BIODIVERSITY OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAS IN CONIFERS FROM HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE FORESTS OF PAKISTAN
A THESIS SUBMITIf,D TO THE UNTVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB IN FULFILMENT FOR THtr DICREE OF
DOCTOR OF PIIILOSOPIIY
IN
EOTANY
BY
ABDUL REHMAN KHAN NIAZI
DEPARTMEN'I OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LAHORf, MAY.2008 frfrfrfrftTfrfr
Prof.Dr.S.H,lqbaf
"n/r"t,* ^. S-fe"*. 5.f &F"c6 &,e*rnd-, 6utlr^o lq,e o'{et"l,tltg t&cErr an6lJr'vt'J CONTENTS CONTENTS
Poge t{o.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I
ST'MMARY 0l
INTRODUCI'ION 03
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES l3
MATER,IAIS AND METIIOD li
RESULTS l9
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES 239
ANNEXURB )249 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I
ACKNOWLEI'CEMENTS
I sircdely tiiols b nry Fpecd ta.hds; Dr.Abdul Nair Khali4 my Pb-D sup€dho, for suggsting ihe lopic ed for his moEl luppon at every occ6io!, Prot Dr- S'Il. lqb.l tu Fovidirg me th. clr$@ ro r.conpoly bim d fidd rips, $courugmdt dd praycit. Ttdls e .lso duc to Prot Dr. Zhuli.g Y6t, (Chha), Prof. Di. Reidst Agc (c'dncry), D.. Yau.ki Munk.mi (hpan), Dr. Ahtd&r Bq:@ (Arg6tim) , Dr. Xavid Pdlade (Sp!in) dd Dr. Stavomn Adamcik (Slovakia) for dci help ir ildlifotior/verifi€tio of tbe rnu6tt1)(m e *!ll s E brrycdhia! dd ploviding nany valuabl€ research parqs. I .xt6d Dy SrNtitd€ b ny lovirg pldts and fiDily ftmbqs csp€ialy my oldd bbthq Prct Shd Khm Niui, for my fndcid suppdr dd prar€s fd
I rmain lhdrftl ro ny tAb Glo* Ms. Nljeul-Satar AAh.n, fq tq l€lp in &e ficld, lab, ed Soing rltoud ln. th6is.
ABDUL REHMAN XHAN NIAZI SUMMARY SUMMARY
This work d€als wifi the invesrigarioi of biodiv€cily of ecbnycofthizb in cof,ifm fon fie ttimdryan noisl ropedre fo6r5 of patista!, Dunng $is supey, lh€ sel@led sn6 of th6e foBl3 w@ visned duri.g rh€ niny se@m (Jun€ 2005. province O.t, 200?). The* @llecdng eir.s w@ North W6tch Fmntior {NrVFp); Khans9uFAFbia, Kuag.li, Khain8ati, Narhagati, Kaehd Valler Shtu, and Nonh€m Pakisrani Fai.y nqdo*s, Duing ofs invetigation, 40 rax. betonging lo 16 eromycorrhizt ger@ of dik!ryomwota were coll€t€d, gbwing in Gociation with ,.t6r.6 fu,rbo||, ahus dadhtu, Pi.u snithiu"a Md Pinlr M/rt i/,u. Anonts urs m&rcm'€eB, onc spei6 ot Anarito (A. lld@o tes nom. pov.) dd threq spci€s or R6eta (R. ahntutlianz nom. proy., R. hiualcbit non. prc!. R pat pbv.l ^uu.a non. s@n nw to si@c. Four ,l,ra,i,z spcicByiz. ,t lat@o,birts .on. prct.. n. Iav?$. /. p&is1ahi.4 ond )1. rubs.ets wqe idenliUed by DNA sequencing ot their ITS rcgioN patisle for h. fi6l rine in Bolet6 harrcwsii, D. rctietd4, A. tub.Uri, Det@lea lla@nnulata, R^srta brdip* nd R saklontu
The r@red jmlud. r.ra 7 srdi6 of Andaita (A. cinfunofu*cens, A. llaw.onoid.s M. prcy, A. ltdrips,.t. pakbtani@, L pakj, A. rubae$, /. wgnda), 5 ot Botets (8. Vd6 &nmvsii, B. catopB, R. .trtk, B. tuietur&, B. tubel6) one sp€ci6 .e\ ot co"thaleltf (C. cibatiB), Ctaturittl.tt)hus (C ttrneta). ctito.lbe lc..f. inlqdibttilor,,k), cottiwi8 (c. Ai,dule,a). [email protected] (D ce^tun (c. lawntutnta), bipt.rr, emph6 (G qo.cotus). thtwu( \rt oispaJ, Htnntn (H. rcpadun, two sr4is of LadarnB (L. delici66, t,. hutsudalz), I of Lyoplr,tun (r,. potphrr. de6ts), I of us (p. ptphr&porus), 2 or Raktuiu (R. aurca, R stictu),9 ol RBsutu (R. dtnudiuna non, prc\., R ahcthtdi'ta, R. toitEs. R hiMtqsis rcn. pr6!., R. pansrarr.a nom. pmv., R inloria, R. vcleno$hy4 Rusula pat shithiana 4nd Crdtut tlbtlzt tt vc I3,04,dd0l norphot}?$ Es!€clivcty. These anif@6 tre spei6 d.eqr C. .leo.bm rc rd *tonrlorhiz.l h6rs non This i! lhe fi'sl sriols altenpt in pakisld lo isolatc, chatuteri& (moryholoeically & oatoDicalty) &d idmlify €tomrerrnial norphor'!6 and ddelopinB an invdlory of elomttoEnizal mNhrcohttund asscialcd rilh thc conir€n of Him.l.ya hoisl t@pe6te ro@rs ofpakist&. Th€ Publish€d wo* out of lhn invBlieation hs ben app.nd€d s Annqure INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Pakislar lis bctqen 24o md l7'Nonn lalitldes ad 6l'and 75o lsl longitude. lt t locil€d in Egion whft $rce nountain d.gcs, Himalata, Hindllosh md Kdatorun net The l6sr Hitulaya od Hitululush 10g6 exr.nd dep into ln€ coutry &d fom h!s. complex of nounlains &d plardu. Aboul 6010 rc. oa Patiste is €ov€r€n by nounlainous cohplcx (Pakistan onlin€ cncyclopcdia, 2OO4). ln lhis, moutainous @mdq Hindlys e rhc major sutr of focrs in patjsta.. TIE for€sts of Pakisld r€flet grest physiogr.phic, clinatic ed €daphic @nttuts n Ue @untry Tn@ @ $elve typ6 ot foBts bscd o! rhe climrre, allltud€ a.d composilion of forqt speies. Th6e range frcn Tbpicat wcr everSrctr 1o sub-'.lpinc &d alpii. aoBrs (Chupion dr dr, | 968)_ Moilt leftp€Dle FoEst a@ found along lhc moist Hinalayo Mounldns b.lw@ ltle dry ldpqat€ ed sub alpinc enq (t200-3,000 m). It6e e fo!.d jn Kshmi.j MufteHaea hilts leis, Swcr, t wq Dn, UpFr @ch€s of Kumm Agcnc, moisl pans of uppcr Swar, Uppd Di., Citgil, ed Ballistan dislricls.Io noisl Hinalat"n nouraiB pripirarion is ddiled fiw the Soulh-W6tcE nonmn, july whrch falls duing tiE honths oa to Sephber dd due io wcslcrly disturbdccs il placc de lat6 duing th€ winr.r srd rpring s€ME, Rainf. tug6 betwd 6jO, 750 mm or some rimes to aboul l5O0 mn. h fi6e trcas, tarSc anounr of P@'t'r.ton talG place ir rhc fom ot mw aid is a f&ror oa @mid@btc imponan e in d€temining rlE ryp.s ot forcsls, panicllarly wh€E summer,anrall is low. GFdul D.lling of snow in @ly summs potongs to thc seen doring which adequ.r€ noislw is avaitrbte. The m€d mdimun r€np€r.luE in rhc honths of Dachbd to F€b@y is 48,2oF, 24.3oF ed 29.5"F r6p4l,vely wtule man n'nrmun rdpcmtur€ lh6e nonths e 27.6qF,24.3oF ed 2t.5qF. 'n h tnc suomer nonlhs ofJunc, July dd AuCul mtu naxihun lcmpqarurc is 8S.4"F, 87.8.F and 36.loF and 63.4oF 6 d@ ninimm &mpmtuE. Ma dnual Fidta b 59,1", hr8l'c of which lakcs placc in lhc nonsoon pcriod of July rnd Ausud. Avcfuec acrial hunidity is 57%. Inponr fcarurs of noisr rcnrmrc rorqrs ,rc ltrc conilctus rt cs ol Abiet pin&ow R.yte l60lk)a C.dr^ deadqa (Roxb, cx Llmbcd) A. Dot (roo/ori Pnw wtuchiu"u A. piuu B_ ),.ks, l|)yr)., sn,nhiau 8ois. ( l5%) T66 vallihiana Zte. (2%). In rhe* aoq$, ^nd a iuhber oa Oats d€ quih connon tikc SktM inc^d Roxb, O .!ita!a!a Lindt., sd O smi.aryilolia Sn. Bcsidc ib6c olher bmadl€aved t@s rrc in largc nunber, likc ,4.et acuunutu wall. €x. D. Don. Anon8lhe shobs v&ious spei6 of]?6a L. snd,{!16 L. s wctl htligolaru hebepdalt Berth. ex Bak t, yihunu\t cotinlloli"h D. Don,, md Urrkd ^s di,id L, @ lrrical. A l.rge nubq of m.diciml pl&1s @ur in ln€ an€ of i Gr incltding zi,,1h6 lulgoris lan., Befietk lt.iu Royre, tkinnia luuteota (DC.) yiolo Sieb & Ztcc. .x. wal .. !pp. ald Manthd pipuild L. \Cl\Mpion et dt., t96P)_ Pakier4 h6 mqgd foct l$uEs. nE colntry duc lo iis sbarp clinaric vanaliotu rnd arid oonditids lack6 @sonabte t@ @vcr. Thcre is hardly 5.7% ot thc roral led aE of&e country @vcrtd wnh b6tr out ofiq rh€ prcduclilc aock are lss thm 2%, dd fie rare of depletion @nrinu6 to bc nigh. Conn€rcid logeing .nd ovcr cxpro ltion oa loresls by a sbwins pdput.lion for fuct, fo {osystens arc dBloyed. thc dhapp@ance of t@s dd shdbs n€.s lnar the a6ocrated 0or. ed fauna, dependenl on the torcst, b als losr. Duing rhe niry s@n in atldnion !o dd€rAowrh vcaebrion 6 d*ribcd above, ndy nushtuomr od otner fungi gbe on rhe lo6t fl6r. Many of thcse nushmm eiat€d mutualastiqly *irl lh. foel rrc6 aom *rohFonhia. Ectonycorrnial nushroohs aE ihFrldr dolosically dd lh€y fom onq !im6 obl'Batory Ela oMhips widr veuld plsl5 wirh &@ to key eldenr tor pt&l Myconhiza is an i imrrc sFbiolic lMciarion beN@n plel @rj od fungi and ws fiBl dedbd by A.B. FErk in 1885. Mlror izal tungi wft enid aor the colonization fi6t of ttrd by pldts morc rhe 400 niltion yea6 a8o (Wilkiosn, 2001). Tn€rc de swd rt!6 of ny€onhiza $a1 de delinered by the bosr pl r dd lungus involv.d dd lhc infetion shar€g),j th6e lyp6 ituludc eri@id mrronhiae, orchid mtrodbi&, trqdomy€orhiz., arbutoid nrroniizre, nonotbpoid nycoErnzq @ron}lorhjae (ECM) &d UbNul& mrcofthiae_ The two holr connon ryps @ arbu$ltd mForhize (AM) 4d etofr}torftize (EcM). Arbu&ula ntrorhiac occur on over 8O7o ot a plants hd M$ cc|s ro fom dqdnric sttocrub of nurriqt exchdSc catted a.bu*ut6 (Cripp6, 2OOta). I1l@ phyl! offungi, B6idiohy.ora, Ascooy.ora and Zygonyroh include ECM fominS lhqg6. Bacd on moleut& phylogEni.s, appmxima&ly 32 tin@g€ fmm lhc rhc nost ol tlre najor orde6 of Bdidiomj@la (Hibh.rt .r al., 2007) havc qolvsl ECM synbiGb ind.penddtly fbn saprcbphic an 6tos, Conv*Iy' elooyconhizal tungi dchdge nutients wilh $cn host planrs via intcrcelllld hFhal stNcluG. Ectonronhizal (ECM) funei provide mineBt nudlion b dc domj@l t'6 (Qurca .obrr L. Bettla L.. Tilia .or.ldo Mill. .r..J ECM fungi diffd in €nzrmalic rc vnies (Couny el ar, 200t ed dclis speiey sp{ific boelirs to rhcir no$ pldrs (Hcrjd6 & Ku}!d, 200t), which mder Oen biodivcGny ofhigh inpon&ce to pl&t .!tririo.. ECM fugi are hi8hty div.e in ndt ccosyslens, conprGng 1ds ofobsrved specier. sinilar or €vcn ldger nunber olspei6 Im.iE uda€Gd de lo tuiry dd aggrcgaled dist.ibution orErM f(gal sp*ics on adjacent @l dps (Honon snd Brum, 2001; Taylor 2OO2). Tte