Priča O Svjetskom Brandu

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Priča O Svjetskom Brandu Chevrolet – priča o svjetskom brandu A. Louis Chevrolet i legenda o Beauneu Kao mnogi drugi izumitelji, vozač utrka i dizajner automobila Louis Chevrolet (1878-1941) predstavlja pravi izazov za svakog povjesničara i biografa. Njegov život okružuju mitovi i legende, a o Chevroletovoj karijeri kolaju brojne anegdote. Danas je postalo teško razlikovati činjenice od fikcije. Chevroletovo su djetinjstvo i mladost vrlo dobro dokumentirani. Godine 1878. roñen je na Božić u gradu La Chaux-de-Fonds u dijelu Švicarske u kojemu se govori francuski. Proveo je rano djetinjstvo nedaleko skromnog sela Bonfol. Čak je i danas Bonfol gradić u kojem je jedini podsjetnik na njegovog čuvenog stanovnika memorijalna ploča na trgu Louisa Chevroleta. Kada je Louis imao devet godina obitelj se preselila u Beaune u Francuskoj. Tamo je Louisov otac otvorio trgovinu satovima, no nije uspješno poslovao. Upravo je stoga Louis navršivši 11 godina počeo raditi kako bi pomogao obitelji. Našao je posao u Robinovom servisu bicikala gdje je naučio osnove mehaničarskog zanata. Popravljao je kočije i bicikle dok ga jednog dana nisu poslali u Hôtel de la Poste kako bi popravio parni tricikl nekog Amerikanca. To je vjerojatno bio trenutak kada se Chevrolet dvostruko zaljubio: u automobile, a takoñer i ideju da emigrira u Sjedinjene Države. Amerikanac čiji je tricikl Chevrolet znalački popravio nije bio nitko drugi nego multimilijunaš Vanderbilt. Zadivljen talentom mladog mehaničara, Vanderbilt je ohrabrio Louisa da poñe u Ameriku: „Tamo imamo posla za takve kao što si ti!“ Nije moguće potvrditi istinitost ove anegdote, meñutim mladi je Švicarac prihvatio izazov zemlje preko Atlantika i krenuo ostvariti vlastiti američki san. 2 B. Američki san Za početak je Chevrolet otišao u Pariz, tadašnji europski centar proizvodnje automobila. U Darracqovoj radionici Louis je upoznao osnove motora s unutrašnjim izgaranjem. Nakon toga je vjerojatno radio za Hotchkissa i Morsa. Zaradom je platio put do Kanade gdje je na nekoliko mjeseci našao posao kao vozač i mehaničar. Otuda je otputovao u New York – tu ga je kao mehaničara zaposlio švicarski imigrant William Walter. Nakon kraćeg vremena Chevrolet se pridružio osoblju američke podružnice slavne automobilske kompanije De Dion- Bouton. Godine 1902. podružnica De Dion-Boutona ostala je bez posla. Ono što se na prvi pogled čini kao zapreka u njegovoj karijeri zapravo se pokazalo korakom naprijed na osobnoj razini: kao vozač obitelji Treyvoux, Chevrolet je upoznao svoju buduću suprugu Suzanne. Svadbena su se zvona oglasila u New Yorku u srpnju 1905., a sretni će par uskoro biti blagoslovljen dvojicom sinova: Charlesom roñenim 1906. i Alfredom 1912. Chevrolet je 1905. počeo raditi za Fiat, no opet se nije dugo zadržao. Godinu kasnije preselio je u Philadelphiju kako bi radio za Waltera Christieja. U meñuvremenu je Louisova fascinacija motorima dosegla novu razinu: oduševljen osjećajem brzine, postao je vozač automobilskih utrka. U Christiejevoj tvornici postao je prvi pomoćnik u razvoju novog trkaćeg automobila temeljenog na posve novom konceptu - prednjem pogonu. C. "Hrabri Francuz" Već je 16. srpnja 1895. časopis „Journal de Beaune“ izvijestio o biciklističkoj utrci u kojoj je pobijedio neustrašivi Louis Chevrolet. Desetak godina kasnije Chevrolet je sudjelovao u svojoj prvoj motoriziranoj utrci na tri milje u New Yorku tijekom koje je dosegao najveću brzinu od 109,7 km/h, što je bio tadašnji svjetski rekord. 