FAMILY de Blainville, 1816 - dogfish [=Squalus, Selaciens, Acanthidae] Notes: Squalus de Blainville, 1816:121 [ref. 306] (“ or even a family”) Squalus [clearly used as a suprageneric taxon, Article 11.7.1.2; changed to Squalinidae by Leach 1818:62 [ref. 12565]; changed to Squalides by Stark 1828:384 [ref. 4193]; changed to Squali by Eichwald 1831:111 [ref. 5562]; corrected to Squalidae by Bonaparte, 1846:3 [ref. 519]; senior objective synonym of Acanthidae Richardson, 1848] Sélaciens Cuvier, 1816:121 [ref. 993] (family) Squalus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Acanthidae Richardson, 1844–48:viii, 44 [ref. 3740] (family) Acanthias Bonaparte [correct stem is Acanthi-; junior objective synonym of Squalidae de Blainville, 1816, invalid, Article 61.3.2]

GENUS Tanaka, 1912 - dogfishes [=Cirrhigaleus Tanaka [S.], 1912:151, Phaenopogon Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1935:122] Notes: [ref. 6034]. Masc. Cirrhigaleus barbifer Tanaka, 1912. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Cirrhigaleus Tanaka, 1912 -- (Compagno 1984:61 [ref. 6474], Paxton et al. 1989:33 [ref. 12442] as Cirrigaleus, Compagno 1999:472 [ref. 25589], Compagno 2003:380 [ref. 26984], Hoese 2006:154 [ref. 28998], White et al. 2007:19 [ref. 29244], Ebert et al. 2010:22 [ref. 30955], Castro 2011:51 [ref. 31457]). Current status: Valid as Cirrhigaleus Tanaka, 1912. Squalidae. (Phaenopogon) [ref. 2111]. Masc. Phaenopogon barbulifer Herre, 1935. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Cirrhigaleus Tanaka, 1912. Current status: Synonym of Cirrhigaleus Tanaka, 1912. Squalidae.

Species Cirrhigaleus asper (Merrett, 1973) - [=Squalus asper Merrett [N. R.], 1973:94, Fig. 1; Pl. 1b] Notes: [Journal of Zoology (London) v. 171 (pt 1); ref. 7574] Off Aldabra, western Indian Ocean, 9°27'S, 46°23.5'E, depth 219 meters. Current status: Valid as Cirrhigaleus asper (Merrett, 1973). Squalidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) to northern Gulf of Mexico; southwestern Indian Ocean: South Africa and Mozambique to Aldabra and Mascarenes; Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Cirrhigaleus australis White et al., 2007 - Southern [=Cirrhigaleus australis White [W. T.], Last [P. R.] & Stevens [J. D.], 2007:20, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1560; ref. 29244] East of Bicheno, Tasmania, 41°55'S, 148°37'E, depth 360-414 meters. Current status: Valid as Cirrhigaleus australis White, Last & Stevens, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Southeastern . Habitat: marine.