nrrurat ndhanism p@noting high tungal div€cily havc mained uncle.i but ir @ns litely $at difer€dlial preferencc for $il conditions dod bosl plants ptdy $c lqy rote (Bruns, I95), Apprexinately 7,m0-l0,OOO fungrt 5p@i6 fom *bm'@nfiiaq tnc synbiolic orgas rith roo$ of predomioan y rEes, nostly B.sidiomycetes dd ! few Asomlrele, wirh d Brinarcd numbcr of 8,000 qoody pt&b in rts Berutacqe, FaSacca€, Pin.ceae, Salicaceae and Mynac€e faniti€s erc (Motina d .1, 1992: Cnppr,2@la; Taylor & Alqads, 2m5). Eclonronhizal mlshftomr re important @l synbionr. of r@ species in tenporal and borcal E8ioc (Snirl & Rqd, I99?). SlrtrctuEly &d tunclionalt, domycotrtizal augi can be parrifioner! inro four pais: rhc cotonizcd oot rip, thc exlemal orelium @ifln8 into tne eit fon thc coloniz.! tips, sporocar?s (wnh $D. .xc€p!'on.), dd a rpor€ bdt (or orhd Gisrer p@pasut6) ii (he soil. The coloni&d qt€nd mt lips ed $e nrlctiufr e rb€ fundMedal sftuctug tor the fu.crional sjmbiosis, s sne for $e uprale and cxche8. ot nuaiqG betrven $c partDcre. Tfie nyconhial tips uc eknowtcdsen b have nutrint aberbins c,pacny (Hdlcy & Snnh, 1983; An @ e, dl, 2Oo5). Ectoft,cofthizs .re fom.d on thc fin€ nols ot a conpatibl€ hosr pl4t, Tbe li6t sign of hycontiz foma$on is th. dwetopfrdt of mycorrhial myccliuD lround a shon rcor. Thid sEdualty thickcn! ovr rhc rcot surtace dcvctoping into a shalh (cau€d ndtlc). TlE.hqlh cm b. on€ or iwo elts rhick 6ur cd dcdj too Fn'. Thus, rll nllncnls dd wal$ absodcd by thc bots iav€ ro pass though rh€ rorgrl shqd, Dcpc{ling on rhc tunad sl)ei6. v.rious seodlry srrucrua nl addilion lo EdiatinS .d$Dtiv€ hyPh& mry be aouf,d Nciat€d wilh thc sh€th {Sfrith & Read, 199?). Bchind tnc eneofccll dilision, hrphuc fom thc innersidc of lh. shsth, p@lBt6 bclw€n ihc ml conical ccllr pmducinS a ncrwork of htphae callcd lhc Hsrlig n€t. The size dd shapc of $e c.lls of thc Hanig ncl difaer grcany d€padins on the ECM Fungrl spei6, s d6 lh. deprh of pen€htion, whi.h is ncvcr beyond the €ndodmis. Th€ Hanig n€t is a tnrcq dimensional branching struclurc tnd p@vid* a l.rae @ of conncl vith thc @nic.l cells alloqins €flici€nr tansfcr of miner.r nuricnts !o lhe plant and n€rabotit* lo lh€ endoph'4€. Htlhal p€nclration or corrical cclk do6 .ol nomaltt Mlr ed is timncd to rfic ce w.|I. EcM htlhac may completely crclo* lhc tar€rat roots .nd lhus prcvent dirccl acquilition of mineral nurriots by $eso rools (BrundElr .r al, 1996; Brundrctt 2002: AAmr, 2006). Mush@ns e at$ lilcty to beomc cxrincr oncc lr@ covcr is Ecrontrorftial lungi corodu& d imponol @iponcnl ot thc asricutrlal and For€sl ecosyslen. Th€se flngi cd b. aound on about 90% lEq in tetopcnle forars and c&h Ea m be @ialed with mdy fmgal sp-i6 conc@ ty. In mosr commun'lies wh€rc ECM lunSi ft pGent thft appdc d narked succBlion oa spei$ wilh inc@ins ss6 of rhc tr* ed lhe p.rcd of tungat spei€s is similr ror a rmge otre. host' ( Znou & Hog6tu, 2OO2)_ Ectc'my.orhia fear€ disrinct t.rures in ml, oa foql r,e6. Th* ch@t€6 ae prer€r€ori.lty dependa! innu€n@n dd f.shioned by rh* *nia y inpond slructur€s of r@t sysift. MMy function! of €ctomrronnEd m crucial i.e., th.y i.lhcnce rhe Sowlh ot the trE of diIftui d€Cr* du6 b th€ir vdisble datomical diff€renlialion. Howcvd, the symbiotic orsms .re nol only fscinlrine fiom tudclional poinr a of vi*; lhcy co ribule frcquarty b disntagt. tungal El ionships, bsause syltdari.a y @larcd funSi often evotve eromyconhias of snrra mlohy (Age.er, r98?_2002). Tl€ 3pccific eolosi€al @t6 alrnburcd t6 eromyconhiat tunsi dep€nd on $c specrB Sohc atei6 avaihbte phospho@ 'nvolvcd. eds inorBeic ed nilrogd, sonc u* orgqrc eurc* ofP and N, dd $ne m iovotv€d in ch@icat wothdins lo rcces available nuhiqrs in min@l' ln addirion, ene are hoE pEv€orrvc or palhoeff &d orh6 e moE invotr€d wi$ warq at.rios (AIo, l99t). Tn€rc oe sp.ciotize In o.da to chtultri4 &cmlely thc *romycorrhizl communily in a eivo roct hoth lh€ abovc ed b.ls smund fmSat compon.nB ftlst be smplcd. Nun@ls sludi€s havc lhown thar fq€onclusion! abour rhe div€rsity and abunducc of ctont drnid tungi m bc dnm tom @ 6t.d [email protected] alor. (Dal h.r8, 2001). A hi8h ircqucncy oronc flngat speics abovc sFund (nu6h@nN) {roc! not inlly b€low gDund donind@ (alon)&nniae). Odd6 & Bruns (t9%) conclud€d lhal lhe amount offungal biomass all@ared lo rcproduclfte slructuB vdis mong funs.l sp€i6 in Califohia bishop pine lorc$s Oncn.lhc div€Riry of 6romycodhial fungi in a a@ rs pmry,epEsnrcd abolc stuuDd due !o ditf€rent fruitins $..tcsies for i.dividut sr@i€s (Cdpps,2004). Duc ro ircoNisrdl fruitirg sr&lcgi6 fo. sme sp@is dd reliatue on abioti. lactoB for fruirine (froi6tm), ir is ideal to snpte both abovc and undc, gound ai a vdcty or !n6 b curdety ch.@tsiz dd eronycodiat @nnunny (Cripps, 200rb). Ectomy@rhia ptay $ inponel ot€ in fo6rry, ca mate . ,ignificet contribulion ro rhe bionds of focr eGysrcm (Hunr & Foget, I 9sj) and can accouir lor 25% or more of lnc Mt mss of to66, lhu rpreendnS a major uidcr ercund srdctndl compon€nt ofrhe focr @syslcm. How4s, il emri.s rh€ t6t known component rrch rle srddpoinr oalpei€s diveNny(plnde.ral. 2(]O4). It is no* widcly ft@ptcd lhar nr@nhiat tunsj n@larc nuticnr acAuisnaon by lfi€ najonlyofpl ts ercwins mdualiltica y in naturat ecosysbds. ro, hGr Lce th6e fungi prue primery s nu(rient Ba$enna i crface $avengins nitogcn, phosphorur dd 1r& clmol, jndganic ttun bolh orsanic ard poots i. soil, this is donc ln ex.hege for fix€d sbor fbm rrcc (Snirh fic & Rod , t9g7, Blet et at., 2000).lt is lholghl lhat ectomyconhiza is a euice olnlhitiondl continuity mong the planq sil 4d lungus in forsl dostslm (lqbal, 200?, p@nal conmuiicrtion). Ectomy.orrhizal tungi dcsndc r€alcitnnt orydic sourc6 (Rcad, 1998) lnd sonc de inrolven in $c dislulion ofsil frincrah (Lindcwe{ ct at.,2oo5) ro scl acccss lo nulri4lr dd mi.mlr. My.onnizal tunsi ale confr on rhen hosls p@lccron aslrnsl havy neulloxicny (Andfiaensq crat, 2004) od in!6ion ptunl by tut pa$og6 (Duch6sc ct a|. 19A9i Monn d at., t999) Thc nFonhiTrl symbiosis is rheEforc ctucial aor the cohposilion and function of a| techial @syslms !d sludie oflne fungus pldl inrcretiom provide a tcy ro a b.lter undcrstddins olcosysren functionins ed biodiv.6ity. R6dch on alonForhirc (ECM) hd cvotved Srady o!s, th€ lst 40 y€a6. Fon th€ fiBl norynobSical andF6 to tc lar6r eolosicd, physiolosical d gcnclic $udics, dEianscofinlomration nowavaitablc isoulrlanding DcsDilc rI rhc $iali6c advd6, rhe iddrinqation or de nhgi inblved mains orc of thc fiBr stcp6 to be follo*€d wheo shdying ECM communiti€s. Mol@ular tcchniques .re emcial t@ls lo &hiae lhis ain, b rhc morphotoaical and dalonicrt tatuc oa ECM m srill M invalurble source of inaomation tor lne bcltfi und€Eranding of$e fungalcotrponot {Rodd e, a/., 2(]O5). M&y ECM hoQhot}?s havc bd norc or lcs econlcly d*nbcd sinc. th. h.einning ofetomyco izal synbiGis Gearch in tlrc late l9ri cdtury. A fd sulhos havc tried !o cstablish cl$itic{ion !}steds in odcr to daclop iddtilicalion tcrs panlcling iho* lvajlabtc aor plans dd minats, but rtus isadiftculrlsk. Doninik(1969) nadeafiEr art€mpr, A f€w ycd6latcr Zlk ( l9?l) srated $ar . dcnited d*ription of ah ECM e6 €snrial for iddlifiqtion, nnd that rhis dscriplion should b€ bscd on $v€ral collstions in oder ro nore po$ible wiations in lhc ECM over dif€rcnt ddetopmdlat sr.g6. ln spitc of fi€ tnese s€n.6t idsa, fie mclhodotoBy $ed by the tuh author *hcn desdbins fl ECM vricd gready in d6fiptioE publilhcd befo@ 1986, whcn A8@ (1986, 198?,2002, | 994, t 999) b.g& to pubtish suidctin* for de,iplion dd of ECM wjdety. Ir addnion, 'dcnuficalioh Asftr crealed a binonial nomenclallre sysrh tdr rh@ ECM dsib.d b not yel id6ritie4 edned ! Colou, Anas of E.rom!.afthizas (Ag.rcr, 1987-2002) wilh pborographs of ECM dsibed to f&ilir.te id.nti66rion by coopai&n, ed devclopet compurs $niyft to char&bizq and delmine ECM (Agerer & Rmhold, 1998). Olhf appioehq for thc dscriprion dd identification ofECM ale exist.lngleby.r r'r (1990) dcvcloped a syslm to nme thc lcaturcs of ECM, lnd publishcn 24 bricf desriplions of ECM in ludins photogapk and dnwinss, Ano$q videly urcd nclhodoloSy n $e e-ell€d Con.ke Deyiption of No h Anqi.an E.rontio.rti^, ddetop.d by c@dmd d, a/. (1996-2000). Thc desfiptio.s published ac@rdin8 to this stsren arc nor€ derailed than rhos in Inslcby e, al (1990), b lncy l&k rhe twct oa d.lail of tl|e syslm pDpos.n by Agcrcr (1t86, 198?