC Storage System. system supporting the VTTI Scientific Data Warehouse environment. These systems compose Training and Education for VTTI Employees the foundation for data-intensive scientific The human resources staff at VTTI, in research programs conducted at VTTI, particularly cooperation with administrative staff and the Second Strategic Highway Research Program research associates from several centers at the (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving Study. Institute, provided a variety of training and The 48-node compute cluster of the Institute educational opportunities for faculty and staff moves data between the field and the data center, throughout the fiscal year, including: SmartBoard decrypts data, prepares data files for ingestion training; a data acquisition system (DAS) to the Scientific Data Warehouse, processes information session about how to plan for and video files, and provides a platform for advanced use the DAS during naturalistic driving studies; analytical processing. A significant development a seminar about managing Institutional Review of the HPC Storage System was a peta-scale Board (IRB) adverse events; Endnote/Zotero archive file system, which will ultimately facilitate training sessions; a question-and-answer session the long-term storage of numerous petabytes of about data ingestion, access, and analysis; and data while maintaining data in an online state. harassment prevention and complaint-handling Finally, the Scientific Data Warehouse expanded workshops led by the Virginia Tech Office for from approximately 100 terabytes (TB) to more Equity and Inclusion. than 500 TB as a result of the growth of the VTTI research data repository. 9 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute 2012 Annual Report Tours and Open Houses

Tours and Open Houses and capabilities of the Smart Road, toured the VTTI staff, in partnership with employees Smart Road Control Room, viewed instrumented from the Virginia Department of Transportation vehicles, and took a ride on the Smart Road through (VDOT), annually host one public open house, a simulated rain shower created by specialized one school day event, and multiple tours. weather towers on the road. Open House Community Tours The open house was held in April 2012, and To increase general public education and awareness approximately 250 people attended. Attendees about the Smart Road and VTTI research, saw a presentation about the construction and community tours are given throughout the year. capabilities of the Smart Road, toured the Smart Research hours on the Smart Road take precedence, Road Control Room, viewed instrumented but every effort is made to have as many groups as vehicles, and took a ride on the Smart Road possible tour the Smart Road and VTTI facilities. through a simulated rain shower created by Tour groups during the fiscal year included sponsors, specialized weather towers on the road. potential sponsors, peer institutes, stakeholder groups, foreign dignitaries, Virginia legislators, University Open House police department safety units throughout the The University Open House was held in Commonwealth, driver’s education instructors, November 2011. Throughout the day, VTTI driver training programs, crash investigation hosted Smart Road tour groups led by guides units, advocacy groups, local civic groups, various who discussed VTTI capabilities and research. international university officials and students, civil and mechanical engineering students from Virginia School Day Event Tech, visiting scholars from various universities, The VTTI School Day event was held in April Virginia Tech reunion group attendees, conference 2012. Students in attendance included first groups, fleet safety managers, attendees from VTTI- graders to college students and public, private, sponsored conferences, USDOT management and and home-schooled groups from various research staff, USDOT Secretary Ray LaHood, regions of the Commonwealth. Attendance and the Canadian Deputy Minister of Transport numbered approximately 300. All students were Highway and Safety. given a presentation about the construction

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Media Coverage 2012 Annual Report

*AAA GoDanRiver.com *AARP Google News Alabama Live Great Falls Tribune Arizona Daily Star Green Car Congress *Associated Press (AP) GulfNews.com *AT&T Human Factors and Ergonomics Auto123.com Society Bulletin Automedia.com Huntsville Times Automotive World Interest Alert Autopia Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Car Advice ITS International Car Connection Landline Magazine Cavalier Daily Lansing State Journal Cayman Observer Las Vegas Review-Journal Las Vegas Sun CCJ Digital SportRider.com Central Valley Business Times *LEDs Magazine *Light & Medium Truck Star News Online Channel Partners Online Tallahassee Democrat Charlotte Observer *Lynchburg News & Advance Marion Star *Technology Bloom News Chattanooga Times Free Press *Telegram.com Chicago Daily Herald *Market Watch Medical Daily *TheTrucker.com *Chicago Tribune The Truth About Cars CIO IN (Bangalore, India) *Michigan Live Motorcyclist Magazine Times-Herald Clarion Online Times Leader *CNBC Motorists Mutual Motorsportsnewswire.wordpress.com TimesUnion.com *CNET Tribune Chronicle *CNN *Muskogee Phoenix National Center for Policy Analysis *TruckingInfo.com *CNN Money *TruckNews CNN Tech National Safety Council NBC12 Tucson Sentinel Columbus Dispatch *United Press International (UPI) ComputerWorld New Jersey Today New York Times USA Today ComputerWorld Australia US News Health Connected World Magazine News and Tribune Northern Virginia Daily UT San Diego *Consumer Reports Virginia Business Magazine Cronkite News NPR NPR Health Blog Virginia Tech Magazine Cutting Edge News *Virginian Pilot *Daily Herald OpenPR Orange County Register *Virtual-Strategy Magazine Daily Review *Wall Street Journal *Dallas Morning News *Orlando Sentinel Penn Live *Washington Post Dayton Daily News WBTV3 (Charlotte, NC) Delaware County Daily Times Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Post-Gazette WCTV (Tallahassee, FL) *DesignNews *WDBJ7 (Roanoke, VA) *Detroit Free Press *PR Newswire *PR-USA.net West Virginia Metro News *Detroit News Wired.co.uk *Digital Journal *PR Web Radio New Zealand News WJHG7 (Panama City Beach, FL) *Digital Trends WJXT Jacksonville (FL) Discovery Channel *Reuters Risk and Insurance.com WorldNetDaily Edmunds.com *WSET13 (Roanoke/Lynchburg, VA) ESPN Roanoke Star-Sentinel *Roanoke Times *WSLS10 (Roanoke, VA) FenderBender.com WTVR6 (Richmond, VA) Fond du Lac Reporter Safety & Health Magazine *San Francisco Chronicle Yahoo.com Fox Business Yahoo Sports Fox News Satellite Radio Playground School Transportation News YNN Hudson Valley Fox Sports West York Dispatch Gainesville Sun ScienceDirect.com Zimbabwe Guardian GM News Scoop.co.nz (New Zealand) *Multiple mentions GMA News Seattle Post Intelligencer 11 Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center

The Connected Vehicle/Infrastructure University Transportation Center (CVI-UTC) is designed to conduct research that will advance surface transportation through the application of innovative research and the use of connected-vehicle and infrastructure technologies to improve safety, state of good repair, economic competitiveness, livable communities, and environmental sustainability.

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2012 Annual Report

A Consortium comprising Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, VA), the University of Virginia (UVA; Charlottesville, VA), and Morgan State University (MSU; Baltimore, MD, an Historically Black College and University [HBCU]) has teamed to develop a Tier 1 University Transportation Center (UTC) to be headquartered at VTTI. The UTC will focus on basic and applied research, education and workforce development, and technology transfer centered upon what is perhaps the technical area with the greatest potential to make a landmark impact on the future of transportation safety and efficiency: the Connected Vehicle/ Infrastructure (CVI) environment. The CVI-UTC is led by Dr. Dingus of VTTI. Dr. Dingus’ established track record of delivering high- quality, complex, large-scale, multi-partner research efforts is essential to accomplishing the ambitious goals of the Center. The following individuals will work with Dr. Dingus as the Center’s leadership team: • Brian Smith, UVA • Andrew Farkas, MSU • Catherine McGhee, Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research (VCTIR) The CVI environment provides an unprecedented opportunity to solve a number of transportation problems by enabling the sharing of real-time information across vehicles and infrastructure elements. Robust communication between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle [V2V]), infrastructure (vehicle- to-infrastructure [V2I]), and devices (vehicle-to- device [V2D]) will facilitate applications designed to address the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) strategic goals of safety, state of good repair, economic competitiveness, livable communities, and environmental sustainability. VTTI has assembled a strong Consortium with the capabilities and experience required to conduct state- of-the-art research, education, and technology transfer in the area of connected vehicles. Consortium members include the UVA Center for Transportation Studies (CTS) and the National Transportation Center (NTC) at MSU. Center partners include VCTIR, and supporting stakeholders include Nissan, Volvo Truck, the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation, and the County of Fairfax, VA. Members of the Consortium are well known to the USDOT and have played key roles in many transportation and connected-vehicle research projects during the past several decades, including: the Safety Pilot Driver Acceptance Clinics (DACs), the National Cooperative Transportation System Pooled Fund Study, the Development of Performance Guidelines for Commercial Vehicle Safety Applications, and the Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations (CICAS-V). CVI-UTC Consortium members have unique experience conducting research at various levels, from the nationwide deployment of 2,000 light vehicles for the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) to test- track and laboratory research and development projects for major original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and transportation agencies. The CVI-UTC Consortium brings world-class test facilities, methods, and processes to the UTC. VTTI has more than 16 years of experience conducting a variety of experiments for federal and state government projects and research sponsored by private industry. The research support infrastructure of the Consortium makes it an ideal location for evaluations of transportation issues related to safety, mobility, and environmental sustainability.

13 Center for Automotive Safety Research

The Center for Automotive Safety Research (CASR) specializes in researching the causes of automobile and motorcycle crashes and countermeasures designed to prevent them. Driver focus areas include high-risk groups such as teens, older drivers, and motorcycle riders. Solutions and countermeasures consider all aspects of the driving environment, including the interactions between vehicles, infrastructure, and drivers.

CASR comprises the Advanced Product Testing and Evaluation Group, which focuses on assessing vehicle- based collision avoidance and driver-assist technologies; the Light-vehicle Safety Group, which conducts research on an array of human factors and other safety-related issues The mission of the Center for pertaining to light vehicles; the Motorcycle Safety Group, Automotive Safety Research which addresses the unique needs of motorcycle riders (CASR) is to conduct research within the larger roadway system; the Connected-vehicle Systems Group, which is focused on leveraging connected- and development efforts that vehicle technologies to primarily reduce the societal costs advance knowledge in the encumbered through vehicle collisions; and the Safety light-vehicle domain and and Human Factors Group, which specializes in helping provide solutions to real- industry and government sponsors solve light-vehicle- world situations. related transportation issues through naturalistic driving research and controlled experiments.

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2012 Annual Report

New Projects Task 3: Event and Epoch Files for Collisions The objectives of this task are to produce events SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving and epochs for each collision found during the Study Data Dissemination SHRP 2 NDS. An event is typically operationally The objective of the Second Strategic Highway defined for only a short period of time (e.g., six Research Program (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving seconds). The event file will produce largely Study (NDS) is to support data dissemination categorical or summary variables (similar to the by developing more accessible versions of NDS trip summary files) that characterize the event data and the required data retrieval tools early period. The epoch file contains the time-history during the data collection period. By preparing information of the variables of interest for the reduced or de-identified files (e.g., trip files, event period and for a period occurring sometime event files, other reduced or aggregated files) prior to and after the event. Nominally, these it is expected that more users will have easier time periods could extend from 30 seconds prior access to NDS data. The project emphasis is on to the point of interest until 10 seconds after the producing de-identified data that can be widely point of interest. It is likely that video of at least shared with minimal or no restrictions on use. the forward scene will also be provided for these The data dissemination effort was divided into epochs (contingent upon Institutional Review the following tasks: Board [IRB] approval). Pertinent roadway variables may also be added to both files. Sample Task 1: Data Access Website variable lists for NDS event and epoch files are A data access website was developed that includes included on the data access website. An analysis dictionaries, sample data, and an open-source of these collisions has begun and will continue viewer for video data. This SHRP-branded throughout the SHRP 2 data collection period. website also includes a discussion forum to facilitate communication with a user group. The Task 4: NDS Early Products/Results website continues to be expanded with more The objective of this task is to produce early detailed information as it becomes available. products or results for the SHRP 2 NDS. These The site was designed to be transferable to the products/results will include descriptive statistics Transportation Research Board (TRB) or its such as the number of participants (categorized designee to moderate if desired. It is expected by site, age, gender, and vehicle) currently in the that this site will be a central resource for NDS study and those that have completed the study. data users now and during the future. Other information is included (e.g., the number of trips, total miles, total hours, maximum speed Task 2: Develop Trip Summary Files of each trip, and maximum deceleration of each Trip summary files provide descriptive trip) and can be reviewed by the general public. information (e.g., total distance, average speed, and whether a crash occurred) for each Task 5: NDS User Workshops/Training trip taken. A sample variable list for NDS trip Three workshops have been conducted to date summary files is included on the data access showing potential users the SHRP 2 NDS data. website. Participant variables (e.g., age and The objectives of this task are to organize the gender) and vehicle information (e.g., make, workshops and/or training sessions by use of model, and year) are planned to be included. SHRP 2 NDS data, develop the materials, and This task also comprises development of a user- conduct the sessions. friendly interface (e.g., an online analytical Task 6: NDS User Technical Support program [OLAP] cube with aggregate values) The objective of this task is to provide one-on- for public access to data. one and need-specific technical support for individual users of SHRP 2 NDS data.

15 Center for Automotive Safety Research

Technical support may include initial or strategies, and specifying instrumentation for ongoing data access consulting, assistance in the use during the study. During the next year, preparation of specialized data files for analysis, hardware selection will be finalized, recruiting video reduction, use of the VTTI secure data will occur, and data collection will begin. enclave to access restricted data, and other support to facilitate use of NDS data. There are currently Portable Devices four projects funded separately by SHRP 2 for While existing industry and government which this task will provide technical support. guidelines discuss appropriate levels of distraction arising from integrated in-vehicle NHTSA Instrumented On-road devices, the potential effects of portable devices Study of Motorcycle Riders has yet to be fully addressed. The purpose of This study is designed to instrument 160 this project is to review existing literature and motorcycles in Southern California with the guidelines on distraction related to portable objective of collecting real-world motorcycle aftermarket and voice-controlled devices, and riding behaviors to identify countermeasures determine their relevance in application to the that reduce unsafe riding behavior. There will be in-vehicle environment. The final deliverable of two approaches to instrumentation: 1) 60 of the this project will be a compendium and review of bikes will use the VTTI Next Generation data academic articles, technical reports, guidelines, acquisition system (DAS) with radar, independent and standards related to portable device use, and brake-lever sensing, and five camera views; and 2) their potential effects on in-vehicle distraction. 100 of the motorcycles will use the MiniDAS with This project is being sponsored by NHTSA. two cameras. Human Factors for Connected Project activities performed during the past Vehicle Guideline Development year include a workshop conducted with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration The Human Factors for Connected Vehicles (NHTSA) to identify areas of interest for research, (HFCV) program is a United States Department development of IRB materials, reviews of of Transportation (USDOT) research effort California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) focus on the unique human factors associated data sets to guide bike selection and recruitment with connected vehicles. The program seeks to provide behavioral- and technology-based research for ensuring that connected vehicle (CV) applications improve safety rather than increase driver workload and distraction. VTTI has been selected by NHTSA to lead efforts to (1) develop an architecture for integrating multiple safety and non-safety CV applications, and associated driver-vehicle interfaces (DVIs), into a cooperative system, (2) test protocols for such integrated systems, and (3) develop the voluntary Human Factors Design Guidelines product for the HFCV Program.

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VTTI is working with a number of leading Shanghai Field Operational Test experts within the transportation research field VTTI, General Motors (GM), and Tongji to assess previous connected vehicle and related University are jointly conducting a naturalistic research literature in order to design, develop, driving field operational test (FOT) in Shanghai, and execute coordinated experiments which China. This project provides opportunities to: 1) will address the primary goals of this research Evaluate the logistical and technical challenges of project. Key focus areas of the proposed research conducting a collaborative international NDS and include the filtering, prioritization, scheduling, 2) Investigate variations between international and presentation of information to the driver, driver behaviors and traffic conditions. and will encompass light passenger vehicles, as well as heavy vehicles and commercial VTTI will install a DAS developed for SHRP 2 on drivers. The assembled team will coordinate five GM vehicles. Tongji will collect FOT data for multiple studies across a variety of locations, three years. The collected data will be transferred encompassing simulated and closed test-track to VTTI for initial processing and uploading to a studies, on-road observations, and focus groups. secure database for sharing by the research team. Each study performed in this project will No funding currently exists for the establishment look at how to best integrate the multitude of of an international database-sharing mechanism information and applications competing for the or data analysis. driver’s attention, as well measure the success of that integration. The results of the proposed Data collected during the Shanghai NDS are studies are expected to be condensed into a expected to differ substantially between China summary that characterizes the key findings and the United States. The Chinese automobile and their implications within the Human market has become important during recent Factors Design Guidelines. This document will years, but there is limited research available from be a voluntary guidelines document by which field-collected data about driver and traffic traits. automotive manufacturers and CV technology Issues that may be addressed during this study developers may choose to develop and assess include the transferability of crash-avoidance their CV technologies. feature designs and requirements primarily developed in the United States. In public sectors, Usage and Risk Differences When Using there are issues as to whether driver behavior Hands-Free and Hand-Held Cell Phones: research results and driving safety regulations Data Analysis And Documentation are compatible internationally. This study will provide critical information that addresses the Existing data on distraction has been an aforementioned issues via an analysis of data excellent starting platform for improving our collected from the Shanghai FOT and existing understanding of driver distraction. NHTSA’s NDSs (e.g., the 100-Car Study). Driver Distraction Program (DOT HS 811 299) aims to improve our understanding of driver This study serves as a model for international distraction when using cell phones. This study NDS collaborations conducted with VTTI as a is investigating drivers’ interaction with three major partner. Technical and logistical challenges types of cell phones – hand-held, portable of conducting cross-continental NDSs include hands-free, and integrated hands-free - to remote technical support for DASs, a massive determine the relative exposure and risk of each data transfer between the VTTI data center type. This study involves reducing NDS data and international partners, and regulation to identify the following three aspects of this discrepancies for studies involving human interaction; how much drivers use a cell phone subjects. The knowledge and experience gained while driving; their driving performance while during this project will benefit future large-scale, using the cell phone; the risk of a safety-critical international NDSs. event associated with using the cell phone. This project is sponsored by NHTSA. 17 Center for Automotive Safety Research

Light-Vehicle Builds and Model Communications 3 (VSC3) Consortium of Deployment Support for the eight vehicle manufacturers, is leading the Safety Pilot Program efforts to build and evaluate 72 light vehicles equipped with fully integrated V2V systems. Vehicle connectivity may have the ability VTTI has been selected to provide support to to enable a safer and more efficient surface the CAMP VSC3 in Pre-Model Deployment transportation system. The USDOT Connected Testing, Model Deployment data collection, Vehicle Safety Pilot Program was created to processing, storage and analysis, and Post- demonstrate the safety capabilities of connected Model Deployment Evaluation. vehicles in a real-world environment and provide technical data in support of the NHTSA 2013 During the first stage of this project, VTTI will decision on Connected Vehicle technology on design, develop, and instrument 72 vehicles light vehicles for vehicle safety. The two critical with customized Data Acquisition Systems test efforts which make up the program are the including camera and sensor packages, as Safety Pilot Driver Clinics and the Safety Pilot well as concealing fixtures, necessary for data Model Deployment. The Driver Clinics project, collection; 64 of these vehicles will be evaluated in which VTTI contributed, evaluated driver in the Safety Pilot Model Deployment. VTTI will acceptance within controlled test environments then assist in the development and performance and operational scenarios, and completed testing of objective and application-level testing of the in early 2012. From August 2012 to August 2013, instrumented vehicles, as well as readiness the Model Deployment will include approximately validation testing prior to releasing the vehicles 3,000 cars, trucks, and transit vehicles operating to the Model Deployment Test Conductor for on an open roadway to assess fully integrated integration into the Model Deployment fleet. V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) systems, aftermarket VTTI will develop driver training materials devices, and roadside infrastructure (V2I or and train integrated vehicle drivers, in addition Vehicle-to-Infrastructure). The Crash Avoidance to assisting with interoperability testing, Metrics Partnership (CAMP) Vehicle Safety performance testing, and the development

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and validation of a method that estimates Ninety teenaged participants were recruited to positioning accuracy. VTTI will monitor and participate in this study prior to obtaining their maintain the condition of every integrated learner’s permits. All participants completed a light vehicle during the second stage of this series of questionnaires and surveys before and project, the Model Deployment, using a during their participation. A naturalistic method cellular link and automated health check was used in which the participants’ vehicles were systems, collect, store, process, and transfer instrumented with cameras, sensors, and radars. vehicle data from the fleet, and coordinate Instrumentation occurred on the vehicle in with the CAMP VSC3 Consortium to analyze which most practice driving was anticipated to and report Model Deployment data as well as occur. Teen driving was continuously recorded support to the Volpe National Transportation during the nine-month learner’s permit phase Systems Center, the Independent Evaluator and for 12 months after study participants for the Model Deployment. The Safety Pilot received their licenses. Cameras were mounted Model Deployment is a full-scale test of unobtrusively to facilitate naturalistic driving safety related connected vehicle systems behavior. Participants were instructed to drive and will provide valuable information to the vehicles as they normally would throughout understand their potential for improving the the learner’s permit phase and the first 12 transportation system. months of licensure. This resulted in a maximum of 24 months of data collection. Data were Practice Driving Study downloaded regularly from the vehicles without This research, sponsored by the National requiring any special effort from participants. Institute of Child Health and Human Study participants and their parents/supervisors Development (NICHD), assesses the factors were not instructed to practice in any particular that are important during the practice driving way. However, the amount and variety of phase (i.e., when a teenager is driving with practice provided by the parent/supervisor and a learner’s permit). The study will be an compliance with state laws (i.e., 45 supervised observational one of the nine months of the practice hours, 15 of which must be at night) will learner’s permit (practice driving) phase and be analyzed. The first nine months of practice the first 12 months of independent driving. driving will then be compared with the outcomes Driving skills and safety outcomes will be of the first 12 months of independent driving. assessed. The study will be conducted using the VTTI naturalistic data collection method Canada Naturalistic Driving Study and continuous data recording. The Canadian Deputy Ministers of Transport Previous research has shown that crash and Safety have funded a large-scale NDS to be rates of novice teenaged drivers are elevated conducted in Canada. The deputy ministers have during the first six months and 1,000 miles selected one data collection site in Saskatoon, of independent driving. The amount of Saskatchewan, and 125 participants will be supervised practice driving has not been recruited to drive either 24, 18, or 12 months. carefully measured, and little is known about Such staggered data collection periods will the amount, nature, and timing of practice result in 175 data-years of driving on Canadian driving that adolescents receive prior to roadways. The sampling plan for subject licensure. The purpose of this study is to recruitment has yet to be decided. determine the effects of greater and lesser amounts of supervised practice driving on the The study role of VTTI during this project driving performance of newly licensed teens. is similar to the one it performed during the SHRP 2 S06 project (i.e., the team will provide coordination and oversight during the data collection process). Unlike SHRP 2, VTTI will 19 Center for Automotive Safety Research

be directly involved in data collection and a variety of cognitive-training protocols. If such will be responsible for data storage during the enhancements due to training can be successfully Canada NDS. It is anticipated that by storing verified during actual driving, a breakthrough may both SHRP 2 and Canada NDS data, researchers be made in terms of maintaining safe mobility and will be able to query both data sets to answer independence among the older population. important highway safety research questions. The goal of the current study is to evaluate While this study was not yet under contract by the efficacy of two different training-related June 30, 2012, a signed contract was in-house protocols. The evaluation will be based on key the first week of July 2012. performance metrics of driver behavior and safety A Continued Investigation into Secondary to be measured initially and during a one-year, Task Alternatives: Purely Speech-based post-training period. versus Combined Speech/Vision Methods Sixty-three male and female licensed drivers aged Agero, an independent provider of personalized 70 and older will be recruited from the VTTI area telematics services, is currently sponsoring a to participate in the study. The training programs research effort designed to evaluate speech- to be used are: based alternatives to in-vehicle tasks that • DriveSharp™ by Posit Science, an “at home,” are traditionally vision-based. This research computer-based training program aimed at incorporates three approaches: manual, improving seniors’ driving safety; speech-only, and a combination of speech • An in-vehicle tool and a protocol created by and manual inputs. These approaches will be Toyota engineers that incorporate constructs compared in terms of their effects on driving related to useful fi eld of view; and performances while executing destination- • A control group that will undergo no protocols. entry tasks. Measurements of lateral and A 2012 Toyota Camry has been procured to longitudinal impacts on driving while engaged serve as the test vehicle for this project, and in these secondary tasks will include both speed experimental hardware, software, and protocols and lane maintenance. An eye-glance analysis have been established. Pilot testing is complete, is expected to determine which approach and participant recruitment will soon commence. requires the least amount of eyes-off-road time. Subjective feedback is expected to classify Driver Distraction: Operational a perceived favorite, but objective data will Definitions, Event Algorithm ultimately dictate which approach should be Development, and Data Set Creation used to inform future applications. The SHRP 2 naturalistic driving data set provides Comparing the Driving Safety an unprecedented opportunity to investigate Benefits of Brain Fitness Training distracted driving behavior. The goal of this Programs for Senior Drivers project, funded by the Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center (CSRC), is to develop a data set There is now substantive evidence that targeted of distracted driving epochs and an associated training and training-related activities can data set of non-distracted driving (baseline) improve the efficiency of the brain and that epochs. This data set will be provided to the SHRP neural plasticity (i.e., changes in the structure, 2 research community in the future to facilitate function, and organization of neurons in targeted investigation of distracted driving. response to new experiences) is the mechanism that affords and supports cognitive changes To enable the creation of such a data set, it was first throughout a person’s life. Recent research efforts necessary to operationally define distraction. This have indicated that older individuals can enjoy was the subject of a workshop held in Washington, fairly long-term driving safety benefits from DC, which was followed by a report from VTTI

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expanding the results and placing them in the Ongoing Projects context of prior research. These operational definitions will then be used to develop an Motorcycle Safety Foundation algorithm that will employ vehicle kinematic, Naturalistic Study system, and driver variables available from the The Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) SHRP 2 data set. The algorithm will identify and its members partnered with VTTI for potential distracted driving epochs that what is likely the first large-scale, naturalistic will be verified using video reduction. The motorcycle riding study. The study includes final data sets will comprise verified epochs seven motorcycle models that represent a range of distracted driving and non-distracted of engine sizes and styles (i.e., cruisers, sport, (baseline) driving. or touring). During the past year, 63 of 100 motorcycles were instrumented at three sites: GM Blanket Agreement California, Florida, and Virginia. Participants VTTI currently has eight active will ride with instrumentation for six to 18 GM-sponsored projects under the $4.8 months to create a comprehensive picture of million GM Blanket Agreement. The projects factors contributing to both crashes and near- span interface and system design issues related crashes. Approximately 150,000 miles of data to the advancement of vehicle safety and have been collected to date; more than 500,000 convenience systems. These applied projects miles are expected to be included in the data generally focus on: i) Driver acceptance, set when the study is complete. Code has been use, and reliance on advanced vehicle developed to provide high-level summaries of systems; ii) Driver comprehension; and iii) the data set, and quarterly reports have been Understanding alternative interface designs. provided to MSF. Ongoing work includes controlled test-track and extended NDSs using instrumented Technical Coordination and Quality vehicles to capture and document driver Control for the SHRP 2 NDS (S06) interactions with systems. TRB of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) administers the Safety Area of SHRP 2. VTTI is a key player in helping TRB achieve its goals in the safety arena via the Institute’s leadership role in the SHRP 2 NDS, the largest such research study ever undertaken and the model for

21 Center for Automotive Safety Research

similar efforts being pursued internationally. The first DAS was installed in a vehicle during VTTI is working closely with SHRP 2 staff and October 2010. Approximately 1,850 vehicles are site contractors who are staffing each of six data currently on the road, and nearly 400 participants collection sites: Buffalo, NY; Tampa, FL; Seattle, have completed the study. To date, more than WA; Durham, NC; Bloomington, IN; and State 20,500 vehicle-months of data have been collected; College, PA. an additional five vehicle-years are added daily to that total. Collected data include several The overall goal of the VTTI effort is to ensure continuous video images such as the driver’s face that all study data are collected accurately and the forward roadway. Other data streams that and stored securely while maintaining human are continuously collected include acceleration subjects’ protections. VTTI’s responsibilities in three dimensions, global positioning system include: design and acceptance testing of the (GPS) information, forward radar, the presence DAS; overseeing procedures for participants’ of alcohol in the cabin, and ambient illumination. protections; coordinating study protocols; Onboard machine-vision algorithms produce developing approved consent forms and related lane-tracking and head pose/rotation data. For supplemental materials; facilitating successful security reasons all data are encrypted on the IRB submissions across all IRBs involved; solid-state data drive of the DAS. training S07 project personnel in terms of driver assessment, DAS installation, and DAS Procurement data handling; attending S07 project kickoff meetings; conducting S07 project site readiness The goal of this project (under the SHRP 2 S12a) inspections; overseeing participant recruitment is to obtain all DASs and related warranties and screening; adhering to the sampling plan; needed to support the SHRP 2 NDS (S06 and S07 managing the triage response to all remote DAS projects) within budget and within a time frame self-“health” check and automated collision that addresses project scheduling constraints. notification messages; monitoring the process The strategy focuses on finding a contract and progress of hard drive removals and data manufacturer (CM) with the capacity to provide uploads to the VTTI data center; maintaining a full turn-key product, including services, while the data collection schedule; and processing, recognizing that some parts may be obtained storing, and providing access to study data for use in ongoing and future research projects. As part of its oversight role, VTTI produces several monthly reports about inventory tracking, data quality, data accumulation, and projections. VTTI also manages the distribution of available study hardware across the six data collection sites in a manner that best supports TRB goals.

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during separate procurements or purchase vehicles equipped with V2V safety applications orders. The plan includes ordering production on a closed test track under controlled conditions prototypes from two to three CMs. to experience the V2V safety applications. VTTI developed subjective evaluation surveys/ A selection committee has been formed, questionnaires, managed the IRB process, including VTTI- and SHRP 2-nominated conducted data analysis of the subjective data personnel. The selection committee reviews gathered from participant surveys and focus and approves all procurement processes, groups, and participated in dry-run driver clinics documentation, and request for information prior to the execution of the DACs. After each (RFI)/request for proposal (RFP) vendor DAC was completed, system performance testing responses. The committee selected the winning was performed at each location to assess hardware bidder from among several competitors. and software performance and reliability in Vendor responses were primarily evaluated for diverse geographic regions of the country (e.g., cost, services offered, and delivery schedule. unique terrain, urban vs. rural locations) under Acceptance testing is ongoing of the winning real-world conditions. VTTI developed the DAS bidder’s prototype DASs. necessary to record performance evaluation data, Connected-Vehicle Communications installed the device on the vehicles, supported the Safety Pilot Driver Clinics Supervisor VSC3 consortium in establishing performance tests metrics and in the execution of performance The USDOT and its cooperative partners and testing, and analyzed the data acquired. contractors are exploring whether vehicle connectivity can have transformational impact Drowsy Driver Detection and Alerting on safety, mobility, and the environment. The System Development Support Connected Vehicle Safety Pilot program was In 2010 Transecurity, LLC, completed the first created to support the NHTSA 2013 decision phase of a Small Business Innovative Research on Connected Vehicle technology on light (SBIR) contract with the Federal Motor vehicles for vehicle safety. A key component Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) for of this plan is gathering field data to prove the development of a prototype drowsy driver feasibility of Connected Vehicle technology detection and alerting system. During Phase II of in the real world and feedback regarding this project, VTTI will provide ongoing research driver acceptance. Under the Safety Pilot and support to Transecurity in the advancement Roadmap, The CAMP VSC3 Consortium led and commercialization of this technology. Light Vehicle Driver Clinics to gather such data. VTTI was selected to serve as the Driver This project will include the development, Clinics Supervisor (DCS) for the Driver installation, evaluation, and expansion of: i) Acceptance Clinics (DACs). On-road testing of Mask head- and eye-tracking software and ii) A drowsiness detection algorithm Six DACs were held from August 2011 to on the Transecurity DriveVision Pro hardware January 2012 at various locations in the United platform. Mask is a machine-vision application States, with the objective of obtaining data on for sensing attributes of a driver’s face relative to driver acceptance of communication-based the vehicle. safety systems. As the DCS, VTTI directed and supervised the planning, protocol VTTI will support the continuous development development, human subjects protections, and of Mask software; the continuous development of execution activities conducted by the Driver a drowsiness detection algorithm; development Clinics Conductor (DCC) with the assistance of an appropriate human-machine interface of VSC3 Consortium original equipment for the system; development of data reduction manufacturer (OEM) personnel and the protocols for drowsiness events observed during USDOT. In these DACs, volunteers drove FOTs; evaluation of drowsiness detection 23 Center for Automotive Safety Research

performance, including hit, miss, and false Some participants also took part in a focus alarm rates; integration of all functionality group designed to delve deeper into drivers’ into the DriveVision Pro and DriveMetrix Pro impressions. Six DACs were conducted with systems to support commercial operations; approximately 120 participants per location. The and a system assessment performed in fleets Smart Road was the fourth DAC location; that during actual operating conditions, including clinic was held in November 2011. an evaluation of driver acceptance. DAC4-Facilities Completed Projects This contract supported the DCS project, providing oversight of the costs associated with Safety Pilot Driver Acceptance Clinics facility use and relevant VTTI staff labor. The USDOT, the CAMP VSC3 Consortium, VTTI, DACs required multiple conference rooms, and Automotive Events performed the Safety catering for participants and staff, Smart Road Pilot DACs between August 2011 and January time, and general support supplied by VTTI 2012. The DACs involved testing of V2V employees not immediately associated with the communications for crash avoidance systems larger DCS contract. at test-track facilities with naive drivers. Participants had the opportunity to experience Human Factors Limited-ability Autonomous a variety of V2V applications firsthand while Driving Systems (HFLAADS) driving one of 24 V2V-equipped vehicles VTTI worked with GM in cooperation with developed by the VSC3 members. the USDOT Federal Highway Administration While driving the vehicles, participants (FHWA) to study the human factors aspects became part of a carefully choreographed set of of limited-ability autonomous driving scenarios designed to exercise each of the V2V- systems (LAADS). The goal of this project based safety systems (e.g., forward collision, was to understand the factors that impact the emergency electronic brake light, do-not- effectiveness of alternative concepts of operation pass, lane-change, blind-spot, intersection (e.g., human-machine interfaces and control movement assist, and left-turn-across-path transition strategies) for vehicles with LAADS warnings). Participants’ impressions were features. Specific features considered were an captured and used to evaluate user acceptance. adaptive cruise control and lane centering capable of autonomously following a single lane on freeways. The program addressed concerns such as the possibility of drivers becoming overly reliant upon the systems, operating the systems outside of design parameters, or being unaware as to when the systems are not operating as intended. Data from a series of simulators and test tracks studied were used to design and refine various interaction concepts intended to help drivers stay engaged in the driving task.

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Evaluating Usage and Risk Differences When Support for NHTSA’s Development of Using Hands-free and Handheld Cell Phones Guidelines on Distraction-Potential from This project comprised a small-scale naturalistic (Embedded) Visual-Manual Interfaces study that produced data to estimate crash risk Five different subtasks were completed as part of related to handheld and hands-free cell phone this study. The first subtask comprised a Smart use. Data facilitated an understanding of the Road study during which more than 40 drivers interactions between drivers and different completed radio-tuning tasks using different phone communication methods. Three groups vehicles and radio systems. These tasks (along with of participants were recruited: one from the additional data) were used to set the maximum New River and Roanoke valleys in Virginia, one level of distraction considered acceptable in from Northern Virginia, and a smaller cohort the guidelines about distraction-potential from from North Carolina. A total of 204 participants (embedded) visual-manual interfaces. Three completed the study. Continuous driving subtasks leveraged expert interviews to address data were collected and analyzed. The project current issues of defining a “task” and its leveraged the DAS designed for use during SHRP elements, the tests and metrics that should be 2 projects and used similar installation and data used to quantify inattention and distraction for management strategies. To aid in identifying the purpose of guideline compliance, and the use driving epochs of cell phone use, participants of visual occlusion as a potential test method. were asked to share their cell phone records The fifth subtask facilitated the technical review during the study. of a distraction report that NHTSA is preparing for publication. Each of these subtasks yielded Connected Vehicles Interface Metrics— recommendations and suggestions pertaining to Multiple Warning Events the NHTSA guideline development process. This experiment provided a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of strategies CEI Predictive Analysis designed to manage multiple warning events. The objective of this project was to develop The incidence of multiple hazards and associated a traffic safety predictive model. The VTTI warnings in a single-event situation may lead team created scientifically sound models that to delayed driver response, confusion, and contributed to the safety‐improvement goal of inappropriate action. Although opportunities for the CEI Group. these types of multiple warning events are likely The developed traffic safety predictive model to increase as the number of in-vehicle warning connected traffic safety risk with a set of risk systems grows, research literature provides no factors (e.g., past driving history, experience, age, proven means or strategies for dealing with these etc.). The model provided critical information warning scenarios. about: 1) A quantitative assessment of safety risks This experiment was designed to collect objective given the characteristics of drivers/fleets and 2) data to explore the potential negative effects The safety impact of a specific risk factor. associated with multiple warning events and The traffic safety predictive model provided their timing. Connected-vehicle communication critical input for identifying safety risk factors; creates an environment for multiple warning developing safety countermeasures and types and multiple warning sources (e.g., evaluating their efficacy, safety prediction, personal digital assistants [PDAs] and hardwired, and monitoring; and accident cost modeling. vehicle-based warnings). Data were used to Project deliverables included the formulation of assess the magnitude of this problem and to the developed predictive model, specific values develop strategies designed to mitigate observed of model coefficients for data provided by the performance deficiencies. CEI Group, and a final report documenting the research efforts. 25 Center for Automotive Safety Research

Preventing Motor Vehicle Crashes among Continuous naturalistic driving data were Young Drivers: Research on Driving Risk also collected during an 18-month period for among Novice Teen Drivers (40-Teen Study) the same teens and some parents. Participant vehicles were instrumented within three Motor vehicle crash rates are highest among weeks of licensure to ensure that driving data novice teen drivers, especially during the first were captured during the earliest periods of six months and 1,000 miles of independent independent driving. Data collection began in licensed driving. Crash rates decline with driving June 2006 and continued through September experience. However, no research existed to 2008. This data set is still actively undergoing demonstrate learning effects on performance a variety of analyses, including an evaluation of based on independent driving experience. the speeding behaviors of teenaged drivers, the Additionally, the extent and variability of risks of distraction for teenaged drivers, eyes- driving performance among novice drivers were off-road times, and eye-glance behaviors during not established. specific secondary tasks. Previous analyses have The purpose of this study, which was funded by resulted in published journal articles, including: NHTSA and NICHD, was to assess the effect • Klauer, S.G., Simons-Morton, B., Lee, S.E., of driving experience on driving performance. Ouimet, M.C., Howard, E.H., & Dingus, T.A. This study, which was awarded in 2005, (2011). Novice drivers’ exposure to known collected continuous naturalistic driving data risk factors during the fi rst 18 months of and controlled experimental data on the Smart licensure: Th e eff ect of vehicle ownership. Road. Forty-two newly licensed teen drivers and Traffi c Injury Prevention. 12,2, pp. 159-168. their parents participated in this study. All teens • Lee, S. E., Simons-Morton, B. G., Klauer, S. plus one parent each were tested twice on the G., Ouimet, M. C., and Dingus, T. A. (2011). Smart Road: once at the beginning of the study Naturalistic Assessment of Novice Teenage and 12 months later. Crash Experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 1472-1479.

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• Simons-Morton, Ouimet, Klauer, Lee, Dingus, Identifying Countermeasure Strategies (2011, In Press) Th e Eff ect of Passengers Targeting Older Pedestrians and Risk-Taking Friends on Risky Driving This NHTSA project represented collaboration and Crashes/Near Crashes Among Novice between Westat and VTTI. The objective of this Teenagers. Journal of Adolescent Health. effort was to determine best practices related to • Simons-Morton, Ouimet, Zhang, Klauer, enhancing safety for older pedestrians who are Lee, & Dingus (2011). Risky Driving at greater risk than other age groups for being Among Novice Teenagers and Th eir Parents. in, and being severely injured or killed by, a American Journal of Public Health. pedestrian crash. This project also focused on Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study determining the best ways to enhance safety for senior pedestrians within minority and/or This project, funded by NICHD, was an immigrant populations and communities. optional add-on to the 40-Teen Study. The study was an observational one initially intended to Activities included reviewing and comparing investigate the nine-month learner’s permit past NHTSA-sponsored, pedestrian safety phase (i.e., practice driving) followed by the first program implementations and conducting six months of independent driving. The study structured interviews with experts in the field used the center’s naturalistic data collection of senior pedestrian and transportation safety. method and continuous data recording. Data Best practices were then determined in terms of were only collected when the teen participant engineering solutions, enforcement practices, was driving. and public information and education programs. These solutions were explored and This study is presently in a data collection phase evaluated by focus groups comprising minority with all 90 participants currently enrolled and and non-minority seniors. driving instrumented vehicles during their learner’s permit phases. Subject recruitment and This project was founded on the concept that vehicle installation processes were completed the topic of transportation safety for seniors June 30, 2012. Data reduction protocols will be must consider not only driving but other key developed during the next reporting period; modes of transportation for this growing data reduction will begin shortly thereafter. segment of the population. While the original study was designed to collect six months of data post-provisional licensure, approval was granted to extend data collection to 12 months post-provisional licensure. A Virginia Tech IRB amendment was submitted and approved. New informed consent forms designed to obtain approval for the additional six months of data collection are being sent to participants as they near the end of the initial data collection agreement. Data collection will be extended to April 2014.

27 Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology

The Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology (CSIST) will focus on the application of pavement mechanics, applied sensing technologies, and transportation-related geotechnical engineering.