Species Cirrhigaleus barbifer Tanaka, 1912 - Mandarin dogfish [=Cirrhigaleus barbifer Tanaka [S.], 1912:151, Pl. 41 (figs. 156-162), Phaenopogon barbulifer Herre [A. W. C. T.], 1935:123, Fig. 1] Notes: [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 9; ref. 6034] Tokyo market, from Sagami Bay, Japan. Current status: Valid as Cirrhigaleus barbifer Tanaka, 1912. Squalidae. Distribution: Discontinuous, Pacific, southern Africa, Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (barbulifer) [Copeia 1935 (no. 3); ref. 2111] Misaki Bay, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Cirrhigaleus barbifer Tanaka, 1912. Squalidae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 - spiny dogfishes [=Squalus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:233, Acanthias Leach [W. E.], 1818:62, Acanthias Risso [A.], 1827:131, Acanthias Bonaparte [C. L.], 1838:206, Acanthias Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.] (ex Bonaparte), 1839:83, Acanthorhinus (subgenus of Squalus) Blainville [H. de], 1816:121, Gistel [J.], 1848:VIII, 103, Flakeus (subgenus of Squalus) Whitley [G. P.], 1939:242, Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein), 1792:579, Koinga (subgenus of Squalus) Whitley [G. P.], 1939:242] Notes: [ref. 2787]. Masc. Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation of Gill 1862:39 (of separate) [ref. 1783]. [Bonaparte 1838:210 [10 of separate, and see p. 2] [ref. 4979] designated S. glaucus earlier -- needs investigation and perhaps suppression.] Spelled Squallus by Scopoli 1777:464 [ref. 3990], and Sqalus by Berkenhout 1789:59 [ref. 12437]. •Valid as Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Krefft & Tortonese 1973:37 [ref. 7165], McEachran & Branstetter in Whitehead et al. 1984:146 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:28 [ref. 6474], Compagno 1984:109 [ref. 6474], Nakaya & Shirai in Masuda et al. 1984:9 [ref. 6441], Bass et al. 1986:60 [ref. 5636], Myagkov & Kondyurin 1986:560 [ref. 8063], Cappetta 1987:58 [ref. 6348], Paxton et al. 1989:37 [ref. 12442], Muñoz-Chápuli & Ramos 1989 [ref. 12577], Gomon et al. 1994:105 [ref. 22532], Compagno 1999:472 [ref. 25589], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:88 [ref. 25968], Compagno 2003:381 [ref. 26984], Compagno et al. 2005:49 [ref. 29145], Hoese 2006:154 [ref. 28998], Last et al. 2007:11 [ref. 29125], Last et al. 2007:23 [ref. 29126], Duffy & Last 2007:31 [ref. 29127], Last et al. 2007:39 [ref. 29128], Last et al. 2007:55 [ref. 29129], White et al. 2007:71 [ref. 29130], Last et al. 2007:83 [ref. 29131], Duffy & Last 2007:91 [ref. 29132], White et al. 2007:109 [ref. 29134], Last et al. 2007:1 [ref. 29135], Ward et al. 2007:117 [ref. 29136], White 2008:82 [ref. 30617], Ebert et al. 2010:22 [ref. 30955], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:115 [ref. 31212], Castro 2011:51 [ref. 31457], White & Last 2013:229 [ref. 33242]). Current status: Valid as Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Acanthias) [ref. 12565]. Masc. Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Brief description; one unavailable species antiquorum mentioned on p. 64. Addition of available species not researched. Type as given by Compagno. •Objective synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 – (see Compagno 1984:109 [ref. 6474]). Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Acanthias) [ref. 3757]. Masc. Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Apparently an unneeded replacement for Squalus Linnaeus; A. vulgaris Risso is an unneeded substitute for the species S. acanthias Linnaeus. •Objective synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Krefft & Tortonese 1973:37 [ref. 7165], Compagno 1984:109 [ref. 6474]). Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Acanthias) [ref. 4979]. Masc. Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy of included junior synonym. Also appeared in Bonaparte 1846:15 [ref. 519]. Same as Acanthias Risso, but Risso not cited by Bonaparte. •Objective synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Acanthias) [ref. 3069]. Masc. Acanthias vulgaris Risso, 1827. Type by absolute tautonymy of included junior synonym. Same as Acanthias Risso, but Risso not cited by Bonaparte or Müller & Henle. See also Acanthias Bonaparte, 1846. Based on manuscript by C.L. Bonaparte. •Objective synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Acanthorhinus) [ref. 306]. Masc. Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Bory de Saint-Vincent, v. 1, 1822:41 [ref. 3853] (see Whitley 1935:137 [ref. 6396]). •Objective synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Krefft & Tortonese 1973:37 [ref. 7165], Compagno 1984:109 [ref. 6474]). Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Carcharias) [ref. 1822]. Masc. Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Type by being a replacement name. Unneeded replacement for Acanthias [Risso] with species vulgaris, not preoccupied by Acanthia of early authors; Carcharias Gistel itself preoccupied by Rafinesque 1810 in fishes. •Objective synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Compagno 1984:109 [ref. 6474]). Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Flakeus) [ref. 4695]. Masc. Acanthias megalops Macleay, 1881. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Compagno 1984:109 [ref. 6474]). Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Galeus) [ref. 4572]. Masc. Not available, published in a part of work rejected for nomenclatural purposes in Opinion 21 (1938). Based on Klein 1742:7 [ref. 30141]. •In the synonymy of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (Koinga) [ref. 4695]. Fem. Squalus whitleyi Phillipps, 1931. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Compagno 1984:109 [ref. 6474]). Current status: Synonym of Squalus Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae.