-2002, 1994,1999), dd are conlined to rhe Norih Anericln 8@s6pdisl Egi@. Hish tung{l divffiny ir a chdcldstic oa moist fordrs wh.e ECM t@s occur (Cat€ldo, 1994). Eclomycoftnizal rctatio.ships @ commo. in oor Bded on @t.tip ed spoe&p surers, eclomycofthizat fsSal s?aiq ae known to @cr'st sp€i*rich cotonunitie tar norc div@ $sn drosc ot 'n $ci lDsl In cdc of nyconhial fungd divditx it is inpona b know hoq it is Miared *itn tie domi.ml pl&t s€i6 md conmbi(iG lhey fom, md thk connun'rrE aEv€rydiveMon r@rcor syst€m (cibson & D€acon, 1996). Asilsl€ speB qr.r cd mlo olonyarhizal Mialion wiih nu@6 lre sp@i6 on the emc sire at the sdc rime tofring a fungal bridge, whit€ sne fungi ft hosl spei fiq othec have brcad h.sl mgc dd fom erony@rrhia Mrh a nunbcr ot l@ gcncn in divcisc amiliq. A sin8te hosl t@ may have many typs ot hlerhizrs rruc lo ofmmy 'nvolvhcnl nycobionls oqbal d /r, t98o). h sa€Et, ry@nhial tungi m oot particut&ty rFciatizcd abour rh€i. bost pldt (Trappe, 1962). MMy of thcfr fom @tohrotrhiru wi0r selenl r@ sp@i6 oI both €onif.6 .nd bo.d- tqr.'t t@ c.8. Ananitd nus.aria (L.:t tan cn@n ^nd erunilorke ffitbwn to rom n)@nhizs with 25 tree genera inctudins rvolrolgu ond ,!.arl6 sp€i6 A norc rpresenrarivc piclu,e ofrhc ECM comhuniry srructurc trnder Sround is obtzined by idorifyins ECM fugi di@dy on el dps (Ertad & Tartot, 2!n2) €vatuatc ECM fungal divc^ity b,sd on vsgcraivc atrucruE. {Goodmf & Totmo!, 1998i Km.bclrcr & Fncs., 2t02j Mssicone.r,a, l9r). In tcmpearc &d boEt ford. oflh. Norlhcm h€mispbeE, eronyrorhizal tungi aom diveM cohmunitiq conpising hundrcd ot sper6 rn atr eosrslcm (Rich.td a a/., 2OO5; W.lkd a/., d 2OOji tshida e, at, 2@?; Snnn cr aa, 2OO7). Aded on fdilingbody-sDpcys. cerrain Auslnlian, Soulh Aftca lnd Soutn Eat Asian forests ale supporl div€ce connoniles oIECM fungi (Burk cr al, 1996i May rd Sinpen, 199?Warli^gd tl.,2002i Riricr. e1 al.,2o07; Raddankicn!na ., ./.. 200?). As in $m€ @dt studi6, Eclomrcorrnial fungi display dirffir ml colonizalion stral.gi$ md d€liv€re sp@i.! lpcific .o!ts dd bcn€fi1 lo $en host pldrs in tems of nurrilion, pbrelioh orc. (Heidq dd K!t!er,2003). Mor.oler, spsi6 oa ECM dilfr in oEir tuynatic elivili* in natudl forel $ik (Couny €t .1, 2005). M61 likelx $s. dill@ndal aunclions have borh anatofrical (A8€rer, 2001) md pnybgcnetic bekgrebd, fuhr det.nding on nost stsica and S€veral n.thods e used ro idenrily and chomt€rize the rp@i€s offungi rhat lbo m}tonhial ll@ialiotu wirh a panicut& plot sp@i6. The tddniorat nertbd or Gins lne norpholos/ oa thc r€p'odrctive slrucllc (sporuqs) cfl h.tp to delefrine, vhich speci€s sc pcat in a sysren! bul do6 nol povido srong w'dcnc. of a hosl @iarion or indicsle underabur! abunduc. (Oads & Btuns, Morphotlping or dclinoadng $e frain f€atu6 of M €tomy.odhia on a hosl ml (color, sn+c, dd lcxt!rc) cm culr in a @nalle EpBmrlrion of ny.odhizil aung.l t0 Ccmax 33li Hungary,46i ltalt !7i Polad,28j Porlugl,l4i Slovmi415; Spain, 93; Swedcn,2j Swilzerldd, l4l Ul(, 53, A singnifincdt nunrbcr,2Tl ECM, w,! coll@1cd in Nonl Amcriq. AII o$er @rlincnts Main poorlt rcpGcntcd: 37 ECM wcre coll6t€d in South An€ri* (Argenrina, l; Chilc, 28: Ecoador, 6), 2l in Aiiica (Cmebon, 7j Mo@@, 28). 16 in Ocedia (A!st6loa" 2; Nw zal&d, l4), but onlylT an Asia (lndi. 2, lndonBir, IiJ.pd,l4a Malaysia lq Taiwan, tO),(Ronan cr dl.,2005), IlEs do nor include 22 publilh€d ECM norphoi!?6 identifi€d dd uniddtificd tom fbm Pfisl&. (AAho ei 21. 2003i Khrlid & Niei,2003; Kdi ct !1. 2uo4i Nitzi et a l., 2@6, 2@1). CtmospeDq the most comon l@ Nciates have been @rdcd in 5lO d*npdom (,,1r!i6, | 5; Cedro, li l"a.n,20: pi@, t62:' pir6,226. pkurtBu4t, 59, Tsusa, 13) (Roftzn et al,,20os), This wor* inctud€s 40 idmtified ECM wittr @df6 6!m Hindaym nois( r@p6a|€ aoctj ofpatdsr.a which is a conLiburion lo lhe ECM of the *o.ld. Patist . is a foEsl dcticied @unry fld rhft is necd b srablilh su€h simrilic t@ls rhal e h.tptut in rfroBlarion md efocralion prcglm. Vcry fq reporr exist abofi the omlmnce oi ecbmyconhizB in pldls oi Pakisran. Anvery .d Knd {1959) r€por.d eionycorrnia with ncnbeF of Pin&€ac. p,,,r tirer on, Khan (1970) d*ribcd spl,,. pricar r,tithim ani Ca.trur uedtaru I ecrmy.ortli^1. H€ dscribed in dcrail lh€ aunsal sh@th in lhesc Iqbdl .r .l (1t96) €xamined lhc et systcn of,,tbid ri,/f, Roytc, and obsdej t€n difidr linds of norphotlFs. Th€y .te found rhal snc ot lh6e gssialed hycodtEc Mu in ptels in rhc vici.iry of a rr*. j(] Khtrlid (1q)8) d.s.ibsl lorn of nrushionrrmncotutrSi c cctorhycorhral w'lh Pme. H€ d$ anfim.d the 6utrs b, cutturins rhe fun8i dd r6ted rh.r lhey fomcd €cionyconhizal socialion wnn botcd clltings of p@rt,r auraaqiana (D.deJ Guinj.r in *tri srerite conditions. Fomdion ot etomy.on6i4 by diraor nrobionrs wilh lh€ mored .ntri.EE ot poputus eururc cavindic^r.Awiderho reg€ otri€F funei, Af'h,n et ut. eml) i&tat€d ad chaEct€na nDden dr[ml *tomxoEh'z& frcm pi,6 $c Dot .ysrems of mrr,gr,j sargmnr frcn sak6ar hills. n Khdid & Ni&i (2003): (.di .1 4l (2004) qpLo'ld rlE div@iry of Frdry.dfiia eitt PoNs ciliato W.ll. d. Royle film Himil.y.i Moirr Tdodr. Fd€t of P.lidr. Ni@i ., / (2006, 2007) hlvc r.gondl rhc elmycoFnia ol tbrr/.r llEvicr Pek wnn PinR vallichia,a dnd D*.ole lMt"iul.to vith ,lhias podrcv Royl. fron Hinslsye Moist T.mpdat. foBts of?akiste, ln ihc prchr study, &ny ECM ndphot'?e dory with rhcb [email protected] @i.!.d with @ifcs re chlF.taizld trDrplblogicrly s rcU s [email protected] 6d inc tuo P.E6ra'd p.d of tliMhru forEE Thir is tlE fi6r siN .{snpt !o sd4 th. biodiwily of e.bmFdiriz|| mu.lm od 6.n ECM i! mifd .rd dcv.bpinS 6 ilvatqy tw PtirLr. t2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This rcsdch wort i! . sdious rtrcmpr md a stcp ahdd fron pdt work lo explore the Bjodiv€lsity of mushmons dd @ionycodhizN wirh conif€rs of Himalard Moirr T€mrEFie Fo6rs ofpalisld. The hrin objdtiv. of lhis c.arch h lo givc .n alimal. of rhe sp€cics ricbness of eclomyconhi2d with conifeB at Himalalu Moisr Temperarure Forcsls of Pakirh ed dwcloping an invotory of {tomyconhial mushoonyfungi asci cd wilh the conifd of1n6. focts. This Hoarch is alrc . condburion ro an undosidnding of rhe sology of @nild'assiltcd funsi &d car eoe 6 bselinc dara rbr furur te@h o. atfoGra on aod Efo6lalion prcen;nB in p.kisle. MoEolcr, wi(tl ongoing loGt dqgnddrion in thc Hnnahya, rc may tcc nuy muhrooms wilho knowine ih6. It i5 inpottani ro hav€ som. daralse on nush@ms ad 6!ony@El a befoc rheir dir€siry is depbrcd s a 6ult of ln$lopoScnic pasure and climalic cha.g€. Ifwe arc to d€teminc lh€ imtacts of foBt maDngcnr€nl and cnvimnmonial dGtlrban6 upon this eolosically ihl'ononr gDUp ol ursanEns. d eudc ase$nen of nush@ns dd cclomxodlial diveBily is ssenhal. t3 MATERJALS AI{D METHODS MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Are: Thc € of Muro, KhespuFArlbia KhaiEA.li, Kuaeali. Nalhiag'li. Dmeagali-Mukhpud, Shm (Kaeha Valley), ed lairy neadowFB.llish (Norlhcm dc8) fbn Hitorhyan moisl ftnpcmte lorcsls wcrc visitcd rcrularly tor s.mpl'ng al lariols intensnics betwd July 2005 b Auault 2007. All lh* sit6 @nroin doninul stads of,,tr,ir prrlroy Roytc wi|h varyin8 sr.ndr of Pina talichid.o A.BJeks, Ce.lM ddorldz (Roxb. q Lahben) c. Don, pr€a tntjthiana Bofii TM wollichiano Zvc. wirh inicmixlurc of dccidlous or "LnA bDad lavc l@. Th€ donimr udGrory lesetation coEisit of p.tchs of yibumud cotiniloliW D. Don, IJ,tia dioie L. Nn Stindia taumla lDC,) Si$ & Sampling of Morphotypes of Ectomycorrhhas E&h site ws visit.d . n@bq of rim6 duing ainy 3@c oarune 2OO5 Aususr 2@7. SlR€yins for ftuirins etonroihizat tungi €ltait€d Ec.rchins foBr stands dd collecting abov. and b€low grcund slro€lurB oflhc* aunei. In orde, !o hdiDizc th. divsity of 4bm}to ial fungi Moded, @Ueling *6 not rdIricled by lrbsets 6r plors s d l&8. an a@ 6 po$ible coutd bc @vcrcd. wn . possible, sporccarps rcplc*nlif,g diilrenr sl:s6 wcre colt€clcd ro aid in [email protected] ww pholoareh€d ed rheir 6€td nors ww ptcps,st. The ndinw effon w€r€ m.de b F&e thc conndlion of $e spo@arp wirh its morrholr?c ex4tly boeath ir for id€ntification. The olh.r me6o,l ws rbst the cap of rre sponarp ws Enoved s04 noting impo,snl ch@tcE dd a $it bl6k of ro x 5cfr alonS wirh q&dy sripe b€ncarh il, conrsining ers ot tie planl was lakm our wrlh lhe help of4 shap diSgd and wppcd in polylh€ne bag ro avoid evlpoblion. Thc srobcarps wcrc dr ilricd for forlhs anatysis nnd lqr in t0b.ltqt borcs *rtn nes&t iilmarioG ed brelahr bek ro ta!. Tho ejt wpl6 wcrc srore, in reftg€rator at 4"C for fut@ etys6. nFy wee giv.n spccial d€siglalioi No. tor $rle: lcerltun.l.r = l0 Klloo.teK N *ir,,i ;-' \crlNa bL.r'\ 1 i ti n .f a' v \.' l '8" KA'SIMIn !-i.,i '{ 14t)v M!p 3ho$,ing srDpling sir€il l5 Spomcrrp Descriptlod Field nol* oad. on fEsh mleri.l Gpo@cnpt wee supptmenrd by a hore qrmidation careful ih labohbrt For nosr species, mi€mscopic work ws peraom€d lo dclcmine spoE sizc $d olh€r disdr8lishins cbaE€lcE tikc bsidi4 crstidia ctc. Spo@$Ds yft Fi€d ro idcnrify up lo s€nus or spei6 tdct b, usina til@turc and consulrnS €xp€rls. CABI Bio$i€nc. on-tine d.kb.& w6 usd tor rh€n Cl$nlng of Morphotypes of Ectonycorrhizrs Thc sil blst! w@ saled in lap s.td ov€miahl ro l@s 0F adhqiog $il panrcl*. The altacbcd eit panicle werc renovert with cmel hair bosh undq sldcohicro*op€. Th€ washed mls were kopl in Mccanney bo l6 vnh a fry drcps of Maxliqlid ad sn.ked gcntly lor 2-5 min, ro wsi tte oo|! moro cledty. Two ro tt@ w6hin8s w@ giv.n for noE cl@ins. Micmscopic Chr..cterizctioD of Morphotyp€i of Ectomycorrhias Mo+hol}?6 w.rc.hara€rnzed (moptotogically tud d"toDicalty) *ilh the hclp or z€i!! stereomicolcope and hphal conn@doff (,hiemolpns) kadins frcn sporocsPs 1o fungal gr mells wcrc 6raltishcd anq As€rd ( l l ). Morphot ps of elo6],cor ib fom€d by diltcrnt fun8i wft iniria y distinguishcd udd th€ distine nicccotE lsing morphotogical faturB such .s Dni on, fica co lor, siz., 66ei.red hr?nac, rhizonoqhs, cyst id ia, and sclemli I crc. Th6c characteG wft cdiod oul or frclhly j$talcd nateridt, using d.y tighr quahy Sepm on. m.dc und€r lhe di$ccrins nicm$opc w@ @nlimed by erd'nin8 funsal slrudu@ i. moE dcrail n.d€r a compound oicoscope, Ch@tcrislics of l@ile l}?6 dd hrlhal norphology w@ used lo idcnlity slohtronlia b lnc gdq or spei6 tcvcl. lndividual morphotr?c of n,@nnis w@ exadincd und6 high powe m'crceope by noutin8 rh€n on a glas slide with e ,ppopriate srain. Cleaer vi€w ofnantlc *6 obtainc t6 @dating hyphae *lftri4 cystidia (if pltst) e* nedEd dd dram on lhc pape. wilh th€ help of @@ Lucids at 400 to 1000 x. Color R€|ctiols color .