The mission of the Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology (CSIST) is to be an internationally recognized center in smart and resilient infrastructure, including the development and application of sensing technologies, multifunctional materials, modeling and simulation methods, energy-efficient designs, and green energy technologies. Smart infrastructure senses its environment and imminent threats, judges consequences and values, and can act and react. Sensing is ubiquitous in every science and technology field, and sensor technologies have myriad applications in infrastructure engineering. Simulation- based engineering and science will herald revolutionary changes to current methodologies and practices. High-performance and multifunctional infrastructure materials are critical to saving natural resources and costs. Assessments of infrastructure conditions for critical maintenance, material designs with desired properties, predictions of the remaining quality service life, and decision making for rehabilitation options require applied sensing technologies designed to acquire condition data, model technologies such as damage mechanics, and model and predict the degradation of infrastructure via computational simulations. Energy- efficient designs and the use of green energies are major foci of the government to achieve sustainable developments. Integration of smart and green energy technologies designed to create a new generation of smart, resilient, and sustainable transportation infrastructure offers an efficient solution for the nation’s economy, security, and employment. The demand for research and development in these fields presents challenges and opportunities for CSIST.

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2012 Annual Report

Ongoing Projects in an improved force field suitable for realistic atomistic modeling of construction materials Asphalt Research Consortium under extreme conditions; 2) Use of multi-scale This project is designed to investigate the computerized tomography (CT) technology molecular mechanics simulations of asphalt- to characterize material structures from aggregate interfaces. Virginia Tech is responsible nanometer to millimeter; 3) Use of an ion beam for performing this subtask during which the to cut specimens for nanoscale samples and use simulations are used to model the physical of other nanodevices (e.g., a nano-indenter) and mechanical properties of an asphalt- to characterize the mechanical properties of binder structure that can inform the selection materials at nanoscale and microscale so that of modifiers for asphalt binders. The overall modeling, simulation, validation, and verification objectives are: i) To develop stress-strain or can be integrated; 4) Exploration of the stress-strain rate relationships for aggregate- conversion of chemical energy into mechanical binder interfaces using molecular dynamics energy (i.e., chemo-mechanics), the effect of (MD) simulations and ii) To quantify the the distribution of atom charges (examined imperfectness of the aggregate-binder interfaces by ReaxFF) in which the electromagnetic using an atomic force microscope (AFM). To field is coupled with the mechanical field (i.e., minimize uncertainty, quartz will be initially mechanical-electromagnetic couplings), and selected as the mineral aggregate for use during associations between QM interpretation and a the MD simulations as its molecular structure multiphenomena modeling technique designed and parameters are well established. An atomistic to couple different fields such as electromagnetic finite element method (FEM) to increase and mechanical forces (i.e., continuum-scale computational efficiency is currently being coupling); 5) Use of digital specimen and digital developed under a National Science Foundation test techniques to bridge mesoscale simulations (NSF) grant and will be used if successfully with nanoscale simulations, microscale structure, developed within the time frame of this subtask. and nanoscale structure; 6) Characterization and modeling of interfaces; 7) Innovative use of the Thin Mixes micro-continuum concept to address significant This research proposes to conduct a performance heterogeneity; and 8) Demonstration of an assessment of thin asphalt concrete-wearing integrated development by resolving problems courses by employing a model mobile load of concern. simulator (MMLS3). The load simulator, which is a scaled accelerated trafficking machine, will New Technologies for Development of apply realistic rolling wheel contact stresses Renewable Energy in the Public Right-of-way to thin pavement preservation treatments This research focuses on the development selected for use in Virginia. Testing will focus and field evaluation of a piezoelectric-based on preservation treatments that are of one-inch technology designed to harvest energy wasted thickness or less. Testing will initially be limited from the deformation and vibration of pavements to experimental 4.75 mm dense-graded surface due to traffic loading. The project also focuses mixes (SMs). on the development of installation techniques. A cost-benefit analysis will be performed during Mechanical and Structural Nanoscale Modeling the study. This study targets Mechanical and Structural Nanoscale Modeling, one of four projects related Digital Mix Design for Performance to nanoscale research as listed in a Broad Agency Optimization of Asphalt Concrete Announcement (BAA). The innovative ideas of This proposed research uses the following: i) this study include: 1) Use of the Reaction Force Advanced x-ray CT (XCT) to nondestructively Field (ReaxFF) theory, which was recently characterize the three-dimensional (3D) developed to bridge the gap between quantum representation of aggregate particles (i.e., digital mechanics (QM) and MD, thereby resulting particles); ii) High-performance computing 29 Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology

designed to select a gradation for ideal field Completed Projects performance of the asphalt mix. This will be accomplished by digitally representing the Applications to LADAR in actual aggregate gradation based on maximizing Aggregate Characteristics the number of particle contacts and loading This National Cooperative Highway Research transfer uniformity; and iii) Development of Program (NCHRP) project was designed digital specimen and digital test techniques via to develop and evaluate a 3D aggregate an NSF-supported project designed to evaluate characterization system and an analysis method asphalt concrete resistance against permanent using laser detection and ranging (LADAR). deformation, fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, These are important components in the areas and moisture damage. The proposed research of asphalt concrete, cement concrete, granular will result in a better understanding of the bases, and treated bases. fundamental mechanics that govern mixture performance, especially balancing capability Compared to XCT, the LADAR method costs against rutting, fatigue cracking, thermal less and is more portable for field testing. The use cracking, and moisture damage. This study of LADAR was expected to overcome some of will enable the integration of mix design into the limitations of current two-dimensional and pavement structure design through consistent semi-3D methods (i.e., the 2.5-dimensional). digital specimen and digital test techniques The objectives of this project were to develop and that incorporate mix-design information into evaluate a LADAR system capable of producing a pavement analysis. precise measurement of aggregate characteristics (e.g., shape, volume, angularity, surface texture, NSF Workshop on Smart and Resilient specific surface area, and volumetric gradation). Transportation Infrastructure Results included a prototype portable LADAR The objectives of this workshop are to: i) Gather system that facilitates 3D characterization of eminent researchers to brainstorm; ii) Present aggregates, a draft American Association of visions and perspectives; and iii) Identify State Highway and Transportation Officials promising technologies, tools, and research (AASHTO) method for using the system needs for developing smart and resilient and software to perform 3D aggregate transportation infrastructure. characterizations, a list of system requirements

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that allows other users to build similar systems, Transportation Fellowship and a database documenting all of the relevant This was a U.S. Department of Transportation results that other researchers may share. The (USDOT) Federal Highway Administration results can be directly adopted for application (FHWA) research grant. The long-term objective and will be useful for future research. of the grant was to prepare the Eisenhower Integrated Infrastructure Asset Monitoring, recipient for a career in transportation. Assessment, and Management; Mid- FHWA is interested in the effects of wide-base Atlantic Universities Transportation Center tires, which are increasingly used in the United (MAUTC) Collaborative Research Project States. The intent of this study was to process and analyze data collected from instrumented The goal of this project was to demonstrate the pavement sections that were loaded by a truck use of cost-effective sensing and monitoring equipped with both dual and wide-base tires systems that acquire performance data from during hot-weather conditions. Data were both bridges and pavements for integration into collected from the Specific Pavement Study infrastructure assessment and asset management. (SPS)-8 test sections at the Ohio Test Road. A Specific objectives of the project included: 1) data analysis of these experiments revealed the Deployments of cost-effective sensing and relative strains induced by each tire type and monitoring systems for a pavement section and design. This effort complemented ongoing work a bridge located near Charlottesville, VA; 2) on the following: 1) A 3D FEM tire model at Development of methods to use acquired bridge the University of Florida; 2) 3D FEM pavement and pavement responses to obtain performance modeling at the University of Illinois; 3) Vehicle- and traffic data; and 3) Development of an Pavement Interaction endeavors as part of the architecture to integrate the performance and Asphalt Research Consortium at the University traffic data into network-level infrastructure of Nevada – Reno; and 4) The Transportation assessment and management. Upon completion Pooled Fund solicitation #1175, “The Impact of the project the cost benefit of a potential of Wide-Base Tires on Pavement Damage: A statewide deployment was assessed. National Study.” Skid Resistance II Phase I of this research focused on assessing the characteristics of select carbonate aggregates available in Virginia that are normally classed as “polishing” and not generally suited for use in pavement surfaces. Phase II focused on the development of an accelerated wearing protocol for assessing the susceptibility of asphalt surface mixes to polishing. The protocol also was designed to assess surface mixes containing various amounts of carbonate aggregates as coarse and fine aggregates. This assessment established guidelines about the use of carbonate aggregates while maintaining satisfactory wearing characteristics of pavements.

31 Center for Sustainable Mobility

The vision of the Center for Sustainable Th e mission of the Center for Sustainable Mobility (CSM) is to establish itself Mobility (CSM) is to conduct research relevant as a nationally and internationally to society’s transportation needs, to translate the results of that research for application recognized center in the areas of in a realistic and workable fashion, to create sustainable transportation planning and provide the tools needed to apply and management with emphasis developed knowledge and processes, and to on mobility, efficiency, energy, educate qualifi ed engineers to meet today’s transportation demands and tomorrow’s environment, and safety. transportation challenges.

Th e objectives of CSM are to conduct research and to educate transportation engineers in the area of sustainable transportation mobility, which entails developing and managing transportation systems and technologies through their “life-cycle assessment” while simultaneously reducing their carbon footprints. CSM is multi-modal in nature and considers cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, pedestrians, and rail transportation.

CSM comprises four groups that focus on four research themes, namely: transportation systems and operations, energy and greenhouse gas emissions, transportation system safety and driver behavior, and data mining and visualization.

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New Projects MAUTC Penn State MAUTC Data Quality Needs Assessment MAUTC has been the federally designated university transportation center (UTC) for The objective of this Mid-Atlantic Universities Region 3 since the inception of the UTC Transportation Center (MAUTC)/Virginia Program in 1988. CSM leads the Virginia Tech Department of Transportation (VDOT)- team within a consortium that also includes sponsored effort is to prepare and disseminate Penn State (lead university), University of accurate medium-term travel-time predictions Maryland, University of Virginia, and West (i.e., up to 120 minutes in advance) for a major Virginia University. For much of its history, corridor between Richmond and Virginia MAUTC has functioned as a research funding Beach using probe-based INRIX data. The clearinghouse for its constituent members. The study section that will be considered includes changing transportation profession dictates that Interstate 64 (I-64) from Interstate 295 (I-295; MAUTC also function as a clearinghouse for east of Richmond) to Interstate 264 (I-264). knowledge creation, knowledge management, Project tasks include: 1) Assembling INRIX data and knowledge implementation. MAUTC is a and constructing a database of historical data single entity serving multiple, non-university categorized by days of the week and weekends stakeholders who are part of the transportation for entire freeway sections from Richmond to enterprise of the mid-Atlantic region. Virginia Beach; 2) Developing data imputation techniques and k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) TranLIVE UTC algorithms to identify similar spatiotemporal TranLIVE is a Tier 1 UTC. The theme of conditions for use in travel-time prediction. TranLIVE is, “Transportation for Livability This task will consider the use of pattern by Integrating Vehicles and the Environment” recognition and other statistical techniques to with an emphasis on developing technologies identify comparable conditions; 3) Testing the to reduce the environmental impact of algorithm by displaying the travel times on transportation. The TranLIVE UTC is a VDOT variable message signs (VMSs); and 4) consortium of five universities: the University Writing a final report documenting the findings of Idaho (lead), Virginia Tech, Texas Southern of the study. University, Syracuse University, and Old Dominion University. The mission of TranLIVE is to help the nation achieve the goals of a cleaner environment and greater energy independence through: 1) Eco-traffic signal-system technologies, 2) Eco-routing tools, and 3) Alternative fuels and vehicles. More accurate and reliable vehicle emission and fuel consumption models will be developed by integrating vehicle and environmental data systems. These efforts will lead to improved technology for the industry and better decision- making tools for transportation and land-use officials.

33 Center for Sustainable Mobility

This mission supports the U.S. Department to quantify the potential benefits of such a of Transportation (USDOT) strategic goals system. The work plan includes the following of livable communities and environmental tasks: a) Develop an approach to compute sustainability by developing integrated the optimum vehicle trajectory; b) Develop engineering solutions designed to better an algorithm to estimate queue lengths and manage planning and land use (livability) and queue clearance times using DSRC and loop- by reducing energy and environmental impacts detector data; c) Provide support to implement (sustainability) of the transportation system. the proposed logic within the eTEXAS model; d) Provide support to implement the Virginia Eco-signal Evaluation Tech Comprehensive Power-based Fuel Model As part of a Federal Highway Administration (VT-CPFM) within the eTEXAS framework; (FHWA)-funded effort, CSM researchers and e) Construct sample networks and conduct developed an algorithm to compute the fuel- a sensitivity analysis. optimal speed profile of a vehicle approaching a signalized intersection that displays a red Blue Castle Nuclear Plant Evacuation Study indication for different values of time-to-green This project entails asessing an evacuation time (TTG). The optimized vehicle trajectory is part estimate (ETE) in the vicinity of the Blue Castle of an Eco-Speed Control Model. To predict the Nuclear plant in Green River, UT. Dr. Hesham most fuel-optimal speed trajectory and to advise Rakha is leading a team from VTTI that will a driver of the optimal actions to take, the model conduct the modeling study of the evacuation incorporates information received about future plan. In accordance with the draft guidance, a signal changes from an upcoming traffic signal minimum of 10 evacuation scenarios will be controller using vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) modeled to reflect seasonal, day-of-the-week, communication. As a vehicle equipped with V2I weather, special events, and roadway impacts communication capability enters the dedicated on ETEs. These scenarios will be developed to short-range communication (DSRC) scope of identify combinations of variables and events, a particular intersection, the vehicle receives provide ETEs under varying conditions, and information about lead vehicles and upcoming support protective action decisions. The signal changes. If the vehicle can maintain scenarios will include a range of potential its current speed and safely pass through the evacuation situations dependent on site- intersection while the light is green, then it is specific considerations. The team will also directed to do so. If the traffic signal indication consider the introduction of staged evacuations is yellow, the algorithm calculates if the vehicle as alternatives to a keyhole evacuation. Staged can accelerate to some value below a set limit evacuations necessitate the evacuation of one (usually the speed limit) and pass through the area while adjacent areas are ordered to shelter intersection safely before the signal turns red. in place until directed to evacuate. For each If this is possible then the vehicle is controlled evacuation scenario, an estimate of the time to to proceed as directed. If the vehicle arrives complete a staged evacuation will be provided while the traffic signal is red, then the algorithm to support protective action decision making. computes the fuel-optimal speed profile so The ETE report will include a discussion of the that the vehicle arrives at the intersection stop approaches used during the development of line when the traffic signal turns green and all staged evacuations. queues have been cleared. The research effort will use the eTEXAS model to test the proposed algorithm. The test will consider various intersection geometries, various arrival rates, different expected times of arrival, different DSRC scopes, and different initial queues 34 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

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Ongoing Projects inexpensively estimate their inertial parameters on the road. This will enable vehicle safety Region 3 University Transportation Center algorithms to adapt to changes in loading, The theme of the Region 3 UTC is, “Technology thereby significantly improving the safety of for Integrated Transportation Systems Operation on-road vehicles. Task 2 entails battery health and Performance.” The theme recognizes that prognostic and diagnostic algorithms that can now and in the future transportation must be predict, detect, and isolate catastrophic plug-in envisioned as a set of fully integrated mobility hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery failures options to ensure optimal system performance. before they cause significant vehicle damage For too long, transportation has been considered and/or accidents on the road. This task will a series of modes with discrete missions, goals, enable vehicles to accurately estimate the states customers, and problems. The nature of obstacles of health of their battery packs on the road. This that have to be faced and the complexity of action will allow relevant vehicles to use battery transportation system elements dictate use of packs safely and efficiently, thereby improving advanced technologies designed to formulate overall vehicle fuel economy and minimizing solutions. With innovative solutions in hand, the the likelihood of catastrophic battery failures national strategic objectives of safety, mobility, (e.g., thermal runaway) on the road. global connectivity, environmental stewardship, and security can be effectively addressed. Completed Projects Developing Eco-driving Strategies Traffic Signal Control Enhancements under Numerous variables influence vehicle energy Vehicle Infrastructure Integration Systems and emission rates. These variables can be CSM teamed with researchers at the University classified into six broad categories: travel-, of Virginia to conduct a project designed to weather-, vehicle-, roadway-, traffic-, and driver- research and investigate the potential of using related factors. To reduce fuel consumption vehicle infrastructure integration (VII) data and emissions, significant efforts are required to characterize system operation, estimate to decrease the total trip distance and improve system-wide measures of performance, and vehicle technologies and road infrastructure. develop advanced signal-timing procedures Several research efforts have studied the impact that capitalize on VII data and enhance traffic of aggressive driving on fuel consumption and signal system operations. emission rates (e.g., Nam et al., 2003; Nesamani and Subramanian, 2006; Tzirakis et al., 2006). One Transportation and Logistics Engine study from Sierra Research (NRC, 1995) found The overall theme of this project was to enhance that aggressive driving is responsible for 15 and 14 the skills and knowledge of students and times greater carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon professors in the areas of transportation and emissions for the same trip, respectively. This logistics engineering. The project was designed project is sponsored by MAUTC. to produce university graduates with an international vision for solving problems related MAUTC Rollover Propensity Estimation to the increased traffic between North American This MAUTC-funded regional project involves Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) member fundamental collaborative research between nations while minimizing negative energy Penn State and Virginia Tech. The project and environmental effects. Curriculum-based includes two tasks. Task 1 entails developing student exchanges and faculty collaboration calibration tools to estimate the vehicle mass and focused on lively and contemporary topics center of gravity for use in a vehicle safety system. important to transportation work conducted This task will make it possible for vehicles to at North American research centers, including

35 Center for Sustainable Mobility

e-logistics used in international trade, hybrid (GHG) emissions at signalized intersections by transportation, intelligent transportation, just- improving vehicle motility using real-time traffic in-time delivery, rail transportation, shipping, signal phasing and timing data. During this transportation asset management, travel study, vehicles communicated with traffic signal forecasting, and truck transportation. controllers and local traffic information data to predict proper operations that would minimize The project partners from Canada included GHG emissions and fuel consumption levels. the École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, Specifically, a vehicle approaching a red light Québec, a member of the Université du Québec was informed of an impending signal change to network; and the University of Regina (Faculty green. The eco-drive, in-vehicle system computed of Engineering), Saskatchewan. Partners from the optimum control strategy to proceed through the U.S. included West Virginia University (Civil an intersection safely while simultaneously and Environmental Engineering Department), minimizing fuel consumption. Morgantown, WV; and Virginia Tech (College of Engineering), Blacksburg, VA. Partners Eco-drive from Mexico included the Universidad de Guanajuato (Faculty of Civil Engineering), State The objective of this FHWA-funded project was of Guanajuato; and the Universidad Autónoma to develop an eco-drive algorithm that integrated de San Luis Potosí (Campus Region Media), predictive cruise control and optimum vehicle Rioverde, State of San Luis Potosí. acceleration and deceleration controllers into car- following models. The proposed eco-drive system Evaluation of Merits and Requirements of enables vehicles to drive in a safe but fuel-efficient Next Generation Traffic Control Systems for manner using a high-resolution, in-vehicle map Northern Regions’ Existing Infrastructure and communication hardware designed for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and V2I use. The objective of this VDOT-sponsored project was to understand the limits of the existing Developing Eco-routing Strategies VDOT traffic signal system under growing Dynamic traffic routing is defined as the process traffic demands and needs. The project was of dynamically selecting the sequence of roadway also designed to determine when/if the existing segments from a trip origin to a trip destination. traffic signal system should be replaced or Dynamic routing typically entails using roadway re-used and retrofitted to a certain extent. travel times to compute a sequence of roadway The project initially attempted to address the segments. As with modeling human behavior, challenges related to northern region operation modeling driver behavior has always been (NRO) systems and apply the lessons learned complicated, is never accurate enough, and is in to the remainder of the state. The project constant demand for further research. Among the resulted in the development of functional early attempts to model human choice behavior requirements for traffic signal controls and a was the theory of the “economic man” who in clear understanding of the gap between these the course of being economical is also “rational” functional requirements and existing traffic (Simon 1955). According to Simon, “actual human signal system capabilities. rationality-striving can at best be an extremely Eco-signal crude and simplified approximation to the kind of global rationality that is implied, for example, This FHWA-sponsored project entailed the by game-theoretical models.” development of adaptive eco-drive applications in the vicinity of signalized intersections. The This NAVTEQ-sponsored project combined basic idea of the proposed study was to reduce energy and emission models with navigation energy consumption and greenhouse gas programs. The idea was to help consumers

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make “greener” choices about their routes. For This project investigated the potential of integrating example, an earlier study conducted by the energy and environmental measures into the principal investigator found that choosing an traffic-routing decision framework. The impact of artery-based route that took approximately five this routing strategy on network-wide efficiency minutes longer than a highway-based route (vehicle delay) was quantified, and the potential for reduced fuel usage by 23 percent (i.e., the route integrating system efficiency into environmental was shorter with slower speeds). During the past measures was investigated. This task was divided year, that route choice would have amounted into several subtasks: 1) Incorporating energy and to almost $300 in savings for a commuter. emissions within current routing algorithms, 2) Adding real-time traffic information would Investigating the impact of such routing strategies also facilitate route choice. For example, some using sample networks assuming a perfect research has found that mildly congested roads knowledge of system performance, 3) Quantifying actually promote fuel efficiency since they slow the minimum number of probe vehicles required drivers and result in a more even flow. It may be for successful implementation of the algorithms, counterintuitive to willingly follow directions to and 4) Evaluating the routing strategies associated a more congested route, but this could result in with different vehicle types. significant environmental savings.

37 Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems

The Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems (CIBSS) specializes in research involving vehicle-infrastructure cooperative safety systems, intersection collision avoidance, roadway delineation, and roadway and vehicle lighting.

The Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems (CIBSS) specializes in research involving roadway-based safety systems. These systems include lighting, visibility treatments, pavement markings, signage, signals, barriers, the interaction of visibility with roadway design, and weather considerations. The goal of CIBSS is to conduct research and development efforts that advance knowledge and provide solutions to real-world issues. The center has evolved from the Lighting and Infrastructure Technology Group. This group investigated the impacts of both fixed roadway and vehicle lighting systems on the visibility of people and objects in the roadway during nighttime conditions. These investigations included evaluations of the lighting requirements in crosswalks, alternative vehicle lighting technologies, the design of sag vertical curves for varying headlamp types, and the night- vision systems in vehicles. Additional research efforts conducted under the CIBSS umbrella include investigations that consider the impacts of adverse weather conditions on roadway visibility. CIBSS has also been successful in the development and deployment of lighting measurement systems. The vision for the center is to continue evaluations of the roadway visual and built environments and their influences on safety, sustainability, and suitability for all roadway users. Achieving this goal will include performing evaluations of the sustainability of lighting and other technologies. The integration of pedestrians and bicyclists into the roadway and their safety considerations are also vital aspects of the future development and growth of CIBSS. The CIBSS vision additionally comprises an enhanced program that provides research and evaluations of the designed and built aspects of the road environment (e.g., research into the performances and specifications of barriers, ditches, slopes, and similar structures).

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New Projects using each sign configuration. The distance at which a participant can correctly read the sign Airport Garage Lighting (i.e., the legibility distance) will be used as the This Airport Cooperative Research Program measure of performance. Results of this study (ACRP)-sponsored project is designed to will provide information that can help increase investigate the functionality and possible energy active sign legibility during foggy conditions. savings that may result from changes made to airport parking garage lighting. Current lighting Wet Visibility V technologies will be considered during cost- This VCTIR-sponsored project is another in benefit analyses of transitions to alternative the Wet Visibility family. Wet Visibility V is an airport parking garage lighting. Activities to extension of the efforts made during the previous be undertaken by VTTI include site selection project to assess the durability of pavement of multiple airports and field testing using markings. The retroreflectivity of test markings a modified version of the VTTI-developed installed on Route 460 in Blacksburg, VA, will be Roadway Lighting Mobile Measurement System monitored for an additional two years to assess (RLMMS). Lighting design activities will be long-term durability. The results of this study conducted with assistance from the engineering will provide information about the performance firm Parsons Brinckerhoff. Cost-benefit analyses of various pavement markings during a four- of transitions to different parking garage lighting year period. Results will be used by VDOT to systems will be performed with the assistance of inform its pavement-marking policies. the program management firm, MCR Federal. Adaptive Lighting LED Night This Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)- The Virginia Center for Transportation sponsored project considers the possibilities of Innovation and Research (VCTIR) is sponsoring adapting lighting systems to the needs of the this assessment of light-emitting diode (LED)- driving environment. The first step is to create a based exterior luminaires. LED luminaires have causal link between the lighting system and the been tested at VTTI for electrical and lighting vehicular crash rate. Current projects connect performances. Following this laboratory testing, the existence of lighting to a reduction in crashes, luminaire systems will be evaluated in the field but insufficient data exist to link roadway at a Virginia Department of Transportation brightness to the crash rate. To accomplish this (VDOT) Park and Ride facility using the goal, this project considers the crash rate for VTTI-developed RLMMS. Both evaluations six states and performance measurements of and ongoing measurements of luminaire the state lighting systems. A Bayesian analysis performance during a 24-month period will will then be performed to associate the lighting be reported to the sponsor to determine what performance to the crash rate. Draft procedures luminaires meet VDOT specifications. will be developed to aid in the design of adaptive lighting systems. These procedures will also Foggy Signs provide guidelines for when to dim a lighting This VCTIR-sponsored project is designed system and how to perform adaptation. The to investigate the performance of internally final step in this project is a legal review of illuminated roadway signs using different color the proposed guidelines to ensure the system schemes and intensities to determine which viability. The research team is heavily involved configurations perform best during foggy in the crash analysis. conditions. A Smart Road study will be conducted during which participants will be asked to read aloud an alphanumeric combination displayed

39 Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems

Accelerating Roundabout Implementation Ongoing Projects This project is primarily performed by Pacific Nights partners North Carolina State University and Kittelson and Associates, Inc. The purpose of This project is sponsored by Clanton and the project is to identify factors that limit the Associates and comprises an LED assessment implementation of roundabouts in the highway study conducted in Seattle, WA, in March 2012. system. These factors include the yielding of The purpose of this study is to compare different drivers to pedestrians in roundabouts. The LED luminaires to conventional high-pressure other limitation is the potential for backups to sodium (HPS) luminaires at varying dim levels. occur during peak traffic times. The research These comparisons are made to examine the team performed reviews of various roundabouts potential to dim roadway luminaires with throughout the U.S. to link roundabout design the goal of conserving energy costs while characteristics to driver behavior. The study maintaining the current standard of visibility. also includes crash and environmental analyses. Results will inform the City of Seattle and The resulting report will provide a guideline for Seattle City Light of potential ways to enhance agencies to minimize the impact of such factors or maintain visibility while transitioning to on roundabout implementation. LED technology. The results will also exist as a precursor to data that will be collected for the Spectral Interactions Adaptive Lighting project. The Spectral Interactions project is the second FHWA Safety Indefinite Delivery/ phase of Spectral Effects and is sponsored by Indefinite Quantity FHWA. The focus of this project is to investigate the impact of headlamps on overhead roadway This FHWA-sponsored project was awarded on lighting. This investigation will use varying July 1, 2010. The primary purpose is to provide levels of overhead roadway lighting paired with the FHWA Office of Safety with an outlet for standard vehicle headlamps. The project will performing various task orders in an indefinite use the Small Target Visibility (STV) model and delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) format. This pedestrian detection. The detection distances IDIQ contract is competitive. CIBSS researchers of objects under the prescribed conditions successfully provided a response to Task Order will show the impact of headlamps at different Proposal Requests (TOPRs) #30 and #34. dim levels. The findings may result in an During the course of the fiscal year, CIBSS opportunity for energy savings as the threshold researchers worked to enhance their responses for dimming roadway lights and adequate to the requested TOPRs through a continual nighttime visibility are examined. improvement process from the standpoints Shiny Sign of team capabilities and an understanding of FHWA requirements. The center also continues This project, sponsored by the National to seek communication with FHWA partners to Cooperative Highway Research Program provide a better resource to the agency as the (NCHRP) through the Texas A&M contract moves forward. Transportation Institute, compares different sign lighting types with different combinations Spectral Effects of sign materials. The purpose of the study is FHWA and the National Highway Traffic Safety to determine the most visible combination Administration (NHTSA) are sponsoring this of sign materials and sign lighting by having evaluation of the impact of the spectral power participants identify a series of words printed distribution of light on driver performance. on the signs while driving. New sign material With a new focus on energy savings, alternative technology may provide an opportunity for light source technologies (both traditional and dimming sign lighting, which can reduce new) are being applied to roadway lighting. energy costs and sky glow or light pollution. 40 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

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This has caused the spectral power distribution This study is complete, and a draft final report of the light source to play a more important has been submitted to NCHRP. It is expected role in the consideration of a roadway lighting that the report will undergo revisions pending application. Broad-spectrum sources (i.e., a comments from NCHRP. light source with significant spectral output across the entire visible spectrum) potentially Wet Visibility IV provide the driver additional benefits such as Wet Visibility IV, sponsored by VCTIR, was improved visual performance, better object color another in the family of the Wet Visibility recognition, and greater visual comfort. This projects. This project was designed to evaluate project investigates these effects and considers the durability of six wet-night, visible pavement- the potential benefits of a broad-spectrum marking technologies. These materials were source. The project also considers the impacts installed along Route 460 in Blacksburg, VA. of both the fixed overhead lighting system and The retroreflectivity of the pavement markings vehicle headlamps. Data collection has been was monitored until April 2011, and the completed; data analysis and final reporting of marking durability was evaluated. The visibility the project are underway. performance of the markings was assessed An additional aspect of the project is the during natural rain conditions. Twenty-four development of a potential system that uses participants from the public were asked to vehicle headlights to highlight pedestrians on determine the end of the pavement marking, the side of the roadway. This is coupled with the the number of skips visible between markings, initial study of broad-spectrum sources and the and to rate the markings. The final result of this potential benefits that such light sources may project was a pavement-marking technology provide in allowing drivers to detect pedestrians durability assessment. and animals along the side of the roadway. D.C. Nights The design and manufacture of this peripheral illumination system is complete, and data This D.C. DOT (DDOT)-sponsored project was collection is expected to begin in late 2012. an effort to develop a report recommending strategies and standards for improved Completed Projects lighting methods and levels in the District of Columbia. The project provided information Headlamp Sag to DDOT about the energy-efficient fixtures This NCHRP-sponsored project investigated the most suitable for inclusion in the District of impact of modern headlamp light distribution Columbia catalogue of standard fixtures. To on visibility through sag vertical curves on make appropriate selections of fixtures, VTTI roadways. Using the Smart Road and public was tasked by SAIC to evaluate fixtures in a lab roads in Blacksburg and Christiansburg, VA, the setting and to collect field data in areas of the visibility afforded by a variety of headlamps was District of Columbia. Performance evaluations measured in terms of object detection distance of the existing District of Columbia lighting through a sag vertical curve. This research also system and the final recommended system of included a survey of state DOTs and a review fixtures were undertaken by VTTI. This project of the American Association of State Highway was completed, and final recommendations and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Green were made to the sponsor. Guide. The study found that the AASHTO Green Guide design criteria for sag vertical curves greatly overestimate the visibility allowed by headlamps; there were no practical changes that could be made to the design criteria to correct the issue. 41 Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure

The Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure (CSTI) focuses on the areas of asset management, road surface characterization, general pavement design, and life-cycle cost assessment.

The mission of the Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure (CSTI) is to: 1) Advance the state of knowledge and provide quality education and research in transportation/infrastructure areas, including: sustainable transportation infrastructure, pavement materials, design and analysis, pavement and bridge condition assessments, life-cycle cost analysis and environmental assessment, infrastructure/ asset management, non-destructive testing, infrastructure maintenance, preservation, renewal, innovative sensing technology applications, and winter maintenance and operations; 2) Conduct outreach activities designed to disseminate and implement CSTI research on national and international levels; and 3) Enhance the transportation infrastructure workforce by increasing the number of graduate students in the pavement and infrastructure fields and strengthening the undergraduate transportation infrastructure track. CSTI will maintain its position as a worldwide leader in transportation infrastructure research and education by: 1) Conducting high-impact research designed to accelerate the renewal, increased safety, reduced life-cycle costs, and ensured sustainability of transportation infrastructure systems; 2) Serving as a paradigm of collaboration among governments, academia, and industries; and 3) Providing the resources, environment, and instruction necessary for students to learn fundamental concepts, acquire advanced knowledge, and gain practical experience.

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New Projects Quiet Pavement Preventive Maintenance The objective of this research is to support Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation The objective of this project is to improve the and Research (VCTIR) efforts to document preservation of state pavements by compiling all aspects of the progression to “routine the main findings from current practices of application of quiet pavement.” Tasks include the pavement preservation, evaluating the most determination of as-constructed functional and promising treatments, and developing guidelines structural properties of the various technologies and construction practices that can be used to be evaluated during two full winters of service by the Virginia Department of Transportation using performance monitoring. (VDOT) to define the most appropriate pavement preservation methods and timing for During this project, several different parameters roads in Virginia. described below will be measured to conduct performance monitoring of the five Quiet Project researchers participated in the VDOT Pavement Test Sites built by VDOT: Pavement Management System (PMS) training • Onboard Sound Intensity (OBSI; noise); held in the Richmond Central Office by the • Continuous Friction Measurement Equipment Pavement Maintenance Division with the (CFME) dynamic friction (Grip Tester); updated version of the program. The PMS • Static Friction with the Dynamic Friction program will facilitate evaluations of the Tester (DFT); historical performances of several preservation • Static Macrotexture with the Computerized treatments. This evaluation should produce Tomography (CT) Meter; and criteria for more effective implementation of the • Pavement markings, retrorefl ectivity, and suggested preservation approaches to be made color measurements. as part of this study. A simplified user’s guide for the PMS suggesting possible alternatives for Additionally, data processing of other parameters different preventive maintenance treatments (e.g., smoothness, locked-wheel skid, etc.) will will be created as part of the project. be supported and used during the development of the Interim Report for The Virginia Quiet Pavement Implementation Program distributed to the General Assembly. The OBSI software developed for CSTI was recently updated to facilitate data processing and analysis. It was also used to compare results against a system that has participated in the national OBSI rodeos, having shown ideal correlation. The next set of measurements in Virginia is scheduled for Fall 2012. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures has steadily increased during recent years. Furthermore, with growing awareness of greener and more sustainable practices and increases in oil prices, state DOTs have considered the economic and environmental benefits of integrating greater percentages of RAP into their mixes. 43 Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure

The objective of this project is to investigate predict water-film thickness and splash and spray the effect of increasing the amount of binder occurrence on pavement surfaces, encompassing content on the performance of high-RAP an appropriate range of conditions; 3) Validation surface mixtures. Because the aged binder in and refinement of the model developed; 4) RAP tends to improve rutting resistance and Development of recommendations for threshold degrade cracking resistance, the latter effect criteria used to classify the impacts of splash and may be offset by an increase in the percent of spray on highway users; and 5) Documentation asphalt binder compared to the optimal asphalt of the development efforts and preparation of content obtained using the Superpave mix technology transfer materials. design procedure. With the practice of many Virginia asphalt producers to fractionate RAP Pavement Surfaces Properties Consortium (FRAP), better control over mix gradation can This collaborative project establishes a research be achieved, which allows greater RAP to be program focused on enhancing roadway incorporated into the mixture. transportation system services by optimizing The direct benefit of the project is the potential pavement surface texture characteristics, including to increase mix stiffness, mix durability, and mix friction, splash and spray, and tire-pavement fatigue resistance in high-RAP content mixes. noise. Other organizations participating are the Furthermore, increasing RAP content has Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and potential environmental and economic benefits the Connecticut, Georgia, Pennsylvania, South that will result in more sustainable pavements. Carolina, Mississippi, and Virginia DOTs. The benefits should be relevant to both asphalt The program is designed to evaluate equipment producers and VDOT. used to measure pavement surface properties and other emerging technologies that show promise Ongoing Projects for improving measurements and innovative pavement surfaces and pavement preservation Splash and Spray treatments. The collaborative research program This project is designed to develop an assessment provides an accessible and efficient way for tool that characterizes the propensity of highway highway agencies and other organizations sections to generate splash and spray during to conduct research about pavement surface rainfall and for this propensity to be assessed texture and smoothness. The program also helps in terms of impacts on drivers. The project will participants verify the operation and accuracy of deliver a robust model designed to predict splash their equipment used for pavement evaluations and spray generation. The project comprises and road construction quality control. three model components: 1) Water-film, 2) Splash/spray, and 3) Exposure. The final model Current projects include: 1) An annual will be practical and applicable by all highway equipment “rodeo” to compare each partners’ administrations throughout the country. equipment used to measure pavement surface properties; 2) Seasonal monitoring of friction and Special emphasis is being placed on identifying macrotexture of different surfaces to investigate input parameters that are necessary for a robust the need for seasonal correction factors; 3) model and how these parameters should be Development of stereovision technology used to measured. The tool, which will subsequently measure macrotexture; 4) Continuous Friction be developed into an appropriate software Measurements Technology Deployment; application, will contribute to ongoing efforts to 5) Evaluation of high-friction surfaces; 6) improve user satisfaction with public highways. Evaluation of the feasibility of implementing the The project scope includes: 1) Evaluation of International Friction Index in the U.S.; and 7) prior work in the area of splash and spray Organization of the 7th Symposium on Pavement mechanisms; 2) Development of a model to Surface Characteristics SURF 2012 to be held

44 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

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September 19-22 in partnership with The Road Friction Management World Association, the American Association Current legislation from the Safe, Accountable, of State Highway and Transportation Officials Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: (AASHTO), FHWA, and the Transportation A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) notes that Research Board (TRB). poor pavement conditions, including inadequate texture/friction, contribute to (not cause) up to Completed Projects 30 percent of annual fatalities. This project was Structural Index designed to assist FHWA in its efforts to help state DOTs implement proactive pavement Key business functions of network-level pavement friction management (PFM) programs. It was management include supporting the selection of expected that implementation by owner-agencies pavement sections in need of work and assigning of a proactive PFM program that included “general” pavement treatments to these candidate investigatory (desirable) and intervention projects based on smoothness and surface distress (minimum) thresholds for pavement friction and data. This practice often results in treatments macrotexture would contribute to the selection that are under- or overdesigned when structural and maintenance of the most appropriate and capacity is taken into account for implementation cost-effective pavement surfaces designed to at the project level. This creates problems as increase highway safety by reducing crashes and the scopes of planned projects often change their severity. The project objective was to use a substantially, with significant modifications proactive approach that would help achieve the made to budget requirements. This project goal of reducing by half annual fatalities by 2030. helped address this gap by considering structural capacities of the existing pavements as part of the The project effort was designed to: i) Determine network-level decision process. The enhanced criteria and develop methods for establishing project-scoping approach facilitated the selection investigatory and intervention levels for the of more efficient maintenance and rehabilitation friction and macrotexture of different friction- treatments and resulted in significant savings demand categories or classes of highway during the life cycle of pavement networks. Another facilities for at least six states, ii) Assist at least benefit of the project is that it took proactive four states in developing PFM programs, and steps towards establishing effective performance iii) Demonstrate state-of-the-art friction and requirements for innovative contracting and macrotexture measurement equipment. functional requirements, which are relevant and This effort evaluated the recommendations of timely issues for pavement preservation projects. the 2008 AASHTO Guide for Pavement Friction This project built on the current VDOT effort (GPF) and supplemented them with appropriate to collect pavement structural capacity at the guidance based on the use of state-of-the-art network level. The project was designed to develop friction- and texture-measuring equipment a procedure that included pavement structural and the development of investigatory and capacity in terms of a structural condition intervention levels for different friction-demand index for the network-level decision-making categories. These activities augmented the process. The products of the effort included: 1) A March/April 2010 publication of the AASHTO structural pavement condition index that can be Highway Safety Manual and accompanying crash used for network-level pavement management, 2) analysis tools by addressing the contributions An algorithm to scope pavement preservation and that improved pavement condition, friction, and rehabilitation projects at the network level, and 3) texture can make on reducing the unacceptable A framework for specifying structural capacity number of annual fatalities and serious injuries. thresholds based on non-destructive evaluation and analysis.

45 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

The mission of the National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence (NSTSCE) is to use state-of-the-art facilities, including the Virginia Smart Road, to develop and test transportation devices and techniques that enhance driver performance, examine advanced roadway delineation and lighting systems, address age-related driving issues, and address fatigued driver issues.

The National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence (NSTSCE) at VTTI was established by the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2005 to develop and disseminate advanced transportation safety techniques and innovations in rural and urban communities. The vision of NSTSCE is to become recognized as The National Center for Surface Transportation Safety, make a significant impact in improving surface transportation safety, and leverage partner and sponsor relationships to disseminate results. NSTSCE has formed a Stakeholders’ Committee comprising organizations that share its vision for improving road-user safety locally and nationally. The Stakeholders’ Committee members represent the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), General Motors Corporation (GM), the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), the Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research (VCTIR), the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), Travelers, and VTTI. NSTSCE uses a synergistic approach across four research focus areas to maximize resources. These research focus areas comprise safety devices and techniques that enhance driver performance, evaluations of the built roadway environment and infrastructure-based safety systems, safe mobility for vulnerable road users, and driver impairment.