3 Iste godine je Louis Chevrolet konstruirao svoj prvi trkaći automobil koji je bio postigao 191,5 km/h – još jedan svjetski rekord. Nakon toga je njegov uspjeh kao vozača utrka samo rastao. Iako su se natjecala i njegova braća Arthur i Gaston, Louis bi obično dolazio prvi na cilj. No usprkos svim fantastičnim uspjesima, Chevrolet je platio visoku cijenu za svoju trkaću karijeru. Poznat u američkim tiskanim medijima kao „hrabri Francuz“, Chevrolet je proveo gotovo tri godine u bolničkim krevetima zbog raznih nesreća. Kada je njegov mlañi brat Gaston preminuo nakon nesreće na trkaćoj stazi, Louis više nije stupio u trkaći automobil. D. Osnivanje kompanije Chevroletov uspjeh u automobilskim utrkama utjecao je na njegovu karijeru. Tržište automobila bilo je u procvatu pa su pronicljivi ulagači primijetili hrabrog i inovativnog Švicarca. Jedan od njih bio je i William Durant (1861.-1947.), financijaš iz Bostona. On i Chevrolet upoznali su se kada je Louis vozio utrke za Buick. Nakon samo nekoliko godina, 1911., Durant i Chevrolet osnovali su tvrtku naziva „Chevrolet Motor Car Company“ Durant koji je prije toga, 1908., osnovao General Motors bio je dosta zagonetan tip. Njegovi su ga životopisci prikazali kao karizmatičnog industrijalca tipičnog za početak 20. stoljeća: bio je šarmantan i pametan, entuzijast i avanturist, i to ne samo kad se radilo o novcu. Walter Chrysler jednom je za njega rekao da bi mogao šarmom nagovoriti pticu da siñe s drveta. 4 Durant nije bio zainteresiran samo za Chevroletove uspjehe na trkačkoj stazi – financijaša je više zaintrigiralo njegovo profinjeno, francusko prezime. Baš kao 1904. kada je Durant kupio Buick, propalu tvrtku za proizvodnju automobila, od Davida Dunbara, upravo je ime bilo presudno za sklapanje posla. Godinu dana nakon osnivanja tvrtke Chevrolet Motor Car Company, prva je „klasična šestica“ sišla s proizvodne linije tvornice u Detroitu. Uslijedili su četverocilindrični „Baby Grand“ te dvosjedi „Royal Mail“ i „L Light Six“. U meñuvremenu se Louis Chevrolet dokazao kao talentirani dizajner. Sva četiri automobila krasili su prepoznatljivi Chevroletovi detalji i da nije bilo legendarne „svañe oko cigara“ izmeñu Chevroleta i Duranta 1914., Švicarac bi sigurno surañivao u dizajniranju još mnogih drugih automobila ove kompanije. No nažalost, samo su automobili proizvedeni izmeñu 1911. i 1914. nosili Chevroletov osobni potpis. E. Odluka o masovnoj proizvodnji vozila Kada su dvojica odlučnih osnivača, Durant i Cherolet, planirali pozicioniranje svoje kompanije 1914. godine, došlo je do prepirke. Tijekom Chevroletovog godišnjeg odmora Durant je restrukturirao tvrtku tako da bude više fokusirana na cjenovno pristupačne automobile kojima će konkurirati Fordovim modelima. Chevrolet je to doživio kao uvredu jer je sam uvijek bio zainteresiran za proizvodnju „snažnih sportskih automobila“ i ekskluzivnih modela. Ako je vjerovati izjavama koje su Durantova