€actions of turssl rissu€s w€re roted with M€llzels rcr8cnr, l0% KOH, and Laclic acid etc. lollowing Aged ( l99l ). Molecular Cherscterization DNA Extrectiotr DNA v6 exhcted fton 200 ng ofpilcus olsme ofdn€d rgdic sp€imcis lsirs CTAB exLaction bufld rollowirs c.!d6 d.r 091) wnh rldt nodilic.rions. Tisu€ wa maent€d by pcall. mona Eing tiqlid nilrad. Thc n4crat€d risu€ q4 e6tly shincd in io loml cqhifuSe rube dd wirh addition oa 5ml of prc-wamed (at 65'C) 2% CATB| it qas mixed genlly md incubated al 650C for an hour in wala bath. Tbe nixturc wd coolcd for s,lomia follovine by c addition ofequal yoluDe ollemly ahohol: Chlorcfom (1:24). Th€ mixturc wd cladficd by cotrifusario. for lomin { 9000ryn. The sup€marant s4 tatcn i[ anolhr ube by addina 2,3 vol. of ics{old l$popdol ed pteed ar @n lmFEt!rc olmiaht. DNA ws @llcred by @fitus.rion ar 15,00oryn dd Ftlcl wa *ahcd wilh weeh bufid. IE liml p.ll€r ws dried at 3/C ud dislv.d in Internal Trutrscribed Spscer R€Blon Polymerss€ Chain Resction (rTs-PcR). Tbc intemal lrsdibed speo (lTS) rcgion of fun8al iDNA w6 Mptificd by polFr@e chain r@ctio. (PCR), using nsl & msa prim6 ad Taq Polyhdsc (whnc d,l, 1990). T€nptate (dilur.d l:50) wd us€d for lnc pCR @ction. Thc yicld of PCR prcducc w6 vdified by dmina $e ptudEts on a l% a8@* sct cl l00V for at lasr L5no6. The s€l ws srain.d in dhidim bmmide for 20ni.' and photoSr.rhcd disnally in scl d@uncnhrion syicfr. t1 Sequenclng of ltrIcrn.l Trsnscrib€d Sprcer Region (rTS) DNA pbdrcts w@ pEif.d wirh drc elAquicl( pCR puritiqtion kn following ti. nduf&n|q'! pDtocot_ Thc purin€d rcR proders wft s.qudced $ins ITS I pnm€6 by followinS neilDd. L Scquwin! KiI: ABI PRTSM BigD)rTM Thinalor C)rctc Soqucncing Kirs 2. S.qua4 ABI PRISM l730XL Ardje (96 apitt.ry t)F) J. PCR ftachinq M, Retuh PIC 22J P.lticr Thmat Cr{lcr S€q@in8 ranioE wrc p.domcd in . M, R€.€eh prc-225 pctticr TtEnDal Ctrh Eing a ABI PRISM Big DtrTM T.minabr Cycl. Scqu.ncin8 Kils wirh Anpli Taq DNA polF.@ (FS €@yno (Appli€d Bi6t3reht, fo owins lhe pol@ls sulpli.d by {!c n$!f&rE Singlepds sequ4ing s pqfomed otr €ach torpht. Bing uieasl primd. IlG 0@lB@t trb.tcd tasMc w@ Durifi€d fbm the unincorporared Gfri@1o6 wilh sn erhmol p@ipiralion prot@ol. The smpl6 w.rc @ap€ndcd in distill.d q.rei sd sbjer.d io €letrophocis in & ABI l7l0 x I 3.qu@r (ApPli.d Biosrdds). IE RESULTS RESULTS Tlis 6@b wo* rv..le rhe jdalific.tion of the eromt@rhiA by iti@t lrac,ng dE nr{ellial stq& lbh lporcc!rysb rhe norphot$es. The obrlin€d ecroDrofthiz.l horphoty?* wec chdaclcdzqd moryhologicrlty dd an.lomically. A gr€at€r div6ity of€ctomy.otrhizD hs b€n obstued wiih @nifm of patisrln's prn of Himalaye ooist lcmp.rat torBts bur only 40 idcnlifi.d eclomycofthizal noQhot,!6 along with theh lpo@arp h.v. b€en pMoted hft. Amongsl lhqc ECM norpholyp€s, ihe gre.ter divdliry ws ob*flerl with ,4ria pinlrc, (22 noptort!$), rlrd Pi,ut ealli.hiand (t3 norPhort?.t, pi@ Mithians lO4 morphotwd) aid cedru d.odara (01 moQhotype). fta. coiitmu r@ a6is are dsribcd d n€w *lom)@nhial host5 .r..pr C , ./.a/aru tbm palisrln. Dunng thir invetislrion, folr heffiy.aq (tda"itafaw@noid6 sp. .N. R^sula dhna.lia@ nM.p@.., R hituLdb ho^,p,ov., R. parnftnie nM. pro!.) *m lo b€ ne !o $imcq whilc ninc spai6 e denb.d d n€w t@n '@dr Phtist n, All the forry erom}torrni4 e derib.d ed EDort d for lhc nd 6he The ECM morphotypG of fon, tun8al Adi6 b.long ro 16 g6m of l2 famili6 in Baidiomy@16 .nd on. ot AsmF.rcs. Th. BaidionF.tous ntionnia fall in fiw clrd.s &vdopd br Bindd d dt. (2005). The inctude Etagtic cbde (Ananita.@., Bolbnio@q an.l Cqti@ridtue). CfilwctL;td .tid]e lcadta.elMe & Hyd@@e), conphoidPhllloid cld. (Ctawi@, Gederame Auphac@e Nd X,ndrizez.), Ru$utoid cl.dc (R6tia@e), sd BoLroid clzde ( Boletac@\. In spai6 e mgcd in o .lphabctic.l orda. t9 I. Amonib chnamofiescen$ Tullo$, s. H. rqbat, A_ N. Khatid & p@v. Bhddary nom. r'turo."r'.4 c on/- r d /atun itu/spe ies/c i n n a h@ L h x t. (Plat€ l, Fig. A) Pllus: 10-rao mh wide, oranSc ro ordgish lm, grayish lo ochrucbur brcM rowa.d5 ih. m{sin at naturiry, iresll&ly ovoid 10 cmpdutrr€'€ltow al n6( th6 @nvd d pluoonv€x, tirlty pted or sub@rcave umbonarc. Cot n: oEng€ to whil. toward lo.ll.€, 8rlyish t€ltow whm bdi*d or cur; raratr, rncuded at fir5r, r€naining d€cldcd dm when pilcus lu y erpddcd, nonapp.ndiculatq uni|edal eejl ,hsenr; pileipeltis petinl. LM.ttae: fr@,.to*, pale y€llow! up lo 6 lm bDa4 Ev@ lortc ct* ro jtpc, with cdge dlow to or&gc; ia,.ldze kuncdc ro oundcd rlun.re, otmon, un€valy distributcd, of ,t rh.r 100J25 x 15-25 nn, pale rUow lo orege y€llow, btown st Dalurity! slightty newing upward, loqitldin.lly shia&d, wilh fibres, osee to pale ,lllow squouls, lmheging ehn .ut or bdk d, ho w, wnh ccntBl cytindo lined wirh fibd6; parial wt ski.l lik., supdior, ftmbreou!, d€.tuauy much doE pigmcnrd lhan slipc und pilcus in rgc, up lo 23 nfl lons, sr.i!!cd ubolc, fcllqt bctow, w€nlually rtuing ed collatsing o siipc; snk6"r wr d eore volu, uD ro 6? x 2a nm, v.ry ticL, lalhery, vhitq €'mrd *ifi rlip€ onty at bouoB. M.c.oci.nlcd T€tts: noi rscord€d Pilelpells: 65-118 (-210) Vn thick, @lorl6s lo yellowish, panially gelalinizc x B6ittb. 33-52 8-10 tn, r€16 srdiemate, with llfienala up to 1.5 x 3.5 th, cldps common l@ally, ond pmmin6t. B..idicDos: (?.8-) 8.5_11.8 Cl8.O) x (6.G) 6.48.9 (-11.9) rm, ettiFoiq @sionalry brcadry . ip$id, infcqumdy elon8at , inanyloid. Clmps e ped. q.bltrt .rd Dhlributlofi Solilary to g@gdious, pakist&r N. W Frcntier pbv. Haua Dislr. At{bia,Kherpor, Nalhiagali, and Dunsasati. Ar ?4oo-2jso h r.s.l. Alsiard with Abi8 pimlrcw. A R Nidi ,18806 (LAH). 20 Pf.i. I, Fig!. A-8. Awira .irMWeN rt I& ECM rndd diKrirs oi.Gmpf, (A, Bdidiqrp3 (H.biott) ECM (Hr!it, lhsing impder f€Dl6. Bd=2mfdA&2nnldB 2l Dcscription of Ectomycotrhiz ol Arnsnita dnnomomescens non M o tp h o I og iMI Cha racte rirt'?s (Plate l. Fis. 8) Edont@tt lal srstd not+{ni.l linnale, qptot d !p lo m€diw irislacc, 5-lt mm long {ilh l-2 mm ibick uis, Som€tine prefucty br{.b€d and fods cl$lc6 lnder lh€ fruiting body, cohn@ted wilh rhc neb otmyccllialsran&;coloroi lh. nycorhial sysleh whit€ to crem whcn young but rums light bbwn when old, UnrdhtiJied en a sr.igrt, (0.2 ) 3-5 (-8) m lons. I,2 nn in diu., srishrly swoucn. M&llc very dislirct, o@th sufacc, encrind rcugh or B6iny doc lo a6oplion ol ndil€ lay.r ed og.g€d eil p*licle$ whirisn mmde lums li8hl boM due to longer stay in wald, smctimE silvery in +pesece due !o eumulalion of war, dbtlcrs or soil panicbs mong mdtb nrlhae; hosl tisue not vilible @d€r lh. melle r!rf@. /ery rA whnish to sliSh0y,rtlov, tms tishr bown wna scls otd. Xr,:roro4'n in6€quar, whn€, reundot, up lo 4 lm in did., m@rh, bm.hcdr sliSn y s{ollo al ba&, dis noslly arcn drc rcstrict€d poiots or fbm de b4e of$c nnlmifie4.nds, Endnatlrg tfiAar ihfrequonr, whire, tl n. !p ro 2 nm, shon. 2-5 nm, smelins sueundin3 the umincd c.ds. Anatonical Choructeftlict ofna"rtc in pt@e eie\ts (ptare 2, Figs. A-B) Mande plerochynalou in dl lay.6. Celarinoc or l iccf@ls h}?h& nol obeded. Outu n,ttL laler l@ely pl@rcnchynalous, hphs. amsed witlEur oy pattm! ner liLe de8enenl of ht?h.c with fd b}?he of rine lik€ ('D. A. Agccr 1987-2002); hyph& .lnosl reunded wirh oily ed yellowirh doplels! hyalin., m6th, @ly brech.d, *pIare wnhout clmp6; btphat ccls 3hoi, ,tishlly conshckd ar s./a, (10-) 2G24 c38) Fm,2-3.5 m ii did., cc| wau up lo 0.2 lnl sinplc H-q?e oGtonosis obsned dong f€w h}?hm. Cysridia absnt. ,rr.. hutL hr* d4*ly pl ct*hldatous, no p.rrem dismible, ring-like amscncnl of hrlhrc ob6ened, hyphre rnsotially p.ctcd, ed dtangtcd wilh @h olh.r. $plar€! withoul clmpsr ftly btuch.d, simplc anaslonGis or lometim6 hrph.. auscd without padiculd 4y ryle oI esrom6h; ntdal ce s (8-) 12-15 C22) nm loi& 2-3 C4) !n in didm., walls up lo 0.5 jrn lhick, hwh& snoolh md hFlin€. 22 D- Pf.t. 2, rigr A-D. tobiql A t€ltum of ECM of ,:lmrr, cinn^Mefl ) Pl.*tschynobs oulcmsrle (B) ptarcnchymaloN rmd nedc (O Rhremo,ph {D,ln&alrne ht?hae. BrrE 20 un 2l Chl,ntdospo6 :nd $l@rir mr obsdcd. t/cry r,? wi0l tt Nish-patc brewn, !64dopench)@tous afu8denr of hyphe foming a gEiny o.r, c€lts 34.5 x A,tatonical Charu.te!'stics olenta otlig etenents (plate 2, Figs. C_D) Rhlado,ph w.ll di'feMri^reA; lhict ht?h& fonnns nosuy a co@, eD6 ona padially or @mplcrety dislved (t!. F, fuerd, 198?-2002, h}?h& fil€d wirt ycllowi.h d!@lcls, up ro 6 |tm wadq dict w.I up ro 0.54 lrm; othd hr?h* clcely p&ke4 dnGt tminS pa&Iet ro dh othd, s€pt re, 6lls (E_) t0l2 clS) [n, 2-3.5 Fn ir did' thick wned up to 0.5 In, withoul clmp connecrioc, $hetine tus€d wiih qch othd rr ndy poirts withoui djslincl &6ioho!i!, son€ I'ns siDpre dslomck oblfl.4. Enn.dte twh@ bdinc wnh yetbwnh contdGj smmot shon cen€4 !p ro 45 tn in l@gln dd @ly bdchcd; c|@ali,s oui 6m the Oula med. latq, $rridt ard d.lic.re, clmps l&Kn& *plrr€, .c[, 14-27 Fh in ld81h, thicl( up ro 2,3 Fm in dim. /ttutoht! of Mnne i, ./os t4aa,; nolte app€ds 6 psudopdenchynarou! sh€arh, up lo 40 pn, Hanig nct Fnethring inro rhe @rricalrcgion up to rwo lay6, Hpha€ 6earh8 oln nod rh. 