46 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report New Projects Adaptive Behavior Cycle Bracket This study comprises a re-analysis of existing VTTI is currently conducting two safety-related naturalistic driving study (NDS) data sets. naturalistic motorcycle studies. The first study There are two goals. The first is to investigate has placed 63 of 100 motorcycles on the road whether conversing on a mobile device is found (Motorcycle Safety Foundation Naturalistic to be associated with a decreased risk of a safety- Study). The second study is in the planning critical event (SCE). It is hypothesized that phases and will include 160 motorcycles drivers alter the way they drive when conversing (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on a mobile device, thus increasing their safety [NHTSA] Instrumented On-road Study of margins by slowing their vehicles and increasing Motorcycle Riders). The original bracketry their headways to lead vehicles. This change and accessory housings (e.g., radar, global in driving performance may be evidence of a positioning system [GPS], cameras) were compensatory mechanism being invoked. designed for a small number of motorcycles The second goal is to investigate the relationship with no accessories or modifications. This between drowsiness and the SCE risk from project will support the design of bracketry mobile device use. Here it is hypothesized that and housings that can be used on a range of the SCE risk associated with conversing on a motorcycle models. mobile device will decrease when drivers have Current VTTI bracketry was reviewed, grouped obtained little sleep the previous day. By contrast, according to the area of the bike on which such the SCE risk associated with complex cell phone bracketry will be used, and organized as a set subtasks (e.g., dialing, texting) is hypothesized of images illustrating the current designs and to increase when drivers have obtained little bikes on which bracketry is used. Reference sleep the previous day. libraries have been initiated that quantify Goal 1 Status – An analysis was performed of dimensional differences between bikes. Off-the- the speed of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) shelf bracketry is being reviewed, and samples when drivers used and did not use a mobile have been purchased. Iterations of prototype device. Commercial drivers were not found to bracketry have begun. decrease their speeds. Rather, they were found Subsequent steps include continuing to to increase their speeds by 4 km/h and 2 km/h catalog motorcycle dimensional differences to during low and moderate driving task demands, identify commonalities and adapting prototype respectively. No speed differences were found alternatives that capitalize on commonalities. during high driving task demands. Although Promising prototypes will be tested in the field, drivers did not decrease their speeds when using and final designs will be identified. a mobile device, they were observed to talk/ listen less during high driving task demands. Goal 2 Status – Goal 2 is being performed as part of the master’s thesis of a graduate research student at VTTI. Although analyses are still being performed, an initial analysis showed that commercial drivers used a mobile device more during the first five hours of work than they did between the 5th and 8th hours of work. Analyses continue to focus on investigating the relationships between drivers’ sleep, times on shifts, cell phone use, and SCE involvement.

47 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

Visual Behavior in Roundabouts The MiniDAS is designed to be mounted quickly The focus of this project is to examine driver on the windshield or the dashboard. It can also eye-glance behavior in roundabouts and how support onboard monitoring and driver feedback it pertains to pedestrian safety. Participants for both traditional and non-traditional vehicles. will drive a route through Blacksburg, VA, It is currently estimated that the systems will be which will include 12 different maneuvers received during the first quarter of 2013. through two roundabouts. During the drive, participants will wear an eye-tracker device Prescription and Over-the-counter Drug so their glance behaviors may be recorded for Use and its Relationship to Involvement analysis. Pedestrians will sometimes be stationed in Safety-critical Events (SCEs) at points of interest at each roundabout so that The purpose of this study is to conduct a typical glance patterns can be determined with comprehensive analysis of CMV drivers’ and without a pedestrian present. The proposed prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drug research has the potential to provide information use and its relationship to SCE involvement. about driver eye-glance behavior in roundabouts, Impairment by drugs, especially related to legal which can help determine where conflicts with drug use, has received considerable attention pedestrians might occur and how those conflicts during the last few years. In fact, NHTSA may be mitigated. co-sponsored a workshop discussing the effects of Active and Adaptive Roadway drugs in transportation (Transportation Research Board, 2006). Studies have shown an increase Delineation Systems in crash risk while driving under the influence This assessment will benefit both Virginia and of alcohol, cannabis, and benzodiazepines the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (Beirness et al., 2006; Stewart, 2006). Although through a further analysis of safety needs the adverse effects of alcohol and illicit drug use and guidance for the development of active while driving have been widely documented, delineation system standards. less is known about the adverse consequences of A significant effort has been made on the literature driving while under the influence of prescription review. In general, curve delineation and straight and OTC medications. roadway systems have been identified, and their The Large Truck Crash Causation Study functionalities have been and continue to be (LTCCS) found that almost 30 percent of truck assessed during this effort. Initial contacts have drivers involved in a one-truck/one-passenger- been made with vendors to gauge interest in vehicle crash had an associated factor of participation in this research effort. prescription drug use (Federal Motor Carrier MiniDAS Safety Administration [FMCSA], 2006). At first glance these statistics appear noteworthy. Development is underway of the newest VTTI However, there are several methodological DAS, the MiniDAS; procurement plans are considerations to be made before researchers can in place to purchase 100 systems. This DAS conclude that prescription and OTC drug use facilitates epoch and continuous recording and while driving results in a significant crash risk. contains many of the same features as the Next More data are needed to support this contention, Generation DAS, including: including: a) Base rates of prescription and OTC • A three-axis accelerometer, drug use among truck drivers not involved in • GPS technology, crashes; b) When the drug was taken in relation • Forward and driver video, to the crash; c) If the drug affects the truck • Network variables, and driver’s performance, attention, or decision- • Machine-vision applications (e.g., lane tracker and head tracker). making ability; d) If the illness itself or the drug

48 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

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contributed to these decrements; e) If the critical to create an instructional package for fleet safety reason or primary contributing factor of a crash is managers and officials that may be delivered in related to the drug’s adverse effect on the driver’s an informal manner. This package will provide performance, attention, or decision-making information about the latest research findings capability; and f) Other mitigating factors (e.g., related to heavy-vehicle safety. The culmination sleep before crash, alcohol or illicit drug use, etc.). of this project will be a pilot session of the instructional package conducted with a group of A case-control study could address most, if safety managers. not all, of these issues. However, case-control studies are expensive and time-consuming. The Supporting CMV Driver VTTI Naturalistic Truck Driving Study (NTDS) Health Outreach Efforts database provides an excellent opportunity to The Driving Healthy website was redesigned assess the relationship between prescription and and updated to improve utility. A detailed OTC drug use and SCE involvement. Included Driving Healthy analytics report was prepared in the NTDS are daily driver logs in which and presented to Travelers Insurance for its drivers self-reported what medications they consideration. Additionally, the team continues took, the time the medication was taken, and the to foster a relationship established with Crete medication dosage. Thus, this research will use Carrier Corporation through which the Driving the NTDS to address some of the methodological Healthy daily tips Rich Site Summary (RSS) feed issues described above and potentially provide is shared with Crete Facebook and Twitter users. more data to suggest a link between prescription Recent daily tips reflect feedback received about and OTC drug use and SCE involvement. Driving Healthy tips posted on Facebook. Heavy-vehicle Safety Outreach The research team continues to update the While many forums are available for researchers Driving Healthy website and the Facebook to disseminate and discuss heavy-vehicle safety and Twitter accounts. Using the new Facebook research, there are few channels of communication timeline, the team will continue work to increase available from research to the implementation driver engagement and will seek feedback and stage. Thus, many safety managers at commercial recommendations for future health focus topics fleets may not be aware of the latest heavy-vehicle and resources. The Driving Healthy website is research findings in areas that could help shape available at www.drivinghealthy.org. their fleet policies and practices (e.g., fatigue and distraction). The purpose of this outreach effort is

49 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

Market Guide to Fleet Telematics Services 3. Service Region: Solution providers vary greatly The objective of this project is to provide a not only in comprehensiveness of solutions but detailed market guide about current telematics in their service regions. solutions offered by both heavy- and light- The guide is currently being updated and finalized vehicle telematics providers. To that end, a draft to reflect services that were not identified during market guide about fleet telematics services was initial provider search efforts. developed. This guide provides an overview of the currently available third-party, aftermarket Evaluation of Light-vehicle Driver Education telematics solutions. The focus of this review Programs Targeting Sharing the Road was complete telematics solutions aimed at with Heavy Vehicles: Case Study Analysis benefiting overall fleet operations (i.e., solutions A recent project sponsored by NSTSCE designed to improve a range of driving, safety, surveyed light-vehicle driver education program and operational tasks). administrators/teachers in each state in the U.S. to assess the presence of curricula relevant to The guide includes a review of identified solution heavy-vehicle characteristics and procedures providers in the U.S., Canada, UK, Ireland, for sharing the road. Survey results showed that and the European Union. For each provider, while a large proportion (91 percent) of light- available telematics features were identified and vehicle driver education programs include a categorized as follows: component about how to safely share the road 1. Integration Features: These features relate with heavy vehicles, there may be room for to vehicle operation and include solutions improvement regarding the content of these associated with vehicle location, safety, programs (82 percent perceived effectiveness). diagnostics, communication, and interactivity. The purpose of this project is to investigate current light-vehicle driver education programs 2. Usability Features: These features relate to the that contain components about sharing the road usability of the solution and refer to solution with heavy vehicles and to develop a best practices types offered (e.g., small fleets/individual users, document detailing these components. A case overall fleet management, specialized fleets or study will also be performed with a light-vehicle services), a description of how data are filtered driver education program in a single state that and presented to the user (e.g., web-based does not yet include the components identified reporting/data access program, customizable in the best practices document. A student dashboard, multiple report types), and how data group that participates in the driver education are integrated into company operations (e.g., program prior to implementation of the new staff management, risk reduction).

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components and a group that participates after risk is measured by crash/near-crash events. The implementation will each be interviewed three data analysis and statistical modeling comprise to six months later. Knowledge retention will be two stages. During each stage, a principal measured. This project will culminate in a letter component analysis was performed to reduce report that will provide best practices for driver the dimensionality of a large number of metrics. education programs that include a component This was followed by the Poisson regression and about sharing the road with heavy vehicles and a negative binomial regression analyses designed description of the case study performed. to model the relationship between crash/near- crash risk and driver fitness characteristics. Identifying Cognitive Load from Naturalistic Data During the initial stage of the analysis, the The goal of this project is to develop a principal component analysis was performed for methodology that will use naturalistic data to each category of metrics among the 53 metrics. identify epochs of cognitive activity performed Sixteen significant principal components during driving. The input measures for the (Physical 1-3, Visual 1-7, General 1-3, and algorithm comprise eye-behavior indicators that Cognitive 1-3) were identified. Poisson and are already typically present in the data stream negative binomial regression analyses of crash/ derived from naturalistic studies. The project near-crash events based on each component leverages previous findings that relate cognitive showed that four components (Visual 2, Visual 5, load while driving with drops in blink rates, Visual 6, and General 3) had significant impacts concentration of long glances on the forward on crash/near-crash risk. Moreover, within these roadway, and narrowed breadth of scanning. The four components, 13 metrics made significant results show promise for a “Cognito” protocol contributions to crash/near-crash risk. that can be used to distinguish cognitive load During the second stage of analysis, a principal from other types of visual, manual, or mental component analysis of these 13 metrics was activity present in naturalistic driving data. The performed. As expected, four significant algorithm focuses on long glances to the forward components were identified. An exhaustive roadway and reduced peripheral scanning. model selection technique performed during Older Driver Fitness-to-drive Study the Poisson analysis showed that the model of crash/near-crash events based on Components This project is a follow-up to Antin et al. (2012), 1 and 3 was ideal. Component 1 included five which compared the fitness profiles of older metrics regarding right-eye contrast sensitivity; drivers and non-drivers in an initial effort to Component 3 included a discomfort glare rating, develop fitness-to-drive assessment models. The total number of color-vision plates correct, and same fitness profile data are used during the right-eye contrast sensitivity. current project. The objectives of this study are twofold: 1) Investigate the relationship between In summary, initial analyses indicated that some fitness profiles of older drivers and crash/near- visual characteristics may have a significant crash risk and 2) Construct statistical models to impact on older drivers’ crash/near-crash risk. quantify such relationships. The next step is to continue screening through the 53 metrics and potentially recover some The fitness profile data set used 53 assessment metrics that may be significant but were omitted metrics to evaluate the characteristics of 49 older when principal components were not significant participants (i.e., 26 drivers and 23 non-drivers). or were omitted during the first stage of the Antin et al. (2012) classified the 53 metrics into Poisson regression analysis. four categories: physical ability (13 metrics), visual ability (24 metrics), general and health- related information (10 metrics), and cognitive ability (6 metrics). During this study, a driver’s 51 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

Senior Mobility Day Age-Related Driver Difficulties The Senior Mobility Awareness Symposium is at Intersections III a community outreach activity that will be held This project represents a meta-analysis of data December 6, 2012. Its purpose is to channel collected during two VTTI naturalistic driving research findings and policy perspectives to efforts: one focused on drivers aged 65 and older, the hands-on professionals who daily support and another focused on newly licensed teen seniors and their transportation needs. The drivers and their middle-aged parents. event lineup includes speakers from: NHTSA, the University of Michigan Transportation Results of this work indicate that visual scanning Research Institute (UMTRI), AARP Virginia, differs between age groups at unprotected Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), T-shaped intersections. In particular, there is a the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) significant difference in visual entropy for drivers AgeLab, VTTI, and the Virginia Tech Center of all age groups when negotiating a left turn in for Gerontology. The Inn at Virginia Tech and the presence of traffic at an intersection. The Skelton Conference Center has been arranged analysis showed that younger drivers scan more as the venue, and each attendee will receive narrowly than other driver groups when no traffic continuing education credit. The long-term goals is present at an intersection but scan broadly (and of the project are to: 1) Foster a community of more randomly) when in the presence of traffic researchers, transportation leaders, physicians/ at an intersection. A link analysis revealed that therapists, gerontologists, and other senior younger drivers look at more locations during service providers in the New River Valley who their turns and are more random in their glance regularly meet and work together to creatively patterns. Analyses of glance distribution and solve senior mobility issues; and 2) Develop a glance duration revealed that older drivers spend program suitable for implementation within a slightly greater proportion of time looking at other communities across the United States. the direction (or directions) from which traffic

52 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

could strike them during a turn if they were Impacts of Safety-critical Events to emerge towards the intersection than other on Driver Behaviors driver age groups. Individual glances made by During this project, the window of time before older drivers to these areas are longer, perhaps and after a crash was operationally defined based suggesting that it took these drivers longer to on the distribution of intervals between crashes. extract the information they needed. According to data, the smallest interval between Using Naturalistic Driving Data to Compare two crashes occurred for the same driver in the Behaviors of American and Australian 0.0308 hour (approximately two minutes). Older Drivers Turning at Intersections This is because a second accident happened immediately after the first. Most crash intervals VTTI and researchers at the Monash University are generally longer than 20 hours; only 10 Accident Research Center (MUARC) in percent of intervals are less than 20 hours. Thus, Melbourne, Australia, have collected naturalistic 10 hours was chosen as the initial window of driving data about older drivers. The team is time before and after a crash. now comparing key aspects of driving behavior across two continents. Metrics include those The team evaluated the number of near-crashes related to secondary task engagement and and critical incidents occurring before and after distraction at unprotected turns-across-path a crash (within the 10-hour window). The initial intersections. Finding commonalities and/or analysis indicated that the number of critical differences between the driving environments incidents was significantly different before and of the two continents will assist in making a after a crash. There was no significance for the statement about the universality of seniors’ number of near-crashes. The team is working on driving behaviors. developing a time-to-event-based approach. Data analysis plans were coordinated, refined, International Driver Behavior and finalized with Australian colleagues. Comparison using Shanghai NDS Reduction and analyses of the reduced data China has become one of the world’s most set are complete. Analyses revealed that the important auto markets. However, traffic two driver populations were similar but that conditions and driver behaviors in China could the U.S. sample may have been more impaired dramatically differ from the United States. This than the Australian sample. Intersection types difference will affect vehicle design and control (e.g., uncontrolled, partly controlled, or fully parameters such as forward collision control controlled) were distributed roughly equally settings and adaptive cruise control settings. across the two driver samples. Preliminary An NDS is the most powerful method available results indicated that the U.S. driver sample was to collect driver and traffic characteristics more willing to engage in cell phone use while during real-life driving conditions. This study, moving through an intersection. Analyses across conducted in partnership with the General both samples indicated a sensible tendency to Motors Company (GM) and Tongji University moderate overall engagement in secondary (Tongji), is designed to instrument five vehicles activities with respect to intersection complexity and to collect NDS data in Shanghai, China. (i.e., reduced engagement at partially controlled and uncontrolled intersections compared with NSTSCE researchers will provide and install the engagement at fully controlled intersections). VTTI-developed Next Generation DAS. Tongji will manage the data collection process. Collected data will be transferred to the secure VTTI data server for data decryption and processing. The collected data will provide crucial information about the traffic flow characteristics and driver behaviors in one of the major cities in China. 53 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

Improving Driving Safety for be provided web links to both the video and to Teenagers with Attention Deficit and aggregate data about the individual teenager and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) the performance of the teenager in relation to all teenaged study participants. To support the data Past research conducted by the Centers for Disease collection and analysis efforts of the Driver Coach Control showed teenaged drivers with attention project, computer server hardware and software deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have five development efforts are required. These systems times the number of traffic tickets and are seven will support the receipt of safety-related events times more likely to be involved in more than one from Driver Coach participants, reduction and accident compared to non-ADHD teen drivers. annotation of these events, and dissemination of To better assess driver error and crash/near- the events to participants and their parents via a crash rates of ADHD teen drivers, the vehicles web portal environment. (10 total) of teen drivers clinically diagnosed as ADHD will be instrumented during this study. Since April, programmers have established the Data will be collected through the learner’s Driver Coach database. Plans are underway to permit phase and during the first six months of instrument a Driver Coach test vehicle. Once the independent driving. Driving performances of test vehicle is instrumented, system programmers these ADHD teen drivers will be compared to will work to develop the data reduction website non-ADHD teen drivers and borderline ADHD and the website portal through which parents teen drivers (as identified during the Supervised and teenagers will access data. Programmers Practice Driving Study [SPDS]). The types of will continue to aggregate data from the reduced errors and crashes/near-crashes will be assessed database and present this information on the to provide support for a large-scale ADHD teen parent/teen website portal. Initial drafts of the driving study. parent/teen website have been created and will continue to be modified. A pilot study of the During 2011 two graduate research assistants website will be conducted during Fall 2012. Data (GRAs) in the field of psychology were funded collection is scheduled to begin during the first (each at 50 percent) to perform the ADHD quarter of 2013. assessments. Virginia Tech Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was granted in early 2012, and subject recruitment began. The Ongoing Projects first participant was recruited, completed an Driving Scenario Classification assessment, and his/her vehicle was scheduled for Driving scenarios (e.g., driving relatively installation in early July. Additional participants straight, negotiating a cloverleaf, turning at an were identified and scheduled to complete intersection, or decelerating for a light) affect the assessments during July. The team is currently driving-related measures collected for vehicles. on schedule to recruit all 10 participants by During this project, automated methods will December 2012. be developed to review naturalistic driving data Secure Onboard Monitoring Systems and to classify data epochs according to driving scenarios. Variances in data created by common The Driver Coach project is an experimental driving scenarios can be parsed out earlier during study designed to test whether teenaged drivers the data-mining process. can benefit from receiving both real-time and post hoc monitoring and feedback about their Having developed operational definitions of the driving performances. Specifically, post hoc different scenarios, a reductionist was trained, feedback will require that triggered events be and video reduction was conducted on 195 automatically uploaded to VTTI servers so that trips to identify when drivers were involved in reductionists can review, record, and annotate scenarios. During the review, approximately critical information. Parents and teens will then 1,350 cases of drivers involved in 24 different 54 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

scenarios were identified. Scenarios such as left cell phone use (collapsed across subtasks) was and right turns were frequently found (more than associated with an increased SCE risk for CMV 300 cases) whereas scenarios such as interchange drivers. During this condition, texting and dialing merges to the left or right were only found in were associated with an increased SCE risk while one trip. These cases will be divided into subsets, talking/listening was not. Furthermore, talking/ where possible. These subsets will be used listening on a hands-free phone or CB radio was to guide code development and code testing. associated with a decreased SCE risk. During After development and testing, the code will be high task demands, cell phone use (collapsed finalized with documentation that includes a across subtasks) was associated with a decreased sensitivity analysis of the final iteration of code. SCE risk for both CMV and light-vehicle drivers. However, cell phone use during this condition Attention and Drowsy Driver Assist primarily comprised talking/listening, which on Following a review of project plans and its own was associated with a decreased SCE risk. objectives, this study was redefined during the Overall, the SCE risk related to talking/listening past year to focus on automated detection of on a mobile device was not found to increase driver drowsiness and driver attention to, or during the three driving task demand conditions away from, the forward roadway. The literature examined. Furthermore, unlike light-vehicle review conducted as part of this project was drivers, CMV drivers’ mobile device use was used to support development of a detection lowest during high task demands. This suggests strategy and a preliminary algorithm design. The that CMV drivers may regulate their mobile algorithm will integrate eye-gaze data with driver performance to characterize driver attention and drowsiness. Subsequent steps include identifying useful data, accessing the data, video reduction, code development and testing, and algorithm finalization and documentation. Assessing the Risk of Talking during High and Low Driving Task Demands Previous research has shown that using a cell phone while driving is associated with an increased risk of SCE involvement. However, examination of cell phone use by its constituent subtasks revealed that complex subtasks (e.g., texting and dialing) were associated with an increased SCE risk while talking/listening on a device was not. The current study investigated the risk of SCE involvement associated with using a mobile device as a function of driving task demands. Data from NDSs involving CMV drivers and light-vehicle drivers were re-analyzed. The NDS data sets were partitioned into low, moderate, and high task demand subsets using criteria from the workload literature. Odds ratios for mobile device use and its subtasks were then computed. During low task demands, only dialing was associated with an increased SCE risk for light- vehicle drivers. During moderate task demands,

55 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

device use differently than light-vehicle drivers as This effort is gaining priority as VTTI has been the driving task demands vary. Work is currently requested to measure the visibility of changeable focused on preparing a journal manuscript to speed limit signs in fog conditions. report these findings. During the next reporting phase, the construction Publication Analysis of the fog measurement system will be completed, VTTI maintains the largest repository of and programs for analyzing the produced naturalistic driving data in existence: more than images will be written. Weather permitting, 100 terabytes (TB) and counting. The goal of measurements of natural fog conditions will be this project is to develop a comprehensive and made and analyzed. cohesive data-mining, analysis, and publication Visual Information Modeling plan for this ever-growing data set in a manner An analysis of a driver’s nighttime visual that synergistically addresses the foundational environment requires consideration of multiple concerns of NSTSCE: age-related driving issues, interrelated variables (e.g., human factors, fatigue, lighting and infrastructure, driver roadway features, and lighting). A driver’s field decision making and performance, and devices of view includes such features as the roadway, and techniques designed to enhance driver the hood of the vehicle, the instrument panel, performance. While all publications reflect off-roadway facilities and roadway fixtures (e.g., VTTI safety studies, the current focus is on those signs, traffic signals, and pavement markings), featuring naturalistic data. and the activities of other road users. From this Light Sources in Fog environment, a driver must continuously draw A method of measuring particles using a plane of information about the presence of potential laser light has been devised. During this method, hazards in the roadway, navigate using roadway a laser is fitted with an optic that produces a plane signage and delineation, and maintain control of laser light at a 90-degree angle. The laser light of the vehicle. Drivers must attend to and select illuminates particles in the air, creating a type which objects present important information and of cross section. A special camera tuned to the determine those that are superfluous. Reviewing wavelength of the laser then photographs the and identifying, where possible, what attracts a plane. A computer analysis of a predetermined driver’s gaze towards an object while driving at area of the image (e.g., one square foot) should night can provide insight into visual behavior. provide a measure of fog density. The draft final report for this project has been The objects required to build the fog measurement returned, and comments have been assessed. system have been acquired, and preliminary tests Project results have been extensively presented have been conducted as a proof of concept. The at Transportation Research Board (TRB) annual system is currently under construction by the meetings via posters and lectures. The details are Hardware Engineering Lab at VTTI. This system as follows: • At TRB 2012 comprises a laser that emits light in a plane and a » camera with a filter tuned to the same wavelength Presentation Title: Visual Modeling: of the laser. The fog caught within the plane of the Exploring Relationships between Nighttime Driving Behavior and Roadway Visibility laser light refracts light towards the camera. The Features; also accepted to be published in the denser the fog the more light is refracted, thus Transportation Research Record creating a brighter image. A computer analysis of » Poster Title: Eff ect of Static and Moving images captured this way in natural fog conditions Objects on Driver Eye Movements and will provide a means for calibrating the Smart Detection Distances Road all-weather system to similar densities.

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• At TRB 2011 calibrated using the color chart and the vehicle’s » Poster Title: Development of Methodologies tungsten-halogen headlamps as the light source. A to Evaluate the Nighttime Safety Implications test route was driven following instrumentation, of the Roadway Visual Scene under Varying and images were recorded with the camera. Cognitive Task Loads During the next reporting phase, calibrations The final project task is to incorporate comments will be performed at various levels of luminance, into the final report. This effort has been delayed and final reporting for the project will begin. due to other priorities but will be completed during the next reporting phase. Initial Investigation of Intersection Lighting Based on the results of rural intersection analyses Color Camera and a potential urban intersection review, new This project focuses on the development of a design criteria for intersection lighting can be camera system that accurately defines color developed. The current design standard is based in a driver’s environment and facilitates color on illuminance only and represents inefficient analyses during projects. The camera captures a design methodologies for summing the lighting succession of images at a rate of approximately in roadways and over-lighting intersections. four frames per second; the camera will be New strategies can be investigated that include used in conjunction with the already developed the impact of broad-spectrum light sources and luminance camera system. A calibration peripheral pedestrian detection strategies. technique was developed. Following ongoing evaluations conducted on public roads, the Color A literature review of current intersection Camera will be incorporated into other ongoing lighting design methods is nearing completion. projects and into the Roadway Lighting Mobile Alternate lighting designs are being assessed Measurement System (RLMMS). for testing. This project will be linked with the results of the Rural Intersection Lighting Safety To confirm the calibration quality of the Color Analysis project. Camera, the spectral distribution of multiple light sources needed to be further investigated. Bicycle Visibility Of particular interest were high-pressure sodium This project is designed to analyze the conspicuity light reflections, daylight reflecting off the of certain types of visibility aids displayed squares of a color checker chart, and how these by cyclists and their bicycles. These aids are squares are ultimately rendered under selected necessary to improving the visibility of cyclists at light sources. night so they can be seen by motorists. Comparisons were made between measurements An initial bicycle visibility test incorporated taken with a spectrometer and images taken by a into the Headlamp Sag study was completed. daylight-calibrated Color Camera. Squares from That project included evaluations of lighting the standard color chart were measured with a alternatives as a bicycle crossed the path of a calibrated spectrometer. Square colors were split vehicle. Test vehicles featured differing headlamp into the X, Y, and Z color components. An image types, and the results will be used to narrow the of these same squares was taken and analyzed experimental design in terms of the inclusion of using the daylight-calibrated Color Camera. headlamp types. Data have been analyzed, and a report of analyses has been initiated. To provide an idea of how the Color Camera performs in the environment it will be used, a A follow-up project was conducted and vehicle was instrumented with a Color Camera completed. This project included evaluations of varying visual aids placed on cyclists, joggers,

57 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

or bicycles using different viewing angles. One Case Study on the Impact of Treating Sleep viewing angle involved a parked participant Apnea in Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers vehicle facing a crossing lane through which a This project will: 1) Assess the overall cyclist or jogger traveled. The other angle included effectiveness of the Schneider National, Inc. a stationary cyclist or jogger on the right shoulder (SNI) sleep apnea program; 2) Document two of the road as the test vehicle approached. Test different sleep apnea programs implemented vehicles featured differing headlamp styles. Data by truck carriers (SNI and J.B. Hunt [JBH]); are currently being analyzed. and 3) Develop an implementation manual that A third part of the nighttime bicycle investigation includes a set of best practices for a successful will be incorporated into the NSTSCE Roundabout obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment study. This aspect will involve placing cyclists on program. The manual may serve as a guide for public roads and assessing their visibility using trucking fleets wishing to implement an OSA various lighting and reflective methods placed treatment program to improve the health of on both the cyclist and on the bicycle. As drivers their drivers, reduce fatigue-related crashes and navigate the course they will verbally identify traffic incidents, and reduce health- and safety- the presence of cyclists who will either be in the related costs. The goal will be to distribute the drivers’ lanes, in an opposing lane, or stopped OSA treatment manual to other trucking fleets. at an intersection. This study should help apply To this end, VTTI has enlisted the assistance of much of what has been determined during several other agencies, including the National previous studies in a naturalistic setting (e.g., a Institute for Occupational Safety and Health public road). A comprehensive literature review (NIOSH), the Federal Transit Administration of bicycle visibility is ongoing. (FTA), the National Sleep Foundation (NSF), the American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI), and the American Sleep Apnea Association (ASAA). The research team anticipates that the manual produced during this study will be beneficial to other transportation modalities and industries. The goals of the current study are: • Evaluate the effi cacy of OSA treatment, including automatic positive air pressure (APAP), while CMV drivers are on the job; • Assess safety and health benefi ts of treating OSA (e.g., reduced crashes, improved health); • Evaluate the overall return-on-investment in terms of reduced health care premiums, lower crash rates, and increased driver retention compared to the costs of treatment; • Develop models to predict benefi cial health and safety outcomes (e.g., compliance rates, age, gender, etc.); and • Develop best practices for implementing and maintaining a successful OSA treatment program within the trucking industry.

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Focus groups and phone interviews were Mask Algorithm Validation conducted with drivers and staff at SNI and JBH. At the conclusion of the 100-Car Reanalysis The purpose of these focus groups and phone project, remaining funds were re-allocated interviews was to assess participants’ perceptions towards a new project, Mask Algorithm and opinions of their respective OSA treatment Validation. The Mask system was designed in programs and to gain insight from those who part to automatically calculate driver glance participated in these programs. Findings from this direction occurring during collected video. The study will result in recommendations to carriers calculation is based on an image-processing for implementing an OSA treatment program in algorithm that considers various head and facial an effective and cost-efficient manner. features. Glance direction is determined via head Case Study on a Worksite Health and position and rotation metrics and an association Wellness Program for Commercial Drivers between these measures and specific glance zones. A rigorous validation of this system using Given distributed operations in long-haul naturalistic data has not yet been conducted. The trucking, limited access to healthy food options, objective of the current project is to perform one and sedentary lifestyles, it is not surprising that the type of validation against manually recorded eye- prevalence of obesity among commercial drivers glance data and offer feedback for improving far outpaces that of the U.S. adult population. algorithm performance. Approximately two-thirds of the U.S. adults are overweight or obese, and nearly one-third of U.S. Manually reduced eye-glance data from adults may be considered obese. Studies in the naturalistic driving projects will be processed U.S. have reported overweight and obesity rates through the Mask algorithm for comparison to in commercial drivers to be as high as 87 percent the calculated head position and rotation values. and 57 percent, respectively (Whitfield, 2007). Accuracy statistics will be calculated based on Thus, there is a need for fleets to implement different levels of glance zone specificity. For health and wellness (H&W) programs for their example, a simple “forward” versus “not forward” driver populations. This study will examine and zone definition will be compared to a definition detail the SNI H&W program for commercial that breaks “not forward” into additional drivers by conducting phone interviews with categories. Data epochs where Mask does not key executives from Atlas Ergonomics (Atlas, perform ideally will be assessed to identify which manages the SNI H&W program), United the problem-causing factors that should be Healthcare (UHC), and SNI. Questionnaires will addressed during future versions of the algorithm be administered to participating SNI drivers and (e.g., lighting issues, face and/or clothing staff at Atlas, UHC, and SNI to determine their characteristics, head tilt, camera alignment). opinions, perceptions, and satisfaction with the A concurrent Mask project funded through the H&W program. Second Strategic Highway Research Program The goals of the current study are to: 1) Conduct (SHRP 2) will validate the Mask algorithm phone interviews with company executives against other independent, automatic head- and detail the SNI commercial driver H&W tracking systems. The team is leveraging the program with Atlas and UHC; 2) Examine efforts of these two projects for consistency driver and program staff opinions, perceptions, among conditions tested and to maximize the and satisfaction with the H&W program utility of the results of both projects. via questionnaires; and 3) Develop a set of recommendations for applying and maintaining Regarding the original 100-Car Reanalysis a successful carrier-implemented H&W program project, it was reported during the last annual for commercial drivers. Th ese recommendations report that NHTSA contracted with VTTI to will be useful for trucking fl eets wishing to further mine resulting data for patterns of seat implement a driver-focused H&W program to belt use and factors that affect a driver’s decision improve driver health. 59 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

to wear or not wear a seat belt, especially among all site text is written at a level of complexity “occasional” seat belt wearers. This work was that does not require more than a high school completed; a journal article has been accepted for education. Likewise, the one-page tip sheet about publication in Accident Analysis and Prevention. avoiding distraction is written at a similar (7th) Flesch-Kincaid grade-level score. Work began Supporting Commercial Motor Vehicle on translating the revised site text and tip sheet (CMV) Driver Distraction Outreach into Spanish. The translated text will be in the The FMCSA-hosted, VTTI-developed, “CMV Spanish reading-level equivalent of the English Web-Based Driving Tips” site provides CMV text. It is anticipated that work on this project will drivers practical guidance about the safe be completed during the first quarter of 2012. operation of a heavy vehicle. This site has proven to be popular, gathering more than 100,000 views FMCSA’s Advanced System Testing using a since its creation. Due to increased attention Data Acquisition System on the Highway about distracted driving, the site pages dealing The safety objective of FMCSA is to save lives and specifically with this topic have received more reduce injuries by preventing and minimizing traffic. This presents a unique opportunity the severity of truck and bus crashes (FMCSA, to expand and enhance the driver distraction 2010). According to FMCSA, the development, section of the site. evaluation, and deployment of advanced safety technology is necessary to realizing this objective. This project involves reviewing the distracted driving information available on the existing site Currently, there are numerous safety systems in comparison to research published after the in development that have the potential to creation of the site. The site will be updated with significantly reduce crashes on the nation’s information about distraction risks as needed. roadways. For a variety of reasons, however, including lack of supporting tests and evaluations, During 2011, the research team finalized site the potential benefits that these systems may text revisions, a distraction tip sheet, and video provide in reducing crashes may never be realized. selections. The site text has a maximum Flesch- The FMCSA envisions, through cooperation Kincaid grade-level score of 12, indicating that with the commercial vehicle industry, an influx

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2012 Annual Report of commercial vehicle safety technologies that Crash/Near-Crash Algorithm support the expanding role of the commercial A common problem experienced while working vehicle industry to safely, securely, and efficiently with naturalistic driving data is extracting transport the nation’s goods, products, and events of interest from a large data set without people. Information from motor carriers and experiencing an excessive number of false other organizations about the effectiveness of alarms. This is typically accomplished through these systems in improving safety will be valuable an iterative process of threshold triggering on in advancing their further use in the commercial kinematic data followed by video validation vehicle industry. performed by trained reviewers. The objective of the FMCSA’s Advanced System In an attempt to improve the accuracy of the Testing using a Data Acquisition System on the automated threshold triggering, statistical Highway (FAST DASH) program is to perform classification methods are being evaluated. These a quick turnaround of independent evaluations methods will be tested using valid and invalid of promising safety technologies aimed at events from the original 100-Car Study analysis as commercial vehicle operations (CVOs). The goal a gold standard to judge algorithm performance. of the FAST DASH program is to determine the Once the methods are developed using a 100-Car efficacy of the safety system using the following Study analysis, algorithm performance will be high-level metrics: evaluated using other naturalistic data sets. • Crash reduction eff ectiveness (e.g., safety improvements), Public Access to VTTI-maintained Data Sets • Unintended consequences VTTI maintains naturalistic databases relevant to (e.g., safety disbenefi ts), and many driving safety research efforts. The ability • User (e.g., driver, safety manager) acceptance to make portions of these data sets publicly (e.g., subjective opinions). available has been developed. There are two VTTI will manage the independent evaluations primary objectives of this project: 1) Develop the of which the focus is market-ready safety tools and procedures necessary to provide timely systems. These safety systems may be tested access to data sets and 2) Allow VTTI personnel during a variety of scenarios, including static and to gain experience in providing appropriate levels dynamic tests conducted on the Smart Road and of service to external researchers. real-world field studies using commercial vehicle The knowledge gained during this project was fleets. For the inaugural system evaluation, a used to create a forum and a data distribution blind-spot detection system called SideEyes made website for the SHRP 2 NDS (available at forums. by Novita Technologies was selected through the shrp2nds.us). This website will be used to support solicitation process. The SideEyes technology many aspects of this study, including S08 analysis supplements visual information provided by the proposals, user workshops, and access to analysis vehicle’s standard mirrors about the presence or tools (e.g., the open-source Community Viewer). absence of objects alongside the vehicle. This allows the driver to make better decisions about This project is in an ongoing maintenance lane changes and merges. SideEyes is a patented and support phase. Maintenance tasks include infrared technology that uses an array of 7 to 15 culling invalid user accounts, responding to lasers to create a three-dimensional detection user questions, and rectifying errors as they are zone on both the driver and passenger sides of a discovered on the site or in data sets. Continued commercial vehicle. A driver is alerted to vehicles efforts will focus on providing maintenance and in the blind spot via amber light-emitting diodes support for current users of the forum website. (LEDs) mounted on both the left and right side Tasks will likely include continuing to cull invalid view mirrors. user accounts and fielding questions regarding additional data availability.