Species Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 - piked dogfish [=Squalus acanthias Linnaeus [C.], 1758:233, Squalus acanthias africana Myagkov [N. A.] & Kondyurin [V. V.], 1986:564 [5], Acanthias americanus Storer [D. H.], 1846:506, Squalus antiquorum Leach [W. E.], 1818:64, Squalus barbouri Howell Rivero [L.], 1936:47, Pl. 12, Squalus acanthias chilensis Suckow [G. A.], 1799:98, Acanthias commun Navarrete [A.], 1898:58, Fig. 13, Squalus fernandinus Molina [J. I.], 1782:229, Squalus kirki Phillipps [W. J.], 1931:361, Acanthias lebruni Vaillant [L. L.], 1888:13, Pl. 1 (figs. 2-2b), Acanthias linnei Malm [A. W.], 1877:624, Spinax mediterraneus Gistel [J.], 1848:103, Squalus acanthias ponticus Myagkov [N. A.] & Kondyurin [V. V.], 1986:562 [3], Squalus tasmaniensis Howell Rivero [L.], 1936:267, Pl. 10, Acanthias vulgaris Risso [A.], 1827:131, Acanthias vulgaris Bonaparte [C. L.], 1846:15, Squalus wakiyae Tanaka [S.], 1918:475, Pl. 130 (figs. 368-370), Squalus whitleyi Phillipps [W. J.], 1931:361] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea and northeastern Atlantic [original: "In Oceano Europæo"]; localities include Sweden, Baltic Sea; North Sea; Irish Sea; Marseille, France; Rome and Venice, Italy; Lesbos Island, Greece; Syria, Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Distribution: Widespread, but absent from the North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (africana) [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 26 (no. 4); ref. 8063] Southeastern Atlantic, Wolffish Bay region, 28°S, 17°E. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Distribution: Southern Africa. Habitat: marine. (americanus) [Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (new series) v. 2; ref. 18840] New York to beyond Labrador. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (antiquorum) [Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh v. 2; ref. 12565] Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. (barbouri) [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 41 (no. 4); ref. 12257] Jaimanitas, west of Havana, Cuba, Gulf of Mexico, western Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (chilensis) [Naturgeschichte der Thiere v. 4, pt. 1; ref. 18858] Chile. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (commun) [Manual de ictiología marina; ref. 18474] Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (fernandinus) [Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chile, del Signor Abate Giovanni Ignazio Molina.; ref. 17783] Chile. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (kirki) [New Zealand Journal of Zoology, J. Sci. Tech. v. 12 (no. 6); ref. 16325] Cook Strait, Wellington, New Zealand. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (lebruni) [Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, 1882-83 v. 6 (Zool.) (pt 1) (art. C); ref. 4495] Orange Bay; Punta Arenas, Tierra del Fuego. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (linnei) [Göteborgs och Bohusläns fauna; ref. 2881] Sweden, Skagerrak, Northeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (mediterraneus) [Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs; ref. 1822] Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (ponticus) [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 26 (no. 4); ref. 8063] Feodoria region, Black Sea. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (tasmaniensis) [Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 8; ref. 18314] Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (vulgaris) [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea; northeastern Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (vulgaris) [Atti della Settima Adunanza degli Scienziati Italiani 7a Adunanza, Napoli, Part 2; ref. 519] Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (wakiyae) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 27; ref. 14911] Watanoha, Ishinomaki, Miyag Prefecture, Japan, depth 225 meters. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine. (whitleyi) [New Zealand Journal of Zoology, J. Sci. Tech. v. 12 (no. 6); ref. 16325] Hobson's Bay, Victoria, Australia. Current status: Synonym of Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758. Squalidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus acutipinnis Regan, 1908 - acutipinnis (author) [=Squalus acutipinnis Regan [C. T.], 1908:248, Pl. 37] Notes: [Annals of the Natal Museum v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 14355] Southwestern Indian Ocean. Current status: Valid as Squalus acutipinnis Regan, 1908. Squalidae. Distribution: Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus albicaudus Viana et al., 2016 - Brazilian whitetail dogfish [=Squalus albicaudus Viana [S. T. de F.], Carvalho [M. R. de] & Gomes [U. L.], 2016:66, Figs. 42-49] Notes: [Zootaxa 4133 (no. 1); ref. 34525] North coast of Espírito Santo state, Brazil, 19°42'54"S, 39°25'57"W, depth 195 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus albicaudus Viana, Carvalho & Gomes, 2016. Squalidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus albifrons Last et al., 2007 - Eastern highfin [=Squalus albifrons Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Stevens [J. D.], 2007:39, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 5); ref. 29128] East of Broken Bay, New South Wales Australia, 33°28'S, 152°05'E, depth 386 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus albifrons Last, White & Stevens, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Eastern Australia. Habitat: marine. Species Squalus altipinnis Last et al., 2007 - Western highfin spurdog [=Squalus altipinnis Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Stevens [J. D.], 2007:43, Figs. 5-8] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 5); ref. 29128] East of Rowley Shoals, , 17°18'S, 120°09'E, depth 305 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus altipinnis Last, White & Stevens, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus bahiensis Viana et al., 2016 - Northeastern Brazilian dogfish [=Squalus bahiensis Viana [S. T. de F.], Carvalho [M. R. de] & Gomes [U. L.], 2016:45, Figs. 26-32] Notes: [Zootaxa 4133 (no. 1); ref. 34525] Bahia coast, Brazil, 15°48'30"S, 38°35'16"W, depth 599 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus bahiensis Viana, Carvalho & Gomes, 2016. Squalidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus blainville (Risso, 1827) - [=Acanthias blainville Risso [A.], 1827:133, 478, Pl. 3 (fig. 6)] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Current status: Valid as Squalus blainville (Risso, 1827). Squalidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Atlantic; doubtful from other areas (e.g. Madagascar, Mascarenes, New Caledonia, Japan). Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Squalus brevirostris Tanaka, 1917 - Japanese [=Squalus brevirostris Tanaka [S.], 1917:464, Pls. 129 (362-363), 130 (364)] Notes: [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 26; ref. 14910] Tokyo fish market, probably from Shimonoseki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Squalus brevirostris Tanaka, 1917. Squalidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus bucephalus Last et al., 2007 - bighead spurdog [=Squalus bucephalus Last [P. R.], Séret [B.] & Pogonoski [J. J.], 2007:23, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 3); ref. 29126] Norfolk Ridge, south of New Caledonia, 23°43'S, 168°16'E, depth 405-411 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus bucephalus Last, Séret & Pogonoski, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Norfolk Ridge and off New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus chloroculus Last et al., 2007 - greeneye spurdog [=Squalus chloroculus Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Motomura [H.], 2007:62, Figs. 6-10] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 6); ref. 29129] Off Portland, Victoria, Australia, 38°S, 141°E. Current status: Valid as Squalus chloroculus Last, White & Motomura, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Australia: souhern New South Wales to western South Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus crassispinus Last et al., 2007 - fatspine spurdog [=Squalus crassispinus Last [P. R.], Edmunds [M.] & Yearsley [G. K.], 2007:11, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 2); ref. 29125] West of North West Cape, Western Australia, 21°37'S, 113°59'E, depth 215 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus crassispinus Last, Edmunds & Yearsley, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Northwestern Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus cubensis Howell Rivero, 1936 - [=Squalus cubensis Howell Rivero [L.], 1936:45, Pls. 10-11] Notes: [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 41 (no. 4); ref. 12257] Off Havana, Cuba. Current status: Valid as Squalus cubensis Howell Rivero, 1936. Squalidae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus edmundsi White et al., 2007 - Edmund's spurdog [=Squalus edmundsi White [W. T.], Last [P. R.] & Stevens [J. D.], 2007:72, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 7); ref. 29130] West of Bernier Island, Western Australia, 24°55'S, 112°11'E, depth 344 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus edmundsi White, Last & Stevens, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Northwestern Australia and eastern . Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus formosus White & Iglésias, 2011 - Formosan spurdog (author) [=Squalus formosus White [W. T.] & Iglésias [S. P.], 2011:[3], Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Journal of Fish Biology v. 79 (no. 4); ref. 31482] Tashi fish market, northeastern . Current status: Valid as Squalus formosus White & Iglésias, 2011. Squalidae. Distribution: Coast of Taiwan and Japan. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus grahami White et al., 2007 - Eastern longnose spurdog [=Squalus grahami White [W. T.], Last [P. R.] & Stevens [J. D.], 2007:75, Figs. 6-10] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 7); ref. 29130] Northeast of Batemans Bay, New South Wales, Australia, 35°29'S, 150°46'E, depth 234 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus grahami White, Last & Stevens, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Eastern Australia. Habitat: marine. Species Squalus griffini Phillipps, 1931 - Northern spiny dogfish [=Squalus griffini Phillipps [W. J.], 1931:360] Notes: [New Zealand Journal of Zoology, J. Sci. Tech. v. 12 (no. 6); ref. 16325] Hauraki Gulf, North Island, New Zealand. Current status: Valid as Squalus griffini Phillipps, 1931. Squalidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus hemipinnis White et al., 2007 - Indonesian shortsnout dogfish [=Squalus hemipinnis White [W. T.], Last [P. R.] & Yearsley [G. K.], 2007:101, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 10); ref. 29133] Kedonganan fish landing site, , Indonesia, 8°45'S, 115°10'E. Current status: Valid as Squalus hemipinnis White, Last & Yearsley, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus japonicus Ishikawa, 1908 - Japanese spurdog [=Squalus japonicus Ishikawa [C.], 1908:71] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 60; ref. 14322] Sagami Bay via Tokyo market; Kagoshima, Japan. Current status: Valid as Squalus japonicus Ishikawa, 1908. Squalidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan and Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus lalannei Baranes, 2003 - Seychelles spurdog [=Squalus lalannei Baranes [A.], 2003:42, Figs. 6-7, 8A, 9A, 10-12.] Notes: [Israel Journal of Zoology v. 49; ref. 27888] Alphonse Island, Seychelles, depth 1000 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus lalannei Baranes, 2003. Squalidae. Distribution: Seychelles. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus lobularis Viana et al., 2016 - Atlantic lobefin dogfish [=Squalus lobularis Viana [S. T. de F.], Carvalho [M. R. de] & Gomes [U. L.], 2016:31, Figs. 16-23] Notes: [Zootaxa 4133 (no. 1); ref. 34525] Off Patagonia, Argentina, 39°30'S, 58°28'W. Current status: Valid as Squalus lobularis Viana, Carvalho & Gomes, 2016. Squalidae. Distribution: Brazil to Uruguay, and Patagonia in Argentina. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881) - shortnose spurdog [=Acanthias megalops Macleay [W.], 1881:367, Squalus probatovi Myagkov [N. A.] & Kondyurin [V. V.], 1986:567 [10]] Notes: [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 6 (pt 2); ref. 6222] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia [Tasman Sea, southwestern Pacific]. Current status: Valid as Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881). Squalidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas, discontinuous: southeastern Atlantic and western Indian Ocean: South Africa and East Africa to Madagascar and Mascarenes; southeastern Indian Ocean: southern Australia; southwestern Pacific: southeastern Australia, New Caledonia and Solomon Islands; Western North Pacific: Vietnam to Korea and southern Japan. Habitat: marine. (probatovi) [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 26 (no. 4); ref. 8063] Off Cunene [Kunene] River, Angola. Current status: Synonym of Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881). Squalidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus melanurus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 - blacktailed spurdog [=Squalus melanurus Fourmanoir [P.] & Rivaton [J.], 1979:438, Fig. 27] Notes: [Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 8833] New Caledonia. Current status: Valid as Squalus melanurus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979. Squalidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia. Habitat: marine. Species Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder, 1903 - [=Squalus mitsukurii Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], in Jordan & Fowler, 1903:629, Fig. 3] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 26 (no. 1324); ref. 2460] Misaki, Japan. Current status: Valid as Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder, 1903. Squalidae. Distribution: Cosmopolitan in tropical through temperate seas (including Hawaiian Islands). Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus montalbani Whitley, 1931 - Indonesian greeneye spurdog [=Squalus montalbani Whitley [G. P.], 1931:310, Squalus philippinus Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.], in Smith, 1912:677, Pl. 51; Fig. 1] Notes: [Australian Zoologist v. 6 (pt 4); ref. 4672] [Australian Zoologist v. 6 (pt 4); ref. 4672] Off Sombrero Island, western coast Luzon Island,