'Ed. 5ufa.c. Clstitia ,bst A,ato , of no"tte ir ldqitt li.al s..ti@a slE n\ Wls s itstscty ptatfthymabus hr?hat bundt6, up pn lo 45 lhick, m6tly hyph& I]ming pqlcl ro @h ofiq rowards lh. et l€ngrb, a fw hypha€ prctruding ourwards giving hairy appddce; fd hDhac peoerr.ring i.to rbc corlical rcsion, fornins dnse Ungtr litc Harlig net among conical c€lrs Coloi R€.ctiorr: l0% KOH & M.lizcr'5 R€emt, no t@lion, l&lic &id- pale Vouch.r Spdfhof E tomycoftnia wdd Abi.s pi".tw, in l!.rbeiun. D€Dannenl of Botd, Univ6ity of0E Puja!. khor., paki6lm, A. R. Niui I ARN-AClo2l. Fruitine bo 24 2. Anr adtbtipes S.tn i., BolMae. lloyo) 41: as 093.t). (Plrte 3, Ftg. A) Pir.d: 30-100 m wid€, d€€p yellow. bownish }€ltow ao oresilh, sohe t'mc wjth gEykh yellow lon€sj globosc to convex in yoDg€r bsidioc.es, cxpdding, planoionv€x ro pl&e in age, f.intty umbonate lo umbonate vi$id qhcn *cr; @rral: th'n to [email protected] 6i.k. $R ro tim, while with light Fuow, !rchdgiig who bruised or cut; rdrgrrs wnnout 3td.rior or Eitutely slri.l.d ed ycllow Eurycd .r ,i6t to dcp trlow or no@* pdch6, for tn. Mr D.n cmat_.lcd ovcr rrE di$. ,edt4 fE ro ldrqe4 hwded, y.INbh ehn b [ght dtow, .ds6 @rirc, concoloi, 3-6 nn bM4 fl6hy !o bn ., tnin; ,d.llrr,a rt]mar., 2-4 nm in lengrh. Srlp.r 40.130 x lc25 m, lgnt ]€lto* io d.ep yell above lh€ panial vcit, ye ow io ycllowish, qith whit€ b.low, moorh, &nc rime cekins pa m rld sndbs rh. slipc lp@ially in ils uppq half, nmwing lpward sti8hrly Conrexr pate-whir., sohc ycllow t'ns urdd stipipellis, slid(y bulbous loqard bse or ovoid. widr votval sl6 oi arq ei0Dur rio; paziat Eit 5!Frior, diclq nenbmouq modmicly boad. skid{re, p6ist@! b€oning.|!m, co +riss and lding up ro tO nn lon8i r,,Erdl Erl ptMt in dE tom ot whitc or prt. yefiow [ak6 on low6 5idc of rhq srip.. losr drins collering rh. AoN.tp; L$.[a |rdna bitatdti Otto .nd M..rocheml..l Tqa: non€ reod€d Bdtula:45-50 \ 10,12 pn,2-4 !r.ri8nsr., thin walled, cylindiical !o cl.val.. Cyltldl. of tbcsizeof bsidi4 hrllinq cytindrical. Aesdbttoe,t 16.5-) 6.8-8.5 Cll.s) r 5.0-5.5 (.6,8) lrn, e[jpsid 10 b,oadlv cllip6oid. coldl6, h'€lin€, 0in-wallcd, !n@$. myloid, 6c6i@aly sub8lob@ or elong.tci apjculs subtatert, cytindtici @.tars dominady lmgllrul q eirh or wilholt .dditidal small gruut6, @siom y gmutr4 stor in d€oosit whirc. p.rido: ll.blfl .!d Dlrdbrno!: Solitary, N, W, Fontiq prov._Haze Disn _ Attbi.-Kiespur, Nalhi.gali, (uag.ti, Al 2400,2580 m a s. L [email protected] wirh pindrcw Abi$ Rotte. 13. viii.2006 ,{. R. Niu i 3EO6 (LAH). 25 DifA..q'-'|.c4tt nS ltgLo d Atu tbrf't 4 otuI 345-mUt9-AXAntL)FUVl?fl'rrSt -,}I h. W 2@r2/I1 S: t5: tt St Nl A:t2, A:39 ChI Tttl S*: NgANtNtl JFlllVlPdsJ'Sl la:n ,,s4frta: t..63 &t bu n tuti w tE tl f' 6 rE -- !: rE i-. f rE i , g a ! !a .I I s !P 3i !q t €t rE * E ei '{ i t *= E oF r! ! I lf aJ P ri e 3F * t !dI i r6 + rE l It aa -.- iE aE t i1 t p Ei F F N I ri rl g rI i E d 1 : = 4 26 Pttr. 3, ri$. A.-8. Atunitd Jlarip6 & Ia ECM und.r dir..ling mi.Mcop. (^) Bdidies'ps (H!bn) (a) EcM (Habit) Bd= 2 cn for A & 2 nn for a 27 Description of Ectomyco rrhiza oI Anonio laipes Motphological Chamcte ttics (pt.r€j, Ftg, B) E.t6!@rrtfu1 t sten nohoDodi.l pinnale, frequody found und€r ln€ fruiling body, qplord up 1o nediun dis!.!cc al upper lay.r otthc $il, p.nicutdly in org&ic martcr; lGl2 nn ldg dis up lo t.2 mn in did. Unrchfietr en.ts slaigh! nor innar.d dd cy'indrical, 2-5 mh lon& up to 0.5 nn in diam.r silvery- whrle |o.rean ruhs to faM al matuiry. /.? r? whilish ,tllow lo ycllowish bowh, tun lo lighr brown wnn rh€ ae€. Mdll. v.ry distin€i smoott sulface! sometined oush or Bm'ny due to abruption of mmrlc laye and qgagcd loil panicles; hosl tisue not viliblc undd tne mdde sud.cc. ftrlrr,rr, inticqucn! &i* fon Oe be d wcll s Bhicrcd poinrs of |he mFo.ttiza, @mct€d diirinctly qi|h lm e slrfa.e whil.lo oll-ehit€ in youg myrorriia b t€ltowish bown in oldcr on6, smoorh, @ly rmified, oar, fbi€tq up !o t-1.5 mm. ErMddng n pL@ qhi/!e, en€tine6 frequ€.i ar fw rips giving coltony appeMcc 'nrrequot, ro rhc systcm, up lo 0.45 nh in dim,, r&ely ruilied, A atonical Char,'ctestics ofMa te in phn news (pta!e 4, Figs. A-B) PletcnchybatoB gmeodt of ht?h.e ob6@€d lhmuSt out dE n& e Otb dfunz ltto l@FIy plccfthyn.rous with ehitish lo hy.tinc, cylindric ht?hae. no pat€n disc€mibl€, a few ht?h& lrang€d in.ing likc .mngchcd wnh gredd yellowhh .ontentsr hr!h@ branched, moslty dichotomies obscNcd, withoul clampq sptatq scpto wilhout cldpsi htlld cclts lone, (12) 10,20 C2l) fm in lqgllr uifom in did., up ro I rD, thin sa ed ( 0.49 !n); hFh!. with m@th su{@€, hyph& in wovo, a fB ht?h.c onning p@[et to qach oths. H rrpe amromosir obeo€d mong hyph4ei cystidia .bldr; ndde baoming dae tnvaidi n9id., Inn.r fld,tle Lttr dcnely ptcct€nchlmabu wnn l6s i.terhylhal splccs, lFong.d in nct likc nesemcnt lonrins riSn li*c stiu.luG; hlohdc whirkh lo byaline, m@th surface tuly rmiti.d, ftequdtly s?rate, sepr. thi.t, without dmpl: h}!h.l c.lls shqta ord Outer lmrr. layq, ( r o ) r 2- 14 ct 5) rm, 2-4 |lm in dim., rhin valld, up lo 0.4 rmi sinptc daronosis, or h4hae fuad by bridse tike @nn6lions, h4h...onrain oily gmut& contcnrs. 28 \ Pt t. 4, FiEs. A.-D. A"atoniet ,iew o! EcM of Andhitd Jtapi,6 (A) Looscly t lcctenchynatous ou lq N.nrlc showing hyphdlrings (B) Densly pl@tenchrnatous inier ddrle ldyr (c) lnrcml view of rhihmo'ph with csntEl wider hypha (D) Emealing Hyphrc. Scale bqr: 20,rm. 29 Anotonical Chandefiii.s ofenamttng etenents (plate a, Figs. C,D) flti!,r,/rrr undifr€Entiared, mar8i.! olhercmoorh, runded in cos stiotr, 10-95 !m in diam., hr?hac coftprctty omngsd in a parallel ftann€r, unifom i[ dimerd i.e. 1.42,5 Fn, sn@& md thin wau.d (i 0.4 !m), sptat , s.pt wiihout .lmp connolioN, bul ht?h& dha stightty irflrlcd at seplai a wider enral rhict w.lled {up ro I llm) hypha ob*Be4 up to 8 llm in diq., sepra in@oplete or irsed. Clhp @mefiom nor oh6w.d. AEiomosis conmon mme nyqhe. EM.ti,g *hir€r ,rrr.. inftlq@4 r€plarc up io 5.5 tm in dim_, ofn *zl.d (0.3 !m); b6o.hin8 rare dichoiomuly miti.d, pottude oul of tlE oni€. manlt€ .urf&.. C'srjdi., Chlmydos?o6 nor o&d.A. AMtony of nantle in c,ors se.tihi mdttc pt€ct€nchymalou app6 .r sh€alh, !p to 45 !m thick; hyphae plnetrari.g itrto rh€ @rti€al Egion, up lo 2-3 layes foming HadiS nel, Emdsling hDhae en.rgins oul fon $c surface in a haphurd nnn r /,tnatamy of hantte ih lo,Eitu.li&! ection: ht?ha€ afuSed in a tnick plerqctlym.rous shoth, up lo 55 rm tnick, p€ncrBtins into lhc cntical Egion, fominS dduc fingcr lite netvork mong conid cells. Colo. Rq.rio$: 15% KOII- @hrE; Mcllzcf! R@Bsl & t&ric eiit- no ecrion vouct.. SDcino: EcromJeo.rl a $tq .,tbis pidrcw, i^ Hdn'itn, Dqrnmd of Bolsx Univccn, oa rhc punjab. Ljhorc, paki,ran, A. R. Nidi ARN.IO22E. l0 3. Amanitotlsvoconoides non. prov. (plat€ 5, Fi8s. A_B) p ,6i up ro 50 hm widq donr"-,ry b,tsh, y.rb* [P]:fs?:#'"1":: loweds lh. cnLe of rhc pil€us lt matoriry, tM ovr di*, ,ulphur ,€ ow towards mdg'nr, pldo-@nvq wirt deuFcd nsSin ai m.turilx m@rh, dry, univ.Mt veil rare, pomincDi in tlr fon of oblonS trltowkh w.ft; @,r.r: ,!llow, u.hdsi.s whd bruhed or cu! aa€i6 6r!i.tc (Ediu h 25 dm ed m&situl ,t jariois j mn, ncurycd} 26.ll!,: riruatq clo.c, sulphur y.Iow, not cheging vhen ddas.d, uplo 18-21 m; $hc fo*cd nq! stip., wiih tlloq.ofugc edgcs, nol doiric or *ruhlc, ddkening oD aging !o omg. bDwn; te.,l,rr,? runqrq fr€qudr, denly d, dislibut oldivGe l.ngo! ool ptEgr bdwen .vcry p.n ot lmcltae. .t4p.r I OO , 5r0 @, striar€d, norabty lonSs 0b pitds qidlh, 6ulphur ow 1o ycltow betow panial vcil, drk y.llow atbvc, mwina upqsrd. minur.ly't loigirudinal, slri.lci correr whir. 1o ofi-whiici un hmSjnS whq cvr:, pafliat wi, supqior. lhi.k. hcnbt@usr nod6.r.ly bb!d,stin-lik , p6i3tdl, wnn ddrare mt8iN, otugish y.llow io sulphur ycllow lowcds margin, up 10 t 2 nn long; !,iw!d/ Etit plt6qt in thc fon of trllo* b whiic p.[ch6 on !tiF, y.low .bov., whirish b€lo*, 4ity dieppsiag durinS @llating of rh. [email protected], tomin8 . rhin ycltow rin eud {E nipq whirs up to 13 ' 5 m, dr.nu.rc toqrrts bei @nrdt whita $tid hollov. Oror md ,or.: rcr lqdcd, M.cmh.nrfqf t6t3: no eodc,i P[dp.ns: ccttutd, bsidil risins frem vry sml innd€d ceUs and th6c h tum grisinS in sm.U ctsr6 tren eurfee of ta.gc inflared cells. Lrm.lld t|lmr divc.sdt. roiC&j 18-24 x E-rO rm,2-4 stdsmat4 lhin wall€d, .Lvalc, Url,as, rt : on pit.u: unb@hcd titdqtoG hyph&, 2,8,6 In in diu., doMwar& by ini.r.d c.th 6066 x t5-40 tn, simitd on jdDe b&. (7.2-) x a8aiospwg 1.+8.5 (,9.6) (5.?) 6.2-7.2 C?.E) [m, .olortcs!, hyalin€, rhin-w{llcd, smootL irdyloid, 3ubgloto* ro .Uipeid; epiculus subtatcBl, cylidric; coo&nrs domirdrly nonoguttulat., wirh or without additional smal emutq occaionally gruula; @lor in d.p6it u.knoM. Etynofo4,f Nm.d duc to colot F*1hteewith Ana,ild Jtaw@nid. U.blt.l .tr.l DLrlbltlo!: Sot ary, p.kisld: N. W. Fonri€i pov,_H&e Djsrr.- Arabia-KhdsDui, 12. viii, 2006, Ar 2400.2580 n r!.t. Assciste! wirh pt6 u/li./,ia,a. A.R. Nidi #12806 {LAH). ll DNA seqo.lc€ of ITS rcgio[ot Atuttian4wconoU.t tuptov., SetL: M-A ANEAJUyOCONODEAJISI le: m 3e tt6ht: la.8 A4a b.z' h 9963 €6 r i: I I 6 E3 ri ni 2 P .8 ! b I P el 4. F t:! 