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Comparing the Driving Safety Camry are being conducted on the Smart Road. Benefits of Brain Fitness Training These tests have been devised in such a way that Program for Older Drivers the efficacy of the selected training programs can be evaluated. Such tests include potential Recent research has indicated that older hazard detection and identification distances, individuals can enjoy fairly long-term driving driver-centric peripheral detection, and vehicle safety benefits from a variety of fairly modest tasks (accuracy and latency). In addition, a cognitive training protocols. If this approach naturalistic component has been implemented could be successfully applied and verified via wherein participants will drive an on-road route driving behaviors, performance metrics, and in the surrounding area to facilitate evaluation of long-term safety outcomes, it may represent driving performance on public roads in a variety a breakthrough in terms of helping maintain of conditions. safe mobility and independence for the older members of society. Data Analysis and Reporting Results will be evaluated during the various This project comprises the following activities: formative and summative phases of the research Training Program Selection effort to determine the effectiveness of the two The following training approaches will be training programs relative to the performance evaluated: DriveSharp™, a Posit Science desktop observed with the control group. Post hoc computer program designed to enhance older analyses will attempt to determine how personal driver safety; and an in-vehicle system designed characteristics inform the effectiveness of the and developed by Toyota Motor Company that is various programs evaluated. based on the concept of useful field of view. Participant Recruitment and Selection Sixty-three male and female drivers aged 70 and older are being recruited from the areas around VTTI to participate in the study. Selection criteria include perceptual and cognitive functional abilities and metrics related to driving frequency and safety. For instance, individuals with substantially impaired peripheral vision may not be able to benefit from useful field-of-view training, which is a crucial element of both of the selected training programs. Each participant will be briefly assessed on key functional abilities at the outset so that post hoc analyses can be conducted to determine what type of individual may benefit most from such training. Training Program Administration and Evaluations Participants are being randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1) desktop, 2) in-vehicle, or 3) control (i.e., a group that receives no training). A series of driving tests using a specially instrumented 2012 Toyota

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Distraction Index Framework A final report was drafted and submitted for A number of surrogate measures of distraction internal review. Reviewer comments were exist, but their contributions to the overall received; the final report is currently undergoing construct have not been quantified. The goal of revisions to address these comments. this research is to establish a framework for the Developing Bayesian Models creation and, to the extent possible, validation for a Naturalistic Driving Study of a distraction index that combines the effects The Bayesian method has become an important of the most important surrogate indicators of branch in transportation safety studies. distraction. The concept would be similar to Compared to the classical statistical method, that of the widely used (in the musculoskeletal the Bayesian method has advantages of ease arena) NIOSH Lifting Index and would result in of interpretation, flexibility to accommodate a published research guideline that could be used a spatial/temporal correlation, the ability to as a common measure across studies. incorporate prior information, and a natural To determine the feasibility of this effort, hierarchical structure for modeling multi- researchers will start with select crash and center/group studies. This project focuses on near-crash surrogates and overlay these with developing robust Bayesian models for the two naturalistic data. A literature review and reanalysis approach types used during an NDS: the case- of existing data is required (no additional data crossover and the case-control methods. collection needed). The first part of this study focuses on the case- Project progress primarily included completion crossover method. Based on a complete case- of the analyses and a final report draft. During crossover study sponsored by NHTSA, the most cases, findings from analyses were not VTTI team used reduced data to develop a powerful enough to be conclusive but showed semi-parametric Bayesian model for matched interesting and meaningful trends. In general, case-crossover data. The proposed model is a data showed that the use of infotainment systems significant improvement over the traditional, in naturalistic environments changed the normal conditional logistic regression model, which patterns of visual attention but had limited or no essentially only uses a small proportion of the effect on the lateral control of the vehicle (at least data where the status of a risk factor is different compared to the normal “noise” experienced in within a stratum. The team has theoretically this measure during naturalistic driving). proven that the proposed model provides less bias and more robust results than the Results indicated that: i) Infotainment system conventional logistic regression model. The use was present for approximately 10 percent of results have been written as a paper submitted near-crashes compared to the 2 percent of the to the Journal of Technometrics. driving time during which infotainment systems The team is currently working on the second were used; ii) Use of infotainment systems had part of the study during which drivers will be measurable demands on drivers’ visual resources; iii) Infotainment system use also showed trends divided into groups based on demographic towards a reduced propensity to respond to characteristics. It is hypothesized that driver unexpected events on the forward roadway, distractions such as cell phone use will have especially when those events were peripheral; different impacts on each group. Several and iv) Estimates of crash risk derived from some Bayesian hierarchical models have been of these measures place infotainment system use proposed to evaluate distraction risks for risk at a level higher than “normal” driving but different age and gender groups. The detailed lower than other visual-manual control tasks model specification and conditional posterior that are oft en performed while driving. Th ese distribution are complete. estimates support the presence of radio tasks in the crash record but at low levels. 63 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

Driver Coach: Bedford/Montgomery, As part of the outreach portion of the Teen Task Virginia Evaluation Project Force, VTTI researchers attended the Parent/Teen Safe Driving Night Meetings held at Roanoke and The purpose of this project is to forward the Montgomery County public high schools. The concept of teen driver coaching and monitoring numbers of parents and teens attending these to eliminate behaviors that can result in injurious voluntary meetings increase each year. Meeting and fatal crashes. Teen drivers are three times attendance during Fall 2011 was as follows: more likely to be involved in fatal crashes than their adult counterparts. The causes of teen Roanoke County High Schools: crashes include: excessive speed, alcohol use, • Northside, 100 parents and teenagers distraction, and failure to recognize hazards, • Hidden Valley, 36 parents and teenagers among others. VTTI has been independently • Cave Spring, 63 parents and teenagers approached by two Virginia counties (Bedford • William Byrd, 126 parents and teenagers and Montgomery) to help design a program • Glenvar, 23 parents and teenagers that mitigates what they believe is a tragic and Montgomery County High Schools: growing problem in their communities. VTTI • Blacksburg, 65 parents and teenagers has recommended a “three-pronged” approach • Christiansburg, 120 parents and teenagers to help reduce teen deaths and injuries. The • Auburn, 22 parents and teenagers approach comprises: 1) Parent-teen contracts • Eastern Montgomery, 50 parents and teenagers with elements of an enhanced graduated driver’s licensing (GDL) program, 2) Training Work was conducted to initiate additional of specific skills at a specially designed training funding contracts for the Driver Coach project. facility, and 3) A teen driver monitoring and A contract with the Toyota Collaborative Safety coaching program that uses advanced in-vehicle Research Center (CSRC) began in November technology. This project will support all three 2011, and a kickoff meeting was held the first approach elements with emphasis placed on week in December. A research plan was submitted the driver monitoring and coaching program. during December to the CSRC. The kickoff The driver monitoring and coaching will be meeting for a Virginia Center for Transportation accomplished via an unobtrusive data collection Innovation and Research (VCTIR) project system designed to provide both real-time was held in January, and the research plan was monitoring (instantaneous feedback for the submitted in May 2012. teen driver) and delayed summary feedback (for Data Sharing Across Borders the parent). Traffic crashes continue to be a leading cause During this reporting period, efforts were of death in countries around the world. If focused on participant recruitment and vehicle possible, NDS data should be made available to installation for the Practice Driving project researchers from other countries to help improve (National Institutes of Health [NIH]), which driving safety and reduce traffic crashes in these will serve as the control group for the Driver countries. This may prove to be especially useful Coach project. All 90 subjects were recruited for countries unable to mount such studies due to and vehicle instrumentation was completed by limited resources. VTTI has a goal of becoming June 30, 2012. It was also determined during an international naturalistic data warehouse. In this reporting period that the team could afford some cases the international community has the to collect data for an additional six months, ability to collect naturalistic data but not the tools resulting in a data collection period of 12 for storage and use. There are many challenges to months post-licensure. This amendment was overcome before cross-border data sharing can approved by the Virginia Tech IRB, and new be implemented. Project researchers are currently consent forms are being sent to participants at five months post-provisional licensure. 64 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report investigating the issues involved in cross-border Several VTTI researchers are currently involved data sharing and are developing a workbook of in conducting NDSs in other countries, with suggested practices for other researchers seeking involvement ranging from guidance and access to naturalistic driving data collected in consulting to active data collection. This project other countries. is designed to provide guidance about IRB and data-sharing concerns as part of researchers’ VTTI is working with the international research participation. The principal investigator (PI) has community to assess and address issues developed a brief “best practices” document for associated with data sharing across borders. use during these situations. This document is Issues to be addressed include the fact that available upon request and will likely be similar not all countries have the equivalent of the to the conclusions section of the final report. IRB. Researchers from countries without such institutional protections should be trained in Completed Projects the issues and safeguards corresponding to the use of naturalistic data. Researchers should be made familiar with the terms of the original Next Generation Dynamic Vehicle consent forms signed by research participants. Data Pre-processing Language and cultural barriers surrounding The next generation of the VTTI DAS measures human subjects’ protection issues may be a acceleration along six axes: three orthogonal linear larger impediment to cross-border data sharing and three orthogonal rotational orientations. This than the relatively minor differences in driving package of measures composed the first complete habits and behaviors. inertial measurement unit (IMU) used during large-scale vehicle deployments. Presently, VTTI The Office for Human Research Protections does not have the capabilities to use IMU data to (OHRP; part of the U.S. Department of Health full potential. and Human Services) annually assembles and publishes The Compilation of International This project comprised the following objectives: Human Research Protections. The publication • Develop signal-processing methods to fi lter contains a section about international policy and/or clean IMU data, (through the United Nations Educational, • Develop a method to “reorient” the IMU to Scientific and Cultural Organization provide measures aligned with the vehicle, [UNESCO]) and a country-by-country guide. • Develop a dead reckoning system that Links are provided in six categories: general; essentially derives linear positions, drugs and devices; privacy/data protection; • Develop a method for deriving linear speeds human biological materials; genetics; and from linear accelerations, and • Develop a method for deriving angular embryos, stem cells, and cloning. This NSTSCE positions from rotational accelerations. project will focus on the general and privacy/ data protection areas. The project team completed the product development cycle and focused on rolling Several countries were selected for review (i.e., the code out for production. This included countries in which NDSs have been conducted, creating documentation for the algorithms, are currently being conducted, or where such fully commenting the code, and implementing studies are being planned). Their international the code into a version control system. The policies and guidelines are currently being research team deployed the code for general evaluated in addition to those of the following VTTI consumption and used it across a variety countries: U.S., Canada, Australia, Sweden, of projects. Plans were made to allocate the effort China, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, France, to a new student for closing out the project. The New Zealand, and Israel. final report is being composed and is expected to be completed by late Fall 2012. 65 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

Roadway Lighting Design and Safety present or absent according to the database). This was a continuation of the luminance camera These results suggest that lighting enhances system project. The goal of this research effort driver safety. However, the data do not account was to validate the luminance camera through for the quality or levels of light at intersections. field testing and to analyze a variety of real-world A luminance data reduction was completed for sites and short-term Smart Road testing. The Virginia rural intersections but at a slower rate outcome was analyzed in terms of potential crash than anticipated. The effort required reductionists causes and possible mitigation techniques. to review more than 200 images per intersection New modeling efforts were included in the project in a semi-automated process. While the reduction analysis. The data capabilities of the RLMMS process was semi-automated, it was still time- were considered during the experimental design consuming, requiring reductionists to review and analysis. A re-initialization of the literature review modify information as needed every 10 images. was undertaken to include any new publications All data have been uploaded to a database. Initial and results. Work on the final report continues analyses revealed a strong correlation between and will provide the foundation for the Adaptive night crashes and the average illuminance at Lighting effort currently underway at VTTI. intersections. Intersections with lower average This measurement methodology will continue illuminance levels had higher numbers of crashes throughout the Adaptive project. and crash rates (day-to-night crash ratio). An additional analysis is underway to determine the Rural Intersection Lighting relationship between crashes, illuminance, and This project was designed to address recent luminance. A report outlining the methodology research that indicated lighting may impact driver for the research effort has been initiated. Models safety at rural intersections. Research results are currently being developed to analyze the showed that the ratio of night-to-day and total impact of lighting on intersection safety. It has night crashes were lower at lighted intersections been determined that Bayesian analyses will be compared to unlighted intersections. However, used to interpret data. Analyses will be completed this research only used lighting as a strictly binary during the next reporting period. measure during analysis (i.e., lighting was either

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U.S.-EU Common Distraction lifestyle as a CMV driver. In doing so, the site Driving Taxonomy serves as a critical outreach vehicle for NSTSCE, The initial aim of this project was to validate an its partners, and potential stakeholders. existing taxonomy of distraction using video data The NSTSCE Driver Health Tips Website collected during NDSs. A validated taxonomy project began in October 2009, and work could be used as the basis for the collection, progressed in several main areas. The VTTI analysis, and reporting of data gathered during research team launched the website (accessible future NDSs. The initial study plan was to at www.drivinghealthy.org) and promoted start with a promising taxonomy, validate it, it among the CMV driving community. The and use a top-down approach to develop data research team also launched associated social collection and coding protocols. This plan was networking sites. The Facebook page (available predicated on the successful validation of the at www.facebook.com/drivinghealthy) and selected taxonomy. However, when this was not Twitter feed (@drivinghealthy) are active and sufficiently achieved, an alternative study plan are regularly updated. The Twitter feed is was implemented to revise the existing VTTI followed by several influential users, including driver distraction coding scheme. NIOSH and U.S. Department of Transportation The end result of the project was an updated and Secretary Ray LaHood. Additionally, many refined coding protocol that can be used as a CMV-specific companies and resources follow tool for future naturalistic data reduction efforts the account. Feedback received from Facebook required during driver distraction research. and Twitter account interactions indicates that these resources have the potential to A final report is available at: be effective tools for sparking dialogue and http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VTTI/reports/ sharing information among those interested in DistractionTaxonomyCodingScheme_ CMV driver health and wellness issues. FinalReport12072011.pdf. The research team actively promoted NSTSCE Commercial Driver Health research at national- and international-scope and Well-Being, Phase II venues. The team presented information about The purpose of this project was to provide an the project at the International Conference on outreach website for CMV drivers. The site offers Commercial Driver Health and Wellness and information about maintaining a healthy lifestyle the NIH Annual Conference on the Science as a driver. Studies indicate that a substantial of Dissemination and Implementation. The portion of CMV drivers have an unhealthy body website was promoted on Ray LaHood’s weight. The NSTSCE CMV Health and Fatigue official Twitter feed and in the Transportation study (Wiegand et al., 2009) examined the body Communications Newsletter. Activities from mass indexes (BMIs) and driving performances this project continue under the NSTSCE of 103 CMV drivers. Results of this study found Driving Healthy project. that 28 percent of CMV drivers were overweight; A Survey of Light-vehicle Driver 53 percent were obese. These drivers were found Education Programs to Determine the to have a significantly greater risk of driving Prevalence of Curriculum on Sharing while fatigued, not wearing a seat belt, and the Road with Heavy Vehicles being involved in an SCE. However, many CMV drivers’ jobs present barriers to maintaining a This project was designed to survey the curricula healthy body weight and overall good health. of light-vehicle driver education/improvement The NSTSCE Driver Health Tips Website serves programs and assess any information relevant as a single-source information portal for CMV to heavy-vehicle characteristics and procedures drivers, allowing them to gain information and for sharing the road. Recent research the support needed for maintaining a healthy investigated light-/heavy-vehicle near-crashes 67 National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence

and crashes (critical incidents) and found that 78 about commercial vehicle characteristics and percent were initiated by the light-vehicle driver perceived program effectiveness. This project (Hanowski et al., 2007). also identified information and training gaps that future efforts may address. The most common incident type involved the light vehicle changing lanes without sufficient The research team assembled a list of gap to the heavy vehicle. This larger proportion potential members for involvement in a peer of light-vehicle at-fault incidents may result review committee comprising individuals from inadequate training about heavy-vehicle knowledgeable about driver curricula and light-/ dynamics received during light-vehicle driver heavy-vehicle interaction research. In addition, education/improvement programs. Light-vehicle the research team contacted some of these driver education/improvement programs that individuals to participate. The development of contain content about heavy-vehicle operations a work plan was concurrently initiated detailing may be helpful in reducing light-/heavy-vehicle project tasks and deliverables. During 2011, the interactions. However, it is unclear as to the extent reduction and analysis of data collected from the of current state curriculum requirements and online survey (funded by non-federal NSTSCE content (for both public and private programs) membership dues) were completed. about heavy-vehicle operations and associated recommended procedures for light-vehicle driving. A final report is available at: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VTTI/reports/ This project involved the development of an online SurveyLightVehicleDriverEducation_ survey targeted at individual state driver education/ FinalReport12012011.pdf. improvement program administrators. The survey sought to identify current curricula (or lack thereof) Mask Post-Processing The proprietary Mask software of VTTI provides an ideal opportunity to use machine-vision technology to automatically scan a naturalistic driving video database and quantify the extent of a driver’s head position and degree of rotation in three dimensions. The intent of this project was to develop the necessary middleware to allow the Mask software to scan a video database as a batch process. The Mask software previously had to be manually applied in a way that was fairly labor intensive (i.e., one complete trip file at a time). Metrics derived from the Mask software may be particularly relevant and may provide insight into driving maneuvers such as left turns across traffic. This research effort was successful, and the new capability was effectively applied in the related NSTSCE project series, Age-Related Driver Difficulties at Intersections. The latter project is designed to compare the visual scanning behaviors of seniors to those of younger drivers, particularly during such maneuvers as unprotected left turns. In the future, this technology will be applied to other video libraries, including those of the large-scale SHRP 2 and the 250-Truck NDS. 68 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

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Quiet Vehicle Assessment This project provided a comprehensive and The increasing presence of quiet vehicles (e.g., concise overview of the apparent safety issues for those powered by a hybrid or electric drive system) pedestrians and cyclists caused by the operation on our roadways poses a greater risk of injury to of quiet vehicles on roadways. Background visually impaired persons, sighted pedestrians, information was provided to establish how bicyclists, or others who depend upon sound as this issue became the focus of safety research a primary indicator of potential conflicts. Some in the U.S. and elsewhere. Literature review have proposed that under certain conditions findings from notable research endeavors were silent vehicles could emit audible indicators to presented as an evaluation of related pending address this issue. However, there are obvious and established regulations. Implemented and issues with the introduction of additional audible proposed countermeasures were described as pollution to already noisy urban environments, opportunities for future potential research to especially when one considers that the audible address knowledge gaps and improve overall indication is only infrequently required. understanding of quiet vehicle issues.

69 Center for Truck and Bus Safety

The Center for Truck and Bus Safety (CTBS) conducts research and development efforts to advance the state of knowledge in the truck and bus safety domains and provides pragmatic solutions to real-world problems.

The Center for Truck and Bus Safety (CTBS) specializes in providing quality education and research focused on a variety of safety issues involving heavy-truck and bus operations. CTBS comprises the Advanced Systems and Applications Group, which specializes in helping both industry and government sponsors solve transportation challenges by providing high- quality applied research focused on understanding and optimizing interactions between the human (e.g., driver, passenger, pedestrian) and the transportation system; the Behavioral Analysis and Applications Group, which specializes in real-world, high-quality research focused on a variety of behavioral safety and health issues involving heavy-truck and bus operations; and the Safety and Human Factors Engineering Group, which provides transportation safety and efficiency by advancing its knowledge of driver performance and inherent risks and by applying expertise about driver capabilities and limitations to the design of in-vehicle displays and driver assistance systems.

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New Projects found to be associated with increased crash risk among older drivers. Based on the findings of this Performance-based Testing of Phase I study, a Phase II study may be warranted Driving Skills/Capability to evaluate the costs and benefits of including This project, sponsored by the Federal Motor performance-based tests that supplement the Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), was fit-for-duty exam mandated every two years for a sub-award conducted by the University of commercial drivers by the federal government. Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Edward R. Roybal Center for Translational Research on Heavy Vehicle Crash Data Collection Aging and Mobility. The study focused on the and Analysis to Characterize Rear and analysis of crash statistics to determine whether Side Underride and Front Override older commercial drivers were at increased risk While much analysis has been completed on of crash involvement relative to their younger crash and causation in heavy vehicle crashes, counterparts. Crash statistics from the 2011 front override and side underride have not commercial driver records were analyzed, and been systematically studied. The purpose of results indicated that commercial drivers aged this project is enhancing data collection and 66 years or older had elevated risks for both fatal understanding on the standards governing and injurious crashes relative to their younger override and side underride guards by collecting counterparts. A literature review was conducted and analyzing Trucks Involved in Fatal and reduced to those peer-reviewed studies in Accidents (TIFA) database. This combined which a performance-based measure was used with a detailed clinical analysis of LTCCS to to predict prospective crash involvement. Few develop understanding and critical features relevant publications were identified, indicating associated with rear and side underride Safety a need for additional data collection. A meta- Critical Events (SCEs). The final product of this analysis of the existing studies was conducted, project will expand the data available to assist in and several performance-based measures were establishing better guidelines for fleets, identify

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gaps in existing data for analysis, and provide conversations, or interactions, while the driver insight into safety risks associated with these is experiencing real-world driving conditions heavy vehicle components. This project is being and pressures. The data set provided by the sponsored by that National Highway Traffic technology vendor will only include vehicles Safety Administration (NHTSA). with a gross vehicle weight of >10,000 lb. (e.g., trucks, buses, and three- [or more] axle Evaluation of Heavy Vehicle trucks). Based on this criterion, approximately Crash Warning Interfaces 14,350 vehicles from 117 distinct fleets are While commercially-available crash warning in the database of the technology vendor. It is systems have been available for some time, the expected that approximately 20,000 crashes and implementation of such systems has varied near-crashes and 100,000 baselines will be made widely with regard to the human-machine available for analysis. interface. The purpose of this project is to examine aspects of the human-machine interface Distribution of Stress Corrosion of heavy vehicle crash warning systems and Cracks and Testing Specifications determine the potential benefits or disbenefits This project, sponsored by FMCSA, is a sub- associated with certain display properties. award being conducted by Iowa State University. The final product of this project will include The main task of this project is to conduct comprehensive interface design guidelines ultrasonic testing on a range of agricultural nurse for heavy vehicle crash warning systems. This tanks during the summer of 2012. This study will project is being sponsored by NHTSA. provide data about the extent of cracking that currently exists in the nurse tank population, the Driver Distraction: Eye-glance Analysis location of the cracking as it exists in each tank, and Cognitive Distraction and the size of indications found. With these This research project involves an analysis of data, valid statistical statements can be made existing naturalistic data collected and owned for the first time concerning the distribution by SmartDrive Systems, Inc. Methods will of cracks as functions of manufacture year include the collection of these data to assess and location of cracking. Only anecdotal the prevalence of cell phone use and other information currently exists concerning where distractions while driving a truck or bus. cracking can be expected to occur. Data will also SmartDrive will also assess visual distraction provide a basis for subsequent recommendations and conversation workload. The objective of concerning best practices for inspection. Finally, this FMCSA-sponsored project is to better the study provides the foundation for further understand the relationships of conversation research about crack growth. Crack growth load and visual distraction during mobile phone can be monitored during subsequent years via regularly scheduled inspections to determine how crack growth that occurs due to actual service conditions compares to predicted growth models developed during previous research.

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Expanded Research and Development will involve the design and modification of the of the Enhanced Rear Signaling System ERS system into a unit designed for simple truck for Commercial Motor Vehicles and trailer installation. The third effort will involve testing the eye-drawing capability and This project, sponsored by FMCSA, will associated discomfort glare of the rear warning- investigate methods designed to mitigate those light system during nighttime conditions. crashes during which a heavy truck has been struck from behind by another vehicle. A series of static and dynamic empirical data collection Ongoing Projects efforts were made during a prior study (Phase III) Onboard Monitoring System to test and evaluate potential countermeasures. Field Operational Test The most promising candidate was an enhanced The objective of this FMCSA-sponsored project rear signaling (ERS) system comprising a radar- is to determine whether an onboard monitoring based, collision warning activation system and system (OBMS) will reduce at-risk behavior 12 light-emitting diode (LED) units positioned among commercial drivers and improve driver on the rear of a trailer. Results indicated that safety performance. This project will determine the system performed well at detecting and if safe driving behavior may be enhanced by signaling rear-end crash threats, drawing the recording and reporting SCEs, followed by gazes of distracted following-vehicle drivers safety managers coaching the driver using these back to the forward roadway, and did not result safety events as feedback. This system will also in any unintended safety-related consequences contain an electronic onboard recorder (EOBR) for surrounding traffic. The results were derived that will be evaluated. Operator monitoring and from controlled testing performed during fair feedback can be characterized as a behavior- weather and daylight hours on public roadways based safety method. Safe behavior is rewarded, in Virginia. Although the prototype ERS system and unsafe behavior is coached, thereby performed well, three system refinement proactively improving overall safety. The efforts were identified as necessary prior to OBMS to be used during this study will record scheduling real-world deployment of the ERS unsafe driving behaviors via snippets of video system. The objective of the current project is to and other performance/kinematic measures. conduct three development efforts towards the Real-time feedback will be provided to drivers. completion of a stand-alone ERS system ready Recorded driver problems (e.g., hard braking) for implementation in a field operational test. will then be transmitted to and reviewed by The first effort will involve the refinement of the the driver’s fleet safety manager. Depending radar target identification firmware to reduce on the judgment of the fleet safety manager, the likelihood of false alarms during lower the recorded incident can then be shown to the speed, high-traffic scenarios. The second effort driver during a coaching session with the goal of pinpointing the problematic behavior and providing instruction about how to avoid that problem in the future. Corrected action and improved behavior are

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the expected results of drivers viewing their Case-control Commercial Driver recorded errors alongside their safety managers Individual Differences Study and receiving instruction about the nature Sponsored by FMCSA, the objective of the of the problematic behavior. Hypothetically, Case-control Commercial Driver Individual successful implementation of the OBMS Differences Study (CDIDS) is to examine an program may significantly reduce the number array of driver and situational factors and and severity of crashes involving commercial determine the prevalence of these factors and motor vehicles (CMVs). their relationships to crash involvement. The goal of CDIDS is to identify and prioritize The Development of Guidelines and Materials individual differences among commercial to Enable Motor Carriers to Implement drivers with respect to risk factors. These a Fatigue Management Program risk factors will comprise personal elements Commercial carriers, regulators, and such as demographic characteristics, medical commercial vehicle drivers have historically conditions, personality traits, personal attitudes, responded to fatigue management by and behavioral history. Risk factors will also working/driving within prescribed hours include conditions of the work environment of service (HOS) rules. Recent fatigue (e.g., carrier operation types and compensation management research indicates that other methods). The study will identify risk factors by factors are involved in driver fatigue and safety linking the characteristics of individual drivers performance. There is sufficient knowledge with their driving records during the duration of available now to facilitate the development of the study, especially the occurrence or absence of a guide for motor carriers that addresses the safety-related events (e.g., preventable crashes, design of a Fatigue Management Program crashes regardless of preventability, moving (FMP) and implementation into ongoing violations, and vehicle inspection violations). carrier operations. The objective of this project, sponsored by the Canadian Council of Motor Linking Carrier Descriptive Attributes Transport Administrators, is to develop an to Crash Patterns – An Untapped FMP as a series of modules that cover required Tool in State Motor Carrier Safety topics and are directed at specific audiences. Improvement Programs (Phase II) This project is the second phase of a joint Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) project that began in November 2010. A recommendation that resulted from the Phase I combination-unit truck (CUT) effort (description provided under Completed Projects) was that a separate analysis was warranted of single-unit truck (SUT)-involved fatal crashes similar to that conducted for CUTs. A preliminary analysis of Virginia SUT- involved fatal crash data from 2005 to 2009 showed that 199 SUTs were involved in fatal crashes. That represents more than 40 percent of the total large-truck fatal crashes. More than 80 percent of these SUT fatal crashes occurred on non-interstate roads. A preliminary analysis also showed that almost 70 percent of the fatal

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crashes that occurred on non-interstate roads involved in fatal crashes on non-interstate involved Virginia-domiciled carriers. To better roadways. This research informed federal understand the problem of non-interstate and state CMV safety efforts to develop better crashes, an analysis is being conducted of the enforcement and regulatory oversight across SUT fatal crashes that occurred in Virginia from the full range of CMV operations. 2005 to 2009. Peer Review of Scientific Information Testing and Recommended Best VTTI managed the peer review process for five Practices for Nurse Tank Safety documents that were either influential scientific This project, sponsored by FMCSA, is a sub- information or assessments. As part of this award being led by Iowa State University. process, VTTI identified five groups of three The project supports enforcement and non-project-related experts in relevant subject possible rulemaking by the USDOT Modal areas (i.e., one group of three experts for each Administrations. FMCSA and Pipeline and of the five reports). With FMCSA approval, the Hazardous Materials Safety Administration VTTI team asked the individuals to perform a (PHMSA) both have responsibilities in the safe review of the scientific and technical validity transportation of hazardous materials and are of the documents. One reviewer from each responsible for nurse tank regulation. As a result of the five groups was asked to serve as a lead of the National Transportation Safety Board reviewer responsible for assembling panel (NTSB) investigation of the April 15, 2003, reviews into a report. Reviewers prepared a hazardous materials accident involving nurse report that described the nature of their reviews, tanks near Calamus, IA, NTSB made a safety findings, and conclusions. The lead reviewers recommendation for periodic, nondestructive provided summaries of panel conclusions and testing of nurse tanks. This project is designed any disparate and dissenting views. These to develop testing and recommended best reports and a verbatim copy of each reviewer’s practices that address this recommendation. comments (with or without attribution, at the discretion of the reviewer) were gathered into a Completed Projects report for FMCSA. Linking Carrier Descriptive Attributes Sleep Characteristics to Crash Patterns – An Untapped Truckers represent a segment of the aging Tool in State Motor Carrier Safety workforce. An estimated 50 percent of U.S. truck Improvement Programs (Phase I) drivers are aged 50 or older. This is important This project was sponsored by the Virginia because, while the frequency of fatal, nonfatal/ DMV and VDOT. More than 70 percent of all injurious, and property-damage-only crashes fatal CMV crashes involve CUTs. Of these, 25 declined 12 percent during three data collection percent occur on interstate highways with the periods (i.e., 2007 to 2009), the percentage of remaining 75 percent occurring on U.S. routes truck drivers over the age of 40 involved in these and other highways. However, the majority of crashes has remained relatively stable (40 to federal and state safety intervention activities 49 percent). Therefore, aging truck drivers are and data collection efforts focus on interstate experiencing proportionally greater rates of fatal highways. Working jointly with the Institute and nonfatal injuries compared to truck drivers for Transportation Research and Education at under the age of 40. This project, sponsored North Carolina State University and the North by the Board of Trustees of the University Carolina DOT, the research team provided a of Alabama for UAB, used data collected profile of the types of CUT carrier operations during the Naturalistic Truck Driving Study to determine differences in sleep characteristics;

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cognition; medication use; SCEs among truck Investigation of the Effects of Split drivers (categorized by age); and associations Sleep Schedules on Commercial between the critical reason and involvement Vehicle Driver Safety and Health in an SCE and sleep quantity/quality, cognitive This project, sponsored by FMCSA, was a performance, and medication use. sub-award conducted by the Washington State University Sleep and Performance Research Motorcoach Driver Fatigue Center. The study focused on investigating This project, sponsored by FMCSA, was a and providing direction about the effects of sub-award conducted by the Washington State various split-sleep/driving schedules on driver University Sleep and Performance Research health and safe driving performance. The study Center. This study focused on the current considered primary schedule characteristics HOS regulations for motorcoach drivers. The (e.g., time of day, split schedules, structure of regulations were implemented before there was driving and sleep periods, and individual driver a clear scientific understanding of the causal differences). A laboratory study was conducted factors of fatigue (e.g., time of day, amount using a two-by-two design of the effects of and timing of sleep, time awake, and time on consolidated/split and normal/restricted sleep task that included extended work days). Field performances and acute health outcomes studies of motorcoach driver fatigue, sleep, and that lead to chronic illness. Data collected performance were conducted using 50 drivers in and conclusions drawn informed the optimal a real-world driving environment. Twenty-five application and effective regulation of sleeper participants were examined on a fixed route, berth use in commercial trucking operations and 25 were examined on demand-responsive while considering performance and health. services (i.e., flexible routes and schedules). Objective measures of sleep (actigraph) and Vehicle-width Measurement performance (the Palm Pilot Psychomotor Technology Development: Phase 1 Vigilance Test) were used to test factors causing The focus of this project, sponsored by the increased fatigue and impaired performance, Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation which affect drivers and public well-being. and Research (VCTIR), was the development of Data collected during this and other research a vehicle-width measuring and alerting system endeavors helped inform scheduling practices designed to reduce over-width vehicle violations in the motorcoach industry. at VDOT work zones.

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Over-width vehicle violations often result in Onboard Safety Systems traffic congestion and work disruptions while Effectiveness Evaluation the offending vehicle is being turned around Working with the truck industry, FMCSA or re-routed by law enforcement officers. The envisions a future of smart technologies that objective of this project was to explore existing support the expanding role of the trucking systems and potential technologies that are industry to safely, securely, and efficiently able to successfully measure vehicle widths at transport the nation’s goods and products. highway speeds while remaining cost effective One way to save lives and reduce the number and portable. Appropriate warning systems of injuries occurring on the nation’s highways were also developed during this project. is through the expanded use of onboard safety Testing and Recommended Practices systems (OBSS) such as: 1) Lane-departure to Improve Nurse Tank Safety warning (LDW) systems; 2) Electronic stability control (ESC) systems; and 3) Forward collision This project, sponsored by FMCSA, was a sub- warning (FCW) systems. Information from award conducted by Iowa State University. motor carriers about the effectiveness of these There are an estimated 200,000 cargo tanks systems in improving safety will be valuable in used nationwide in the agricultural industry. advancing further use in the trucking industry. These tanks are commonly referred to as The purpose of this FMCSA-sponsored project nurse tanks. Because they are not required to was to conduct an OBSS effectiveness evaluation be removed from service at a given age, many of these three technologies using data collected nurse tanks that have received no effective directly from motor carriers. safety inspections for several decades likely remain in use on farms and at filling facilities. The purpose of this research was to determine the service life limitations of nurse tanks that are used for transporting/applying anhydrous ammonia and to make recommendations about the periodic testing and maintenance of these types of cargo tanks.

77 Center for Injury Biomechanics

The Center for Injury Biomechanics (CIB) strives to mitigate the human suffering and societal costs associated with unintentional injuries. This is accomplished by conducting research to determine the mechanisms of injury and human tolerance to injury. The impact and injury responses and physical properties of post-mortem human surrogates and in vivo biomedical models are measured on multiple scales via cellular, tissue, organ structure, body region, and whole-body-level testing. Human volunteer testing is conducted at low energy levels to investigate the effects of posture and muscle activation. The tolerance to various loading regimes using different injury mechanisms is determined to develop or improve injury metrics and predictive functions for a given injury type. Connected with these metrics are Injury Assessment Reference Values that suggest a threshold for the probability of a specific injury occurring at a particular severity for a The Center for Injury general category (gender/percentile) of individual. These results are applied to create tools used for the design and Biomechanics (CIB) evaluation of environments (e.g., playgrounds, vehicles) combines experimental and protective equipment (e.g., helmets, body armor). testing of dummy and These tools are often used during regulatory compliance human surrogates and testing. Improved understanding of mechanisms and tolerance can lead to improved prevention strategies and computational modeling diagnostic techniques and can provide a foundation for to develop human new treatment regimes. impact injury criteria. This research is important to transportation safety, military safety, and sports biomechanics. Restraint and compartment designs for automobiles, military vehicles, rail systems, aircraft, and spacecraft benefit from the type of research conducted by CIB. Protective equipment for military personnel and athletes has been improved. Collaborations with government agencies and private industry are vital to the success and impact of CIB.

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New Projects Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) at the U.S. Department of Transportation Quantitative Evaluation of Deflection (USDOT). THOR is designed to facilitate both Equivalence (DEQ)—Part I the development and evaluation of advanced Certain vehicle safety regulatory agencies are vehicle occupant safety systems. The device considering adapting a new thoracic injury features improved biofidelity and expanded criterion called the deflection equivalence (DEQ) capabilities to assess injury in all bodily regions. into the standard frontal vehicle safety compliance Though designed specifically for use during tests. However, concerns have been raised frontal and oblique crash environments, THOR regarding the ability of DEQ to accurately predict offers multi-directional faculties in several of its thoracic injury risk using the 50th percentile male components. The latest THOR dummy features Hybrid III anthropometric test device (ATD) numerous functional benefits with its enhanced under certain loading conditions. Specifically, design and measurement capabilities compared DEQ that is calculated based on the Hybrid III to previously existing crash test dummy sternum-chest potentiometer (single-point) does technology. The goal of this project is to develop not appear to be sensitive to cases during which and validate a new FEM of the recent version a knee-bolster airbag (i.e., a knee airbag designed of the THOR dummy (k model). The mesh and to reduce loading on lower limbs) is deployed or assembly of the new model will be developed by during cases where the steering wheel rim directly researchers from George Washington University loads the chest due to the airbag “bottoming out” (GWU). The material properties based on (i.e., the airbag does not provide sufficient cushion material characterization tests will be identified to the vehicle occupant). The proposed research by Virginia Tech researchers led by Dr. Costin program comprises three primary goals designed Untaroiu. Virginia Tech researchers will also to investigate these concerns: 1) Assess the validate the model against data available from effectiveness of knee-bolster airbags with respect calibration, biofidelity, and sled tests. Virginia to thoracic injuries during real-world automotive Tech researchers will compare the predictions collisions using the National Automotive of the final THOR model in a frontal crash-sled Sampling System (NASS)/Crashworthiness Data simulation with corresponding data from the System (CDS) and the Crash Injury Research Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS). The and Engineering Network (CIREN) databases; sensitivity of the model to material properties 2) Determine if direct steering wheel contact due and test conditions will be investigated. to the lack of an airbag deployment or the airbag “bottoming out” is still a major source of thoracic Evaluation and injury during real-world automotive collisions Calibration of a FEM of using the NASS/CDS and CIREN databases; and the THOR-NT Dummy 3) Evaluate the pros and cons of DEQ, sternum for Assessing Vertical deflection, and peak chest deflection as thoracic Impact Loading injury predictors during frontal impacts using an ATDs are frequently ATD, human body finite element model (FEM) used during crash testing simulations, and various combinations of safety to evaluate injury risk restraint systems. for vehicle occupants. The THOR dummy has Development and Validation of the been developed and THOR-k Finite Element Model continuously improved The advanced, anthropomorphic Test device by NHTSA. The device has shown better for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) was biofidelity during impact tests relative to the developed by the National Transportation Hybrid III, which is the dummy used for present Biomechanics Research Center of the National regulations. Current efforts to improve the 79 Center for Injury Biomechanics

THOR-NT advanced frontal crash test dummy only to take up the slack in a seat belt to avoid have been based exclusively on comparative submarining (i.e., occupants sliding down under frontal crash tests using post-mortem human the lap section of the seat belt). The current trend surrogates (PMHSs) and Hybrid III ATDs. of increased vehicle stiffness has resulted in a Therefore, the adequacy of using THOR during requirement for a better coupling of the occupant evaluations of injuries caused by vertical to the seat by applying greater forces in the belts loading is not ideally understood. To address using high-power pre-tensioners, especially in this gap, the objective of this Virginia Tech the lap belt. It is known that applying greater project with NASA Langley Research Center forces may increase injury risk in the occupant’s (LaRC) is to evaluate and calibrate the FEM of bodily regions that are compressed by the belts the THOR-NT dummy under vertical loading (e.g., thorax, pelvis, and abdomen). The objective conditions corresponding to Federal Aviation of this project is to evaluate the performance of Administration (FAA) and Department of pre-tensioning and force-limiting used in novel Defense crash safety regulations and NASA seat belt restraint systems for better protection Orion Crew Module Landing requirements. of the occupant involved in a frontal crash. The methodology is a multi-faceted approach Evaluation of Pre-tensioning and involving: 1) Experimental static deployment Force-limiting Used in Novel tests with both ATDs and PMHSs; 2) Data analysis Seat Belt Restraint Systems of the dynamic penetration of the surrogate Current seat belt systems have proven to be abdomen/thorax and belts during tests using the effective by preventing 45 percent of fatal injuries Vicon system; 3) Statistical correlations between and 67 percent of serious injuries. However, levels of thorax/abdomen deformations, injuries/ it is understood that an early coupling of the non-injuries, and anthropometric characteristics occupant to the vehicle seat using pre-tensioners of PMHSs; and 4) Tissue tests conducted on solid during a frontal crash can additionally reduce abdominal organs to investigate the influence the injury risk of the occupant. Until recently, of variability in the material properties on the low-power pre-tensioners have been used PMHS response to pre-tensioning. Task 4.2 - Blast Buck Comparison Testing These series of tests are designed to investigate the kinematics of surrogate occupants undergoing high- level and high-rate vertical accelerations. Two surrogates are positioned on top of a blast buck having a rigid frame and seat structure with a deformable floor. Paired comparisons are conducted to examine the effects of different postures, personal protective equipment, and mitigation strategies.

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Task 4.1 - Generic Hull 2 Crash Injury Research and The purpose of this study is to gain a better Engineering Network (CIREN) understanding of the loading conditions CIB is participating in a subset of reviews present in a representative vehicle experiencing conducted by the WFU CIREN center of an underbody blast. The loads and timing automobile accident case data collected by associated with various types of damage WFU. CIB is supporting the CIREN case study predicted by ATDs will provide insight into and/or statistical findings by conducting pilot potential injury mechanisms and the ability biomechanical testing. of the ATDs to respond to and predict those injuries under such conditions. The results of Abdominal Injury Patterns this research will help direct future studies. The objective of this project is to investigate abdominal injury incurred during motor vehicle IMPACT Response to WIAMan collisions. Epidemiological and etiological studies The Virginia Tech – Wake Forest University using NASS/CDS and CIREN cases are being (WFU) CIB has formed a consortium of performed to supplement current, limited data universities to address the primary injury about the subject. A laboratory PMHS capable concerns of today’s military. Better vehicle of reproducing the requisite abdominal damage structures, seating and restraint systems, and and injury mechanisms will be developed. This personal protective equipment are needed to whole-body testing will involve an examination of improve the safety of the mounted soldier, loading and damage parameters, determination particularly during vehicle vertical loading. of the damage tolerance/threshold, and Currently, no valid development and evaluation development of an associated predictive metric. tool exists to aid in the design of these systems The mechanism of abdominal injury will be or to assess the risk of injury during an investigated using high-speed, biplane x-rays to underbody blast. This project contributes to the record internal kinematics. determination of biofidelity corridors and risk curves associated with the implementation of Light-vehicle Event Data Recorder Technologies a new form of test dummy: the Warrior Injury The objective of this program is to evaluate the Assessment Manikin (WIAMan). current potential of event data recorders (EDRs), manufacturer-planned upgrades to EDRs, and Internal Organ Kinematics potential updates of EDR capabilities based The relative interactions of anatomical on data about safety needs. The evaluation will structures and organ systems have become include an assessment of the requirements and increasingly important to the understanding of capabilities for EDR survivability (i.e., the ability injury mechanisms on a local scale. Therefore, of the EDR to withstand impacts). The research relative motions between various skeletal program will focus on both light vehicles (e.g., components and thoracic viscera of PMHSs are cars and light trucks) and heavy vehicles that examined using high-speed, biplane x-ray under include truck-tractors, straight trucks, and buses controlled dynamic loading conditions. The (e.g., transit and motorcoaches). The research primary objective of this project is to quantify program will support the NHTSA decision about the dynamic three-dimensional (3D) motions regulating future generations of EDRs. and interactions of selected thoracic and abdominal structures during various impactor and seat belt interaction scenarios.

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Roadside Features for the Highway The scope of the research program will include Safety Manual (HSM) collisions with all forms of traffic barriers such as The objective of this research is to develop guardrail barriers, concrete barriers, bridge rails, quantitative measures that can be incorporated crash cushions, and end terminals. into the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) to Head and Thoracic Injury evaluate the effects of roadside designs and features on the frequency and severity of lane- In the automotive safety field, FEMs are departure crashes. The project is designed to: 1) commonly used to predict and ultimately mitigate Identify crash modification factors (CMFs) and injuries to human occupants. However, there available data sources related to lane-departure currently are limited data that can be used to crashes using completed and ongoing research validate the kinematics and inertial responses of projects; 2) Determine the strengths, weaknesses, internal organs due to applied loading. Therefore, and differences between the HSM prediction the injury patterns of restrained occupants will models and the Roadside Safety Analysis be reconstructed on PMHSs under controlled Program (RSAP) and identify opportunities to loading conditions using impact tests that provide consistency by updating data sources, simulate injury mechanisms observed during base models, or modification factors; and 3) field accidents. The project comprises two goals: Develop new roadside crash modification factors 1) To simulate field accident internal organ injury for this type of collision event. mechanisms through local impact testing and 2) To quantify the 3D motion of internal organs due Advanced Automated Collision Notification to isolated thoracic impacts. To accomplish these This project seeks new methods to improve triage goals, radiopaque markers will be implanted decisions made during vehicle crashes by taking in various thoracic structures. A high-speed, advantage of electronic data collected during biplane x-ray system will be used to visualize the a crash. This project is designed to develop motion of the markers. and validate Advanced Automated Collision Roadside Data Notification algorithms using the advanced capabilities of EDRs to improve triage decisions. Each year more than 10,000 motorists in the U.S. EDRs in current-production passenger vehicles are fatally injured during road departure crashes. provide a unique source of data about a crash, The reasons why road departure crashes often storing data elements that describe the vehicle lead to fatality or injury despite the installation of and occupant-restraint responses to an impact. thousands of miles of advanced countermeasures EDR data elements can be used to dramatically are complex and not completely understood. improve predictions of impact injury incidence During this study, in-depth investigations of and severity for field triage decisions. 1,000 road departure crashes occurring at 24 sites across the U.S. will be conducted. The study Ongoing Projects will provide fundamental insights into the crash conditions associated with road departures Factors Related to Serious Injury and Fatal (e.g., impact speed, impact angles, vehicle Motorcycle Crashes with Traffic Barriers road departure orientations, encroachment The goal of the proposed research program frequencies, and roadside topography) to reduce is to use in-depth accident investigations to the severity and frequency of roadside crashes. determine the characteristics of serious injury The study will couple these crash causation and fatal motorcycle crashes into traffic barriers. factors with complete injury information for The long-term goal is to recommend injury- each of the crash victims to identify the influence mitigating strategies for motorcyclists that of infrastructure design on injury outcomes. continue to protect passenger-vehicle occupants.