13°45'15"N, 120°46'30"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5111, depth 236 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Squalus montalbani Whitley, 1931. Squalidae. Distribution: Australia, Indonesia, Philippines. Habitat: marine. (philippinus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 41 (no. 1877); ref. 4042] Off Sombrero Island, western coast Luzon Island, 13°45'15"N, 120°46'30"E, Philippines, Albatross station 5111, depth 236 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Squalus montalbani Whitley, 1931. Squalidae. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus nasutus Last et al., 2007 - Western longnose spurdog [=Squalus nasutus Last [P. R.], Marshall [L. J.] & White [W. T.], 2007:83, Figs. 1a, 2a, 3-4, 5a] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 8); ref. 29131] West of Leander Point, Western Australia, 29°15'S, 113°56'E, depth 325 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus nasutus Last, Marshall & White, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Western Australia and Indo-Australian Archipelago to the Philippines. Habitat: marine. Species Squalus notocaudatus Last et al., 2007 - bartail spurdog [=Squalus notocaudatus Last [P. R.], White [W. T.] & Stevens [J. D.], 2007:48, Figs. 9-12] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 5); ref. 29128] East of Flinders Reef, Queensland, Australia, 17°27'S, 149°46'E, depth 348 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus notocaudatus Last, White & Stevens, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Queensland, Australia. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus quasimodo Viana et al., 2016 - [=Squalus quasimodo Viana [S. T. de F.], Carvalho [M. R. de] & Gomes [U. L.], 2016:58, Figs. 35-40] Notes: [Zootaxa 4133 (no. 1); ref. 34525] Off coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Squalus quasimodo Viana, Carvalho & Gomes, 2016. Squalidae. Distribution: Southern Brazil and Brazil to Uruguay border. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus rancureli Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 - Cyrano spurdog [=Squalus rancureli Fourmanoir [P.] & Rivaton [J.], 1979:437, Figs. 25-26] Notes: [Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 8833] Vate, Vanuatu. Current status: Valid as Squalus rancureli Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979. Squalidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia, Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus raoulensis Duffy & Last, 2007 - Kermadec spiny dogfish [=Squalus raoulensis Duffy & Last [P. R.], 2007:31, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 014 (part 4); ref. 29127] Off Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, 29°14'S, 177°53'W, depth 320 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus raoulensis Duffy & Last, 2007. Squalidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