5 E ^aet I , a '! : 3i t; d a I E E I rl rE TE g € t -i E; 'E -i lc I P F a ta ! I 1 !19 I P .E ei t: c E I H !q I ?, : e !F p P !c ? gF g a E Et , p E a! P E !F E5 r, I z E8 f,E 32 Pf.t 5, fig$ A{, AtuUa futuonoida & It! ECM urd.l dissting nicre!.op.. (a-B) Basididlrrs (kbn)(c) EcM G!bn) showi.g inporta.r fatu€s Bd=2 dfdA&8, 2 Dm lorC 33 D- Pht 6, Figs, A-F. Li!. ddring! ot Bsidio.r.p6 & otber .r.loDiel feluro of Ananitd frw.oaoita'\tuDhv(A-B) B$idi@rps (C) B6idia wiln p€n of subhymcnim (D) BasidiospoEs (E) Elflati of panial veil (F) Eld€nrs ot lniv.Ml wil foo pileDs Bd = I 6 for A & A; 12 Fm for C-F 34 Descrlption of EctomycorrhizN oI Amafria llawconoide, norr,. prov. Moryhologicalchanc,efidits (plat€ 5, Fig. B) E tohr@nhiul syst n infiegrcnily folid, hydophobic, dicholomous! !p ro 6 mm long, axir 1.25 mm in Illc myconbia in plde viws h6 pl€r€nchynalons lo psddopmchynatous ananSocnr of ht?hae, Outd 6td. tala ptetochyrroq nr?hac toolety int dovo, s.ptde, *irhorl d@p connariotu, sDmd! whnish, Eclv bM.h. l5 =)<=-:-_ :--l'\-- Pfatc 7, Figr, A-D, An.tonicar viws ofECM of,, narita Jldtuudoirt* todp.or. {A) Plecknlh)mJronr oJrer h'nrte rD) Inncr n.ecletuhjnxous nrttc _.cJdopdrencl)r'.'rorL (c) "r:h ,ctk tn.crnlt vicr .t Irnilomornh qnh rrt,r8cd I cnu:l hypha (D) Emanaling hythac. Sale Bar = 20 lnr 36 Aw,onical Chatucte$tics of EmaMtilg Etet tettts (plat€ ?, Figs. C-D) Rhlufo.ph r\i*, lp ro 50-120 tm qidc, @mposcd of cto*ly peked hyphe, runnins pmllel to ach o0r* mund thc widd hyphai nyphae hyatin€, s@ble vithour clmps, *ith yelowish lo otugish oily doplcl$ hyphat cctls 2t-45 |rm tons ed cylindric, 2.4 3.48 lo in dim., wio 0-86 !m tiict w.tls. Widd hlDha mt n@h thictq up to 437 Fn in did€ra, wilh W 1o I fn thict wtll, beome rhickd al btuchin& bunded rnd thin, dAtoncis oong hyph& infFqldt, Ene ating twhu nq9. o$ fton th. ourr surf&c of rhe mmrl., up to 90 Fm in kng&, s!'aight to bot ro loduous, dichoromoGty bmch.d, din wau€d, w€ll d.velop€d epra wilhoul clmpsr ht?hll c.lk up ro 20 !n in lqs$, l-2.s um i. dim., sitn stghtly lhimd wdls, up to 0,55 rn. ycllowish lo lidt brcwn ih color. Cyslidi., Cnlmydospo6 and Sclmlir not ob*rucd, Aratow ofnantle k ./6s section; modc appas thjck 6 hyphal ag3lulihation. The ftotle €dse is 13-25 rd d@p and @nsisls of a pletenchynalou! lo prddoprcnchyDatoa 1isue. Hydinc 1o whnc emrnaling ht?he €mcrge trofr $e surfe€ of the natlc, cortical cclls with Hlnis nct, up lo 2-3 rc*_ Autoht oJ ma,nt. i,lonAit&li"al wtiui plat n.nynabq hyph@ dr4gt.d in a nervrc* a@scnqli podErion ofbj,ph& s ltsnia o.t dona 2-3 @ni€l t.rs. Color u.tio!s. lonlo KOH, M€ltz.l3 Rogdl - No pclion, kclic &id tuds Voucb.r Specin@: Ectomronhia lnd.t PihB ea i.hiaM, in Hetusvm. D@anmdt of Bol&y, Unive6ny ot rhc punj.b, I,3hoF, pa&ist n. A_ R, Ni&i * ,4.r'rc,,100. FDiting bodi6 exmin.4 Psjdrran, Khespu,Ayubi4 al 2l l5 m, 37 L ArruniA polisUaita TnIc, hbal & Kndid. nr']€o,@, rxxvrr: 455,4r0 (200t ), (Plare 8, Fig. A) ltas: ?3-180 mm widq whiic to cr6 @lor to pale tan wiin omge-kn !o prl€ breM to bmM dis, ovoid ro hpdullr€ { UGt, rld @nvd lo pl&e, mbonale, m@0! slidtly wriild.d eund unbo, hois( Codt i. owge, rhe 8'ading thrcud y€llow-of&8. to whit rowatds lam€llac, wirh whit€ poriion n€d gill alrr.hmot b€coning grayish yellow 10 y€llowhh to Fllowidh grcy wh.n bruised or cuti ru€,6 striat€ (0.35-0.5 +-R) somcwhat inflcxed !r tict. Univqsal veil s sma ad.lr@: fte., clo$, p.le ,tllow, up !o 6 mm bord, wilh n&sin y€ltow-omge. csio.ally d4tal€. *frL, ddkoing on agin& nnally dsk brm_ Zmdtalad rtucare, connon, evdly dbrribunrd, of dit.e l.n8rh, nor pq4t berwd dery JtiE 25-30 i 510 ffi! palc yellw .i ti6t pal. below partial !eit, grcund @tor in naluE nat rid, n@wing upwqds! d*oar.d d mrturity by bords of ahtuou squmulose f'brils; @nl.rr wtlita Pdr,4, dr mmbmots, to lighl bom_ 'elow Uripgl rd,a s.@t slv., vhit , m.mbm!!, targg up ro 32 x lO m. M..ml.miql T6t nor t@dd. LaMI@ ttunabtta@t ,6tdii'ryo6: oo.G) lo.t t2_2 Gt2.8) r (6.5-) 7.0 c9.3) rtm, hlaline thin watred, smmll! i.dyloi4 boadly .llip$id lo cllipeid, ,6id&: ,te9 !n tqlg, l.lra st rigmate, Crandta chv.rc, rhin *att.d,55-60 i 5,tO rh thbir.t od Dlrtribltlor: Soliiary_ Patkr& N, W, Fonlidpbv, Hazm Distr. Dunsasali, Nalhiagali, Arlbia-Ki&spur, Al 240G2j80 h a.s_t. A$@iated wilh Pinw flalichiaho. l2.viii,2006A. R, Niei 12806(LAHI t8 Alad4 t"isbnt& & tt ECM lndd dirdtils nicr6@pc (A)\|'l.',.F.V. Basdi@rp^-\. GabO (E) ECM (HOii) ridins inpd.,ri fon!6. B& = 2 @ id 39 DNA seq|rem€ of nS ]tghr d Antala Nd$talkt F*:fu^s.B}&MtUeMLI+Bl..lhfuwfu1d:4sqd6N^:,6.u7 xalfu'LW|.N/lqJaJN e H E Eti dE :!E .i t: a t :irE 98 E E? t: J , * I ,E 3: E: e E3 a E I I F E 'E "i !e IE E i { : t: ,l ae 8i E I TE ! 1 -. sn 't :3 ! tt tI ! 'I FE : 'Ji E I ,ii E'i e! 7, 5 7 P: -E g F : 5= ,I b ! g ei ge i S J st I F :, { ri rl { E a 3 Eit t rE .i I ri 40 Descriptfon of Ectomycorrhlzl ol Ama^lta pakisrailco M o tp h o lo g k o I Ch arad e dst ict (Plare 8, Fig. B) EdoalconhL.l tltG6 danaty dichoionously btwh.d, conloid, 5-9 nh long, dain dis vdy short, up !o 2 nm &d 0.5-0.9 nn in did., whjr. |o ofl_whir., lips li8ht boM duc to rcminin8 in warcr aor . long tinc, *hilish .ppMcc .r d'l.n rip. Unmnarted er.k tr:ighr, 3-5 nn long ad 0,2-0.6 mm thick, swoll.n. $n. tin w@ly due !o qrtuiec nr?h.t grcwrh &lunit thn, shiny md 6ilvery b€oe of @Mul.lion ol wdd in thc hqdc sufrc., Mattc suf@ m@rh. rtusp.s! hodi tise vtuiblc, .l|lmling hyph& pDttrd. o!( of tie lfurle. Xrt ndr llick. up to 2 m, t'lqudq bundl.d h,?h&, h.iry whit., .Eglrs.led na the fiuning Uy dd 6m*t 0E mrphott?6 sith s9oM.rp, origin.lins tion rhc be b'n r fry floh rhc fip5, Erd,dng rtph@ ftqei\ rhict. tp ro 1.5 !m jn dad., whir. |o olT.qhiL to c|!d @lor, tum ycltowish bbwtr whd noiplFtyp6 gcl oldd, tggagdql @ud th. nlFrdli2.t 5ysr.!rr [email protected] rnd cylinddcat. Anrtonl@I chamd.'lci{5 ofnatttte in ptut ricti's (plat€ 9, Figs. A-B) My.onhiz. i. pl.ft via h3 ptcr..chyhsros ro p!.udopofthymaioos lyp. of afugddr of hyph& iD .ll n&rt. t.y@. Ora darr. rqr.r rreidm.l ltlc pl@loEhltmioB to peudopehyn.lous, a fd s.9l|rc ht?h& @8.izauci hyph.l &lb.lolgat d. cyliqLic.l ard hy.lim, (4) 8,12 C20) rm lons.2_2.5 rm in dim., lhh wall.d (< Ol tm)i hyph.l c.lb @np&dy .lmg.d bor lilll. int rhj/phal sp&6 pr6at. P&udoparaEhymlous @lk, non-inrc.ldtins, irregulsi @mper, no obvioB intanyph.l 4rc; ccttr noi disriturly ctdgat d, gd€rltly Dond.d, dirdr in siz!, (6.) 8,9 (-12) Fm. sn@th dd.ring hyphe ruMinE on fi. mert. surf&€, sh. tiDc pottudi!8 out from rh. tm0a A fw ..Is thicr. hlMish. onm6r.d hyph& e€rc .ls obld.d on $. ioG sut@. /rnd 'dtL tdyer lsudoDMchyrElou, .cU! cl@ly plck d. no dillaqti.tior of hrph&, .long.kd, wide, hyalin , ircguldly amD$d, dillcmt in si&.nd tni.b6s, (+) 5-6 CD rm, slighrly sm.ll6 rh.a out.r netl. cclb. 4l =<---..- a_- -: :-- .'*:.. o-o, l::.:: rDpotulr h.robicrr fe,ruB or NronyNrrhizrr noryno\pe or Andhitd pakin ,/.a {A) plecknchhr,or o!* M e rdrs (B).psudope";;,;il,:j;#;T" r.,&molpn ;i:,'iciii:i#fff :; sho$ins Hrrncedlomqs(D, Emanarinshyph;. j""i" t ,:2,i.u.", Andaomical chdrucre,{talcs ofenanding eler,teits (ptalc 9, Figs. C-D) RnizMotpl hn tbick lgsrcsarions of hyph&, @ty joinine with on anolho by 'Hltt?c saromGig Individuel hnhae thin up ro 6 th, hyaline snd sli8htly ,luowish, 5Doottt, b@hcd .nd ephrc, wjthour ctmp cometions, C€ntEt cnldgcd hFha pB6t; up ro 8 Fln in dian., scpra paniaUy or complclcly fu!!d, thict &d s@th wdL4 up to 2 Fm. B@on$ Whk e\.t8ilely br6ch.d, sooth !urf&ed, Oic[ wdlcd. up ro 1.5 lrn, @omo$ly sp1aL, c.U6 l2-tE Fm tong Md cylind.ic.l, reudcd, *i0!out clmr!,34 un in di@. l@tony of Mnle i, @$ t..ti@; rhc wholc tlol is sumrid.d by funSlt sh€.rh, aloul 48 tlm thi.t. H}?h& conpeily .rn scd, c.tls bundcd !o cylindric.t. f@ hFh.c m.ling ou{ of rhc m&d. sharh. Hmig rd up ro 2-3 t.r@ of @dq, hypha dcn*ly 6@udiog dE @rtical attr, with btunr ad6. .t ,otony of M,t in longitudinal tariM: ll)'hE W@ .s thict aSgrcgdioE, @lh @i.ngutu, @moa! beon. thimr low.td! oursidc. HeiiS rct up to th@ @rricEt hy.E in $e fm of frnso lit pDj@lion eo!8 elk. Colot Rdctio.t 15% KOH & Mcttzd'! Mecnlio @ton, rrdc aidjishl vorctd Spel@lf Ectony@lrhial mrphoiypc und€r pid6 wlti.tiana, in H.rbaium, Dcp.nh.nr of Borrny, Univdny or rlE punj.b, khore, pa*brrn. A. R. Niai , ,1. patlol. FruitirS bodi6 cxein d; p*jsra, NWFP. l N ni. g.lli, al2 | 35 n. 5. Amanita fubescens Pd., Tent. disr. neth. FunE.: 1t (1791). (Plar€ 10, Figs. A,B) lciLlr: 60105 dd widc, rcddisn bown ar ccnir., oII white ro whit€ to crqm at ndeins. bmispheric at fi6t, &en convex io brcadly convcr to pled, shinx dry, non.ppcndiculate frargiDs; Contcxt up lo 4-5.5 mm tni.k at disk, utrivcBrt vojl peenti prominmt in rhe fom ofoblong ro Dundirh, dlll Ed lo r€ddish bbwn lo pale brcMish gray lDall edis, (hat aF cdily r€novablej .,rr4* whire, rums Eddish wh€n stoely bruked or cu! ftarA,"r witholl shidion or ninutely slri.ted. Zdu{r@r ft* lo dd..t, cowd.d, whit., som.tim. discoloring,5l5 nn brudi rdrrlr4rad lluncat€, @mno4 ev.nly distribDt.d, ol div.c. lcngh, presnl b.rwed ,t14ft: 50-145 i 10-23 dd, €qu.l or sliShlly bulboq row..d be, notably lon8tr rhd pile$ wiillhi Ue b6. wilh sal6 or 2orcq wilhoul rim: whitirh b@nins pi*ish lo diny E4 sm@rn but $m€tim. wit! 0.t6, prl,,/ wl .updior, lhicl, membtlmut modsably bead, skinlikc, p€Eirt6t, b@ming clcs, 6ll.p!in8 atd r@ing, up lo 12 tm lona; ,niE r./ El pltqr in ft. fom of whirc or pi*isn nat6 on tov€r pan of the stip., losl duing @llcinS rh. !poe.A- Odrr .!d ,6n tul turd.d. M&dtenisl T6tti no @rd.d ,6irn.: 18-24 x 3-10 rm, 24 sldigmtc,0 n w.llcd, clavaic. B6idi.tto6. 