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2012 Annual Report

Military Biomechanics II version of the WinSmash crash reconstruction A new fluid-filled eye will be designed and code. Earlier phases of this project resulted in the developed to replace the current solid eye in development of WinSmash 2007 and WinSmash the Facial and Ocular Countermeasure Safety 2008. WinSmash 2007 was used to generate (FOCUS) headform, a state-of-the-art physical delta-V estimates in NASS/CDS 2007. WinSmash model capable of measuring impact loads to the 2008 was used for the same function in NASS/ face and eyes. The new eye will be instrumented CDS 2008 and NASS/CDS 2009. WinSmash 2010 with a high-rate pressure sensor that will be will be used to generate delta-V estimates for calibrated to predict eye injury risk. The FOCUS NASS/CDS 2010 and later versions. form will be slightly modified to facilitate a new New Jersey Graduated Driver’s License eye and sensor cable. To investigate the internal loading mechanisms of the eye subjected to blast Teen crash fatalities occur for a number of reasons, loading, a full-eye computational model that including driver inexperience, lack of proper incorporates non-symmetric loading patterns training, and a propensity for excessive risk- and omnidirectional impacts will be developed. taking among some teens. These tragic events continue to occur at the rate of approximately The biomechanics of cervical spine arthroplasty 100 deaths per year in New Jersey despite state in the military will also be investigated by further implementation in 2001 of the graduated driver’s analyzing existing tests of the effects of cervical license (GDL). The goal of this research project is spine implants then by developing a suitable to develop for New Jersey a comprehensive teen cadaver testing apparatus. This is important for driver monitoring method and program that head-supported mass issues. Related to head- use current and future data sources. This system supported mass, FEMs of various face shields will be used to determine the effectiveness of the will be created to evaluate the effects of spinal New Jersey GDL law in reducing motor vehicle loading on candidate designs. crashes, injuries, fatalities, and property damage This project is also designed to characterize the for novice drivers who are typically 16 to 25 years physical responses of a previously developed of age. The resulting system will be designed to pulmonary surrogate under a series of facilitate evaluation of the current New Jersey representative impact loading conditions. The GDL law and proposed enhancements to the law. surrogate’s responses will be correlated to the Specifically, this project will: 1) Develop for New strain distribution within a FEM of the human Jersey a comprehensive teen driver monitoring lung. Finally, the effect of non-censored rib method and program that use current and future fracture timing on thoracic injury criteria will be data sources; 2) Evaluate crash data to determine evaluated during this project. if teen driver crashes and fatalities in New Jersey have significantly declined since enactment WinSmash Update of a GDL law in 2001; 3) Conduct a study that The objective of this project is to update and compares the driving experiences of teens who enhance the WinSmash crash reconstruction received 50 hours of practice driving coupled code. Specifically, the project corrects known with formal driver training versus those who programming bugs, implements an improved received 100 hours of practice driving without strategy for the search of stiffness values, rewrites formal driver training in terms of future crash the code in the more modern language of C#, and involvement, traffic violations, and other factors; develops an expanded library of stiffness values 4) Conduct a study that compares the driving that better reflect the current vehicle fleet. This experiences of teens who held their driving project resulted in the development of WinSmash permits for six months versus those who held 2010, a completely rewritten and restructured their permits for 12 months in terms of future

83 Center for Injury Biomechanics

crash involvement, traffic violations, and other during this project to develop an improved FE tool factors; 5) Evaluate the effectiveness of the used for the evaluation of local abdominal injury. September 2008 directive that banned plea CIB is conducting the majority of the empirical bargains for drivers with a GDL; and 6) Develop work; INRETS is conducting the majority of the a detailed plan for the pilot study of an in-vehicle numerical work. observation of teen driving behavior. Completed Projects Human Abdomen Model Center of Expertise New Eye for Blast Injury This research is being conducted for the During combat the rate of eye injuries has Global Human Body Models Consortium dramatically increased the past 90 years, from (GHBMC). This is a multi-year, multimillion approximately two percent during World War I and dollar project coordinated by the GHBMC, World War II to nearly 13 percent during Operation which is a consortium of the world’s largest Desert Storm. One reason for the increase of eye automobile manufacturers and suppliers. This injuries during modern-day military conflicts project is designed to develop and validate is a lack of modernization of protective goggles the most advanced FEMs of the human body. and face shields designed to match advances in Regional models are separated into five centers weaponry. Therefore, the purpose of this project of expertise for development, with the full-body was to develop a new FOCUS eye that provides center performing integration of the regions. design engineers a tool to create and evaluate The models will be highly detailed anatomically eye goggles. To develop a FOCUS eye with more and will possess the most accurate tissue sensitivity to a range of loading conditions, a new representations possible, particularly in terms of fluid-filled synthetic eye was created during this mechanical responses and failure characteristics. project to replace the current solid eye. Specifically, The models are being designed to predict this project satisfied two key objectives: 1) To relevant crash-induced injuries. Individuals are develop a biofidelity fluid-filled eye for the FOCUS being modeled to cover the maximum range headform that predicted eye injury risk for a range of normal sizes in the world population. Fifth of blunt-impact scenarios and 2) To validate the and 50th percentile female and 50th and 95th fluid-filled FOCUS eye for blast loading conditions percentile male models are being developed. with corresponding injury criteria. Scalable models will be developed to represent other shapes and sizes. Subsequent models will Lateral Facial Fractures represent children and the elderly. Because of the protective characteristics of facial CIB is participating in the GHBMC effort as bones, the reduction in structural failures of the Abdomen Model Center of Expertise. CIB the facial bones is of importance and can lead is collaborating with Dr. Philippe Beillas of the to a decrease in brain and eye injuries. Based on French National Institute for Transport and the types of injuries sustained during military Safety Research (INRETS) in Lyon-Bron and situations, countermeasures such as helmets, Dr. Philippe Vezin, head of the Laboratory goggles, and face masks can be designed to of Biomechanics and Impact Mechanics. The effectively distribute loads to reduce the incidences research approach involves empirical and of injuries. To design the protective equipment, numerical components on multiple scales. the local injury thresholds for the facial bones Material properties, tolerance of tissues and must be developed. A useful tool to measure the systems, and the local structural responses effectiveness of current countermeasures is the during impact are needed and will be obtained FOCUS headform, but injury criteria are needed

84 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

to correlate injury risk from lateral impact to the The project also involved comparing the responses measured response of the advanced headform. to porcine data reported by Kent et al. (2006) for Facial fracture experimental impact testing is seat belt loading. Further, the geometry of the needed to better characterize facial fracture injury current six-year-old insert was compared to the risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to seated child anthropometry data of Arbogast perform tests using PMHSs to determine facial (2006) and was subsequently modified. A revised fracture injury risk functions for lateral impacts pelvis is being developed by the University of to the zygoma, mandible, and nasal bones for the Michigan Transportation Research Institute 50th percentile male. (UMTRI). Adjustments to the insert design were made accordingly, and two to three new versions Evaluation of Implementation Readiness were produced. An instrumentation system was of Biofidelic Abdominal Insert for the implemented. Additional seat belt and rigid-bar Hybrid III Six-year-old Dummy tests were conducted. HyGe-style sled testing A new abdominal insert was implemented for was also performed. General kinematics and the Hybrid III six-year-old dummy. This was an abdominal and thoracic penetrations were extension of recent work conducted to improve measured to observe the influence of the insert the design and performance of the original 50th on dummy motion, chest compression, and percentile male abdominal insert, which was belt loading. The response of the revised insert developed by Rouhana et al. (2001). This work was also measured. Multiple copies of the final developed a viable instrumentation approach versions were fabricated and made ready for for the measurement of abdominal penetration. round-robin testing. Similar improvements The performance of the six-year-old abdomen will be made to the 50th percentile insert and required refinement. This involved comparing measurement system, and comparable tests will the mechanical responses of the current insert be performed. The new abdomen and pelvis for design to scaled response data for the Hybrid III the six-year-old crash dummy will provide better 50th percentile abdominal insert and a human biofidelity and will be able to assess the potential cadaver for rigid-bar and seat belt loading. of submarining for child occupants restrained in booster seats.

85 Center for Product Development

Activities conducted The Center for Product Development (CPD) specializes in under the Center for assessing VTTI-developed technologies for their potential Product Development to be commercialized and applied to improve roadway and (CPD) include strategic driving safety. market analysis, concept CPD is experienced in business, marketing, and engineering generation, product analyses and has extensive knowledge of issues relating to specifications, licensing driving safety, in-vehicle safety devices, driving performance, and driver behavior. development, and proof- of-concept demonstrations.

86 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

Completed Project A decision-making engine was developed and tested during simulation. The engine comprised Railway Cognitive Radio (Rail-CR) to a case-based reasoner tied to a genetic algorithm. Support Positive Train Control The cognitive engine attempted to first make Robust, reliable, and interoperable wireless decisions using past results that fell within a communications are vital to the success of defined similarity to a current situation. If no Positive Train Control (PTC). The objective of similar cases existed, then a genetic algorithm this study was to demonstrate a railway-specific was engaged to heuristically identify a cognitive radio system designed to enhance candidate solution. New solutions were pushed communication innovations within the Federal to the wireless link and assessed to determine Rail Administration (FRA) PTC initiative. The if performance improved. If metrics improved proposed system was not readily available in the then this new decision was entered into the consumer market but was based on near-ready case base and aided the radio in learning from technologies using an application of Artificial ideal decisions. A wireless link using a universal Intelligence to a software-defined radio (SDR) software radio peripheral (USRP) design was in platform. The proposed cognitive radio was place with a third interferer. Plans were made designed to enhance and leverage the existing FRA to integrate the cognitive engine into an over- investment in wireless PTC communications. the-air link.

87 Center for Technology Development

The Center for Technology Development (CTD) develops, manufactures, implements, and maintains innovative data acquisition, collection, logistics, and analysis systems in support of transportation research.

The Center for Technology Development (CTD) collaborates with other VTTI centers and groups to provide research support. CTD researchers continuously develop advanced systems for data collection with the goal of gathering a range of detailed data while remaining unobtrusive to participant drivers. CTD comprises the following groups: Mechanical Systems, Data Acquisition, and Advanced Development. These groups provide technical support for various projects and the Smart Road. CTD continues to create solutions in response to the ever-changing requirements of VTTI research centers and sponsors. CTD initiatives include, but are not limited to: • The technical capability and reliability of the current VTTI data acquisition system (DAS), which provides increased data acquisition rates and throughput via updating of communication and processing hardware; • The implementation, instrumentation, and recovery of data from vehicle- and infrastructure-based DASs and the performance of offsite repairs and initial data quality checks; • Continued development of the highly integrated VTTI DAS, which offers increased research parameters and reduced unit size designed to significantly decrease installation times, increase data sampling rates and throughput, provide corrected vehicle dynamics data, and render improved video compression and quality; and • Continued development of machine-vision capabilities related to driver, vehicle, and roadway metrics.

88 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

Mechanical Systems Group Advanced Development Group The Mechanical Systems Group is responsible for The Advanced Development Group is responsible for extensive mechanical fabrication ranging from software development at VTTI. The group comprises small to large hardware designed to suit the needs specialists in real-time data acquisition hardware and of all research projects. The group can tailor these software development, machine-vision road tracking, fabrication techniques to research needs based on size machine-vision head tracking, and data analysis and requirements by using various methods such as advancements. In support of transportation research sheet-metal forming, vacuum-bagging composites safety, CTD developed hardware, software, and firmware and thermo-forming plastics to computer numerical for the VTTI Next Generation DAS. The system is smaller control (CNC)-machined parts created using the in size and includes new and improved parameters group’s four-axis Haas, and finishing in-house using for use during transportation research, including the the CTD anodizing/paint/power coat facilities. The development of advanced machine-vision algorithms group can also design complex components using that facilitate remote sensing of driver performance. low- and high-volume injection molding, urethane CTD has provided support for the following projects: casting, and many of the current rapid prototyping technologies. The group uses three-dimensional • Integration Requirements Defi nition for Connected-vehicle Interfaces laser scanning software and computer-aided design • Connected-vehicle Communications Safety Pilot (CAD) technology to reproduce complex geometry Driver Clinics Supervisor and to design custom components featuring seamless • Human Factors for Connected-vehicle Guideline Development integration. The group’s ability to design, evaluate, • Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership Model Deployment and simulate in a digital environment results in the • Field Demonstration of an Advanced Heavy-vehicle reduced developmental time of a project. The support, Indirect Visibility System maintenance, and upgrades of all Smart Road facilities • Enhancement of Camera/Video Imaging Systems (E-C/VIS) and equipment are also performed by the group. for Heavy Vehicles • 511 Virginia, Soft ware Development Data Acquisition Group • Design of the In-vehicle Driving Behavior and Crash Risk Study • Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study The Data Acquisition Group is responsible for • Assessment of a Drowsy Driver Warning System (DDWS) for electronic hardware design. The group’s capabilities Commercial Vehicle Drivers span advanced circuit board design using arm • Human Performance Evaluation of Light-vehicle processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), and Brake Assist Systems • Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to system for Violations (CICAS-V) integration and project development from conception • Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations to completion. The group is a pioneer in the fields of • Detection-control System (D-CS) Field Evaluation distributed DASs, covert surveillance, and large-field • Disability Discomfort Glare Task DAS deployments. The group developed software and • Collision Warning System firmware for use in DASs as regulated by researchers’ • Proprietary Major Automotive Company (MAC) Research needs. The group also supplied and implemented data • Development of the Luminance Camera System triggers for use during data collection. CTD personnel • Older Driver Data Collection installed DASs in VTTI-owned, participant, and • Product Development commercial fleet vehicles and in highway infrastructure • Evaluation of Enhanced Brake Lights Using Surrogate Safety Metrics locations (e.g., intersections). The group was • Signalized Intersection Red Light Running and Dilemma Zone Study responsible for tracking and locating subject vehicles • Commercial Motor Vehicle Driving Simulator Validation (SimVal) and infrastructure locations and collecting research Study, Phase II data. Preliminary quality control was performed in the • Comparison of Object Detection and Identifi cation with an field to identify and address data acquisition issues, Advanced C/VIS (A-C/VIS) and a Commercially Available C/VIS and DASs were repaired as needed. CTD tracked, on Heavy Trucks performed causal analysis, and reported data loss for • Pilot Study of Instrumentation to Collect Behavioral Data subsequent corrective actions. to Identify On-road Rider Behaviors • Enhanced Rear Signaling for Heavy Trucks • Backing Countermeasures mini-Field Operational Test (FOT) – Naturalistic Observational Study • Hardware-in-the-loop Evaluation of the Bendix ESP System for Tractor Semi-trailers

89 National Tire Research Center

The National Tire Research Center (NTRC) is an advanced tire research center and test facility specializing in independent testing, research, and assessments that complement or supplement activities performed by global tire and vehicle manufacturers. NTRC is a collaborative effort led by VTTI in alliance with the Virginia Tech Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Institute for Advanced Learning and Research (IALR), General Motors, and the Virginia Tobacco Indemnification Commission. NTRC will provide to the automotive industry the testing capability that is needed to engineer and develop tires that will provide higher fuel economy and lower emissions while meeting federal vehicle requirements and customer expectations. This level and breadth of research, development, and testing in one location does not currently exist anywhere else for automotive and tire manufacturers.

The National Tire Research Center (NTRC) provides tire testing capabilities for the automotive industry and features a one-of-a- kind facility designed to generate world-class tire research data.

90 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

NTRC will house a newly designed force and moment machine (LTRe) created for passenger-car, light- truck, and motorsport tires. The NTRC LTRe is a superior product representing a transformational leap in technology by offering at least twice the capability in major performance areas across today’s tire test machines. The center plans to also incorporate state-of-the-art rolling resistance machinery that will enable tire and automotive manufacturers to accelerate the development of green tire technology, reproduce real-world events, and improve vehicle handling and stability. Additionally, NTRC has as a long- term goal possible expansion of equipment and facilities targeted at developing related markets such as heavy-truck and military- vehicle tires. Engineers, scientists, and Virginia Tech faculty members will work together to conduct research and testing, thus enabling the industry to more rapidly introduce vehicles with the newly developed technology. NTRC will provide significant research opportunities for the automotive industry and will create additional research and funding opportunities for vehicle manufacturers, tire manufacturers, the motorsports industry, local educational institutions, and government agencies. NTRC will conduct customer testing and research in January 2013 and is currently filling the test schedule for the first quarters of 2013. The center is currently staffing and is already making a direct impact on the transportation industry and the local economy. NTRC has partnered with the Southern Virginia Vehicle Motion Labs (SoVa Motion), which feature an 8-post Test Rig, Wheel Force Transducers, and two of Cruden’s Simulators. This equipment encompasses the tools needed to address virtual components prior to conducting ride and handling tests on the Virginia International Raceway world-class circuit and designated local roads.

91 Virginia Green Highway Initiative

The Virginia Green Highway Initiative (VGHI) is a partnership between VTTI, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), the Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research (VCTIR), the Virginia Tech Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), the Virginia Tech College of Engineering, and the Virginia Tech Office of the Vice President for Research. VGHI is centered at VTTI with access to resources such as the Virginia Smart Road, VTTI researchers, and additional VTTI support staff. The objectives of the VGHI include: 1) Creation of innovative approaches designed to increase energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in the surface The Virginia Green transportation domain; 2) Establishment of Virginia at Highway Initiative the forefront of the sustainable transportation revolution; (VGHI) focuses on energy and 3) Exploration and development of new technologies, efficiency, sustainable methods, and policies that will minimize the negative impacts associated with surface transportation on transportation, and new Virginia ecosystems. technologies designed These goals will be achieved using the capabilities of to minimize impacts on Virginia Tech, VDOT, and other Virginia universities state ecosystems. to pursue federal, state, and private sources of research funding and program investment. The success of VGHI will make an economic impact on Virginia, resulting in research, development, and manufacturing jobs.

92 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

Completed Project Vehicle Detection An opportunity exists for combinations of off- the-shelf VDTs to be used at intersections or The accurate and timely detection of vehicles elsewhere to improve overall vehicle detection is required for efficient operation of traffic accuracy. This combination is commonly signals and other traffic controls. False-positive described as “sensor fusion.” or negative readings provided by inaccurate detection systems result in problems that The goal of this Virginia Center for include driver frustration, traffic violations, Transportation Innovation and Research inefficient traffic flow, unusable signal control (VCTIR)-sponsored project was to investigate modes, etc. The two most commonly used the potential of paired types of commercially vehicle detection systems employ inductive available VDTs to provide improved overall loops or cameras as sensors. In-pavement system performance while considering cost, inductive loop detection systems provide maintenance, etc. The research scope included: reliable detection but are easily damaged • A review of performance characteristics during operation and pavement maintenance. and other potential evaluation criteria from Once installed, they are not easily reconfigured. available VDTs; Video-based detection systems address many • Evaluation of the potential provided by of the shortcomings of inductive loop systems pairing existing detection systems; and but suffer from reliability issues and experience • An experimental work plan developed to problems during adverse weather conditions. evaluate selected sensor fusion combinations. Other, less commonly used vehicle detection technologies (VDTs) are available, including those that employ radar, laser, magnetic, and acoustic sensors.

An illustration of the concept of an expanded system performance envelope using paired technologies.

93 The I-81 Coalition/Transportation Policy Group

The I-81 Corridor Coalition is committed to making I-81 a safe, efficient, environmentally sensitive, seamless, and intermodal transportation corridor. I-81 runs from the Knoxville, TN, area to the Canadian border serving the eastern portion of the U.S., primarily within the Appalachian region. It parallels I-95 to the western side and is a growing alternative to I-95 for freight movement. The primary concern of the Coalition is safety along the corridor, particularly incident management and freight route choices. The I-81 Corridor Coalition was originally established in 2007 and is governed by a Steering Committee that Members of the I-81 Coalition are includes representatives from state, local, federal, and committed to working together nonprofit organizations. As of 2011, administrative to improve freight and passenger and fiscal support is provided by VTTI; a website is movement through the corridor hosted by Shippensburg University. via sharing of information and coordinated decision making, management, and operations.

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Targeted Research Areas Safety I–81 is a major truck freight corridor. There are frequent crashes involving trucks that cause lengthy periods of congestion. Previous studies have shown that driver distraction and long hours behind the wheel are root causes in many cases. The Coalition partners with regional Public Safety Working Groups to host incident management workshops that provide technical instruction about proper safety procedures and quick crash clearance. Strategic Transportation Visioning The Coalition intends to collect data about traffic and planning efforts related to I–81 and build a database of information relevant to the corridor. As a first initiative, the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) has contracted with the Coalition to research opportunities for transportation facilities in the Appalachian region. The goal is to more fully integrate Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS) corridor segments with other regional highway, rail, and navigable waterway transportation resources. This will be accomplished in a way that increases coordination and cooperation and maximizes the social mobility of Appalachia and its domestic and international access. The contract is due to be completed by October 2012. As a second initiative, the Coalition will work with the six state departments of transportation (DOTs) through which I-81 runs to house and maintain a central data repository for state transportation data, plans, and studies relevant to the corridor. This initiative is a direct result of the I-81 Multistate Corridor Study, a pooled-fund study led by the Virginia DOT (VDOT). This initiative will begin in late 2012. Administrative Planning An operating structure (or a procedural guideline) is currently being developed that will enable the Coalition to move forward with additional funding strategies. Other efforts include building upon the existing website and visiting public jurisdictions and private organizations involved in corridor-related initiatives to continue expanding the membership base and stabilize funding.

Research Initiatives A large part of the interest of the Coalition is researching issues of importance in the corridor, including freight movement, intermodal relationships, environmental planning, safety, and corridor-wide information and coordination efforts. Each of these subject areas will be explored for additional funding opportunities.

95 Financial Information Projected eading the fieldeading of uisition system system uisition ponsored $33M Ext S $4.3M E&G $3.4M Returned OH ponsored $29.5M Ext S $4.0M E&G $4.0M E&G $2.9M Returned OH $8.4M DAS Equipment E&G Expenditures E&G Expenditures Overhead Returned Expenditures Sponsored Externally FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 VTTI Total Externally Sponsored and State Expenditures FY07 through FY12 FY07through and Sponsored State Expenditures Externally Total VTTI $- $5,000,000 $45,000,000 $40,000,000 $35,000,000 $30,000,000 $25,000,000 $20,000,000 $15,000,000 $10,000,000 (DAS) procurement project in FY11. That trend is expected to continue with connected-vehicle and naturalistic driving studies l driving studies with connected-vehiclenaturalistic and is expected trend continue in FY11. That to project procurement (DAS) 250 percent. than since FY07 has been more Growth safety. transportation Externally sponsored expenditures at VTTI increased 37 percent from the previous fiscal year, excluding the $8 million data acq the $8 million data excluding VTTI at fiscal the previous increasedfrom expenditures year, Externally sponsored 37 percent

96 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report $43.3M $34.7M $33.0M $16.3M $17.8M $24.2M 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 VTTI Sponsored Research Award History Award Research VTTI Sponsored $- $5,000,000 $45,000,000 $40,000,000 $35,000,000 $30,000,000 $25,000,000 $20,000,000 $15,000,000 $10,000,000 VTTI finished FY12 with $43.3 million in sponsored awards. This represents a new record for VTTI. for a new VTTI record This represents finished awards. FY12 with $43.3 million in sponsored since 2009 is nearly 300 percent. Growth

97 Financial Information $111.2M $63.9M $63.9M $75.9M $49.2M $49.2M $27.8M $27.8M $33.8M $33.8M 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 VTTI Sponsored Research Proposal History Proposal Research VTTI Sponsored $- $80,000,000 $60,000,000 $40,000,000 $20,000,000 $120,000,000 $100,000,000 VTTI proposals during FY12 exceeded $110 million and included a $40 million proposal to the U.S. Department Department the U.S. to FY12 exceededVTTI included a $40 million proposal during $110 million and proposals $40 million proposal. the one excluding 11 percent, than year is more the prior The increase from Defense. of

98 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

FY12 Research Sponsors National Highway Traffic Safety Virginia Center for National Administration Transportation Institutes Penn State 7% Federal Highway Innovation & Research of Health University Administration 7% 2% 1% 6%

Wake Forest University Other Federal VA Dept. of 2% 3% Transportation US Dept. 2% of Defense MAC (7) 3% 9% Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators 2%

Council of Deputy Other Private Ministers 9% 2%

Virginia Tobacco Indemnification CAMP Commission The National Academies Federal Motor Carrier 5% 6% 14% Safety Administration 12% Motorcycle Safety Foundation Westat Inc. 4% 2%

MAC (14) 2%

The VTTI research sponsor base diversification trend included more than 50 different sponsors during FY12. A 17 percent increase in private sector research reflects industry confidence and continues to increase with economic improvements.

FY12 Total Expenditures by Funding Type FY12 Sponsored Research Funding Virginia Tech Foundation VTTI .2% Facilities Private Expense 32% 2.9%

Sponsored State E&G and Federal Overhead Research 6% Funding 80.8% 47% 15.9% Sponsored Research Federal Flow Cost Share Through .2% 15%

99 Financial Information

VTTI Earned Overhead Distribution FY07 through FY12

$7,000,000 VTTI Returned Overhead Rental Expense $6,000,000 Other Departments' Distribution State and Central Capital Distribution $1.8M VTTI ROH $1.1M Rental Expense $5,000,000

$4,000,000

$3,000,000

$2,000,000

$1,000,000

$- FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13

FY12 VTTI Earned Overhead Distribution VTTI Stakeholder Overhead % of Total OH Distribution Earned Total Overhead Earned* 5,844,152 State Distribution 1,740,105 29.8% Central Capital Account II 580,035 9.9% Pre-rent Subtotal 3,524,012 Rental Expense "Off the Top" 1,068,252 18.3% Available for Distribution to Stakeholders 2,455,761 College of Engineering (COE) 39,072 0.7% College of Science (COS) 8,965 0.2% Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) 102,672 1.8% Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) 11,338 0.2% Mechanical Engineering (ME) 12,812 0.2% Statistics (STATS) 8,482 0.1% Center for Injury Biomechanics (CIB) 42,858 0.7% School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (SBES) 49,071 0.8% Math (MATH) 484 0.0% Office of the Vice President for Research (OVPR) 153,190 2.6% Central Capital Account 1 (CCA 1) 273,572 4.7% VTTI Returned Overhead 1,753,246 30.0% 100.0%

*The National Tire Research Center (NTRC) earned overhead allocation agreement is 100% to the Center and is therefore excluded from the above distribution analysis. NTRC earned $47,061.76 in overhead during FY12. 100 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

FY12 VTTI Funding Model

Virginia Tech E&G Investment VTTI Indirect Cost $4.0M Generated $5.8M

Return to University E&G Net Marginal Cost $1.7M to the University = $0.9M* Rent paid for VTTI $1.1M

CCA1 Debt Service on Univ. Buildings $0.3M

VTTI Research CCA2 Rent for use of Expenditures Other Depts. at CRC $29.5M $0.6M

Return to Participating Depts./ Colleges $0.3M

Return to VP for Research $0.2M

Remainder Returned to VTTI $1.8M

Total Non-direct Funds Available to VTTI $5.8M Ratio Analysis: Gross Research Expenditures per $1 investment: Research Expend/Total Available = $29.5M/$5.8M = 5.1x Research Expend/E&G = $29.5M/$4.0M = 7.4x Research Expend/Net Marginal Cost = $29.5M/$0.9M = 32.8x *Net Marginal Cost = Virginia Tech E&G Investment less Return to University E&G, CCA1, CCA2, Return to Departments, and Return to VP for Research

101 Financial Information

FY12 Smart Road Usage by VTTI Center Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology Center for 2% Automotive Safety Research Center for Truck 23% Smart Road and Bus Safety Division 4% 23%

Other Center for 1% Sustainable Transportation Center for Infrastructure Infrastructure- Department of 11% Based Safety Civil and Systems Environmental 34% Engineering 2%

FY12 Smart Road Sponsorship

MAC (22) 3%

MAC (14) Federal Highway 2% Administration Virginia Department (FHWA) of Transportation 35% (VDOT) MAC (7) 2% 7% TORC Technologies Federal Motor 3% Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Virginia Center for 1% Transportation FY12 Smart Road Funding Sources Innovation and Virginia Polytechnic Research (VCTIR) Institute and State 29% University (VT) State University 5% 9% 18% Crash Avoidance Federal Flow Metrics Partnership (CAMP) MAC (20) Automotive Event Through 6% 1% 6% 15% Private 22%

Federal 36%

102 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

5 -Year Smart Road Hours Usage 800 743

700

609 600 556 534 518 500 468 425 424 400

300 291

207 210 200 172

100

0 Jul-Dec '07 Jan-Jun Jul-Dec '08 Jan-Jun Jul-Dec '09 Jan-Jun Jul-Dec '10 Jan-Jun Jul-Dec '11 Jan-Jun Jul-Dec Jan-Jun '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '12* '13* *FY13 Projection

Smart Road sponsor diversity continued the trend during FY12. In addition, new revenues are anticipated from expanding the Smart Road services to include additional VTTI road surfaces.

5-Year Smart Road Cost Recoveries $180,000

$160,000

$140,000

$120,000

$100,000

$80,000

$60,000

$40,000

$20,000

$- FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12

103 Financial Information

FY12 VTTI Research Expenditures by Center (more than $2M) $12,000,000

$10,000,000 FY10 FY11 FY12 $8,000,000

$6,000,000

$4,000,000

$2,000,000

$- Center for Automotive Safety Other VTTI Centers under $2M* Center for Truck and Bus Safety Center for Injury Biomechanics National Tire Research Center Research (CASR)* *See below (CTBS) (CIB) (NTRC) *CASR excludes DAS procurement equipment expenditures for comparative purposes.

FY12 VTTI Research Expenditures by Center (under $2M) $1,800,000

$1,600,000 FY10 $1,400,000 FY11 FY12 $1,200,000

$1,000,000

$800,000

$600,000

$400,000

$200,000

$- University Smart Road Center for Center for Center for Center for Transportation Surface Center for Virginia Green ECE I-81 Corridor Transportation Division (SR) Smart Sustainable Infrastructure- Sustainable Policy Group Transportation Product Highway Collaborative Coalition Center (UTC) Infrastructure Mobility Based Safety Transportation (TPG) Safety Center Development Initiative Research (I-81C) and Sensing (CSM) Systems Infrastructure for Excellence (CPD) (VGHI) Technology (CIBSS) (CSTI) (STSCE) (CSIST)

104 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

FY12 Proposal and Award Activity for VTTI Centers (more than $5M)

$50,000,000

$45,000,000

$40,000,000

$35,000,000 Proposals $30,000,000 Awards

$25,000,000

$20,000,000

$15,000,000

$10,000,000

$5,000,000

$- Center for Automotive Center for Truck and Bus Center for Injury University Transportation VTTI Research Centers Safety Research (CASR) Safety (CTBS) Biomechanics (CIB) Center (UTC) under $5M* *See below

The University Transportation Center was established during FY12 after a successful, competitive proposal and award process. This award from the Department of Transportation also includes contributions from the Virginia Department of Transportation, Virginia Tech, and regional partners.

FY12 Proposal and Award Activity for VTTI Centers (under $5M)

$4,000,000

$3,500,000

$3,000,000

Proposals $2,500,000 Awards

$2,000,000

$1,500,000

$1,000,000

$500,000

$- Infrastructure- Smart Smart Road Sustainable Sustainable National Tire Transportation Virginia Green VTTI/ECE I-81 Coalition Based Safety Infrastructure Division (SR) Mobility Transportation Research Safety Center Highway Collaborative (I-81C) Systems and Sensing (CSM) Infrastructure Center for Excellence Initiative Research (CIBSS) Technology (CSTI) (NTRC) (NSTSCE) (CSIST) 105 Financial Information 72 30 - - - 237 124 e 1,572 13,637 60,017 50,913 26,186 84,771 29,342 22,487

38,158 714,651 144,113 171,695 142,621 377,799 560,254 218,771 639,951 473,422 2,894,611 2,288,482 3,445,410

% Balanc s - - 787 671 3,909 2,269 5,355 3,780 30,150 44,182 33,638 14,861 32,274 21,135 51,862 88,235 54,590 29,241 58,370 470,014 194,253 731,644 650,715 508,913 145,884 225,038 3,059,854 Fiscal Year 2011-2012 Expenditure

80,745 396,266 150,089 2,690 372 419 681,104 47 1,723,300 13,256 247,350 9,339 16,321 26,565 27,487

1.3% 5,733,892 s ------739,267 - - - - 63,488 52,290 37,266 28,607 36,367 15,124 49,784 390,478 654,798 816,342 275,142 300,000 3,063,080 2,562,983 Revenue

1,165,172 9,255 3,734 - (2,690) 236,386 - 131,203 110,578 68,896 123,794 496,600 148,662 112,651 11,073 924 103,493

t Financial Activity Report For Year Ending June 30, 2012 Teen Practice Driving Various Fund - CASR Various Fund - APTE S31 - Trip Summaries S31 - Crash Reduction S31-Early Production Supervised Practice Driving on Driv S31 - Website S31-Non SHRP2 40-Teen Driver S31-UserWorkshop Drowsiness Mitigation S31-S08 Support DAS Procurement Cell Phone Pilot HFCV Metrics Driver Clinics Supervisor Model Deployment LADS TIER I UTC S06 (2,000 Car) F-Mini Projec y r Sponso . 0308-020308-02 431691 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 440572 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-02 425928 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) Rating Consumer Info 0308-02 425940 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) Installation Errors 0308-020308-02 431462 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 431492 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 0308-02 440998 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-02 416839 The National Academies 0308-02 416838 The National Academies 0308-02 416562 CAMP 0308-02 416582 Transecurity, LLC 0308-02 416815 CAMP 0308-02 416835 The National Academies 0308-02 416836 The National Academies 0308-02 416837 The National Academies 0308-020308-02 416467 Westat, Inc. (FFT NHTSA) 416476 Westat, Inc. (FFT NHTSA) 0308-02 416804 The National Academies 0308-02 416834 The National Academies 0308-02 416148 The National Academies 0308-02 416130 Major Automotive Company (7) 0308-020308-02 4417380308-02 Virginia Tech Foundation, Inc. 4432320308-02 Motorcycle Safety Foundation 4486060308-02 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 4510110308-02 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 451012 VCTIR-Driver Coach0308-02 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 4510340308-02 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 4510570308-02 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 4510670308-02 Crash Data National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 4510780308-02 Crash Data Subcontract (University of Michigan) National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 4511240308-02 Intellidrive Interface Needs Sub (Battelle) National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 4511260308-02 Cell Phone Field Test National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 451127 S Project 20120308-02 HFCV Integration National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 4511450308-02 MSF Naturalistic Guidelines National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) 4558480308-02 60 Motorcycle Major Automotive Company (7) 4559060308-02 Portable Devices Major Automotive Company (7) 4560360308-02 HFCV_Integrated & Guide Major Automotive Company (7) 457110 Cell Pilot Analysis Major Automotive Company (7) 457113 131,590 Major Automotive Company (7) 78,488 2,704 B-Mini Hawkeye Columbus Crystal II Blackbox 278,821 1,618 270,026 416,199 410,260 90,000 162,612 53,439 95,431 68,403 (16,321) (9,339) (5,523) 76,601 - Externally Sponsored Project Activit 0rg No. Fund No University Transportation Center (UTC) --Dr. Thomas Dingus, Director 0308-01 448651 Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) CVI-UTC - 0308-01 451156 Department of Transportation University Transportation Center Total Center for Automotive Safety Research (CASR) -- Dr. Jon Hankey, Director 0308-02 415586 The National Academies 0308-02 457121 Major Automotive Company (7)

106 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report 0 - e 6,167 4,307 9,912 2,430

60,000 91,021 10,000 17,074 55,969 23,001 100,817 155,363 100,000 122,883 278,911 409,678 183,368 100,016

5.4% 1,201,651 % Balanc 39.8% 12,741,175 s 89 - - - - 171 (322) 4,956 5,693 7,385 31,849 32,651 37,194 91,668 19,853 74,999 269,075 151,925 250,516 260,597 403,633 1,604,152 11,756,968 Expenditure

368,896 0 0 0 0 39,310 198,957 337,142 431,520

725,922 1,721

13,612

8,092

15,595

30,360

89 s ------1,833 2,237 2,067 36,378 23,995 30,819 93,000 23,788 313,642 375,000 320,814 122,607 102,605 419,729 1,844,607 12,860,573 Revenue

- 50,559 12,650 75,000 19,673 245,489 195,258 127,043 17,957 214,625 151,716

61,419

197,346 1,492

12,762

3,620

515,678

13,021

t For Year Ending June 30, 2012 SAFETEA-LU_SR Marketing and Public Relations SAFETEA-LU_Advanced Vehicle Shanghai FOT - One Rooster MAC(7) SR Salem Dist Maintenance 511 Exceptions Database Management SR Usage-Volvo SR Usage - Transecurity SR Usage - Foster Miller SR Usage - TORC-MTVR SR Usage - ABC 511 Exceptions 2012 Drive Smart Monitoring System SAFETEA-LU_SR Pavement Center SAFETEA-LU_Dilemma Zone Projec SAFETEA-LU_SR Development Financial Activity Report (continued) r Sponso . 0308-03 415352 VCTIR/FHWA SAFETEA-LU Earmark Smart Road Division (SR; SAFETEA-LU, 511) -- Andy Alden, Director 0308-03 415351 VCTIR/FHWA SAFETEA-LU Earmark Center for Automotive Safety Research Total 0308-020308-02 457657 Agero 457676 Cernet Corp. 0308-02 457636 Major Automotive Company (7) Flash - 0308-02 457637 Major Automotive Company (7) 0308-02 457624 Various Funding Sources Motorcycle Various 100,000 0308-02 457537 Major Automotive Company (20) Distract: ODD 87,386 0308-02 457536 Automotive Events DAC4 - Facilities 12,650 0308-02 457533 Major Automotive Company (14) SDI11 75,000 0308-02 457514 Automotive Events DAC4 19,673 0308-02 457510 Major Automotive Company (14) Maximus 245,489 0308-02 457504 Major Automotive Company (14) ADAS (Propietary Information) 195,258 0308-02 457502 Major Automotive Company (20) Toy Train 75,000 0308-02 457497 Major Automotive Company (20) Toyota Driver Coach 73,979 0308-02 457401 Major Automotive Company (7) Cyclops 600,000 0308-02 457400 Major Automotive Company (7) Morgan 565,000 Smart Road Division Total 0308-02 457325 CEI Group CEI Predictive Analysis 42,500 0308-03 457521 Volvo Trucks North America, Inc. 0308-02 457317 Insurance Institute IIHS Distraction Study 204,851 0308-03 457414 Transecurity, LLC 0308-03 457421 Foster Miller, Inc. 0308-02 457305 Major Automotive Company (14) ADII NTCNA Task 11,908 0308-03 457394 ABC News 20/20 0308-02 457271 Major Automotive Company (7) Novizer (0) 0308-03 457293 TORC Robotics, LLC 0308-03 448644 Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) 0308-02 457198 Major Automotive Company (14) Dirty Dozen NRC (15,595) 0308-02 457165 Council of Deputy Ministers CNDS Radar 37,942 0308-03 448602 Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) 0308-03 448454 Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) 0308-030308-03 415354 VCTIR/FHWA SAFETEA-LU Earmark 415546 VCTIR/FHWA SAFETEA-LU Earmark 0rg No. Fund No Center for Automotive Safety Research (CASR) Continued 0308-02 457136 Major Automotive Company (7) Virgil 54,777 0308-03 437404 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Smart Road Management Agreement 0308-03 416615 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 0308-03 415353 VCTIR/FHWA SAFETEA-LU Earmark

107 Financial Information 0 1 0 0 0 (5) (0) (0) - - - - - 580 166

662 e 2,845 3,854 1,463 2,121 4,292 6,163 1,833 (6,590) 18,136 10,042 22,866 593,109 197,158 587,685 174,590 599,021 183,284 145,823 120,000 300,000 118,570

2.8% 1,582,845 2.6% 1,192,797 % Balanc s (1) ------(39) 979 2,064 8,230 6,864 1,662 8,601 1,515 2,142 (5,169) 12,651 16,902 50,213 19,999 49,729 34,336 58,754 36,962 28,104 63,037 42,976 34,498 28,017 86,590 31,781 38,381 322,505 179,833 834,884 275,024 773,647 102,599 Expenditure

287

205,021

s ------585 131 828 9,538 2,764 1,812 6,864 1,555 6,404 18,356 41,905 51,537 21,000 40,383 53,140 41,458 18,089 55,585 13,655 23,129 55,816 60,649 21,464 25,417 80,000 38,167 39,338 284,907 233,079 844,233 301,040 145,124 872,434 156,820 Revenue