Species Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) - spotted spiny dogfish [=Spinax (Acanthias) suckleyi Girard [C. F.], 1855:196] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7 (no. 6); ref. 18001] Hood Channel, Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A., 47°22'N, 123°05'W, depth 30 meters over bottom of 55 meters. Current status: Valid as Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855). Squalidae. Distribution: North Pacific: Korea and Japan to Russia, the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands south to southern California. Habitat: marine

******************************************************************************* Unavailable names:

Squalus acutirostris Chu [Y.-T.], Meng [Q.-W.] & Li [S.], 1984:283 [English p. 286], Fig. 1 [Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica v. 15 (no. 4); ref. 8192] South China Sea, 18°51'-18°47'N, 112°41'-112°33'E, depth 394 meters. Holotype: SCSFRI D01562. Paratypes: Shanghai Fish. College D01473 (1), D01548 (1), D01567 (1). •Valid as Squalus acutirostris Chu, Meng & Li, 1984 -- (Muñoz-Chápuli & Ramos 1989:6 [ref. 12577], White & Last 2013:229 [ref. 33242]). •Should be considered as a junior synonym of Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder, 1903 -- (White & Last 2013:229 [ref. 33242], Weigmann 2016:68 [ref. 34211]). Current status: Uncertain as Squalus acutirostris Chu, Meng & Li, 1984. Squalidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Squalus ascensionis Osbeck [P.], in Lacepède, 1798:213 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Not available, name in synonymy. Squalidae.

Squalus assierus Blainville [H. de], 1825:61 [Faune Française; ou histoire naturelle Livr. 13 & 14; ref. 4991] Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Squalidae. Habitat: marine.

Squalus barbarus Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini), 1841:312 [Atti della Riunione Scientifica, Firenze v. 7; ref. 13424] Venice, Italy, Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). No types known. Also in Nardo 1847:111 [ref. 17994], Nardo 1860:70 [ref. 18470], and Ninni 1872:12 [ref. 17995]. Habitat: marine.

Sqalus breviculus Hermann [J.], 1804:293 [Observationes zoologicae; ref. 2146] No locality. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Genus should be Squalus. Squalidae. Habitat: marine.

Squalus candidus Gunnerus [J. E.], 1763:271 [248] [Det Trondhiemske Selskabs Skrifter v. 2; ref. 32022] Trondheim, Norway. No types known. Squalidae. Habitat: marine.