11.5-) 8.trt0.5 {-12.5) x (5.0-) 5.4-7.0 (-8.0), €llipeid, ctolglrc lo bMdly ellipeid, @lorl*, thitr-w.llcd, m@rh, dyloid, subslobo* 10 €ltip$id; apiculs !ubla16l, cylin.lriq @nrdis dominMily nonoguttubtc, with or without additional m.ll gaul6 ocEion lly 8r& rl,t cold in d@sn whirc. U.bft.r dd Dirtribrtlorr Solit4ry. Patisr.lr N. W, Fbntid Prov.-Hue Dislr. - Ar rhe aay iowsds Mukhpuri, Ar 2400-25E0 n a, s, l. Aseciated wirh p,?e rarriatu I2 viii.2006 A. R. Nieil l2806lLAlll. Pf.a lO' Fi!t. A-D. B..rdio.tF { tlturit dle6 & lit ECM !!.|.r diftti.r Dndop. (A-D) aridi@rF (H.bn} (GD) EcM (g.l'0 ln@ins impqtart fatrd Scat. Bd = 2 cn fd A& B,2nn fdC & D 45 DNA aall-.a of,lnb rr!d, F&:o1@lt4Jdt-M./tttt _n.,vat b.8* ntyl. t:It:nt"ta, UI ItBe crE t:t,* rr.tt tJ{t4r_mt La: tab*: ta&tr$bh r'rta i : P r! de E € ! E T ! ; IE e E a6 t rE I E I E IU t? ! I 5 I E r! * F cs E : 9l t; R : EE IP F 3 E : 'E "! I rE i t: I ll; -E I : I 6 !! g t E ei rl t i * i!: : ! E r5 I I : f 4 : tt i.E r! !i6 I z F, !i E i! rt E : 3 rl ? E E rE fli ! sl a a! ,|6 Description of f,ctomycorrhiz ot Anqniu ruhescens Motphological Chtracad ics (plare 10, Figs. C_D) Ecromyonhket sysr.6 norcpodi.l pimarc, 4-12 m long, with 0.5,2 lm lhick dis, smetin€ prctuely br&ch€d dd fom clustersj color of rhe n}torhizal sysGn whit€ ro ofi-white wbcn you8 and rum light bown when ser old€r. Very thrck lay€r of ma{q som€tim* giv. silv.ry appcmc€, opaqu€, no nos! usue visible, but in fs pl&cs in $e fom of whilc parch6. U,,ra, ilied ends s|l^ieht to bent, (0.5-) 112.5 ( t m lons, 0.4-0.6 mn in diam., slishtly swollen. Mdde $rface snooth, $mctimes rough dle to aboplion ofnabltc tayer and €DSaged eil Fnicles, whne ro lhiny due !o prcenc. ot$ilparriclcs dnd war€r amonS the mM{e nwhe. Enanatiry htpht. lilqucd, whirc, and thin up !o 3,0 pn, somelin€s sumunding tn€ unmificd c.ds.Irt odortlis trcqucnr, shitc, thick up to 6.0 rm, ouded, b.irv bd.hed, slidtly $oltq ar b6., di* dostly frm th€ rglricled points, tmly iron the be. Anatoni&I Chorucre''sti.s ofnantte in ptal ieles (ptat€ I l, Fiss. A,B) The mrsrrfiiza h pld vid wilh ptcrcncnynatous amamml otht?hae in all !ny6. Otu. h6tL latd l@*ly rd likc mgcd, hyph@ bmched ed $Dral€: hyphal ells cyliriricil, | +25 ,rm lon& 2-3.5 tm if, dim., ea rhic*ns !p to 2 Fm: emelin6 h}ph& rppd d .io8 lilc rruamenti sinple H-g?e .idronosis ptMl mong I€w panllcl hyphe, whir ro hrrtine, m@th surfec, reunded and vitnoll cldps. I^ne ns,L l.t , d.nety plst€nchjdalous; hyph& cloFty p&ked with a fw inlerht?hal .p&€s, dt ngl.d eirh @h otn€r, bmched sd s€pl.rq h4hal cclls ouded !o cylindiic, shqrcr thd ourd helt€ ht?hal celk, ( I O)- l4l?C24) )rm in loglh,2-3C4) An indinm., sinptcor fuscd andtoncis ohsfled. clmps lacking; hrlne ffi@th wall.d dd hyaline. /eD, r,p sliSr ly yeuowisn, pleclonct''malous megenent of bDha. foming a dcne ftyccli,l mar, hyphre 3- 4.5 Fm in dran. Sclmtia noi obscocd, Pl.i.. ll, Fi$. A-D, IDporrrni .mroaic.t tqrurg of ..tonycorrtir.l morphory$ ol Ananno rub.kflr ( 4l | @set) net lile @g.men, of oJkr roys (tr. man c ucrrt) DtccrenlhJm4ob rnner m<c ta)er (C) InkmJt yiew ol rnramorph (D) bmanaunghyphrc sste br= 20 un. 46 Anatonical Charucte stlcs of enasating denents (pt^te I I, Figs. C-D) {r,lprdrrl thiclq up ro 130 Fn, *idc rcunded ro fla! conpGcd ofcto*I, prk€d p@ll€l hr!h@, snooth, r4l, btuched, leptatei hthal c€lls Duded dd cylindnc, 10-16 tm lons, 3-4 [n in dim,, wa s rhi.k up lo 0,46 ,rn; $oclinc tus.rr wilh @h oth.r with o. wilhout dy panicule t}?c of esronosi,. A wide cenlral hrlhr rlso obsw€d, up to 5.0 Fn i. dio., ihicL va ed, up !o 0.5 Fm, incompl.le se9L. wifrbut clmp c@@rim. Eiu. nc hrE G st64 tt\d up lo 2-3 rn in d'an. md appoximalety t50 ,rm in td8rh, ddadns out fton rhe Outer nahtl. laycr, stzi8hr ed nqiblc, *!tre wi$oul ckhps, bmchcd. Cyrridia ed chlamldospores not obsdcd. A@tonr olwnlle in oN tetio"; ndllc eFs s sherh ry ro 42 Fn thick ed co$ish of plstench)rMlous risus, peneroting the corlical rsion u,1o 2-t laycrs fomins E nig nc1, Em&rring ht?h& @creine olr tom rhe our.t swfe.. AM\M! ot ndhtte in lohgitrdinal ection; pl6tocnrmatou hr?hae tudin8 pdalel, €hrMgle wi$ @h othd foming a c@pdr im€r laF, Fned-arin8 inio d,c co.rhst E8jon, fon'ng d€n* Snad lik nctwork dong conid ccllq @hing to .ndod.ftis. Color Ra.rlon. 1ry. KOH. M.tu.rt Rclg6t- bllish, kcnc ed_ no r.erotr, voucter Speid... Ecron)@nhia under pi@a ,nithiana, in Heft(iun. Dep.nnor of Bolany, puja!, Univmily ot lhe Ljlorq parjsrn. A. R, Niei # Ax,l02l. palkran, Foiting bodi6 qmin 4 Khespu,Arabia, at 2135 m. 49 6. Amatita p?l<3, My.oto,@, txxvfl;455-490 (20ur)_ Pd.,s: 40-e5 m wide, b'own 0."",.(t#;rj?#'&f;"J " r,.r'.r di$, odwi$ y.llow-breM to bbmbh y.ltow (b@ming palcr with qpuion) Dd prcgcsiv.ly prlq lo offwhile bw&ds nDrgj". c.npanulst€ to bo.dly cdpeulale at fisi, ih€n convd, ev€ntoally plaf,e with uhboi conrar off_white. $in. bnnb; ra€t sutubcrcuTllesfitre, tuiwt veit L6dh.t fre ro r@t! ^bnr_ adnat, crowded, or-whire ro p.tc trllowish .red; lm€ ul& sharq nor Ecordcd. eatler.d, very infrequml in sh. sro6, ofdiv€Ae ldslh!. Jrb.: E0_ (loo-) t2t (- ! | 4{)) 2.5- (4) l0 Ct 5) m, al ti6r *bne or tFr sbiny tt [F! b€onins pals wilh ..d l6s shiny with as6 due to slipe €xp{$ion, sme rimc slrfM bccomiis fibdllosc sqlmulo8e in lully apeded speimtu sd thd the sut&e d@ntbn encrime sran ro bDM, n@wins upw..d, drd, vhire, uchdging *ho clt d boiscd: qenulale; U,i@ral Eil as sc.t€ volvd, otf-while to crcm wirh ochtu€ous slors ad slam, shqthin& adhqing io sid6 ofsdpe below, abru ly ndrowed ro eudd poini ar b4q app@ing ro have a6tat. surf&e *ilh a@le d icgule patch6 cappcd w,th bu8hly c€nl|al [email protected] @hnc@u6 warrtike stru.tur.s and serqat€d by very wni& n.tairl of in!.rior, wilh /mr6 rrradB nor d&ibeA. Odu am, rdra nor lgdcd. [email protected] Td!: mn6 |€odcd. Ar.ridtr. (9G) |]o r 120 pn Cl95) ihick wilh ycttowish subpcltis oa unscldtiiizcd hr?hdc 25 60 rmi filancnroui, urdilleMriald hnhe l.?-7.5 !n wjd., btuchiry dissD$od; v@uld h}?h& 1,8'16 Fn *id., sinmE, innequor, udaty dbrribuled, !u,r, .ortdr film€ilou!, undif.Fnti.led hyphre 2.8 7,4 rm wide. LMeIo tr6,l bilarcBl, slbhym.nial be .pp@rty @nlaining fitqdrous, undif@tialcd hwha. ed innarcd cclts. ,6drrq%: (,12) x lo.Gt L7 (8_5_) 9.5- | 0.5 (-l 1.5) !m, HFlinc, thio wall.d, shmln, subgloboF, e ipsoid to broadly ellipsid, aDicutus latcFl to sublaldl, hdl, indyloid; @ntors momautlutsL. llrbii.r & Dtrribrttor: paiB, prcv. Solirary or in Fa&istanrN. W. Fbntier _ (aghan Djltr,, Shcrun, K.8h& Valley, pk6 ar 2400-2600m a. s. L wirh *a\icttio,a. A. R, Niei * 30807 50 PIrt€ 12. Figs A-(r. Bnsidift.rps or h. AMrita prk3 & lrs ECM nnd€r dis.cting micrdcope (A-B) Basidiocarps (Habrr). ((l) r,CM (Habit) shownrg inponrfi fealures Bar 2cnforA&B.2nnforC 5l Descriptioo of Ectomycorrhlz^ ot AnMita p^ks Morphological chancte srics (Plate 12, Fig. C) Ecto"D'rotnid ,sten d;.hotoNously br .h.d to coralloid, fiequently aound, lrydrophobic, dp ro 7.5 nim long, axis 0.t nn 52 --T-=- -t t1;:: t-\ - --::r::_]------.- Pl{c- l!, r8s A-D, lDDo.r2ri rn.iosicrt fqiuro croorcorhir.l norphog0e, of of Ananna ptkj (A) D@ly pEqemynab6 lo turte tdyer (8, p{udoparcn(h}marou\ innq mMrtr By(r (, rnremar vrcw o, rF r&monh (D) Em.nalng hyd.c scojc bar 20,mr 5l Anatortical charqcaeistics of eno sting eknents (ptate 1 3, Fi8s. C-D) Xrrildarpls undif@rialed (rr?c B, Ag@, l99t)i m&gin, db6 mmrhi htphrc comprclly rmgcd ud of uitom dian., banchcd, snr@$i cnldstqt a jointdi frequently *pllrc, cclts 20-28 !m tcnstb,2.8-4,8 pm In drtun., walts 0.5-0? tlrick, cldps rarc, compactly lnl lovcn hr?hae and somerih. fued wilb eeh othcr wl$our ey pan'cule rt?c of eGtomosis, sinrt€ aetonosis ob*Nei. EnMcitS ,rrrad dicnoaonosly tuitied, snoolh, dick, &d sephtc; scp(a thict od wcll dovelop.d, but withoul clahps. Hyphalcells l2-25 Fm long,3.J4,6 rm in dim., cell wal16 thick, ut ro 0.8-1,0 fh. Crsridia lacking. Cht0nrydosporcs not obseded. Aralon! aI nahtle in ctuss sect o,i tranlto appe6 thick as hr?bat asgregation!, phcknchyhalous rhrou8]1our aomins a dhdnct shath, (30-) 40.50 c55) lln lrick, drllcml laye6 disccn bte, corriot @Is wirl Hanig ner in 2-3 os, mostty 2 ,ows tcaching qdodmis, lrcqu.nrly @ifi.4. Antonr eI nanu. n toheitudinarseclton: plecknchynatous hDhac €ntdel€d, running pda[el rowatds loor tengrh, difclenl laycrs dbceniblo, sh€alh in rhe fom ofhyrhalbundt6. Conicatcclts with Hanignct 2-l bws, roundish ro cylindricat,2,j !n rhick, trequoltymrficd. color Ractions: l5% KOtt, Mctaer.s Rqgffr & Lacric ed-no rc&tion. vouch.r specim.n: EcromroEhizat norphor}?e und* pi,b \|alichk^., in Herbariun, Depanmen! otBolany, punjab, Unive6ity ofthe Laiore, paknlan, A R. Nlui# 12086E {LAII) 54 7 yaginala . Ananita (Bo|,.) t xn., En r.l. MAr_ Bot. (pdii) I I 109 ( l78j). (PIat€ 14, Fig. A) faklr: 50-100 hrn vidc, gey lo glcy bbwD. ghbous, sticky when nroist, olod to cnpeulatc rl U6t, th€. convd b ptmoronvex, unbonate, sone lin€s cmlFlly d€pre$Fd, maryins Basi tiospor.t: 19 .5-) 10-t3.s (- 14.8) x (8.5.) t.5-12.2 (-t4) pm, hy.tine, @lod6s, lb ih wal led, j smoolh, inahy loid, elobos. to substobose, whire n d ep6ii, Hrbitat Ard Dllfibutlon: On grcund, Sotiiary. palislaj N, W. Fonti€r pnv._ H@ Distr.