5,761

152,694

2,096

t For Year Ending June 30, 2012 Various Fund - CSM Digital Mix Design Nano Mechanics Energy Proposal Letter/Research NSF Workshop SAIC Scholarship Support FY10 Various Fund - Lighting High Speed Imaging MAUTC-Penn State MAUTC Intelli Headlamp Sag (Sub from CIBSS) TranLIVE UTC Shiny Sign MAUTC Greenhouse Gases MAUTC: Data Quality Needs Assessmen MAUTC Penn State Headlamp Sag Visibility Model MAUTC Rollover Propensity Estimation Blue Castle Eco-Signal Evaluation Projec BAA Eco-Drive Bright Billboard BAA Eco-Signal Eco-Routing Financial Activity Report (continued) r Sponso . 0308-05 448075 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Next Generation Traffic Control 0308-04 478319 National Science Foundation (NSF) 0308-05 441476 SAIC 0308-040308-04 451030 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 451042 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-04Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology Total 478467 National Science Foundation (NSF) 0308-05 440813 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-05 425845 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) Truck Rollover 0308-06 448652 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Foggy Signs 0308-04 425926 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Eisenhower - Wang - 0308-04 448429 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Skid Resistance II Center for Sustainable Mobility (CSM) -- Dr. Hesham Rakha, Director 0308-050308-05 415790 Penn State University (FFT USDOT) 416103 Penn State University (FFT USDOT) 0308-06 448161 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Wet Vis III 0308-060308-06 448162 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 448613 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Wet Vis IV LED Night 0308-04 416174 Penn State University (FFT USDOT) MAUTC Monitoring 9,679 0308-04 430279 Army Research Office 0308-04 448427 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Thin Mixes 0308-05 416124 Penn State University (FFT USDOT) 0308-05 416406 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 0308-05 416811 Penn State University (FFT USDOT) 0308-05 416877 Penn State University (FFT USDOT) 0308-05 416880 University of Idaho 0308-06 416654 Texas A&M Research Foundation 0308-06 440937 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-04 416098 Western Research Institute (FFT FHWA) Asphalt Research Consortium 151,108 0308-04 448269 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research MAUTC Sensing 0308-05 416634 Penn State University (FFT USDOT) Center for Sustainable Mobility Total Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems (CIBSS) -- Dr. Ron Gibbons, Director 0308-06 416191 SAIC (FFT FHWA) 0308-06 416343 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 0308-06 425891 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0rg No. Fund No Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology (CSIST) -- Dr. Linbing Wang, Director 0308-04 415339 The National Academies Application to LADAR in Aggregate Characteristics 921 0308-05 448393 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research MAUTC VDOT FY11 0308-050308-05 457526 Enercon Services, Inc. 457613 Harmonia, Inc. 0308-05 448609 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research MAUTC VDOT FY11 0308-050308-05 451085 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 457019 NAVTEQ 0308-05 451084 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

108 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report 0 (0) (0) 32 30 - - - - 129 951 e 9,983 1,001 4,424 2,051 42,452 51,634 29,883 66,280 99,471 432,159 650,518 545,023 178,846 123,970 155,289

3.6% 2,298,259 2.6% 570,592 % Balanc s 35 - - 257 (481) 8,602 3,631 2,949 (4,192) 18,900 16,112 53,638 40,459 82,251 60,145 51,452 56,720 50,216 43,853 491,444 173,219 236,024 134,484 104,198 209,701 756,337 181,286 1,072,313 Expenditure

0 0 19,698 (0) 4,584 4,376 7,443 119,891 13,280 59,810 (0) 689 14,452 5,863

s - - - - - 224 5,000 12,799 87,554 15,120 44,309 76,799 61,500 58,399 33,670 33,566 33,410 52,389 152,250 153,987 490,845 158,305 126,008 625,432 1,150,806 Revenue

(807) 5,273 (8) 683 1,894 1,007 9,566 6,027 - 17,431 318 5,030 - 13,892 1,884 -

t For Year Ending June 30, 2012 VTF-NSTSCE Quiet Vehicle Pacific Nights Projec Spectral Effects FHWA Safety IDIQ Adaptive Lighting Splash & Spray DC Nights Accelerating Roundabout Implementat Object Contrast Friction Management Eisenhower-Bryce SAIC Scholarship Support FY10 Financial Activity Report (continued) r Sponso . ational Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence (NSTSCE) -- Dr. Jon Hankey, Director 0308-10 448372 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research0308-10 NSTSCE US-EU Common Distraction Driving Taxonomy 448545 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE Ointersect III 0308-10 448544 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE Cognito II 0308-100308-10 441620 NSTSCE Industry Partners 441621 NSTSCE Industry Partners VTF-NSTSCE Brain Train - 0308-10 448374 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research NSTSCE Cognito 0308-10 441398 NSTSCE Industry Partners VTF-NSTSCE Motorcycle - 0308-10 425999 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Object Color 656 0308-10 425998 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE OSA Case Study (Fed) 12,900 0308-10 425961 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Driver Health Tips Website 294 0308-10 425960 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Cube 46 0308-10 425959 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Markpost 1,914 0308-10 425958 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Bay 1,297 0308-10 425957 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE J24 22,218 0308-10 425916 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Data Center (Federal) 6,027 0308-10 425902 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Rural Intersection Lighting (5,113) 0308-10 425883 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Driver Coach 15,080 0308-10 425877 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Public Access 709 0308-10 425870 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Visual Information 8,560 0308-10 425823 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Roadway Lighting Design and Safety (1,423) 0308-10 425821 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Publication Analysis 10,891 0308-10 425814 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Distraction Index 1,884 0308-10 425736 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Research Oversight and Marketing 5,133 0rg No. Fund No Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems (CIBSS) Continued 0308-06 448669 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Wet Vis VN - 0308-06 451054 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-06 4510400308-06 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 451114 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure (CSTI) -- Dr. Gerardo Flintsch, Director 0308-07 4258750308-07 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-07 4477420308-07 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 448508 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 448538 Pavement Surfaces Properties Consortium Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Structural Index Preventive Maintenance 0308-060308-06 4511230308-06 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 4570220308-06 Clanton & Associates 457420Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems Total Science Applications Int. 457589 Clanton & Associates 0308-07 441477 SAIC 0308-070308-07 451073 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 451101 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-070308-07 448541 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 448591 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Quiet Pavement RAP Project Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Total

109 Financial Information - - - - - 596 e 6,161 4,284 4,965 1,170 5,194 5,760 48,517 30,962 24,013 38,700 38,016 59,892 35,000 85,000 30,000 72,431 12,170 105,962 1,205,390

3.0% 1,162,847 % Balanc s ------987 108 (426) 1,984 2,569 8,973 1,966 24,038 16,483 19,038 18,839 11,300 42,772 55,218 50,865 884,861 163,270 1,814,507 Expenditure

34,332 77,191 1,702 1,345 75,024 - 530 0 5,371 10,874 25,955 11,442 11,054 4,612 157 17,688 8,765 5,169

s ------987

(596) 6,908 (1,170) (5,194) 13,444 28,709 68,067 28,479 31,495 55,218 30,767 708,629 1,547,252 Revenue

14,076 10,809 20,363 12,431 438,971 693 17,028 - 8,178 26,070 6,244 - 1,207 6,051 1,546 7,988 18,743 3,732 29,035 7,431

t For Year Ending June 30, 2012 STSCE Impacts STSCE Prescription Drug STSCE Teen Cohort STSCE Adaptive Behavior BBIM STSCE Drivers Ed Case Study STSCE Roundabouts STSCE Delineation STSCE Cycle Bracket Projec STSCE HV Safety Outreach Consolidated Credentials STSCE Sneak Peak STSCE Caboose Various Fund - CTBS DMV-Rural Truck Crashes Hours of Service Motorcoach Fatigue -- Washington State University Split Sleep -- Washington State University Nurse Tank OBSS OBMS FOT Financial Activity Report (continued) r Sponso . ational Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence (NSTSCE) Continued 0308-10 451143 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-10 451141 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-100308-10 451139 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 4511400308-10 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 451142 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) Sleeper Berth Provision - 0308-10 451090 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) NSTSCE Bicycle Visibility 15,196 0308-10 451079 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) NSTSCE Intersection Investigation 7,728 0308-10 451074 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) NSTSCE Cognitive Distraction 19,815 0308-10 451065 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Distraction Outreach 21,740 0308-10 451060 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) Fast Dash 296,040 0308-10 451053 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE IMU Utility Tool 10,304 0308-10 451052 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Worksite Health & Wellness 20,275 0308-10 451051 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE High-Risk CMV Drivers (599) 0308-10 451050 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Light-Vehicle Ed Survey 15,409 0308-10 451049 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Driving Scenario Classification 19,352 0308-10 451048 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Data Sharing Across Borders 6,618 0308-10 451000 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) NSTSCE Color Camera 3,911 0308-10 448670 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE Senior Mobility - 0308-10 448648 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE - Student Symposium - 0308-10 448626 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE Fitness to Drive 2,986 0308-10 448614 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE Shanghai NDS 494 0308-10 448611 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE Oz Collab 5,368 0308-10 448601 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE-Telematics Market Guide 14,994 0308-10 448548 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE Fog 2,389 0308-10 448547 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE Driving Healthy 22,776 0308-10 448546 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research STSCE IMU II 5,945 0rg No. Fund No N 0308-100308-10 4511440308-10 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 4511570308-10 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 451158 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 451162 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-10 451163 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-10 451164 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-10 451165 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence Total Center for Truck and Bus Safety (CTBS) -- Dr. Rich Hanowski, Director 0308-120308-12 416270 The National Academies 416546 National Transportation Research Center 0308-12 416613 DMV 0308-12 425868 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 0308-120308-12 425838 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 4258390308-12 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 0308-12 4258890308-12 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 425919 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 425942 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 0308-12 440875 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI)

110 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report 3 - - - - 273 e 2,906 (2,477) 23,317 38,137 14,027 47,901 22,932 21,365 126,354 367,571 277,154 275,030 295,325 350,000 188,301 123,698 159,473 118,134 172,470 205,213 1,226,963 5,128,243

1.7% 403,508 % Balanc 15.2% 6,409,958 s - - - - (89) - - - - 948 6,062 3,412 6,628 1,306 6,179 18,297 46,683 39,675 20,645 23,525 19,225 499,407 207,558 291,849 619,672 898,257 110,591 120,775 175,322 142,358 242,707 296,381 4,473,038 Expenditure

121,923 98,221 278,428 - 799,731

50,500

64,073

196,052

2,555,449

29,820

3,342 33,498

s ------6,062 3,412 8,350 5,188 4,475 (1,062) 11,393 21,335 70,000 20,918 24,650 82,085

236,853 159,759 309,114 395,550 155,245 896,993 101,870 308,834 259,200 (159,473) 3,670,054 Revenue

158,688 61,308 121,572 19,999 320,269 198,300

112,424

189,443

302,876

5,216

94,270

36,024 (27,433) t For Year Ending June 30, 2012 IC CAE IC CAE (subcontract only) Sleep Characteristics ACC Global Teams Project New Eye For Blast Injury Motorcycle-Barrier Crashes Fatigue Management Program Volvo Inattention Monitoring ICMPI Mirrorless SuperTruck Military Biomechanics CIB Various - Hardy Eisenhower Award Lateral Facial Fractures CIB Various -- S. Duma Task 4.2 Lateral Facial Fractures Military Biomechanics II Military Biomechanics Roadside Data Head and Thoracic Injury (Duma) Head and Thoracic Injury (Hardy) CIREN THOR Drop Simulation Projec Financial Activity Report (continued) r Sponso . Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI)/ECE Collaborative Research Total 0308-13 445212 Atlantic Coast Conference Center for Injury Biomechanics (CIB) -- Dr. Clay Gabler, Co-Director/Dr. Stefan Duma, Co-Director 0308-14 416051 NCHRP 0308-14 416242 Battelle 0308-13 425985 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency 0308-12 457599 Navistar Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI)/ECE Collaborative Research 0308-13 425937 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency 0308-12 457508 University of Alabama at Birmingham 0308-120308-12 457527 Volvo Trucks North America 457580 Motor Coach Industries Center for Truck and Bus Safety Total 0308-120308-12 451170 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 457407 American Transportation Research Institute EOBR - 0308-12 451132 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) Truck ERS Follow-on 132,048 0308-12 451131 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) Pinhole Leak: Nurse Tank II 50,909 0308-12 451130 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) Smart Drive 177,776 0308-12 451129 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) 5 Peers 19,999 0308-12 451128 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) HV-CWI 274,980 0308-14 450152 U.S. Army 0308-14 451028 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-12 451125 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) UMTRI Crash Data 149,784 0308-14 450055 U.S. Army 0308-14 450127 U.S. Army 0308-14 451091 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) WinSmash Update 0308-12 451122 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) UAB Truck Driver Aging 137,270 0308-14 451121 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) EDR Upgrade 0308-14 445244 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-12 451088 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) Pinhole Leak: Nurse Tank 127,085 0308-14 430436 U.S. Army Medical Research 0308-14 445138 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-12 451062 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) CDIDS 285,657 0308-14 4163220308-14 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 0308-14 4166970308-14 Geneva Foundation 416882 NASA 425745 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) WinSmash 0308-12 451026 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Admin. (FMCSA) Work Hours (29,820) 0308-14 416286 Wake Forest University 0308-12 448448 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Vehicle Width Measurement Technology 130,006 0308-14 416274 Wake Forest University 0308-14 416475 Wake Forest University 0rg No. Fund No Center for Truck and Bus Safety (CTBS) Continued 0308-12 448443 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Rural Truck Crashes 42,745 0308-14 416249 TRUE Research Foundation

111 Financial Information 88 88 61 - - - e 1,371 2,978 (1,607) 89,300 327,356 134,001 1,675,888

0.5% 9.1% 11,411,868 % Balanc 12.5% 550,718 s ------6,258 4,508 1,438 13,728 13,728 149,208 142,950 2,686,877 3,678,151 1,785,000 1,772,644 Expenditure

48,931 128,892 70,780 376,686 489,262 595,195

57,455

0.7% 35,156 18,280 23,442 0.0%

10,360 22,163

- 39,094 6,516 48,950

0 s - - - - 115,999 1,062 50,434 26,536 26,536 47,566 1 146,853 345,915 207,500 1,785,000 2,694,809 2,000,000 3,785,000 Revenue

1,069 11,842 4,220 182,003 10,738 84,805 59,733

166,860 204,664 1,703

26,585 99,943

(12,266) 63,679

23,484 110,083 t For Year Ending June 30, 2012 Federal Rail CPD Various National Tire Research Center-TIC National Tire Research Center-GM Various 8 Post Testing GM Ride Projec Financial Activity Report (continued) r Sponso . ational Tire Research Center (NTRC) -- Frank Della Pia, Executive Director -81 Coalition -- Rachel Cogburn, Executive Director 0308-15Center for Product Development Total 448111 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Vehicle and Roadside Safety Product Development (Lyrtech) 0308-15 447743 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Vehicle and Roadside Safety Product Development 0308-15 440789 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) Center for Product Development (CPD) -- Mike Mollenhauer, Director 0308-15 425931 Federal Rail Administration Center for Injury Biomechanics Total 0308-14 457961 Major Automotive Company (20) THOR FE Model - 0308-14 457643 Major Automotive Company (20) Thoracic DEQ Evaluation - 0308-14 457626 Major Automotive Company (20) Thoracic DEQ Evaluation 190,734 0308-14 457585 Wake Forest University Advanced Automated Collision Notifi 56,250 0308-14 457584 TRW Automotive GmbH Seat Belt Systems 186,230 0308-14 457554 Major Automotive Company (20) Abdominal Injury Patterns 104,167 0308-14 457495 Major Automotive Company (20) LDW Benefits 210,000 Virginia Green Highway Initiative (VGHI) -- Andy Alden, Director 0308-17 448504 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research VCTIR Vehicle Detection I-81 Coalition Total 0308-14 457477 Rowan University NJ Restricted Licenses 21,038 Virginia Green Highway Initiative Total National Tire Research Center Total 0308-18 548428 State Revenue (548426) I-81 Coalition - Program Management (S) 110,140 0308-14 457015 Major Automotive Company (20) Internal Organ Kinematics (23,442) 0308-16 875167 Virginia Tobacco Indemnification Commission 0308-18 548427 Local Revenue (548425) I-81 Coalition - Program Management (L) 36,945 0308-14 456337 GHBMC GHBMC 75,000 0308-18 548425 Various Local Entities I-81 Coalition - Local Gov't 37,915 0308-14 456298 Major Automotive Company (20) PCS Benefits 25,906 0308-16 4452740308-16 General Motors Corporation 875163 General Motors Corporation 0308-16 441710 Virginia Tech Foundation NTRC Rent - 0308-18 457487 Appalachian Regional Commission I-81 ARC 22,500 0308-14 456287 Rowan University New Jersey GDL 107,864 0rg No. Fund No Center for Injury Biomechanics (CIB) Continued 0308-14 455945 Major Automotive Company (6) Hybrid Six Year Old DummyN - I 0308-16 457681 General Motors Corporation

112 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report ------749 823 655 273 e e 5,047 5,827 5,580 9,465 2,745 29,096 26,214 54,773 22,825 (26,200) 513,108 502,645 122,760 105,470 854,857 111,205 138,011 (200,993) (104,806) 1,278,874 Balanc Balanc

0.2% s s ------235 612 152 1,483 1,235 8,521 7,903 (9,465) (2,745) 14,000 46,897 14,355 18,360 97,071 74,629 31,259 19,992 55,806 35,227 60,240 (23,840) 414,198 (103,606) 4,709,178 1,068,251 Fiscal Year 2011-2012 Expenditure Expenditure

100% 46,575,600

e s ------823 273 1,267 5,000 1,235 7,903 5,497 5,979 5,580 15,000 82,020 18,359 83,065 90,000 46,897 97,071 79,891 131,197 114,171 420,000 (129,805) (200,993) 1,269,055 1,068,251 4,604,372 30,452,080 Revenue Beg Balanc

29,516,223

69,618

d t t For Year Ending June 30, 2012 Center for Sustainable Mobility Foundation NextGen DAS Equipment Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) Administration Foun Smart Road Foundation Center for Automotive Safety Research Foundation Overhead To-Be-Transferred VTTI Returned Overhead Surface Transportation Safety Center of Excellence Foundation 200,000 VTTI Rent Hardware Labor Surface Transportation Safety Center of Excellence Foundation 200,000 Drive-Smart Monitoring System Cost Share Fund Newport News/Tenn Professorship - Ops Surplus VTTI Licensing Royalties Center for Automotive Safety Research -- Returned Overhead TIER I UTC Cost Share Fund VTTI Loan Reimb-NextGen DAS M. Perez Overhead SII Project 2012 Director's Salary VTTI Operating Funds -- E&G Projec Projec Smart Road Management Agreement Match Smart Road Service Center Operations Smart Road Service Center -- Equipment Reserve TranLIVE UTC Cost Share Fund Driver B Cost Share Fund TY Gift MAC(14) Gift III 2009 AAA Teen Driving Support Financial Activity Report (continued) : y : : y y Activit g ect Activit j r r ect Cost Sharin j onsored Pro Sponso Sponso p . . S y inia Tech Foundation Activit g onsored Pro p or Vir f Total Total Externall Total S 0308-10 874962 Travelers Insurance 0308-050308-10 874246 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 873892 General Motors Corporation 0rg No. Fund No Virginia Tech Foundation Activity: 0rg No. Fund No 0308-00 882176 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) Sponsored Project Cost Sharing Activity: 0308-01 138385 Department of Transportation Educational & General Funding Activity: 0308-01 118300 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-01 882168 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-03 872377 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-02 138328 National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA) Cellphone Pilot- Cost Share for Salary 0308-01 118301 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-03 138299 The National Academies 0308-01 131518 University Budget Office 0308-01 134639 Office of the Vice President for Research 0308-02 872376 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-05 138410 University of Idaho 0308-01 231722 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-01 230780 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0160-00 2314320308-01 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 233048 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-12 138248 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 0308-01 551203 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-02 232843 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-01 579515 VTTI/Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties (VTIP) 0308-020308-02 2332100308-02 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 233851 Major Automotive Company (14) 233886 Major Automotive Company (14) 0308-02 233898 AAA 0308-03 116133 University Budget Office 0308-02 2341390308-03 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-03 230209 Smart Road Service Center 230211 Smart Road Service Center

113 Financial Information 0 (0) 74 - 914 991 779 e 9,149 1,070 1,829 3,164 2,431 3,438 4,822 1,087 1,478 2,848 2,000 1,893 28,368 49,929 50,000 11,054 17,008 30,263 38,669 90,721 754,822 (1,000,000) Balanc

s 63 46 ------286 566 210 643 707 386 424

281 (682) 1,844 6,338 2,074 48,364 23,431 29,027 43,797 22,197 245,178 125,553 Fiscal Year 2011-2012 Expenditure

1,010,055 47,585,654

0 e 74 977 210 9,435 1,070 1,829 1,037 2,817 1,511 2,000 2,174 1,423 3,870 2,756 73,360 76,732 40,743 50,000 11,620 45,275 17,008 11,160 32,107 25,044 125,553 119,748 1,000,000 7,881,860 (1,000,000) 38,413,830 Beg Balanc

6,871,805 36,462,657

: y t For Year Ending June 30, 2012 National Tire Research Center Loan Repayment National Tire Research Center Loan Fund Center for Product Development -- Returned Overhead National Tire Research Center Start Up Center for Injury Biomechanics -- Untaroiu Returned Overhead Center for Injury Biomechanics -- Gabler Returned Overhead SoVA VML Returned Overhead Center for Injury Biomechanics -- Duma Returned Overhead SoVA VML Start Up Surface Transportation Safety Center of Excellence -- Admin Center for Injury Biomechanics -- Hardy Returned Overhead Surface Transportation Safety Center of Excellence -- ROH Center for Truck and Bus Safety -- Returned Overhead Center for Vehicle Infrastructure Safety -- Returned Overhead Symposium Residual Center for Sustainable Mobility -- Returned Overhead Center for Smart Infrastructure -- Returned Overhead I-81 Coalition Smart Road Management Agreement Match II MAC(14) II Gift CSTI Conference Surplus B. Daily Returned Overhead Hardware Lab -- Returned Overhead Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure -- ROH MAC(14) Gift Center for Sustainable Mobility -- Kim Research Support I-81 Coalition Surplus SAIC Scholarship Support Virginia Green Highway Initiative Projec Financial Activity Report (continued) : y Activit g ortation Institute (VTTI) FY12 Financial Activit p r inia Tech Trans g Sponso . or Vir f or Educational & General Fundin f Total Grand Total 0308-16 234176 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-16 234175 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-16 234153 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-16 234028 Virginia Tech Office of Outreach 0308-16 119029 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-15 233323 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-14 234281 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-14 233653 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-14 233652 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-14 233351 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-12 232846 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-100308-10 233337 Major Automotive Company (14) 233702 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-10 233262 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-10 233207 Major Automotive Company (14) 0308-070308-10 564097 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 232845 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-07 232797 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-050308-06 233650 SAIC 233260 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-050308-05 232844 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 233576 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-04 233887 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-18 564914 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-18 234036 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-03 233888 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0308-16 234109 VTTI/COE/ICTAS/OVPR 0308-03 233527 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) 0rg No. Fund No 0308-03 233322 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI)

114 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report Period of Performance 4/1/11 3/31/12 9/1/11 2/28/12 2/8/12 2/7/13 9/1/11 8/31/14 2/1/12 1/31/14 3/1/12 2/28/15 2/1/12 11/30/12 6/1/07 10/31/12 9/23/11 9/22/13 8/15/119/23/11 3/31/12 9/22/12 9/23/119/15/11 9/22/15 3/14/15 11/1/11 11/28/14 2/15/12 2/14/15 5/25/12 5/24/15 1/1/2012 1/31/2014 5/1/2012 1/31/2014 ------75,000 19,673 12,650 90,000 84,894 10/26/11 12/2/11 234,568 245,489 137,050 750,000 939,687 419,455 400,000 355,099 326,000 121,000 396,012 2,219,900 1,184,665 5,792,262 3,733,878 2,958,438

9/25/11 12/24/11 10/1/11 3/31/13

10/1/11 11/30/14 9/1/11 8/31/13

4/1/12 3/31/13 11/11/11 10/31/14

6/1/2012 5/31/2014

1/1/12 6/30/12 7/1/11 6/30/14 12/1/10 1/31/12

2.1 2.1 3,500,000 1.8 1.8 2,292,262 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.2 0.6 2.0 1.0 0.1 3.5 3.2 1.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.8 0.5 3.0 1.2 5.4 - - - 12,650 19,673 25,000 74,557 90,000 26,000 400,000 136,988 456,621 396,221 939,687 250,000 234,568 355,099 245,489 300,000 121,000 419,455 2,225,000 2,292,262 2,743,788 1,770,048 1,188,856 3,500,000 6,042,262 3,633,879 Proposals Duration/ Awards

2.0

July 1, 2011, through June 30, 2012 Proposals Submitted and Award Received VTTI Awards Received Last Year/Proposals Submitted or Pending Automotive Events MAC (14) Transportation Research Board Automotive Events The National Academies MAC (14) NIH, Center for Scientific Review MAC (14) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Toyota Motor Corporation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Monash University 250,000 US Department of Transportation Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research CAMP Virginia Tech Foundation, Inc. Virginia Commonwealth University AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety Cernet Corp. MAC (20) MAC (20) MAC (20) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration The National Academies National Highway Traffic Safety Administration VTTI Group/Division Sponsor Submitted Years Received UTC (University Transportation Center) Center for Automotive Safety Research (CASR)

115 Financial Information Period of Performance ------95,977 93,163 10,000 311,068 344,894 430,836 375,000 7/1/12 1/31/14 10/1/12 4/1/13 9/30/14 3/31/18 8/1/12 7/31/15

10/3/12 10/2/17 5/15/12 5/14/15 4/1/12 3/31/15 4/1/12 3/31/15 3/10/12 11/9/12 6/1/12 1/15/12 5/31/13 4/1/12 7/1/12 10/31/12 1/14/15 5/15/12 6/30/13 9/14/12 6/16/12 6/15/12 8/1/12 3/31/14 5/31/13 8/1/12 5/30/13 12/31/12 7/1/11 7/1/11 9/26/11 6/30/12 6/30/12 10/1/11 9/25/12 2/1/12 9/30/12 1/31/13 2/1/98 6/30/13 1/2/12 1/1/15 5/1/12 4/30/14 5.0 0.4 1.0 1.6 2.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.7 1.0 0.6 3.0 1.0 0.3 1.0 1.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 3.0 2.0 50,000 300,000 200,000 268,066 780,000 180,000 258,070 500,000 2,965,468 1,115,836 25,880,295 Proposals Duration/ Awards

15,455,397

908,999

Federal Highway Administration University of Houston University of Pennsylvania Washington State University Transportation Research Board Arizona State University University of Science & Technology MAC (7)National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 129,799 311,068 AgeroTransport CanadaUniversity of New South WalesMAC (14)MAC (7)Transportation Research BoardMAC (14)University of New South Wales 1,160,304 5,619,821 1,835,846 52,780 95,977 73,328 344,894 191,899 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & ResearchVolvo Trucks North America, Inc.Virginia Department of TransportationVirginia Center for Transportation Innovation & ResearchVirginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 375,000 300,000 - 430,836 10,000 Virginia Department of Transportation - California Institute of Technology 286,988 National Science Foundation 142,344 National Science Foundation VTTI Group/Division Sponsor Submitted Years Received Center for Automotive Safety Research (Continued) Proposal and Awards Data (Continued) Smart Road Division (SR) Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology (CSIST)

116 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report Period of Performance 6/4/12 9/3/13 8/8/11 8/28/13 5/1/12 1/31/13 6/8/11 8/31/12 4/1/11 9/30/13 8/18/11 2/17/14 3/15/12 3/31/15 9/24/10 9/23/14 ------52,490 75,000 67,329 50,883 54,618 80,000 649,221 100,000 191,885 886,542 199,222 123,000 153,068 699,397

120,000 600,000 300,000

9/25/11 1/31/12 12/1/11 1/31/12 4/1/12 7/31/12 9/1/11 5/31/13 9/1/11 12/31/13

5/26/11 4/30/12

8/1/09 12/30/11 4/1/11 12/31/12 9/1/11 8/31/14 10/14/11 8/14/12 4/1/12 3/31/13 8/15/11 5/31/12 7/1/11 12/31/12 11/1/11 8/31/12 1/1/12 12/31/13 2/1/12 1/1/12 6/30/12 1/31/14 3/15/12 11/15/13 5/1/12 4/30/14 7/1/12 6/30/17 12/1/12 11/30/15 4/1/12 12/3/12 7/1/12 12/31/13 8/1/12 7/31/17 5.0 2.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 3.0 1.2 1.8 2.1 2.3 0.8 1.2 0.9 2.5 2.4 1.8 3.0 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.5 0.8 2.0 0.4 2.1 1.7 2.0 5.0 3.0 0.7 1.5 4.0 - - - - - 15,000 60,000 13,397 191,885 199,222 300,000 219,583 226,931 3,955,764 Proposals Duration/ Awards

1,347,830

Science Applications International Corporation Colorado Department of Transportation Transportation Research Board Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Federal Highway Administration Federal Highway Administration Federal Highway Administration Federal Highway Administration Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research Federal Highway Administration Science Applications International Corporation Clanton & Associates, Inc. Texas A&M Research Foundation NAVTEQ Corporation - Penn State University - Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 531,931 Enercon 50,883 Harmonia, Inc. 54,617 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 120,000 Penn State UniversityEnercon 120,000 260,459 University of IdahoVirginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 300,000 600,000 Penn State UniversityTransportation Research Board 250,000 300,000 US Agency International Development 61,200 Science Applications International Corporation 5 Qatar National Research Fund 299,776 AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety 275,000 Penn State University 20,000 Science Applications International Corporation 711,893 Federal Highway Administration - VTTI Group/Division Sponsor Submitted Years Received Center for Sustainable Mobility (CSM) Proposal and Awards Data (Continued) Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems (CIBSS)

117 Financial Information Period of Performance 7/1/11 11/30/12 9/13/10 9/27/15 ------29,883 200,000 184,115 364,990 149,687 687,225 500,000 1,387,225

5/15/12 6/1/12 11/30/12 7/14/13 7/1/11 7/1/11 11/15/11 1/1/12 6/30/13 4/1/12 9/30/13 4/30/13 12/31/13 4/1/12 3/31/14 8/1/12 3/31/15 8/1/12 7/31/14 5/1/12 7/31/13 1/1/12 4/23/12 4/30/17 12/31/12 8/16/12 7/22/12 8/16/12 8/15/13 8/15/13 7/1/12 6/30/13 7/13/06 6/30/13 1.4 0.5 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 7.0 - - 1,280,901 2,214,094 Proposals Duration/ Awards

3,084,708

698,792

Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & ResearchUS Department of Transportation 29,883 25,000 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & ResearchVirginia Center for Transportation Innovation & ResearchSoil & Materials Engineering, Inc.National Science FoundationNational Science FoundationNational Science FoundationTransportation Research Board 351,204 Science Applications International Corporation 149,687 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & ResearchVirginia Center for Transportation Innovation & ResearchFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationVirginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research 132,701 34,995 140,376 124,992 354,551 5 408,077 360,227 147,279 5,000 5,000 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research - Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationVirginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research - Federal Highway Administration - VTTI Group/Division Sponsor Submitted Years Received Center for Infrastructure Based Safety Systems (continued) Proposal and Awards Data (Continued) Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure (CSTI) National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence (NSTSCE)

118 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report Period of Performance 6/22/12 9/21/13 9/23/09 9/22/12 ------3/15/12 3/14/17 6,065 3,412 70,000 55,218 19,999 350,000 287,916 335,000 248,800 176,497 400,000 280,611 159,529 500,000 500,000 3,513,047 1,120,000 4/1/12 8/31/12 4/19/11 8/20/12 8/1/12 7/31/15 8/1/11 10/18/10 1/31/12 1/25/12 2/28/13 5/26/11 9/25/12 2/1/11 9/30/11 9/30/11 10/1/11 1/31/13 11/1/11 2/1/12 10/1/11 7/31/12 9/30/12 8/1/13 9/23/11 9/23/11 9/23/11 9/7/11 3/22/14 12/23/12 8/22/12 6/30/13 9/30/11 9/30/11 10/1/11 3/29/13 2/28/13 11/18/11 9/29/11 1/1/12 1/1/12 2/28/13 4/30/13 3/31/12 8/1/12 7/31/13

3.0 3.0 0.4 1.3 1.2 0.5 2.4 0.7 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.5 0.8 1.0 2.5 1.3 0.9 1.8 1.5 1.4 0.1 1.4 1.3 0.3 5.0 1.0 - - 85,000 645,843 16,470,051 Proposals Duration/ Awards

North Carolina Department of Transportation 568,284 American Transportation Research Institute 6,996 US Department of Transportation 350,000 University of Alabama at Birmingham - Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationMotor Coach IndustriesDepartment of Motor Vehicles (DMV)Volvo Trucks North America, Inc.Transportation Research Board - - - 200,000 - Navistar, Inc.National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationUS Department of TransportationMinnesota Department Of TransportationFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationFederal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 42,000 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 40,000 1,200,000 Navistar, Inc.US Department of Transportation 248,786 1,124,991 400,000 280,611 176,497 29,194 335,000 175,356 253,221 10,246,272 62,000 Wisconsin Department of Transportation National Transportation Research Center, Inc. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency VTTI Group/Division Sponsor Submitted Years Received Center for Truck and Bus Safety (CTBS) Proposal and Awards Data (Continued) VTTI/ECE Collaborative Research

119 Financial Information Period of Performance 6/1/124/1/12 11/15/12 12/31/12 1/1/12 12/31/12 ------21,365 72,725 50,000 14,533 20,000 75,000 55,000 558,689 190,734 346,926 117,188 680,000 309,076 172,845 500,000

9,815,106 4,955,137 1,675,888 9/30/12 9/1/12 9/29/13 8/31/14 7/1/12 10/1/12 3/31/13 11/15/12

9/1/12 8/31/16 11/1/12 10/31/16 10/1/11 11/30/11 1/1/09 10/1/08 12/31/12 8/30/12 8/1/09 9/28/10 6/1/10 8/31/12 3/11/11 10/27/14 7/31/12 1/11/11 3/10/14 9/1/11 6/30/13 9/21/11 7/1/11 8/31/14 12/31/12 9/20/12 6/1/11 4/2/11 7/1/11 5/31/12 4/28/12 3/31/12 9/1/11 10/1/11 8/1/11 9/30/12 4/1/12 6/30/13 9/30/11 9/30/16 12/1/11 11/30/14 6/1/12 5/31/15 0.1 1.0 2.0 0.8 1.0 4.0 0.5 4.0 0.8 0.2 4.0 3.9 3.1 4.1 2.2 3.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.7 0.2 4.5 3.0 3.0 8,543 99,933 21,365 93,996 77,260 25,000 190,734 1,193,468 1,252,252 48,262,312 Proposals Duration/ Awards

Scott & White Healthcare Wyle Laboratories, Inc. National Institute of Aerospace National Institute of Aerospace Toyota Motor Corporation National Science Foundation Auburn University Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) US Department of Defense Rowan UniversityGlobal Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC)Wake Forest UniversityUS Department of DefenseWake Forest University School of MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationRowan UniversityMAC (20)National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationRowan UniversityThe Geneva Foundation - Wake Forest University School of MedicineUS Army Medical Research Acquisition ActivityWake Forest UniversityRoadSafe, LLCGlobal Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) - US Department of the Army - Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North AmericaMAC (20) - TRW Automotive GmbH - 1,733,469 - - 14,533 500,000 25,000 - 172,845 72,776 - 75,000 40,000,000 55,000 992,691 1,658,447 VTTI Group/Division Sponsor Submitted Years Received Center for Injury Biomechanics (CIB) Proposal and Awards Data (Continued)

120 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report Period of Performance - - - - - 4,569 2,242 89,300 40,000 30,000 250,000 161,778 202,085 2/1/12 1/1/12 3/15/12 12/31/12 10/1/12 5/15/12 6/30/12 5/15/12 8/14/14 2/14/13 11/1/11 5/1/12 10/31/13 2/28/13 12/1/11 6/1/12 9/1/12 9/30/12 12/31/13 8/31/15 5/1/11 6/1/11 4/1/12 6/30/13 9/30/12 9/30/13 2.2 3.0 1.5 1.0 0.3 0.7 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.6 2.2 1.3 1,062,586 1,472,000 111,231,522 Proposals Duration/ Awards 507,889

40,000 43,283,340

509,953 232,085 Various Funding SourcesGeneral Motors CorporationMAC (7)Hankook Tire Co., Ltd. 2,200 100 362,993 362,993 Virginia Tech Foundation, Inc. 39,300 Barron Associates, Inc.MAC (7) 45,000 250,000 Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation & Research - Blacksburg TownNational Institutes of Health 972,000 500,000 Various I-81 Stakeholders (State, County, and Local Governments) - Appalachian Regional CommissionVirginia Department of Transportation 509,953 - VTTI Group/Division Sponsor Submitted Years Received National Tire Research Center (NTRC) Proposal and Awards Data (Continued) Virginia Green Highway Initiative (VGHI) I-81 Corridor Coalition (I-81C) Proposal and Award Grand Totals

121 Stakeholders

Stakeholders Department

Mark McNamee Office of the Provost

Dwight Shelton Office of the Vice President for Finance and Chief Financial Officer

Richard Benson College of Engineering

Rich Sorensen Pamplin College of Business

Robert Schubert College of Architecture and Urban Studies

Bob Walters Office of the Vice President for Research

Stefan Duma School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences

Kent Nakamoto Marketing

Scott Midkiff Electrical & Computer Engineering

William Galloway School of Architecture + Design

Don Taylor Industrial & Systems Engineering

Sam Easterling Civil and Environmental Engineering

Tom Dingus Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

Brian Cook Center for Public Administration and Policy

122 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

123 124 Personnel

Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Operations and Finance Tom Dingus, Director, OF3596

Roderick Hall, Senior Associate Director for Operations and Finance, 116252

Ann Craig, Director of Kathy Oliver, VACANT, Facilities Pascha Gerni, Associate Finance Organizational Advancement, Human Resource Manager, 007720 Director, 115739 112237 Analyst, 008803 VACANT, Front Office Receptionist , 007219 Regina Viers, Catherine Fiscal Team Strickland, Post- National Tire VACANT, Pre-Award Melinda Berkley-Coats, Manager, 04571 Award Manager, Research Center Associate Director, Human Resource 116271 8-10 Federal Work Start-Up 116235 Assistant, 009059 Studies Operations Deborah Boles, Team Senior Fiscal Tech, Lisa Jansen, Senior Barbara Cameron, 008786 Andy Alden, Director, Vikki Fitchett, Budget and Senior Administrative Smart Road Senior Contracts Manager, Asst., 009505 Devon Moeller, Senior 008750 Fiscal Tech, 008994 Operations, 112644 Technical Writer/Editor, Leonore Nadler, Smart Road 008366 Gail Radford, Fiscal P14 Project Manager, 112491 Tech, 009068 APPOINTMENT: Mary Wells (through Terri Wright, Fiscal Lauren Butterfield, Dispatch Sharon Box, Public 03-09-13) Tech, 009342 Supervisor, 007834 Relations and Marketing Michelle Huff, Fiscal Manager, 007549 Tech, 009434 Duane Cameron, Smart Road Mindy Buchanan- King, Tech Toni Cartee , Fiscal Maintenance, 009520 Jessamine Kane-Wiseley, Communicator, Tech, 009433 Web/Graphic Designer, 008807 008225 Dena Puckett, Fiscal Stephanie Overton, Tech, 009589 April Gray, Web/Graphic Tech Kellie Ross, Fiscal Assistant Communicator, Tech, 009590 009152 Vacant, Fiscal Tech (Travel), 009033 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Tom Dingus, Director, OF3596

Gabrielle Laskey, Project Associate, 115971

Clark Gaylord, Chief Information Officer, 114463

Doug McGraw, Senior Zachary “Zeb” Bowden, Joel Anderson, Project Brian Daily, Senior VACANT, System Database Administrator, Research Associate, Associate, 116443 Research Associate, Administrator Team 114575 115670 OG1601 Lead, 115863

Chadrick Graham, Senior Sondra Iverson, Senior Sally Waldon, Senior Zachary Boor, IT System Systems Administrator, Research Database Administrator, Performance Analyst, 008167 Associate,114514 009156 115849

Karen Miller, Database Robert Schnitz, IT Dean Iverson, Senior Administrator, 009508 Specialist II, Systems Research Associate, Administrator, 007978 114513

Steven Gregory, IT Brad Tilley, Systems Specialist II, Systems Programmer, 115850 Administrator, 009037

VACANT, Research Phil Lambert, IT Specialist Application Programmer, II, Support Specialist 008909 Institute Tech Transportation Virginia Lead, 009154

Jeff Baxter, Systems Johnathan Barry, Engineering Spec., Computer Operations 007998 Tech, 009487 2012 Report Annual 125 126 Personnel

Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Tom Dingus, Director, OF3596

Kyoungho Ahn, Senior Research Associate, 112663 (Northern Virginia Office)

Hesham Rakha Ihab El-Shawarby, Senior Research Associate, 112710 Director, Center for Sustainable Mobility, 111011 (CEE) Jianhe Du, Research Associate, 114350

Sangjun Park, Research Associate, 114798

Gerardo Flintsch Samer Katicha, Senior Research Associate, 114702 Director, Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure, 111009 William (Billy) Hobbs, Advance Material Characterization Lab Manager, 007750 (CEE) Edgar D. de Leon Izeppi, Senior Research Associate, 114047

Cristian Druta, Senior Research Associate, 114634 Linbing Wang, Director, Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology, Dong Wang, Postdoctoral Research Associate, 115387 113276

Jonathan Darab, Project Director, 116022 Frank Della Pia, Director, National Tire Research Center, 115455 Kevin Kefauver, Project Director, 116198

Rachel Cogburn, Executive Director, Carolyn Blanton, Senior Administrative Assistant, 009506 I-81 Coalition, 116302