Squalus canis Forster [G.], 1777:181 [Voyage around the World v. 1; ref. 1353] Apparently not intended as a new name but a citation of a name from Linnaeus. •Unavailable, a nomen nudum, New Zealand. Squalidae. Habitat: marine.

Squalus catta Chiereghini [A. P.], in Ninni, 1872:5 [Rivista critica delle specie dei pesci adriatici descritti nell'opera manoscritta dell'Ab. Stefano Chiereghini di Chioggia.; ref. 17995] Not available; description from Chiereghini manuscript but not treated as valid by Ninni; from Italy. Squalidae.

Spinax fernandezianus Guichenot [A.] 1848:365 [Fauna Chilena.... in Gay.; ref. 1939] Chile. With Squalus fernandinus Molina questionably in synonymy. No original drawing was found in Paris (B. Séret email, 2/23/09). •Questionably a synonym of Squalus blainville (Risso, 1827) -- (Compagno 1984:115 [ref. 6474] as blainvillei). Current status: Uncertain as Squalus blainville (Risso, 1827). Squalidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Squalus fullonicus Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:522 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. No types known. Habitat: marine.

Squalus (Scymnus) gunneri Richardson [J.], 1837:313 [Part 3; ref. 3731] Greenland Seas. Apparently not intended as an original description.

Squalus kelves Cabrera [A.], Pérez [L.] & Haenseler [F.], 1817:11 [Lista de los peces del mar de Andalucía; ref. 17319] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Name only, not available. Possibly an unpublished work. See also Squalus kelves Cabrera, Pérez & Haenseler in Machado 1857:23 [ref. 17320]. Squalidae.

Squalus kelves Cabrera, Pérez [A.] & Haenseler [F.], in Machado, 1857:23 [Catálogo de los peces que habitán ó frecuentan las costas de Cadiz y Huelva con inclusion de los del Rio Guadalquivir.; ref. 17320] Western Andalusia, near Cádiz, Spain, eastern Atlantic. Name only; not available. Name from Cabrera, Pérez & Haenseler 1817:11 [ref. 17319], possibly an unpublished work. Also appeared in Graells 1887:185 [ref. 30438]. Squalidae.

Squalus labiatus Gray [J. E.], 1851:36 [List of the specimens of fish in the collection of the British Museum.; ref. 4939] Not available, museum name mentioned in passing under Crossorhinus barbatus.

Squalus lamia Forsskål [P. S.], 1775:xviii [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Not available, name only; from Malta. Squalus lassier Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:138 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality. No types known. Originally l'assier. Habitat: marine.

Squalus laticeps Hermann [J.], 1804:294 [Observationes zoologicae; ref. 2146] No locality. No types known. Habitat: marine.

Squalus carcharias var. major Forsskål [P. S.], 1775:20, viii [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia or Luhaiya, Yemen, Red Sea. No types known. Names made available from p. viii. Habitat: marine.

Squalus carcharias var. major Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:514 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Red Sea. No types known. Habitat: marine.

Squalus norvegicus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:8 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Biorn Island, Norwegian Sea. No types known. Habitat: marine.

Squalus oculatus Banks [J.], in Müller & Henle, 1838:16 [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Not available; manuscript name mentioned under ocellatum.

Squalus otea Curtiss [A.], 1938:138 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. Habitat: marine.

Squalus pictus Lichtenstein [M. H. C.], 1823:111 [Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin, nebst Beschreibung...; ref. 17525] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, southeastern Atlantic. No types known. Apparently an available overlooked name. Habitat: marine.

Squalus rastrifer Commerson [P.], in Lacepède, 1798:286 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 1; ref. 2708] Not available, name only, cited in synonymy.

Squalus singularis Zuiew [B.], 1789:239, Pl. 5 [Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae v. 5 (for 1788); ref. 17715] Holotype: ZIL (Dhalberg Collection, whereabouts unknown). Author also spelled Zuiew and Zuiev. Squali singularis in title regarded as binominal and Latinized. Apparently not treated in current literature.

Squalus tautiranus Curtiss [A.], 1938:139 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. Habitat: marine.

Squalus vanduffeli Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:522 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. No types known. Based on Duhamel's Poiss., pl. 25 (figs. 1-2). Habitat: marine.

Squalus vanduffeli Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:138 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Objectively invalid; apparently independent of and preoccupied by Squalus vanduffeli Walbaum, 1792. Habitat: marine.