udovica i Chevroletova sestra dale desetljećima nakon sukoba, jedan je Durantov lakonski komentar uzrokovao raspad partnerstva. Durant je predložio da se Chevrolet, u to vrijeme direktor u automobilskoj industriji, prebaci s pušenja jeftinih cigareta prikladnih za „plave ovratnike“ na ekskluzivnije cigare. Catherine Durant je kasnije rekla da se nije radilo o tome da se njenom suprugu nije sviñao brand Chevroletovih omiljenih cigareta, nego je mrzio način na koji ih Chevrolet drži u kutu usana. U svakom slučaju, ovaj je komentar morao toliko zaboljeti Louisa Chevroleta da je reagirao rekavši: „Prodao sam ti svoj automobil, prodao sam ti svoje ime, no neću ti prodati i svoju osobnost.“ Nakon toga je spremio svoje cigarete i napustio kompaniju. Durant je zatim donio ključnu odluku koja je oblikovala Chevrolet u brand kakav je danas: učinio ga je sinonimom za visoko kvalitetne i istovremeno cjenovno pristupačne automobile. 5 Dok se Chevrolet kao brand brzo razvijao prema smjernicama koje je postavio Durant, Louis Chevrolet se vratio svojoj pravoj ljubavi: dizajniranju modernih automobila i sudjelovanju u utrkama. U nastojanju ispunjenja ovog cilja osnovao je 1914. tvrtku „Frontenac Motor Corporation“. U teškim gospodarskim okolnostima napravio je prvi serijski proizvoñeni Frontenac – najsvjetliji primjer američke automobilske industrije dvadesetih godina dvadesetog stoljeća. Godine 1926. on i njegov brat Arthur utemeljili su novu kompaniju „Chevrolair 333“ i počeli razvijati laki zrakoplovni motor. Ova je tvrtka likvidirana nakon svañe dvojice braće. Ne gubeći vrijeme, Louis je odmah osnovao „Chevrolet Air Company“ u Indianapolisu, ali je tvrtka uskoro propala uslijed ekonomske krize. Njegov posljednji veliki inženjerski pokušaj dogodio se 1932. kada je razvio zvjezdasti motor s deset cilindara. Chevrolet je prijavio patent na taj motor, no dok je patent upisan 1935. Louis više nije imao snage krenuti ispočetka s novom kompanijom. Umjesto toga ponovno se vratio mehaničarskom poslu, kako je i započeo karijeru, u Chevroletovoj tvornici u Detroitu. Umro je 6. lipnja 1941. u 63. godini u svom domu u Lakewoodu, gradiću istočno od Detroita, nekoliko godina nakon što je ozbiljno obolio zbog moždanog udara. F. Leptir-mašna kao logo Nakon što su mu se razišli putevi s Louisom Chevroletom, William Durant je radio na razvijanju poslovanja svojih kompanija. Nakon gubitka kontrole nad General Motorsom registrirao je tvrtku „Chevrolet Motor Company of Delaware“. Nova je kompanija sadržavala stari Chevrolet Motor Company i funkcionirala kao holding za njegove razne poslove u autoindustriji. Godine 1916. izveo je puč: objavio je da Chevrolet posjeduje 54,4% udjela u GM-u i preuzeo vodstvo nad kompanijom od Charlesa W. Nasha koji je bio na čelu GM-a od 1912. 6 U svibnju 1918. Durant je kupio sve resurse tvrtke Chevrolet Motor Company i integrirao ovaj brand u General Motors Corporation. Ime Chevrolet postalo je neodvojivo od svojeg loga u obliku leptir-mašne iako je podrijetlo ovog loga i dalje obavijeno velom tajne. Prema jednoj verziji priče, Cherolet je bio inspiriran uzorkom tapeta u svojoj pariškoj hotelskoj sobi, no njegova obitelj to poriče. Durantova je
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