Andy Alden, Coordinator, Virginia Green Highway Initiative, 112644

Mike Mollenhauer, Director, Center for Product Development, 113938 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

Jon Hankey, Senior Associate Director for Research and Development, Center for Automotive Safety Research, 111319

Light Vehicle Safety Connected Vehicle Teen Driving Group: Jon Antin, Systems: Zachary Group Leader, Doerzaph, Group Sheila (Charlie) 113711 Leader,112645 Klauer, Research Scientist, 112083 Justin Owens, Leslie Harwood, Research Senior Research Associate, 114325 Specialist, 009003 Jennifer Mullen, Senior Research Specialist, 008271 Lisa Eichelberger, LaTanya Holmes, Project Associate, Research Associate, 114462 115787 Kelly McGowan, Senior Research Specialist, 009387 Kelly Stulce, Project Reginald Viray, Assistant, 009423 Research Associate, 115622 Jessica Rardin, Project Assistant, Tyler Lewis, Project 009549 Assistant, 009424 Miao Song, Research Associate, IE/Psych,

115866 Institute Tech Transportation Virginia Jon Plummer, Project Assistant, 009451 Elizabeth White, Research Associate, ME,EE ECE, 115878 P14 APPOINTMENT: Linda Angell (through 01-25-13) 2012 Report Annual 127 128 Personnel

Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Tom Dingus, Director, OF3596

Jon Hankey, Senior Associate Director for Research and Development, Center for Automotive Safety Research, 111319

Miguel Perez, Data Analysis Advanced Product Testing and Evaluation Data Mining Methods/Motorcycle Safety: Support Group Leader, Research Group: Robert “Eddy” Llaneras, Group Shane McLaughlin, Research Scientist, Scientist, 112350 Leader, 112973 112253

Feng Guo, Suzanne (Suzie) Data Reduction Statistician, Lee, Project M. Luke Neurauter, Motorcycle NDS Joint Appointment Director, Research Research Associate, Data Mining with Statistics Compliance & Data 113232 Department Access, 111720 Julie McClafferty, Project Associate, John Delong, Senior Scott Fritz, Project 114035 Shih-Ching Wu, Jeremy Sudweeks, Julie Cook, Project Research Specialist, Assistant, 009465 Project Associate, Research Associate Associate, 116375 008873 (Statistician), 113005 Brunilda Swannell, 115600 Data Integrity Chelsea Phipps, Kim Shelton, Project Christine Link-Owens, Coord., 009310 Kathryn Boone, Project Assistant, Lei Li, Project Associate, 114401 Senior Research Project Associate, 009558 Associate (Data Specialist, 008874 Megan Moore, 115699 Analyst), 116297 Melissa Hulse Data Reduction Brad Cannon, Project Randall Madison Devi Mishra, Project Specialist, 009495 Associate, 114401 Associate (Data Analyst), 115923 Laura Tollin, Data Vicki Williams Integrity Derek Viita, Research Specialist, 008884 Associate, 113702

Brian Wotring, Research Associate, 113705

Naeem Thompson, Research Associate, 115865 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute: Tom Dingus, Director, OF3596

Andy Petersen, Director, Center for Technology Development, 111540

Development Data Acquisition Mechanical Systems

Carl Cospel, Data Acquisition Group Leader, (Jared) Bryson, Senior Andy Petersen, Technology 113733 Mechanical Systems Group Development Group Leader, Leader, 111648 111540 Carl Cospel, Software Julie Jermeland, Project VACANT, Hardware Development Group Instrumentation Group Development Group Matthew Moeller, Design Scott Stone, Project Leader, 113733 Leader, 112243 Leader, TBA Engineer, 009389 Manager, 111299 Fang Huang, Research Scott Aust, Electronics Mike Ellery, Matthew Perez, Design Tammy Russell, Project Applications Programmer, Tech Supervisor, 008844 Instrumentation Engineer, Engineer, 009390 Associate, 114613 113513 114991 Alex Bier, Electronics Joe Sojka, Design Engineer, Loren Stowe, Research Frank Talbot, Electronic Tech Supervisor, 009325 Joshua Quesenberry, 009442 Associate, 114253 Hardware Developer, Electronic Hardware Developer, 115554 114698 Todd Smith, Electronics Kenneth Smith, Trades Tech IV, Tech I, 024500 Carri Behal, Project 007655 Jean Paul Talledo Vilela, Stacy Payne, Assistant, 009539 Applications Developer, Instrumentation Engineer, Greg Brown, Electronics Travis Graham, Trades Tech IV, 115177 007632 Tech I, 009486 007841 Brian Leeson, Applications Ryan Mowry, Electrical Developer, 111534 VACANT, Software David Mellichamp, Engineer, 009463 Andrew Karpa, Equipment Developer, 115529 Electronics Tech Service & Repair Tech, 009449 Craig Bucher, Software Supervisor, 006836 Institute Tech Transportation Virginia Jon Lillestolen, Computer Developer, 112291 David Lefevers, Electronic Engineer, 009534 Timothy Dalrymple, Equipment Hardware/Software Stephen Tucker, Electronics Tech I, 008947 Service & Repair Tech, 009522 Steve Bears, VHDL Developer, 115920 Reginald Bryson, Engineer, 114484 Logan Donnelly, Electronics Tech David Tollefson, Equipment VACANT, Software Electronics Tech I, 024500 Supervisor, 008011 Service & Repair Tech, 009521 Vasily Kaliniouk, Software Engineer, 009603 Developer, 114744 VACANT, Electronic VACANT, Machine Vision Hardware/Software Developer, 115976 Developer, 115921 2012 Report Annual 129 130 Personnel

Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Tom Dingus, Director, OF3596

Ronald Gibbons, Director, Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems

Brian Williams, Senior 0111063, Senior Research Research Specialist, 008294 Associate, 116069

Jason Meyer, Research Associate, 113704

Travis Terry, Research Associate, 115625

Charlotte Lowdermilk, Research Coordinator, 007787

Philip Ross, Senior Research Specialist, 009601 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Tom Dingus, Director, OF3596

Rich Hanowski, Director, Center for Truck and Bus Safety, 111245

Behavioral Analysis & Safety and Human Factors Advanced Systems & Applications Group: Jeff Engineering Group: Myra Applications: Darrell Bowman, Hickman, 114226 Blanco, Research Scientist Group Leader, 113714 and Group Leader, 112025 Kelly Stanley, Project William Schaudt, Research Adela (Alejandra) Medina- Associate, 114415 Associate, 112842 Flintsch, Senior Research Associate, 111895 Naomi Dunn, Research Susan Furst, Project Associate Associate, 115867 (Statistician), 115325 Gregory Fitch, Senior Research Associate, 113701 Matthew Camden, Research Stephanie Baker, Project Associate, 114690 Associate, 112026 Justin Morgan, Research Associate, 113412 Erin Mabry, Research Tammy Trimble, Project Associate, 114612 Associate, 114919 Rebecca Olson, Research Associate, 114377 Laurel Marburg, Research Andrew Marinik, Project Associate, 114681 Associate, 115576 Scott Tidwell, Electronics Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Tech Transportation Virginia Technician II, 008650

Spencer Joslin, Project Associate, 115837 2012 Report Annual 131 Personnel

New Faculty at the Institute

Name Department Research Area Roderick Hall VTTI Senior Associate, Director for Operations and Finance Pascha Gerni VTTI Associate Finance Director Catherine Strickland VTTI Post-Award Manager Ann Craig VTTI Director of Organizational Advancement Brad Tilley VTTI Systems Programmer Zachary Boor VTTI IT System Performance Analyst Joel Anderson VTTI Project Associate Dong Wang VTTI Research Associate Rachel Cogburn VTTI Executive Director, I-81 Coalition Jonathan Darab VTTI Project Director Kevin Kefauver VTTI Project Director Reginald Viray VTTI Research Associate Miao Song VTTI Research Associate Elizabeth Brown VTTI Research Associate Devi Mishra VTTI Project Associate Julie Cook VTTI Project Associate Naeem Thompson VTTI Research Associate David Lefevers VTTI Research Associate Joshua Quesenberry VTTI Research Associate Spencer Joslin VTTI Project Associate Naomi Dunn VTTI Research Associate

New Staff at the Institute

Name Department Role/Title Michelle Huff VTTI Fiscal Technician Toni Cartee VTTI Fiscal Technician Duane Cameron VTTI Smart Road Maintenance Johnathan Barry VTTI Computer Operations Karen Miller VTTI Database Administrator Jessica Rardin VTTI Project Assistant Scott Fritz VTTI Project Assistant Megan Moore VTTI Data Reductionist Specialist Chelsea Phipps VTTI Project Assistant Carri Behal VTTI Project Assistant Greg Brown VTTI Electronics Technician Stephen Tucker VTTI Electronics Technician Ryan Mowry VTTI Electrical Engineer Jon Lillestolen VTTI Computer Engineer Joe Sojka VTTI Design Engineer Andrew Karpa VTTI Equipment Service and Repair Tech Timothy Dalrymple VTTI Equipment Service and Repair Tech David Tollefson VTTI Equipment Service and Repair Tech Phillip Ross VTTI Senior Research Specialist

132 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

Faculty who Have Left the Institute

Name Department Cindy Wilkinson VTTI Sherri Cook VTTI Sangjun Park VTTI Jianjun Hun VTTI

Staff who Have Left the Institute

Name Department Diane Turner VTTI Karen Turner VTTI Richard Zimmermann VTTI Jeanne Freed VTTI Tracy McElroy VTTI

Faculty Affiliations of Current Institute Members

Name Department College Hesham Rakha Civil and Environmental Engineering Engineering Gerardo Flintsch Civil and Environmental Engineering Engineering Tom Dingus Civil and Environmental Engineering Engineering Ray Pethtel University Transportation Architecture and Fellow/Associate Director, CTR Urban Studies Stefan Duma Mechanical Engineering Engineering Feng Guo Department of Statistics Statistics Montasir Abbas Civil and Environmental Engineering Engineering Warren Hardy Mechanical Engineering Engineering Clay Gabler Biomedical Engineering Engineering Linbing Wang Civil and Environmental Engineering Engineering

Number of Current Minority and Female Employees at the Institute Minority Female Faculty 8 15 Staff 4 34 Students 11 28

Note: This area reflects current employees.

133 Personnel

Number of FTE Staff and Administrative Positions at the Institute: Classified Staff Position Name FTE Funding Source Classified Staff Administrative Staff Senior Fiscal Technician Devon Moeller 1.00 Overhead Fiscal Technician Manager Regina Viers 1.00 Overhead Senior Fiscal Technician Deborah Boles 1.00 Overhead Fiscal Technician Gail Radford 1.00 Overhead Fiscal Technician Michelle Huff 1.00 Overhead Fiscal Technician Toni Cartee 1.00 Overhead Fiscal Technician Teresa Wright 1.00 Overhead Senior Budget and Contracts Coordinator Lisa Jansen 1.00 Overhead Computer Systems Engineer Robert Schnitz 1.00 Overhead Computer Operations Technical Consultant Chadrick Graham 1.00 Overhead Systems Administrator Steven Gregory 1.00 Overhead Web/Graphic Designer Jessamine Kane-Wiseley 1.00 Overhead Facilities Manager Ann Madigan 1.00 Overhead Front Desk Receptionist Dena Puckett 1.00 Overhead Technical Communicator Mindy Buchanan-King 1.00 Overhead Technical Communicator Vikki Fitchett 1.00 Contracts, OH Technical Communicator Stephanie Overton 1.00 Contracts, OH Communications Manager Sharon Box 1.00 Contracts, OH Human Resources Analyst Kathy Oliver 1.00 Contracts, OH Human Resources Assistant Melinda Berkley-Coats 1.00 Overhead Administrative Assistant Barbara Cameron 1.00 Overhead Systems Engineering Specialist Jeff Baxter 1.00 Overhead Senior Database Administrator Sally Waldon 1.00 Overhead Computer Operations Johnathan Barry 1.00 Overhead Database Administrator Karen Miller 1.00 Overhead Administrative Assistant Carolyn Blanton 1.00 Contracts, OH Support Specialist Lead Phil Lambert 1.00 Overhead Center for Automotive Safety Research Lab and Research Support Senior Christina Link-Owens 1.00 Contracts Lab and Research Support Senior John DeLong 1.00 Contracts Computer Operation Technician Laura Tollin 1.00 Contracts Data Reductionist Specialist Megan Moore 1.00 Contracts Lab and Research Support Senior Kelly McGowan 1.00 Contracts Lab and Research Support Senior Brunilda Swannell 1.00 Contracts Lab and Research Support Senior Leslie Harwood 1.00 Contracts Project Assistant John Plummber 1.00 Contracts Project Assistant Kelly Stulce 1.00 Contracts Project Assistant Tyler Lewis 1.00 Contracts Project Assistant Jessica Rardin 1.00 Contracts Project Assistant Scott Fritz 1.00 Contracts Project Assistant Chelsea Phipps 1.00 Contracts Research Specialist Senior Jennifer Mullen 1.00 Contracts

134 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

Center for Technology Development Project Assistant Carri Behal 1.00 Contracts, OH Instrumentation Engineer Stacy Payne 1.00 Contracts, OH Electrical Engineer Ryan Mowry 1.00 Contracts, OH Trades Tech IV Kenneth Smith 1.00 Contracts, OH Trades Tech IV D. Travis Graham 1.00 Contracts, OH Design Engineer Matthew Moeller 1.00 Contracts, OH Design Engineer Matthew Perez 1.00 Contracts, OH Design Engineer Joe Sojka 1.00 Contracts, OH Equipment, Service and Repair Tech Andrew Karpa 1.00 Contracts, OH Equipment, Service and Repair Tech Timothy Dalrymple 1.00 Contracts, OH Equipment, Service and Repair Tech David Tollefson 1.00 Contracts, OH Computer Engineer Jon Lillestolen 1.00 Contracts, OH Electronics Tech I Greg Brown 1.00 Contracts, OH Electronics Tech I Stephen Tucker 1.00 Contracts, OH Electronics Technician Supervisor David Mellichamp 1.00 Contracts, OH Electronics Technician Supervisor Reginald Bryson 1.00 Contracts, OH Electronics Technician Supervisor Scott Aust 1.00 Contracts, OH Electronics Technician Supervisor Alexander Bier 1.00 Contracts, OH Smart Road Staff Daytime Dispatcher Supervisor Lauren Butterfield 1.00 Contracts Smart Road Maintenance Duane Cameron 1.00 Contracts Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Asphalt Lab Technician Williams Hobbs 1.00 Contracts Center for Truck and Bus Safety Electronics Technician II Scott Tidwell 1.00 Contracts Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems Lab and Research Support Senior Charlotte Lowdermilk 1.00 Contracts Sr. Research Specialist Phillip Ross 1.00 Contracts Research Specialist Brian Williams 1.00 Contracts

Total Classified Staff: 66.00 Research Staff Position Name FTE Funding Source Research Staff Administrative Senior Associate, Director for Operations and Finance Roderick Hall 1.00 Contracts Associate Finance Director Pascha Gerni 1.00 Contracts Post-Award Manager Catherine Strickland 1.00 Contracts Director Thomas Dingus 0.53 Contracts Director of Organizational Advancement Ann Craig 1.00 Contracts Chief Information Officer Clark Gaylord 1.00 Contracts Senior Database Administrator Douglas McGraw 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Zachary Bowden 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Joel Anderson 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Zachary Boor 1.00 Contracts Systems Programmer Brad Tilley 1.00 Contracts Database Administrator Brian Daily 1.00 Contracts I-81 Coalition Rachel Cogburn 1.00 Contracts Virginia Green Highway Initiative Andrew Alden 0.50 Contracts Senior Research Associate Dean Iverson 0.90 Contracts Senior Research Associate Sondra Iverson 0.90 Contracts 135 Personnel

Center for Truck and Bus Safety--Safety and HF Senior Research Associate Richard Hanowski 1.00 Contracts Research Scientist Myra Blanco 1.00 Contracts Senior Research Associate Darrell Bowman 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Gregory Fitch 1.00 Contracts Research Associate William Schaudt 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Susan Furst 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Spencer Joslin 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Stephanie Baker 0.50 Contracts Research Associate Naomi Dunn 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Laurel Marburg 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Jeff Hickman 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Andrew Marinik 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Tammy Trimble 1.00 Contracts Senior Research Associate Kelly Stanley 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Justin Morgan 1.00 Contracts Senior Research Associate Alejandra Medina 0.65 Contracts Research Associate Matthew Camden 1.00 Contracts Research Specialist Rebecca Olsen 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Jessica Mabry 1.00 Contracts Center for Automotive Safety Research Research Scientist Jon Hankey 1.00 Contracts Research Scientist Robert Llaneras 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Michael Neurauter 1.00 Contracts Research Scientist Miguel Perez 1.00 Contracts Research Scientist Jon Antin 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Julie McClafferty 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Jeremy Sudweeks 1.00 Contracts Research Scientist Sheila Klauer 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Zachary Doerzaph 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Brian Wotring 1.00 Contracts Research Associate LaTanya Holmes 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Justin Owens 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Reginald Viray 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Miao Song 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Derek Viita 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Naeem Thompson 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Elizabeth Brown 1.00 Contracts Research Scientist Suzie Lee 1.00 Contracts Senior Research Associate Shane McLaughlin 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Julie Cook 0.80 Contracts Project Associate Devi Mishra 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Shin-Ching Wu 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Kathryn Boone 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Kim Shelton 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Brad Cannon 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Lisa Eichelberger 1.00 Contracts Center for Sustainable Mobility Senior Research Associate Kyoungho Ahn 1.00 Contracts Senior Research Associate Ihab El-Shawarby 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Jianhe Du 0.75 Contracts Professor Hesham Rakha 0.50 Contracts

136 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report

Smart Road Research Associate Leonore Nadler 1.00 Contracts Director, Smart Road Operations Andrew Alden 0.50 Contracts Center for Technology Development Research Associate Loren Stowe 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Michael J. Bryson 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Craig Bucher 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Julie Jermeland 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Brian Leeson 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Joshua Quesenberry 1.00 Contracts Research Associate David Lefevers 1.00 Contracts Project Manager Scott Stone 1.00 Contracts Senior Research Associate Andrew Petersen 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Carl Cospel 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Fang Huang 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Jean Paul Talledo Vilela 1.00 Contracts Software Developer Vasily Kaliniouk 1.00 Contracts VHDL Engineer Steve Bears 1.00 Contracts Instrumentation Engineer Michael Ellery 1.00 Contracts Instrumentation Engineer Ryan Talbot 1.00 Contracts Project Associate Tammy Russell 1.00 Contracts Center for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure Professor Gerardo Flintsch 0.20 Contracts Senior Research Associate Edgar de Leon Izeppi 1.00 Contracts Senior Research Associate Samer Katicha 1.00 Contracts Center for Smart Infrastructure and Sensing Technology Professor Linbing Wang 1.00 Contracts Senior Research Associate Cristian Druta 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Dong Wang 1.00 Contracts Center for Product Development Research Scientist Michael Mollenhauer 0.80 Contracts Center for Infrastructure-Based Safety Systems Research Scientist Ron Gibbons 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Jason Meyer 1.00 Contracts Research Associate Travis Terry 1.00 Contracts National Tire Research Center Director Frank Della Pia 1.00 Contracts Project Director Jonathan Darab 1.00 Contracts Project Director Kevin Kefauver 1.00 Contracts

92.53

Total Research: 92.53 Total FTE Staff: 66.00

Total FTE's 158.53

137 Personnel

Number of Part-Time Professional Faculty at the Institute Position Name FTE Funding Source Project Manager Stephanie Baker 0.50 Contracts Proposal Manager Mary Wells 0.80 Overhead University Transportation Fellow Ray Pethtel 0.22 Contracts Research Associate Shereef Aly Sadek 0.50 Contracts Research Associate David Dietter 0.50 Contracts Research Scientist Linda Angell 0.75 Contracts Statistician Feng Guo 0.50 Contracts Research Scholar Yaning Qiiao 0.10 Contracts Research Associate John C. Shifflett 0.30 Contracts Project Associate Gene Hetherington 0.25 Contracts Total Professional Part-time Faculty:10

Visiting Scholars

Name Country Host Visiting Dates Ali Akgungor Turkey Hesham Rakha 06/15/12-10/15/12 Cao Liping China Linbing Wang 01/13/12-01/29/13 Erdam Dogan Turkey Hesham Rakha 06/15/12-02/15/13 Muquin Du China Hesham Rakha 09/15/11-09/15/12 Rui He China Linbing Wang 10/15/11-10/14/12 Liqun Hu China Linbing Wang 06/01/12-09/15/12 HyunSuk Kim China Linbing Wang 07/22/11-07/21/12 Wei Xu China Linbing Wang 08/01/11-08/01/12 Jiangyang Wang China Linbing Wang 09/15/11-09/14/12 Shunxin Yang China Feng Guo 08/25/11-08/25/12 HyunSuk Kim China Hesham Rakha 07/22/11-07/21/12 YiXiang Yue China Hesham Rakha 03/26/12-03/25/13 Qingcheng Zeng China Hesham Rakha 11/01/11-04/30/12 Lanfang Zhang China Feng Guo 08/15/11-08/14/12 He Zhang China Hesham Rakha 09/30/12-09/30/13 Lei Zhang China Linbing Wang 01/20/12-07/20/12

138 Virginia Tech Transportation Institute

2012 Annual Report Number of Part-Time Wage Staff at the Institute Name Position FTE Funding Source Howard, Lora A. Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Johnson, Caitlin M. Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Johnson, Karine F. Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Memisyazici, Erem Jeremiah Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Rader, Rebecca Haynes Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Thompson, April Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Walker, Timothy S. Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Woody, William Benjamin Research Assistant 0.75 Contracts Shabazz-Manns, Dominique Research Specialist 0.75 Contracts Boucher, Benjamin Joseph Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Putnam, Jacob Breece Research Assistant 0.75 Contracts Trump, Diana Josephine Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Donnelly, Logan P. Electronics Technician I 0.75 Contracts Gray, April L. Web Assistant 0.75 Contracts McCloud, Christopher R. Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Musselman, Danille A. Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Poor, Jennifer R. Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Thatcher, Patrick Maurice Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Allen, Marcia G. Research Assistant 0.75 Contracts Amritkar, Atharva M. Research Assistant 0.50 Contracts Cristino, Danielle M. Research Assistant 0.75 Contracts Overton, Jonathan Cory Research Assistant 0.75 Contracts Untaroiu, Razvan C. Research Assistant 0.75 Contracts Johnson, Ryan Morgan IT Help Desk Technician 0.75 Contracts Thistle, Karen J. IT Help Desk Technician 0.75 Contracts Amos, Kimberly Michelle Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Bennett, Daniel Seth Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Croy, Nathan Andrew Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Farmer, James E Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Leon Guerrero, Erika C. Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Moore, Alexander Scott Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Wilson, Kyle Edson Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Witt, Cristi M. Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Smith, James Bruce Web Graphics Assistant 0.75 Contracts Boucher, Carrie Elaine Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Carstens, Padma Latha Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Cupp, Lauren Ashley Senior Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Johnson, William B. Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Puryear, Brandy A. Data Reductionist 0.75 Contracts Bennett, Shannon C. Front Office Assistant 0.75 Contracts Brewer, John Miles Student Research Assistant 0.75 Contracts Landry, Elizabeth Ellyson Smart Road Dispatcher 0.75 Contracts Gorman, Thomas Ian Research Assistant 0.75 Contracts Smith, Carol Parker Documentation Specialist 0.75 Contracts

Professional Wage 44

139 Personnel

Students Active at the Institute 2 ree Awarded in FY1 g ht or De g ree Sou g e M.S. Science B.S. Candidate B.S. Candidate B.S. Awarded M.S. Sought Ph.D. Sought Unknown Ph.D. Sought M.S. Sought B.S. Candidate B.S. Sought Ph.D. Sought M.S. Sought M.S. Candidate Unknown M.S. Sought M.S. Sought M.S. Sought M.S. Sought B.S. Sought M.S. Awarded M.S. Sought Ph.D. Sought M.S. Sought B.S. Sought Ph.D. Sought M.S. Sought M.S. Sought M.S. Sought eD g Colle Science Architecture and Urban Studies B.A. Sought Science Liberal Arts and Human Sciences B.A. Candidate Liberal Arts and Human Sciences B.S. Candidate Architecture and Urban StudiesEngineering B.S. Sought Engineering Business Engineering Engineering School of Education Engineering Liberal Arts and Human Sciences M.S. Sought Architecture and Urban Studies B.S. Candidate Natural Resources Engineering Engineering School of Education Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering Department t 100 Urban Affairs 100100 Civil and Environmental Engineering Building Construction Engineering 100 Industrial and Systems Engineering Engineering 100 International Studies 100 Biology 100 Computer Science 100 Civil Engineering 100 Civil Engineering 100100100 Industrial and Systems Engineering Psychology Engineering Civil Engineering 100 Curriculum and Instruction 100 Building Construction 100100 English Engineering Science and Mechanics Engineering 100 Industrial and Systems Engineering Engineering 100 Civil Engineering 100 Civil Engineering 100100 Curriculum and Instruction Civil Engineering 100100 Civil Engineering Wildlife Science 100 Finance 100 Mechanical Engineering 100100 Computer Science Electrical Engineering 100 Civil Engineering 100100 Psychology Mechanical Engineering 100100 Civil Engineering 100 Civil Engineering Biological Systems Engineering100 Biomedical Engineering Agriculture and Life Sciences M.S. Sought 100 Civil Engineering 100 Civil Engineering TTI Suppor V Hemingway, Antonio Hill, Wesley Baird, Michael Batman, Nathan Jerry Bellini, Cameron Patrick Bhagavathula, Rajaram Amos, Kimberly Michelle Arroyo, Eric Calderon Ashar, Dhawal Bipin Name Aich, Sudipto Hart, Adam Michael Hobbs, Astleigh Margaret Rose Harris, Christopher Robert Chen, Hao Boucher, Benjamin Joseph Byrd, Tameka Deanne Candia-Gallegos, Mario Amer, Ahmed Mohamed Mostafa Hobbs, Lauryn Kemper Brooke Flickinger, Joshua Andrew Gendron, Brooke Evans Golman, Adam Joseph Hampton, Carolyn Elizabeth Bryce, James Castor, Michael Stephen Dianat, Leila Dingus, Christopher Fields Bustos, David Gabriel Jackson, Meredith Johnson, Nicholas S Kehoe, Nick Paul Kern, Mitchell Jacob Donoughe, Kelly Field, Ryan Bayne Kamalanathsharma, Raj Kishore Dwivedi, Pooja B 140 Name VTTI Support Department CollegeDegree Sought or Degree Awarded in FY12 Laumer, Paul Jackson 100 English Liberal Arts and Human Sciences Pre-law Sought Li, Huan 100 Civil Engineering Engineering M.S. Sought Liles, Jerry Michael 100 English Liberal Arts and Human Sciences M.S. Sought Lung, Philip Chu 100 Fisheries Science Natural Resources B.S. Pending Madison, Christopher Randall 100 Aerospace Engineering Engineering B.S. Candidate Markwith, Scott Gordon 100 Fisheries Science Natural Resources Unknown McGowan, Kelly Ann 100 Biology Science B.A. Sought McManus, Ian Alastair 100 Management Business B.S. Candidate Mladenovic, Milos 100 Civil Engineering Engineering Ph.D. Sought Murphy, Patrick Wayne 100 Communications Liberal Arts and Human Sciences B.S. Candidate Najafi, Shahriar 100 Civil Engineering Engineering Ph.D. Sought Pierce, Jacob Eugene 100 Sociology Liberal Arts and Human Sciences B.S. Pending Price, Matthew James 100 Electrical Engineering Engineering M.S. Sought Putman, Jared Robert 100 English Liberal Arts and Human Sciences B.S. Sought Rowson, Steven 100 Biomedical Engineering Engineering Ph.D. Sought Saleh, Mohamed Ibrahim 100 Computer Engineering Bradley Department, Engineering Ph.D. Santago, Anthony Charles 100 Biomedical Engineering Engineering M.S. Sought Shetty, Sameer Shashikant 100 Civil Engineering Engineering M.S. Sought Sun, Wenjuan 100 Civil Engineering Engineering Ph.D. Sought Tang, Lijie 100 Civil Engineering Engineering Ph.D. Sought Tanner, Stephen Lee 100 General Engineering Engineering B.S. Sought Tawfik Aly Ahmed Abdel Gal, Aly Moh 100 Civil Engineering Engineering Ph.D. Sought Terry, Travis Neal 100 Industrial and Systems Engineering Engineering M.S. Sought Toole, Laura Marie 100 Industrial and Systems Engineering Engineering M.S. Sought Turner, David Anthony 100 Biology Science M.S. Sought Valeri, Stephen Michael 100 Civil Engineering Engineering B.S. Sought Verhoeven, Jack George 100 Civil Engineering Engineering Unknown

Wang, Dong 100 Civil Engineering Engineering Ph.D. Sought Institute Tech Transportation Virginia Wedan, Dylan Robert 100 Educational Psychology Liberal Arts and Human Sciences MAED Sought Wharton, Amy Elizabeth 100 Psychology Science B.S. Sought Wilson, Zachary Adam 100 Engineering Science and Mechanics Engineering B.S. Sought Xiao, Pei 100 Statistics Science M.S. Sought Xue, Wenjing 100 Civil Engineering Engineering B.S. Sought Yin, Weihao 100 Civil Engineering Engineering M.S. Sought Zhou, Yu 100 Forest Products Natural Resources B.S. Candidate Zohdy, Ismail H 100 Civil Engineering Engineering M.S. Sought 2012 Report Annual 141 Publications

Ahn K., Rakha H., and Moran K. (2012). “System-wide Impacts of Eco-routing Strategies on Large-scale Networks,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-1638].

Amer A, Rakha H., and El-Shawarby I. (2012). “Novel Stochastic Procedure for Designing Yellow Intervals at Signalized Intersections” Journal of Transportation Engineering, 138 (6), pp. 751-759.

Amer A., Rakha H., and El-Shawarby I. (2011). “Agent-Based Behavioral Modeling Framework of Driver Behavior at the Onset of Yellow Indication at Signalized Intersections” Proceedings of the 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - ITSC 2011, October 5-7, Washington, DC, pp. 1809-1814.

Amer, A., Rakha, H., and El-Shawarby, I. (2011). “Agent-based Stochastic Modeling of Driver Decision at the Onset of a Yellow Indication at Signalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2241, pp. 68-77.

Antin, J. F., Lockhart, T., Stanley, L. M., Guo, F. (2012). Comparing the impairment profiles of older drivers and non-drivers: toward the development of a fitness-to-drive model. Safety Science, 50(2), 333-341.

Baker, S., Schaudt, W.A., Freed, J.C., and Toole, L. (December, 2011). A survey of light-vehicle driver education programs to determine the prevalence of curriculum on sharing the road with heavy vehicles. Report No. 11-UF-014. Blacksburg, VA: National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VTTI/reports/SurveyLightVehicleDriverEducation_FinalReport12012011.pdf.

Bowman, D.S., Schaudt, W.A., & Hanowski, R.J. (2012). Advances in Drowsy Driver Assistance Systems through Data Fusion. In A. Eskandarian (Ed.), Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles, pp. 896-912. Springer-Verlag London Ltd. http://www.springer. com/engineering/mechanical+engineering/book/978-0-85729-084-7.

*Bowman, D.S., Schaudt, W.A., and Hanowski, R.J. (2011). FMCSA’s advanced system testing utilizing a data acquisition system on the highway. Proceedings of the Society of Automotive Engineers Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress 2011. http://papers.sae.org/2011-01-2293.

Bryce, J., Flintsch, G.W., Katicha, S., Diefenderfer, B. (In press). “Developing a Network-Level Structural Capacity Index for Asphalt Pavements, ASCE Journal of transportation Engineering.

*Camden, M. C., Fitch, G. M., Blanco, M., & Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Commercial Driver Acceptance of Heavy Vehicle Camera/Video Imaging Systems. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Camden, M., Guo, F., Hickman, J.S., & Hanowski, R. (August 2011). Onboard safety system effectiveness evaluation for commercial motor vehicles. Proceedings of the 2011 Joint Statistical Meetings, Miami Beach, FL.

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Chen H., Rakha H., Sadek S., and Katz B. (2012). “A Particle Filter Approach for Real- time Freeway Traffic State Prediction,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-2605].

Chen H., Rakha H., and Sadek S. (2011). “Real-time Freeway Traffic State Prediction: A Particle Filter Approach,” 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington D.C., October 5 - 7, 2011.

Daniello A. and Gabler H.C. (Accepted). “The Characteristics of Injuries in Motorcycle to Barrier Collisions in Maryland,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.

*Daniello A. and Gabler H.C. (2011). “The Effect of Barrier Type on Injury Severity in Motorcycle to Barrier Collisions in North Carolina, Texas, and New Jersey,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2262, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, pp. 144–151.

Dehghanisanij, M., Flintsch, G.W., Verhoeven, J.G., (2012). “A Framework for Aggregating Corridor-level Performance Measures,” paper 12-3478, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. (In print, Journal of the Transportation Research Board)

*de León, E., Flintsch, G.W., McGhee (Accepted, pending revisions). “Effect of Water, Speed, and Grade on Continuous Friction Measurement Equipment (CFMEs),” Journal of ASTM International. de León, E., Flintsch, G.W., McGhee (2012). “Limits of Agreement Method for Comparing Pavement Friction Measurements,” paper 12-1864, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. (In print, Journal of the Transportation Research Board)

*de León Izeppi, E., Flintsch, G.W., and McGhee, K.K. (2011). “Effect of Water, Speed, and Grade on Continuous Friction Measurement Equipment (CFMEs), International Symposium on Pavement Performance: Trends, Advances and Challenges, Tampa, FL, Dec. 5.

*de León Izeppi, E.D., Flintsch, G.W., Archilla, A.R., Sequeira, W. (2011). “Continuous Friction Measurement Equipment Data Processing and Analysis Software,” Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRR 2227, pp. 163-170.

*de León Izeppi, E., and Flintsch, G.W. (2011). “Continuous Friction Measurement Equipment (CFME) Loan Program,” 8th International Conference on Managing Pavement Assets (ICMPA), Santiago, Chile, Nov. 15-19.

Dingus, T. A., Hanowski, R. J. and Klauer, S. (October, 2011). Estimating crash risk. Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 19 (4):8-12.

*Donoughe, K., Rakha, H., Swanson, W., Park, S., and Bryson, J. (2011). “Development of Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Bed for Evaluating Truck Safety Systems,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

143 Publications

Du, M., Cheng, L., and Rakha H. (In press). “Sensitivity Analysis of Combined Distribution-Assignment Model with Applications,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

Du J., Rakha H., and Sangster J. (2012). “Can Electric Vehicles Serve Traveler Needs?” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-1648].

El-Shawarby I., Abdel-Salam A, Li H., and Rakha H. (2012). “Driver Behavior at the Onset of Yellow Indication for Rainy/Wet Roadway Surface Conditions,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. Compendium of papers DVD [Paper 12-2015].

El-Shawarby, I., Rakha, H. Amer, A., and McGhee, C. (2011) “Impact of Driver and Surrounding Traffic Impact on Vehicle Deceleration Behavior at the Onset of a Yellow Indication,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2248, pp. 10-20.

Faris W., Rakha H., Kafafy R., Idris M., and Elmoselhy S. (2011). “Vehicle fuel consumption and emission modelling: an in-depth literature review,” International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing, Vol. 6, No. 3/4, pp. 318-395.

Fitch, G. M. and Hanowski, R. J. (2012). Exploring drivers’ compensatory behavior when conversing on a mobile device. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics.

Fitch, G. M. and Hankey, J. M. (2012). Investigating Improper Lane Changes: Driver Performance Contributing to Lane Change Near-Crashes. Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Fitch, G. M. and Hanowski, R. J. (2012). Using Naturalistic Driving Research to Design, Test, and Evaluate Driver Assistance Systems. In A. Eskandarian (Ed.), Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles, pp. 559-580. London: Springer.

Fitch, G. M. and Hanowski, R. J. (2011). The risk of a safety-critical event associated with mobile device use as a function of driving task demands. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention. Paper presented in Gothenburg, Sweden. http://www.chalmers.se/safer/ddi2011-en/program/papers-presentations.

*Fitch, G. M., Schaudt, W. A., Wierwille, W. W., Blanco, M., and Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Human factors and systems engineering of a camera/video imaging system. Proceedings of the 18th World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington, D.C.

Fitch, G. M., Lee, S. E., Klauer, S., Hankey, J., Sudweeks, J., and Dingus, T. (2011). Vehicle lane change accidents: Literature review. Accident Reconstruction Journal, 21 (Jan-Feb)(1), 11-21, 64.

Fitch, G. M., Blanco, M., Camden, M. C., & Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Field demonstration of a camera/video imaging system for heavy vehicles. SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles, 4(1), 171 - 184. doi: 10.4271/2011-01-2245.

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Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Hanowski, R.J., Rau, P., Flanigan, C. (2011). Field Demonstration of a Camera/Video Imaging System for Heavy Vehicles – Driver Lane Change Performance Preliminary Results. Paper 10CV-0067, SAE 2010 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress & Exhibition, Chicago. http://papers.sae.org/2011-01-2245

Flintsch, G.W., Valeri, S., Katicha, S.W., de Leon, E.D., Medina, A. (2012). “Pilot Demonstration of the Use Probe Vehicle Dynamic Signatures to Measure Road Smoothness,” paper 12-3384, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. (In print, Journal of the Transportation Research Board)

Flintsch, G.W., Ferne, B., Diefenderfer, B., Katicha, S.W., Bryce, J., Nell, S. (2012). “Evaluation of Traffic Speed Continuous Deflection Devices,” paper 12-1670, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. (In print, Journal of the Transportation Research Board)

Flintsch G.W., Williams, B., Gibbons, R., Viner, H. (2012). “Assessment of the Impact of Splash and Spray on Road Users - Controlled Experiment Results,” paper 12-3684, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. (In print, Journal of the Transportation Research Board)

Fuentes, L.G., de León, E., Flintsch, G.W., Martinez, G. (2012). “Determination of Pavement Macrotexture Limit For Use in The International Friction Index (IFI) Mode,” paper 12-1408, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. (In print, Journal of the Transportation Research Board)

Gibbons, R.B., Edwards, C., Bhagavathula, R., Carlson, P., and Owens, D.A. (In press). Visual Modeling: Exploring the Relationships between Nighttime Driving Behavior and Roadway Visibility Features, Transportation Research Record.

Gibbons, R.B., Williams, B.M., and Cottrell, B. (In press). Refinement of Drivers’ Visibility Needs During Wet Night Conditions, Transportation Research Record.

Gibbons, R.B., and Williams, B.M. (2012). Assessment of the Durability of Wet Night Visible Pavement Markings: Wet Visibility Project Phase IV. VCTIR 12-R13. Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research, Charlottesville.

Giustozzi, F., Crispino, M., and Flintsch, G.W. (2012). “Sustainability Analysis Based on Emissions Saving for Competitive Maintenance and Rehabilitation Practices,” paper scheduled for presentation, Proceedings of the Transport Research Arena – Europe 2012, Elsevier, Athens, Greece, June 2012.

Giustozzi, F., Crispino, M., Flintsch, G.W. (2012). “Multi-Attribute Life Cycle Assessment of Preventive Maintenance Treatments on Road Pavements for Achieving Environmental Sustainability,” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Springer-Verlag (Online First, 10.1007/s11367-011-0375-6).

Giustozzi, F., Flintsch, G.W., and Crispino, M. (2012). Environmental Assessment of Road Construction Methods for a Low Carbon Pavement,” paper 12-3940, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 22-26.

145 Publications

*Giustozzi, F., Flintsch, G.W., and Crispino, M. (2011). Environmental Analysis of Preventive Maintenance Treatments on Road Pavements,” 8th International Conference on Managing Pavement Assets (ICMPA), Santiago, Chile, Nov. 15-19.

*Giustozzi, F., Crispino, M., and Flintsch, G.W. (2011). Environmental Sustainability As A Performance Measure For Assessing Preventive Maintenance Policies, 24th PIARC Word Road Congress, Mexico City, Mexico, Sep 26-10.

Guo F., Li Q., and Rakha H. (In press). “Multi-state Travel Time Reliability Models with Skewed Component Distributions,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

Hampton CE and Gabler HC (2012), “Crash Performance of Strong-Post W-Beam Guardrail with Missing Blockouts,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, v. 17, no.1, pp. 93-103.

Hanowski, R.J., Olson, R.L., Hickman, J.S., and Bocanegra, J. (In press). Driver distraction in commercial motor vehicle operations. In M.A. Regan, John D. Lee and Trent W. Victor (Eds) Driver distraction and inattention: Advances in research and countermeasures. (Chapter 9). Surrey, United Kingdom: Ashgate.

Hanowski, R.J. (In press). The risk of behavioural adaptation and unintended consequences when moving from research-to-practice: Examples from commercial vehicle operations. In C. Rudin-Brown and S. Jamson (Eds) Behavioural Adaptation and Road Safety: Theory, Evidence and Action. Taylor and Francis, LLC (CRC Press).

*Hanowski, R.J., Bergoffen, G., Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Murray, D., Bishop, R., Johnson, S., and Camden, M. (March, 2012). Research on the safety impacts of speed limiter device installations on commercial motor vehicles: Phase II draft final report. Report No. FMCSA- RRR-12-006. http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/report/ Speed-Limiters.pdf Washington, DC: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

Hanowski, R.J. (December 2011). Towards developing a US-EU common distracted driving taxonomy: Updating a naturalistic driving data coding approach. Blacksburg, VA: The National Surface Transportation Safety Center for Excellence. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ VTTI/reports/DistractionTaxonomyCodingScheme_FinalReport12072011.pdf

Hanowski, R.J. (2011). The naturalistic study of distracted driving: Moving from research to practice. SAE International L. Ray Buckendale Lecture, Paper No. 2011-01-2305; doi: 10.4271/2011-01-2305.

Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Book Review: Performance metrics for assessing driver distraction: The quest for improved road safety. Ergonomics in Design: The quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 19(4): 31-32.

Hickman, J.S., & Hanowski, R.J. (In press). An assessment of commercial motor vehicle driver distraction using naturalistic driving data. Traffic Injury Prevention.

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Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Hanowski, R.J., Bishop, R., Bergoffen, G., Murray, & Johnston, S. (In press). Safety benefits of speed limiters in commercial motor vehicles using carrier-collected crash data. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems.

Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Camden, M.C., Hanowski, R.J., Medina, A., Mabry, J.E., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Efficacy of roll stability control, forward collision warning, and lane departure warning using carrier-collected crash data. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board in Washington, D.C., January 23-27, 2012.

Hickman, J.S., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Cell phone use while driving a truck or bus: Not all sub-tasks are created equal. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Driver Distraction in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Hickman, J.S., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Comparison of a state cell phone law versus a fleet cell phone policy using naturalistic data. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Driver Distraction in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Hickman, J.S. (2011). Driver distraction: Current Research and Implications. Proceedings of the annual Intelligent Transportation Systems World Congress in Orlando, FL, October 16-21, 2011.

Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Camden, M.C., Medina, A., Hanowksi, R.J., & Mabry, J.E. (2011). Onboard Safety Systems Effectiveness Evaluation Final Report. Contract# DTMC75- 09-C-00022. Washington DC: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.

*Highfield, C. and Flintsch, G.W. (2011). “A Review of Selected Environmental Assessment Tools: Coverage, Gaps, and Future Steps,” 8th International Conference on Managing Pavement Assets – ICMPA, Santiago, Chile, Nov. 15-19.

Jackson M. and Rakha H. (2012). “Do Roundabouts Work? An Evaluation for Uniform Approach Demands,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0804].

Jackson M. and Rakha H. (2012). “Are Roundabout Environmentally Friendly? An Evaluation for Uniform Approach Demands,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0789].

Johnson N.S. and Gabler H.C. (2012). “Accuracy of a Damage-Based Reconstruction Method in NHTSA Side Crash Tests,” Traffic Injury Prevention, v.13, no. 1, pp. 72-80.

Johnson N. and Gabler H.C. (June 2011). “Evaluation of WinSmash Accuracy in NHTSA Side Crash Test Reconstructions,” Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 11-0389, Washington DC.

*Katicha, S.W., Flintsch, G.W., Loulizi, A. (In press). “Identifying non-linear HMA behavior from uniaxial creep and dynamic modulus test results,” International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties, 2012, Iderscience.

147 Publications

Katicha, S.W., Flintsch, G.W., Ferne, B. (2012). “Analyzing Repeatability of Continuous Deflection Device Measurement Series,” paper 12-1732, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 22-26.

Katicha, S.W., Flintsch, G.W., and Ferne, B. (2012). Estimation of Pavement TSD Slope Measurements Repeatability from a Single Measurement Series,” paper 12-3622, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 22-26.

Katicha, S.W., Flintsch, G.W. (2012). “Fractional Viscoelastic Models: Master Curve Construction, Interconversion and Numerical Approximation,” Rheologica Acta, Springer, (Online First, 10.1007/s00397-012-0625-y).

*Katicha, S., Flintsch, G.W., McGhee, K.K., de León Izeppi, E.D. (2011). “Variability and Normality Assumptions for Virginia Department of Transportation Volumetric Properties g,” Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRR 2228, pp. 87-95.

Klauer, S. G., Perez, M., & McClafferty, J. (2011). Chapter 6 - Naturalistic Driving Studies and Data Coding and Analysis Techniques. In E. P. Bryan (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology (pp. 73-85). San Diego: Academic Press.

Kusano K. and Gabler H.C. (Accepted). “Automated Crash Notification Algorithms: Evaluation of In-Vehicle Principal Direction of Force (PDOF) Estimations,” Transportation Research Part C.

Kusano K. and Gabler H.C. (In press). “Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-end Collisions,” IEEE Transactions – Intelligent Transportation Systems, DOI 10.1109/TITS.2012.2191542.

Kusano K.D. and Gabler H.C. (June 2012). “Identification of Target Populations for Current Active Safety Systems using Driver Behavior,” Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.

Kusano K.D. and Gabler H.C. (June 2012). “Quantitative Crash Injury Risk Predictions by Body Region: Is Risk Sensitive to New Vehicle Safety Features?” Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Paper No. SBC2012-80301, Fajardo, Puerto Rico.

Kusano, K. and Gabler H.C. (2012). “Field Relevance of the New Car Assessment Program Lane Departure Warning Confirmation Test,” SAE International Journal Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, 5(1), doi:10.4271/2012-01-0284.

Kusano K.D. and Gabler H.C. (January 2012). “Rural Road Departure Crashes: Why is Injury Severity Correlated with Lane Markings?” Proceedings of the 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Paper No. 12-1915, Washington, DC.

Kusano K.D. and Gabler H.C. (October 2011). “Injury Mitigation in the Collision Partners of Pre-collision System equipped Vehicles in Rear-end Collisions,” Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, Washington, DC.

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Kusano K.D. and Gabler H.C. (September 2011). “On-Scene Determination of Driver Crash Causation and Avoidance Maneuvers in Rear-End Collisions,” Proceedings of the Third TRB International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation, Indianapolis, IN.

Kusano K.D. and Gabler H.C. (June 2011). “Potential Effectiveness of Integrated Forward Collision Warning, Pre-Collision Brake Assist, and Automated Pre-Collision Braking Systems in Real-World, Rear-End Collisions,” Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper Number 11-0364, Washington, DC.

Kusano K. and Gabler H.C. (2011). “Method for Estimating Time to Collision at Braking in Real- world, Lead Vehicle Stopped Rear-end Crashes for Use in Pre-crash System Design,” SAE Transactions, Journal of Passenger Car - Mechanical Systems, SAE Paper No. 2011-01-0576, v. 4 no. 1, pp. 435-443.

Li H., Rakha H., and El-Shawarby I. (2012). “Designing Yellow Intervals for Rainy and Wet Roadway Conditions” International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 1 (2), pp. 171-189.

Li H., Rakha H., and El-Shawarby I. (2012). “Designing Yellow Intervals for Rainy and Wet Roadway Conditions” in the Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington D.C. Compendium of papers DVD [Paper 12-0834].

Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J.S., Camden, M.C., Marburg, T.L., Hanowski, R.J. (2012). Safety Manager and Commercial Driver Opinions and Acceptance of Onboard Safety Systems. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board Conference in Washington, D.C., January 23-27, 2012.

Marinik, A., Trimble, T., Baker, S., Bryson, J., Schaudt, W.A., Bowman, D.S. (In press). Vehicle-width measurement technology development: Phase I technical memorandum. Contract No. VTRC-MOA-11-008. Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Transportation, Virginia Center for Transportation Innovation and Research.

Medina Flintsch, A., Hickman, J., Guo, F., Camden, M., Hanowski, R.J., and Kwan, Quon (2012). Cost-benefit analysis: Onboard safety system effectiveness evaluation. Proceedings of the 90th Annual Conference of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board.

Morgan, J.F., Tidwell, S.A., Blanco, M., Medina, A., Hanowski, R.J., & Ajayi, O. (2011). Experienced CMV driver opinions of advanced driving simulator scenarios. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 55, 1538-1542.

*Najafi, S., Flintsch, G.W., McGhee, K.K. (March 2012). “Assessment of Operational Characteristics of Continuous Friction Measuring Equipment (CFME),” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Taylor & Francis (iFirst).

Neurauter, M. L., Hankey, J. M., Schalk, T.B., and Wallace, G. (Accepted). Outbound Texting: Comparison of a Speech-Based Approach and a Handheld Touch- screen Equivalent. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.

149 Publications

Neurauter, M. L., Hankey, J. M., Schalk, T.B., and Wallace, G. (2012). Outbound Texting: Comparison of a Speech-Based Approach and a Handheld Touch-screen Equivalent (12- 0982). Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.

Park S., Rakha H., Ahn K., Moran K., Saerens B., and Van den Bulck E. (In press). “Predictive Eco-cruise Control System: Model Logic and Preliminary Testing,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

Park S., Donoughe K., and Rakha H. (In press). “Safety Benefits of Stability Control Systems for Tractor-Semitrailers Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

Park S., Rakha H., Ahn K., and Moran K. (2012). “A Study of Potential Benefits of Predictive Eco-Cruise Control Systems,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0795].

*Park, S., Rakha, H., Alfelor, R., Yang, D., and Krechmer, D. (2011). “Empirical Study of Impact of Icy Roadway Surface Condition on Driver Car-Following Behavior,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2260, pp. 140-151.

Park S., Rakha H., and Guo F. (2011). “Multi-state Travel Time Reliability Model: Impact of Incidents on Travel Time Reliability,” 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington D.C., October 5 - 7, 2011.

*Park S., Rakha H., Ahn S., and Moran K. (2011). “Predictive Eco-Cruise Control: Algorithm and Potential Benefits,” 2011 IEEE Forum on Integrated and Sustainable Transportation Systems, Vienna, Austria, June 29 - July 1, 2011.

Perez, M. A. (2012). Safety implications of infotainment system use in naturalistic driving. Work, 41(Supplement 1), 4200-4204.

Rakha H., Ahn K.; Faris W., Moran, K. (In press). “Simple Vehicle Powertrain Model for Modeling Intelligent Vehicle Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

Rakha H., Arafeh M. and Park S. (2012). “Modeling Inclement Weather Impacts on Traffic Stream Behavior,” International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25-48.

Rakha, H., Ahn, K., Moran, K., Saerens, B., and Van den Bulck, E. (2011). “Virginia Tech Comprehensive Power-based Fuel Consumption Model: Model Development and Testing,” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2011.05.008.

Rakha, H., Yue, H., and Dion, F. (2011). “VT-Meso Model Framework for Estimating Hot Stabilized Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emission Rates,” Canadian Journal for Civil Engineers (CJCE), 38:(11), pp. 1274-1286, DOI: 10.1139/l11-086.

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Rakha H. and Kishore R. (2011). “Eco-driving at Signalized Intersections using V2I Communication,” 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington D.C., October 5 - 7, 2011.

*Rakha H., Sadek S., and Zohdy I. (2011). “Modeling Differences in Driver Left-Turn Gap Acceptance Behavior Using Bayesian and Bootstrap Approaches,” 6th International Symposium Highway Capacity and Quality of Service, Stockholm, Sweden, June 28 – July 1, 2011.

Rakha, H., Du, J., Park, S., Guo, F., Doerzaph, Z. Vitta, D., Golembiewski, G., Katz, B., Kehoe, N., and Rigdon, H. (2011). “Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Congestion,’” SHRP 2 Report S2-L10-RR-01, ISBN: 978-0-309-12898-8, pp. 127.

Rakha H., Ahn K., and Park S. (2011). “Eco-Driving Application Development and Testing,” FHWA, pp. 45.

Rakha H., Kamalanathsharma R.K., and Ahn K. (2011). “Eco-Vehicle Speed Control at Signalized Intersections using I2V Communication,” FHWA, pp. 36.

Reagan, I.J., J.A. McClafferty, S.P. Berlin, and J.A. Hankey. (In press). Using naturalistic driving data to identify variables associated with infrequent, occasional, and consistent seat belt use. Accid. Anal. Prev. (2012).

Rondón H.A., Reyes, F.A., Mogrovejo, D., Flintsch, G.W. (2012). “Environmental Effects on Hot Mix Asphalt Dynamic Mechanical Properties - A Case Study in Bogota, Colombia,” paper 12- 3637, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 22-26.

Sadek S. and Rakha H. (2012). “A New Speed-formulation Traffic Model for a General Flux Function,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-1677].

Saerens B., Rakha H., and Van den Bulck E. (2012). “Assessment of Eco-Cruise Control Calculation Methods,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-4698].

Sangster J. and Rakha H. (2012). “Critique of the Critical Sum Method: A Case Study on the Quadrant Roadway Design,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-1685].

*Schaudt, W.A., Bowman, D., Baker, S., Hanowski, R. J., and Flanigan, C. (2011). Field evaluation of an enhanced rear signaling system for heavy trucks. Proceedings of the 18th World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: ITS America. http://www.itsworldcongress.org/18thWC_ITSProceedingsorderform.pdf.

151 Publications

*Simons-Morton, B. G., Ouimet, M. C., Zhang, Z., Klauer, S. G., Lee, S. E., Wang, J., Chen, R., Albert, P., and Dingus, T. A. (2011). The Effect of Passengers and Risk-Taking Friends on Risky Driving and Crashes/Near Crashes among Novice Teenagers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49,587-593.

Simons-Morton, B. G., Ouimet, M. C., Zhang, Z., Klauer, S. G., Lee, S. E., Wang, J., Albert, P. S., and Dingus, T. A. (2011). Crash and Risky Driving Involvement Among Novice Adolescent Drivers and Their Parents. American Journal of Public Health 101, 2362–2367.

Soccolich, S., Blanco, M., Hanowski, R.J., Olson, R., Morgan, J.F., Guo, F., and Wu, S-C. (In press). An analysis of driving and working hour on commercial motor vehicle driver safety using naturalistic data collection. Accident Analysis & Prevention.

Tawfik A. and Rakha H. (In press). “Network Route-Choice Evolution in a Real- Life Experiment: A Necessary Shift from Network to Driver Oriented Modeling,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

Tawfik A. and Rakha H. (2012). “A Real-Life Route Choice Experiment to Investigate Drivers Perceptions and Choices,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-3927].

Tawfik A., Szarka J., House L., and Rakha H. (2011). “Disaggregate Route Choice Models Based on Driver Learning Patterns and Network Experiences,” 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Washington D.C., October 5 - 7, 2011.

Tomlinson, C., Katicha, S., and Flintsch, G.W. (2012). “Nonlinear Characterization and Modeling of Asphalt Concrete Using the Hilbert-Huang Transform,” paper 12-2036, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 22-26.

*Verhoeven, J.G., Flintsch, G.W. (2012). “Generalized Framework for Developing a Corridor-Level Infrastructure Health Index,” Journal of the Transportation Research Board, TRR 2235, pp. 20-27.

Victor, T., Hickman, J.S., Camden, M., Jarlengrip, J., Larsson, C., Morgan, J., Tidwell, S., & Toole, L. (2011). U34: Driver Distraction: An Inattention-Mitigation Component for Behavior-Based Safety Programs in Commercial Vehicle Operations (IM-BBS). NTRCI-50-2011-023. Knoxville, TN: National Transportation Research Center, Inc.

*Wierwille, W.W., Schaudt, W.A., Blanco, M., Alden, A., and Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Enhanced camera/video imaging systems (E-C/VISs) for heavy vehicles: Final report. Report No. DOT HS 811 483. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/ NVS/Crash%20Avoidance/Technical%20Publications/2011/811483.pdf.

Wu, S. and McLaughlin, S. (Accepted). “Creating a Heatmap Visualization of 150 Million GPS Points on Roadway Maps via SAS,” 20th Annual Southeast SAS Users Group Conference, Oct. 14-16, 2012.

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Wu, S. and McLaughlin, S. (Accepted). “Tips for Using SAS to Manipulate Large-scale Data in Databases,” 25th Annual Northeast SAS Users Group Conference, Nov. 11-14, 2012.

Wu, Z., Flintsch, G.W., Ferreira, A., and Picado-Santos, L. (2012). “Framework for Multi-Objective Optimization of Physical Highway Assets Investments,” Journal of Transportation Engineering (oi: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000458)

Yin W., Murray-Tuite P., and Rakha H. (In press). “Imputing Erroneous Data of Single-Station Loop Detectors for Non-incident Conditions: Comparison between Temporal and Spatial Methods,” Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning and Operations.

Zohdy I. and Rakha H. (In press). “An Agent-based Framework for Modeling Driver Left-Turn Gap Acceptance Behavior at Signalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

Zohdy I. and Rakha H. (In press). “Intersection Decision Support Framework in Adverse Weather Conditions (IDS-W) using a Case-Based Reasoning Algorithm,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

*Zohdy, I., Rakha, H., Alfelor, R., Yang, D., and Krechmer, D. (2011). “Inclement Weather Impact on Driver Left-Turn Gap Acceptance Behavior,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2257, pp. 51-61.

*Zohdy I. and Rakha H. (2011). “Reactive-Driving Agent Based Approach for Modeling Gap Acceptance Behavior,” 18th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Orlando, Florida, October 16-20, 2011.

*Works published since the 2011 Annual Report or works published in a new format.

153 Presentations and Honors

Linda Angell • Fitch, G. M., Tijerina, L., Angell, L. S., & Monk, C. (2012). Gedankenexperiment on Driver Distraction: Exploring Potential Outcomes of Technology to Mitigate Driver Distraction. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board’s 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. • Fitch, G. M., Johnson, T., Schalk, T., Geisler, S., & Angell, L. S. (2011). Mitigating Driver Distraction through HMI Design: A Proposed Conceptual Framework for Safely and Eff ectively Implementing Technology in Vehicles. Proceedings of the 18th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems.

Jon Antin • Antin, J. F. (2011). SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study S06 Update. Presentation given at the 6th Annual SHRP 2 Summer Safety Symposium, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, July 14, Washington, D.C.

Stephanie Baker • Schaudt, W. A., Bowman, D.S., Baker, S., Hanowski, R. J., and Flanigan, C. (2011, October). Field evaluation of an enhanced rear signaling system for heavy trucks. Paper presented at the 18th ITS World Congress, Orlando, FL.

Myra Blanco • Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Camden, M., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Field demonstration of a camera/video imaging system for heavy vehicles. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. • Rau, P., Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Camden, M.C. (2011). Driver performance with a camera/video imaging system. Paper presented at the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Stuttgart, Germany. • Camden, M.C., Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Commercial driver acceptance of heavy vehicle camera/video imaging systems for blind spot mitigation. Paper presented at the 55th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting, Las Vegas, NV.

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Darrell Bowman • Schaudt, W. A., Bowman, D.S., Baker, S., Hanowski, R. J., and Flanigan, C. (2011, October). Field evaluation of an enhanced rear signaling system for heavy trucks. Paper presented at the 18th ITS World Congress, Orlando, FL. • Bowman, D.S. (2011, October). VTTI Naturalistic/FOT Driving Studies. ITS World Congress FOT Net Workshop, Orlando, FL. • Bowman, D.S. (2012, April). Driver Fatigue. 46th International Aviation Snow Symposium, Buff alo, NY

Matt Camden • Medina-Flintsch, A., Hickman, J., Guo, F., Camden, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Cost-benefi t analysis: Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J.S., Camden, M.C., Marburg, T.L., & Hanowski, R.J. (2012). Safety manager and commercial driver opinions and acceptance of onboard safety systems. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Camden, M.C., Hanowski, R.J., Medina, A., Mabry, J.E., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Effi cacy of roll stability control, forward collision warning, and lane departure warning using carrier-collected crash data. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Hickman, J. S., Hanowski, R. J., Camden, M., & Alvarez, A. (2011). Comparison of a state cell phone law versus a fl eet cell phone policy using naturalistic data. Paper presented at the 2nd International Driver Distraction and Inattention Conference. • Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Camden, M., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Field demonstration of a camera/video imaging system for heavy vehicles. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. • Rau, P., Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Camden, M.C. (2011). Driver performance with a camera/video imaging system. Paper presented at the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Stuttgart, Germany.

155 Presentations and Honors

• Camden, M.C., Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Commercial driver acceptance of heavy vehicle camera/video imaging systems for blind spot mitigation. Paper presented at the 55th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. • Camden, M., Guo, F., Hickman, J., & Hanowski, R. (2011). Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation for commercial motor vehicles. Paper presented at the 2011 Joint Statistical Meetings, Miami Beach, FL.

Tom Dingus • Invited Speaker: Huge Steps Forward in Systems Operations Strategies; Driver Distraction Policy: Recommendations, Promulgations, and Supporting Science, ITS America 22nd Annual Meeting and Exposition, May 2012 • Inducted into the ISE Academy of Distinguished Alumni by the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering and the Advisory, April 2012. • Invited to speak about driver fatigue at Sleep Health & Safety, Washington, D.C., March 1, 2012. • Invited Speaker: Drive Smart: Driver Monitoring and Crash Risk Mitigation Systems, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2012 • Keynote Speaker: Driving Distraction from Nomadic Devices, Australasian College of Road Safety, Melbourne, Australia, 2011 • Keynote Speaker: Driver Distraction and Fatigue, AA Research Foundation Symposium, Wellington, New Zealand, 2011 • Invited Speaker: Moving Toward Zero: Understanding Driver Behavior and Associated Crash Risk, Institute of Transportation Engineers Technical Conference, Lake Buena Vista, FL, 2011

Zac Doerzaph • Appointed chairman of the Crash Database and Analysis Committee

Ihab El-Shawarby • Li H., Rakha H., and El-Shawarby I. (2012). “Designing Yellow Intervals for Rainy and Wet Roadway Conditions,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0834].

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Greg Fitch • Fitch, G. M., Tijerina, L., Angell, L. S., & Monk, C. (2012). Gedankenexperiment on Driver Distraction: Exploring Potential Outcomes of Technology to Mitigate Driver Distraction. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board’s 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. • Fitch, G. M., Hickman, J. S., Schaudt, W. A., Soccolich, S. A., & Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Investigating Driver Distraction and Inattention Using Naturalistic Driving Data. Workshop presented at the 2nd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention in Gothenburg, Sweden. • Fitch, G. M., Johnson, T., Schalk, T., Geisler, S., & Angell, L. S. (2011). Mitigating Driver Distraction through HMI Design: A Proposed Conceptual Framework for Safely and Eff ectively Implementing Technology in Vehicles. Proceedings of the 18th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. • Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Camden, M., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Field demonstration of a camera/video imaging system for heavy vehicles. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. • Rau, P., Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Camden, M.C. (2011). Driver performance with a camera/video imaging system. Paper presented at the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Stuttgart, Germany. • Camden, M.C., Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Commercial driver acceptance of heavy vehicle camera/video imaging systems for blind spot mitigation. Paper presented at the 55th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting, Las Vegas, NV.

Gerardo Flintsch • Taught the module on Deterioration Modeling at the 2nd Advanced Infrastructure Management course organized by Georgia Tech, University of Delaware, Virginia Tech, University of Texas at Austin, University of Waterloo, and University of Iowa, Atlanta, Georgia, June 2012. • Flintsch, G.W., Giustozzi, F. Crispino, M., “Multi-Approach Life-Cycle Assessment Optimization to Incorporate Environmental,” 9th National Conference on Transportation Asset Management - Making Asset Management Work in Your Organization, April 16–18, 2012, San Diego, CA. • Dehghanisanij, M., Flintsch, G.W., “Corridor-Level Performance Measures to Support Resource Allocation Strategies in Highways,” 9th National Conference on Transportation Asset Management - Making Asset Management Work in Your Organization, April 16–18, 2012, San Diego, CA.

157 Presentations and Honors

• Dehghanisanij, M., Flintsch, G.W., McNeil, S., “Condition of Roadways and the Dynamics of Highway System Performance: An Assessment Framework,” 9th National Conference on Transportation Asset Management - Making Asset Management Work in Your Organization, April 16–18, 2012, San Diego, CA. • Flintsch, G.W., “SHRP 2 Research Update on Continuous Defl ection Study,” Workshop on Continuous Defl ection Measurements for Highway Infrastructure Assessments, held at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., Jan. 22, 2012. • Delivered a workshop (with other instructors) about Transportation Asset Management for the International Road Federation in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Dec. 18-20, 2011. • Delivered a half-day tutorial about Sustainable Infrastructure Management at the 8th International Conference on Managing Pavement Assets (ICMPA), Santiago, Chile, Nov. 15-19, 2011. • Invited Presentation: Flintsch, G.W., “Sustainable Pavements: Technical Challenges and Research Needs,” 2nd FHWA Sustainable Pavement Technical Working Group (SPTWG) Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Nov. 2, 2011. • Invited Presentation: Flintsch, G.W., “Research, Development and Innovation in Civil Infrastructure Management (Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Gestión de Infraestructura Civil),” International Seminary on Infrastructure Management, Bogotá, Colombia, Aug. 26, 2011. • Elected secretary of the World Road Association Committee TC 4.1 Management of Road Assets (2012-15) in representation of AASHTO. • Selected to chair the 9th International Conference on Managing Pavement Assets (ICMPA9), organized by VTTI, VDOT, FHWA, AASHTO, and TRB, May 2015, Alexandria, VA.

Clay Gabler • Presentation, “Fatality Risk of Motorcycle Crashes with Roadside Barriers,” 2012 Military Biomechanics Conference, Washington, DC (April 2012) • Presentation, “Event Data Recorders in Crash Injury Research,” Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (April 2012) • Presentation, “Evaluation of Rollover Trip Conditions in Road Departures,” University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (February 2012) • Presentation, “Th e Characteristics of Rollover Crashes in Run-Off Road Events,” SAE 2012 Government/Industry Meeting, Washington, DC (January 2012) • Presentation, “Event Data Recorders: Data Collection and Analysis in the U.S.,” Chalmers University, Goteborg, Sweden (October 2011)

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• Presentation, “Long-Term Roadside Crash Data Needs and Collection Strategies,” AASHTO Technical Committee for Roadside Safety, Rapid City, SD (Sept. 2011) • Associate Editor, Traffi c Injury Prevention (2011—Present) • Board of Directors, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (2011—Present) • National Academies of Science Advisory Panel for the NCHRP Project 17-58 on Safety Prediction Models for Six-Lane Urban and Suburban Arterials and One-Way Arterials (2011—Present)

Ron Gibbons • Assigned as the Associate Director of the Lighting for Transport Division of the Commission Internationale d’Eclairage.

Feng Guo • Medina-Flintsch, A., Hickman, J., Guo, F., Camden, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Cost-benefi t analysis: Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Camden, M.C., Hanowski, R.J., Medina, A., Mabry, J.E., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Effi cacy of roll stability control, forward collision warning, and lane departure warning using carrier-collected crash data. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Guo F., Li Q., and Rakha H. (2012). “Multi-state Travel Time Reliability Models with Skewed Component Distributions,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-1910]. • Camden, M., Guo, F., Hickman, J., & Hanowski, R. (2011). Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation for commercial motor vehicles. Paper presented at the 2011 Joint Statistical Meetings, Miami Beach, FL.

Rich Hanowski • 2012 Paul S. Richards Endowed Distinguished Visiting Lecture in Occupational Health (Awarded at NORA Symposium, University of Utah, Salt Lake City) • Keynote speaker, Paul S. Richards Endowed Distinguished Visiting Lecture in Occupational Health, 10th Annual Regional NORA Young/New Investigators Symposium. Title: A naturalistic driving approach to investigate truck driver health and safety. April 19-20, 2012, Salt Lake City, UT. • Eff ects of Work Breaks on Reducing Safety Critical Incidents. National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep Health & Safety 2012. Washington, DC (March 2012).

159 Presentations and Honors

• Medina-Flintsch, A., Hickman, J., Guo, F., Camden, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Cost-benefi t analysis: Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J.S., Camden, M.C., Marburg, T.L., & Hanowski, R.J. (2012). Safety manager and commercial driver opinions and acceptance of onboard safety systems. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Camden, M.C., Hanowski, R.J., Medina, A., Mabry, J.E., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Effi cacy of roll stability control, forward collision warning, and lane departure warning using carrier-collected crash data. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • 2011 SAE International L. Ray Buckendale Lecture Award • Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J., Hanowski, R., DiSalvi, T., Plumlee, D., Berger, M, and Durmer, J. (November 2011). Implementing a sleep apnea program for commercial motor vehicle drivers: Lessons learned from two programs using Focus Groups. Oral Presentation at the Sleep Apnea & Multi-Modal Transportation Conference, Baltimore, MD. • Taxonomies and Data Coding: Assessing Driver Distraction in Naturalistic Videos. 18th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. Orlando, FL (October 2011) • Schaudt, W. A., Bowman, D.S., Baker, S., Hanowski, R. J., and Flanigan, C. (October 2011). Field evaluation of an enhanced rear signaling system for heavy trucks. Paper presented at the 18th ITS World Congress, Orlando, FL. • Th e naturalistic study of distracted driving: Moving from research to practice. SAE International L. Ray Buckendale Lecture at the 2011 SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress and Exhibition. Chicago, IL (September 2011) • Keynote speaker, 2nd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention (Invited). Title: Th e naturalistic study of driver distraction. September 5-7, 2011, Gothenburg, Sweden. • Hickman, J. S., Hanowski, R. J., Camden, M., & Alvarez, A. (2011). Comparison of a state cell phone law versus a fl eet cell phone policy using naturalistic data. Paper presented at the 2nd International Driver Distraction and Inattention Conference. • Hickman, J.S., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Cell phone use while driving a truck or bus: Not all sub-tasks are created equal. Paper presented at the annual International Conference on Driver Distraction in Gothenburg Sweden. • Fitch, G. M., Hickman, J. S., Schaudt, W. A., Soccolich, S. A., & Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Investigating Driver Distraction and Inattention Using Naturalistic Driving Data. Workshop presented at the 2nd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention in Gothenburg, Sweden.

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• Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Camden, M., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Field demonstration of a camera/video imaging system for heavy vehicles. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual SAE Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress. • Rau, P., Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Camden, M.C. (2011). Driver performance with a camera/video imaging system. Paper presented at the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Stuttgart, Germany. • Camden, M.C., Fitch, G.M., Blanco, M., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Commercial driver acceptance of heavy vehicle camera/video imaging systems for blind spot mitigation. Paper presented at the 55th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. • Camden, M., Guo, F., Hickman, J., & Hanowski, R. (2011). Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation for commercial motor vehicles. Paper presented at the 2011 Joint Statistical Meetings, Miami Beach, FL.

Jeff Hickman • Scientifi c peer review panel member for the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) • Medina-Flintsch, A., Hickman, J., Guo, F., Camden, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Cost-benefi t analysis: Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation. Paper presented at the Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J.S., Camden, M.C., Marburg, T.L., & Hanowski, R.J. (2012). Safety manager and commercial driver opinions and acceptance of onboard safety systems. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Camden, M.C., Hanowski, R.J., Medina, A., Mabry, J.E., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Effi cacy of roll stability control, forward collision warning, and lane departure warning using carrier-collected crash data. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Hickman, J.S. (2012). Overview of the North American Fatigue Management Program. Southwest Virginia Transportation Council, March 5, 2012. • Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J., Hanowski, R., DiSalvi, T., Plumlee, D., Berger, M, and Durmer, J. (November 2011). Implementing a sleep apnea program for commercial motor vehicle drivers: Lessons learned from two programs using Focus Groups. Oral Presentation at the Sleep Apnea & Multi-Modal Transportation Conference, Baltimore, MD.

161 Presentations and Honors

• Hickman, J.S. (2011). Driver distraction: Current Research and Implications. Presented at the annual Intelligent Transportation Systems World Congress in Orlando, FL. • Hickman, J.S., & Hanowski, R.J. (2011). Cell phone use while driving a truck or bus: Not all sub-tasks are created equal. Paper presented at the annual International Conference on Driver Distraction in Gothenburg Sweden. • Hickman, J. S., Hanowski, R. J., Camden, M., & Alvarez, A. (2011). Comparison of a state cell phone law versus a fl eet cell phone policy using naturalistic data. Paper presented at the 2nd International Driver Distraction and Inattention Conference. • Fitch, G. M., Hickman, J. S., Schaudt, W. A., Soccolich, S. A., & Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Investigating Driver Distraction and Inattention Using Naturalistic Driving Data. Workshop presented at the 2nd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention in Gothenburg, Sweden. • Camden, M., Guo, F., Hickman, J., & Hanowski, R. (2011). Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation for commercial motor vehicles. Paper presented at the 2011 Joint Statistical Meetings, Miami Beach, FL. • Hickman, J.S. (2011). Driver Distraction: What Does the Research Tell Us? Society of Automotive Engineers International webinar, “Driver Distraction: Regulations and Game-Changing Technologies.”

Charlie Klauer • Presentation at LifeSavers Conference in Orlando, FL, June 16, 2012. Title: Driver Distraction Recent Results from 100 Car Re-Analysis and the Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study. • Presentation to the Institute of Police Technology and Management Conference at the University of Northern Florida, April 30, 2012. Title: How Risky are Distracted Drivers: Th e results from naturalistic driving studies. • Presented a paper at TRB Conference, January 24, 2012. Title: Using Naturalistic Driving Techniques to Study Occupant Protection Issues: Cutting Edge Research. • Moderated a session about teen driver distraction at TRB Conference, Jan. 24, 2012. • Presented at the Accident Reconstruction Seminar at Penn State University, September 29, 2011. Title: How Risky are Distracted Drivers: Th e results from naturalistic driving studies. • Presented at the Toyota Safety Symposium in Ann Arbor, MI, September 13, 2011. Title: Teen Driver Coach Project.

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Suzie Lee • Co-moderator of full-day workshop at TRB Annual Meeting, “Working in the Data Mines: SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data Set,” Jan. 22, 2012, Washington, D.C. • Invited presentation to annual meeting of Virginia Section of the Institute of Transportation Engineers, “Driver Distraction: Results from VTTI Naturalistic Studies,” June 29, 2012, Virginia Beach, VA • Continued membership on TRB Committee on User Information Systems (term expires in 2014) • Renewed membership to TRB Committee on Human Factors Workshop Planning (term expires in 2013) • Invited to serve on TRB Committee on Operator Education and Regulation (term expires in 2015)

Erin Mabry • Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J.S., Camden, M.C., Marburg, T.L., & Hanowski, R.J. (2012). Safety manager and commercial driver opinions and acceptance of onboard safety systems. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, D.C. • Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Camden, M.C., Hanowski, R.J., Medina, A., Mabry, J.E., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Effi cacy of roll stability control, forward collision warning, and lane departure warning using carrier-collected crash data. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC. • Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J., Hanowski, R., DiSalvi, T., Plumlee, D., Berger, M, and Durmer, J. (November 2011). Implementing a sleep apnea program for commercial motor vehicle drivers: Lessons learned from two programs using Focus Groups. Oral Presentation at the Sleep Apnea & Multi-Modal Transportation Conference, Baltimore, MD.

Laurel Marburg • Mabry, J.E., Hickman, J.S., Camden, M.C., Marburg, T.L., & Hanowski, R.J. (2012). Safety manager and commercial driver opinions and acceptance of onboard safety systems. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC.

Alejandra Medina-Flintsch • Medina-Flintsch, A., Hickman, J., Guo, F., Camden, M., Hanowski, R.J., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Cost-benefi t analysis: Onboard safety system eff ectiveness evaluation. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC.

163 Presentations and Honors

• Hickman, J.S., Guo, F., Camden, M.C., Hanowski, R.J., Medina, A., Mabry, J.E., & Kwan, Q. (2012). Effi cacy of roll stability control, forward collision warning, and lane departure warning using carrier-collected crash data. Paper presented at the annual Transportation Research Board Conference, Washington, DC.

Devon Moeller • Virginia Tech Research Administrator Level 2, Virginia Tech Offi ce of the Vice President for Research, January 25, 2012

Sangjun Park • Park S., Rakha H., Ahn K., and Moran K. (2012). “Predictive Eco-cruise Control System: Model Logic and Preliminary Testing,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0794]. • Park S., Donoughe K., and Rakha H. (2012). “Safety Benefi ts of Stability Control Systems for Tractor-Semitrailers Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22- 26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0791].

Miguel Perez • Workshop Moderator, Working in the Data Mines: Th e SHRP 2 NDS Dataset (Human Factors Workshop 144C at the TRB Annual Meeting), Marriott Wardman Park, Jan. 22, 2012, Washington, D.C. • Ford Fellowship – Predoctoral Sciences, Math & Engineering Workshop: Maximizing your Predoctoral Award (presented as part of the 2011 Conference of Ford Fellows), Th e Beckman Center of the National Academies, Oct. 15, 2011, Irvine, CA.

Gail Radford • Certifi cate of Completion: VT Research Administrator Program Level II, Certifi cate issued 01-25-12

Hesham Rakha • Rakha H. (2012). “Future HCM Research Directions: Reliability and Traffi c Flow Th eory,” Workshop on Future Research Directions in the Highway Capacity Manual, 2012 TRB Annual Meeting. • Rakha H. (2012). “Transportation Sustainability: What can ITS Off er?” Intelligent Transportation Systems Virginia Conference (ITSVA), April 20, Richmond, VA.

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• Rakha H. (2012). “Developing Intersection Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control System Applications,” 4th ETSI TC ITS Workshop, Doha, Qatar, 7-9 February, 2012. • Rakha H. (2012). “Application of Reliability in the Design of Traffi c Signal Timing and Travel Time Modeling,” NSF Workshop on Reliability, Blacksburg, VA. • Tawfi k A. and Rakha H. (2012). “Network Route-Choice Evolution in a Real- Life Experiment: A Necessary Shift from Network to Driver Oriented Modeling,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22- 26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-1640]. • Park S., Rakha H., Ahn K., and Moran K. (2012). “Predictive Eco-cruise Control System: Model Logic and Preliminary Testing,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, January 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0794]. • Park S., Donoughe K., and Rakha H. (2012). “Safety Benefi ts of Stability Control Systems for Tractor-Semitrailers Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, Jan. 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0791]. • Zohdy I. and Rakha H. (2012). “Intersection Decision Support Framework in Adverse Weather Conditions (IDS-W) using a Case-Based Reasoning Algorithm,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, Jan. 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0862]. • Zohdy I. and Rakha H. (2012). “An Agent-based Framework for Modeling Driver Left -Turn Gap Acceptance Behavior at Signalized Intersections,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, Jan. 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0793]. • Guo F., Li Q., and Rakha H. (2012). “Multi-state Travel Time Reliability Models with Skewed Component Distributions,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, Jan. 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-1910]. • Li H., Rakha H., and El-Shawarby I. (2012). “Designing Yellow Intervals for Rainy and Wet Roadway Conditions,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, Jan. 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-0834]. • Du, M., Cheng, L., and Rakha H. (2012). “Sensitivity Analysis of Combined Distribution-Assignment Model with Applications,” Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington DC, Jan. 22-26, CD-ROM [Paper # 12-1978]. • Rakha H. (2011). “VTTI Eco-Modeling Research,” ITS Energy Symposium, Orlando, FL, 20 October, 2011. • Member of the Advising Committee for the Hajj and Umrah Center for Excellence in Research.

165 Presentations and Honors

• Moderator of a session entitled, “Traffi c management to reduce fuel use and CO2 emissions – applications and insights from fi eld experiments,” 18th World Congress and Exhibition on ITS, Orlando, 16-20 October, 2011. • Associate Editor, 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC2011), George Washington University, 5-7 October, 2011 • Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on ITS • Volume Editor, Comprehensive Transport • Editorial Board, IET Intelligent Transport Systems • Editorial Board, Transportation Letters: Th e International Journal of Transportation Research • Editorial Board, Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations • Member, Transportation Research Board Committee on Traffi c Flow Th eory • Member, Transportation Research Board Sub-Committee on Traffi c Modeling • Member, Transportation Research Board Committee on Air Quality • Member, ITS America Benefi ts, Evaluation and Cost Committee • Member, Advising Committee for Th e Hajj and Umrah Center for Excellence in Research • 2011 Best Paper Award in the TRB Truck and Bus Safety Committee

Andy Schaudt • Schaudt, W.A. (2012, May). Transportation Safety Research at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. Princeton High School Driver’s Education Classes. Princeton, WV. • Schaudt, W. A., Bowman, D.S., Baker, S., Hanowski, R. J., and Flanigan, C. (2011, October). Field evaluation of an enhanced rear signaling system for heavy trucks. Paper presented at the 18th ITS World Congress, Orlando, FL. • Schaudt, W.A. (2011, October). Th e Virginia Tech Transportation Institute: Moving from Research to Practice. Human Factors and Applied Cognition Guest Lecture Series, George Mason University. Washington, D.C. • Schaudt, W.A. (2011, September). Safety Technology: What Works? XL Insurance Safety Director Roundtable Annual Meeting. Exton, PA. • Fitch, G. M., Hickman, J. S., Schaudt, W. A., Soccolich, S. A., & Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Investigating Driver Distraction and Inattention Using Naturalistic Driving Data. Workshop presented at the 2nd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention in Gothenburg, Sweden.

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• Schaudt, W.A. (2011, August). Th e Virginia Tech Transportation Institute: Innovative Technology in Construction and Work Zone Safety. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi cials (AASHTO) Subcommittee on Construction Meeting. Virginia Beach, VA. • Corresponding member of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) Transportation, Warehousing, and Utilities Sector and the Trucking Industry Sub-sector • Reviewer, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Technical Papers • Committee Member, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Truck and Bus Visibility Task Force Committee • Secretary, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies (TRB), Truck and Bus Safety Committee (ANB70) • Subcommittee Member, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies (TRB) Truck and Bus Safety Committee (ANB70) and Driver Health, Wellness, and Safety Subcommittee • Reviewer, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies (TRB), Annual Conference Technical Papers • Co-coordinator and Offi cer, Investigating Driver Distraction and Inattention Using Naturalistic Driving Data Workshop, Gothenburg, Sweden, September 2011.

Susan Soccolich • Fitch, G. M., Hickman, J. S., Schaudt, W. A., Soccolich, S. A., & Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Investigating Driver Distraction and Inattention Using Naturalistic Driving Data. Workshop presented at the 2nd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Tammy Trimble • Virginia Tech Institute for Distance and Distributed Learning Master Online Instructor Certifi cate, earned July 2011

Shih-Ching Wu • Junior Professional Award, Northeast SAS Users Group Conference, 2012

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