-Ayubi.-Khespur, At 24OO-2j80 n a s. L Assiatcd wilh p,r6 ,z/rarri,,a. l2,viii.2006 A. R. Nizi 12806 (LAH). 55 Pfrt. la. Ffp. A-8. Dstdia.rp! ot AMLa wgi@ & ttr ECM und.r dikcllnt nh.o..oD. (A) B&idie.r?3 aH.bnL tBt ECv (rtrb{) thosn8impdu.l t6ruB. Bd - 2 o fd A" 2 nn aq B D€scriptioo of Ectomycorrhizt oJ Amanilr M o tp h oI o g ical c huacteinics (Plal€ t4, Fig. B) Edohtrothkdl ststt dichoronously btuned, dicholoDi6 shon .nd dcnse, coBlloid,5-10 m long wirh about I0 mm thi€k main disi Sitverywhilc lo c@m color! ycllowish bown to light bown wh€n mycofthiza seG otdq Urrumital qr.k stmi8ht witn sfiehly soltd tips, 2,6 on lons wirh 1.5 Im in dim. Man c th'ck, opaqu€j distinctly visibtc al mt rurtec, hGr dssuc ,or visjblc. .noolh ro pc€led eramy, ad 6ily olt xri.,r"rr, f,cqu.n y oriainared 6om lhe bsc of |hc n)@dhiza, ound.4 whire pref@ly [email protected], hairy, up to O.t Im in diu., thick bac.nd tlimq roward disrd fld, pcBisrmt slmundins rhe mronhizt srstcm e5l6. Enudti,g htph@ infEqu€nr. whn€ ro crem @lour, Ercty blehcd. ^ ']ar thin, orisinat€d frem tbe b6e a welt s frcn rhe rip of rhe nycofthizal sysrem. Anatonical chonctefistics of htl&te in pta,t views (plat€ 15, Fiss. A-B) Mtrorhia in pl&e view hs looelly pl€clachyhatous 10 pl€ctqchym.rous danScm€nr of hrDha€ in all l^trB, Oqtq ntun. Ia$t tohcly pl*t€nchynatous, Hyph.. 6t&8led Mrh kh olhd, smctim6 rjn8 tile Mmsmenl obldcd. r* hy?Mc f!.e 57 :---= G- SF D- Ihtc 15, Fi$. A,D, Inportrnt lnaronicot fqtur€s of ccronvcorrhizrl no\t\ottrtc oI Anlnita wcin4ra I A, Loosst) pte. ren\ h) mrrolq oa$ m;nrh h) s lA) Dcnscly n] 5E Anotonical Chamdefinics ofenanating elene s (Plale 15,Figs. C-D) Rhi@noryh t\ick, lp to 100 tm wide ar the be, lapcB towords the tip. prcfmely b!dch.d, haily, conposed ofdololy r&kcd pmuelhnloc surounding lhe cdtial h}?h4 byphae *plale, virhour ddt cometioq ht?h.l cclts 14-18 fn long dd cylind.ical, 3.5-4.8 rn in ilid., 0rict ulted up ro 0.5 tn in djm.. $nerime fucd wnh ech olbd by simplc ddroncis. Widc c6r6t hypha E ely seplare sone tim. 3cpra fusd or [email protected]., !p lo 8.0 !o in dim., brcome rhinna at btuching poinb Endhanry hrphae riin wal! d dd seprate;ht?halceus t3-l? pn long, up to 3.0 tn in dim.; lcw hy?ha..hmatir8 out frcm ihc outcr mell€ lay.r, strai8ht dd fldible wilh btunt endr, wiitDui cthpr, btuched. ChlmydopoB dd Sclcotia ool obwcd Anatodr of nan e i, c6s sedion; .ptaB 6 tbicL sharh, up lo l() |rh dd coGis6 ol ddscly wov€o pl€tdchym4rour rissu€ with en&ating nyth& runnins awry rrom lhe nandc shealh, ndtle ht?ha. p.nerhling inlo rhe conical region up ro endodmis loming rhick Hadig aer. Afatod, of mantle n tongitudinat sectior: pl€t€nchynitous hDhac running pmllcl to cach olh€r fooing a compmt inno la)€r, pm€lmlin8 inlo thc @nial Egiotr, aominS ddc nngd likc ndwort mong color Rertions: l0% KOH, Melrzsi's Raa€ot- no re&tion, L&tic acid rums Vorher Spsime!: Ecronlronhiza u.df Pin6 eali.hi.ano, in Herbatim, Depa.hqt oa Bokny, Univdiry of $c Punjab, Lahor€, Pali5r4, A. R. Nizi * AR I02l . Ftuiin8 bodie dmi.e 59 8, Bolelus bafiowsii Tni6 & A.H. Srt' Mv@tamn t(zJ: 262 (t916J (Plate 16, Fiss. A-B) Pn 6; 8-20 d boad, @nvcx to subglobos beoniry brcadlv @vs lo w'lh ndly plde witb agq @nvd beoning b@dly @nvd lo flal; whilisb ci€dv wbrc to a pintish lin8., to bufi; s@0r or sucdc'likc l!,ts: Up to 25 mm de.p to g@sh rrllowhh. ?oB $.11, whilc or Pallid whd vo!n8' hdmin8 vcllow ycllov in !sB. Slt ,: 60'200 i 2G60 md, .lightlv nlus'd belov n )oung pilh speciids, fim, slid; whilisi to butf, soh.timd brcMGh st'insi reticulale' padiculely ovq $e upplr *clion Contcxli lbick. vhite, un'hmgiog or bluing verv lishlly n€d lh€ tubes Odou pl$ant Tdtc pl4trl' : spi'dle_shaPed 'dsldi'itoE chlat€' lo cllipsoid, sn@th, 13_15 x 4_5 ln DcPosii dftl olivebm{n 'asld'4: ro bisfdgnrat€ b lt{i! *€nsnate, (2?-) 30_48 C5l) x 6-ll !n c'6tui4: ctNale cyliftlrical, hyaline, satlq thd bdidi!, I 5_24 x 4-l I Fn Itrbit t Dd Dtlribltlo.: singly, $allcrcd or in 8to!ps, Pstisllr: N \{ Fnntiq Rovle At Pov. - Hazd- Dislt , KnanspuFAvubiq N.$i68di, undd '4b'6 /t'dtuY 2,100-2600 m a. s. 1., l6d Augul 2006 A, R. Niui s I 5806 GnH) D€scription of Ectomycorrhi?r oI Bolztus ba owsii (Plate 16, Fi& C) M o rpho lo gical C htr oct e ie ic s Edonrc@hiltl trst.N Monogodial piM.te, hvdophobic; fteq@ntlv tound undr lhe fruilitg bodx cou€cdon mad€ bv lhi€k mvc'llial slrmds b€twen spo@arp md norphol,!6 of .clomrorhia3, bdncni'8 vetv €x€lcive' dilied stdigh( lo bdt syslcm 14-25 nn lons wi$ I O nm lhick m.in axis Urra,ried 6ds wnne lo sliehtly swolled a1 lip, cylindrical, 2_8 mn long, up lo 1.0 nd in dim: Mrnrle sur'ae snooth bul ,€llo{ish brc*i lo lighl brcwn, bul dark brcwn wilh osc sn€tiEes hlphae obsr.d in agSrc&lions in mdtle' silv€rv app€aBnce due lo 'n soil pani€16 €mb€dded nong lhc ht?hi€ duc to 6tickv nalre of h}?ta€' Iri!,fl,,prrt freq!€d, distinctly connelcd lo lhc frinllc surra'c, 6ick' onsiflalcd point ofongin' frcn the b& orGriclcd point ofunmiUcd dds, t€llowish at lhe smooc to hairy, bEEh.d, vhiL to odsish in @lor' Euded' l-15 nm in did wilh Emdalins hyPhae not rrcqu.n! lhicr. shilc uhcn vouns wnib tums lidl bbw' ag€, @ified {ow.rds di.ttl sd! 60 rlsrxoF (^.aI -.jdocrps Ol|bio. (C) EcM Glbit |h@i!g iDpol|ai fd$F! Ba= 3 6 forA& 8.2 6'| forc. 6t Ahatonical Charadini8 ofnat.Ie tu ptan eieps (plar€ I7, Figs. A-B) Plectenchlmatous palt€m of hythae obs€Ned in lhc all lar6 of thc nanrlc swtace Ouer haitle Sutae densety ptectoncnymaroust hr?ne aranSed in lhd fofr of ring lik€ arugenenl, septltc, septa f!€quent dd tnick 6 cell walls, hr?h.c alhosi ouDded dd cylindrical, clmps lacking, simple H,tlpe eotomosh @cuts donS htph&, hrpnal celh 30-55 C60) lln long, up to 2_2.8 fm in din., ihict warrs, up ro 1.5 rq hyatirc or slighty whiljsh in @to. I^n 6utt Sot!.e ddsely placnchynalols g€l.rinols, htphac anh yeloqish to o@gish oily marn, scplal.i sefla 0'ick walled s doliporc likc; tr?hal cclts no1 @Gtriclcd at *ptum, sligblly shond lh@ outer n&tle cells, (151 20-25 (.45) rm,,m@th waled, hyalin., 2-2.5 Fm in diad., clmts abscnr! no speial patrch ofhylhae disc.mibl€. A fcw hr?hac fused with e&h other by simpte o.*irhout any parlicular ty?e ofandlodosis. Anatomical Chatucteistics oI enanating elenenE (pt^te I 7, Figs. C_D) Rhizomory, thick, ireEutdy bnnched, sti8h y lhickr at bmching poi.r., rypicutly bolcroid; pqithml n}?h& surcundiDg thc cenrnl wide. hypha; sepr.lc, !@ra com?lctei bythal cclls tGl8 tn tong t.5-2.4 Fn in diam., virl 0.15 [o wall d ckn*; conp.cily Mged, Dcrty rumi4 peltct wili @h othd, t* hylhlq fuscd by E-l}?€ a6lonGis, sm@lh surfe.. Thict and wids c€nr6l h}?h4 up ro ? lm in dim, wilh tused spn, b6on. slightly thinn$ ar bmching poinc. Clanp connecr'ons abseni E z,arts tt @ white, fiequenrty eplale, scpra rhick and coniplcrc. Y shape brahch6, wni $ick walh. up to 1.5 tb; clmp connectioN and aidstondF nol obseryed mongh'!hac, Hy?hll cell6 up ro 24 tm to.g,2.5-1.0 Fn iD di!n. Sclerotia dd cblDydospoB ab*nr. tratan, oI flohtte in ctqs kction., nrdtlc appe6 6 thick rhea$ wnb l0O% fEquency, up ro 45 pn thi€ki pd€tElin8 dc @nical Egion up b 3 layes, aoning Hlnig ner, preEuding lowards c.do Color Rcactjons: 15% KOH, Lactic acid-no Reacriont M€trzcrs Rsagcnt-Lighr 62 Platc I?, Fig!. A-D. lmport n( m.tonicrl feturB oa .cloDycorhial norphoqp. ot Bol.tB bam$t (A) OuG. nmrle hyd (B) Imcr mdle lays (c) lnlenalliew oflhircmoQh (D) Enanadnghyphae. Scale Bd:20 Fm 6l Ectomycorhia undcr tlbies prdtov, h Hcrbdun, Dcpanmdt of Botloy, univ.Fny oflhc Puja!, tlhore Patjsr$, A. R. Niei # ARNI576. Fdiring bodi6 cxdin.d: Patisrd, Nathi.aali, d 2135 m. pes' 9. Boleaus calopus t,,. Med r,s.(Cduin8en)z:513(l801). (Plar€ 18, Fig. A) AL!$ 6.5-8 clo) cn bo.d, onvq-bbadly coneex_h€niwhcri.at, su.frce 3ub-viscid wh.n wer, em.rimc. .uperncialty cr&k€d inlo ,jne palch6, ofl-whne to grayrsb ro pale y.llo*ish }!llow, whilc at har8in!. Conl.xi ihick up ro 2 cm ar di,c. soG grM *niq or .!.rt AEd whd cut or brujs€it; t stc mitd to bilrer, odour mn€. tt dnde r.rid: to adqcd,.in ro whiG, Ming dul gen wh.n cd or brui*d, lub$ yellow, '€ttoq lmon ciEular ed ciowd.d, 5 8 nm lon8, concoloou!, Jri,.: 8-11.5 cn long, 1.5 cD thick. ofi-whne to r.d, eraish rcd reticularions pr6dr on yeUowish whne 1o sRyirh rcd gbur4 be ot.tipe *ollq or butbous up to 2 cm boad. drdr.: htalinc, thin v.ltcd, ctavab, r.th srcrismab, 24l7 x 5.4 cs) tl ,6An : [m. ro,E oblong-boldoid io lubtusifom, slighlly ariculale, 8- (10, 12 ( x t5) 4-5 rtt. Ctstidttt t9-24 | G8.3 !m, .t!var, hyatinc. H.bitrt & Dlttribltio( grcund, On PatisrM: N. W Frcnlicr prcv., KhdspuFArrbja, Mthiasali, Shtu, undcr,4b,6 pfir'ror Royle, At 2350 m a. s, 1., l5'i jolx 2006, A, R, Ni&i, ARN* r5706 (L{0_ Descrlption of Ectomycofthlzz of Bolea.s utopas I.Iorphological charu.tetts,ict (plate I 8, Fig. B) Ectont@fitut trskn frellueii y found, sinpte 10 monopodial-pinn.G. 7-lo ( lJ) long, m an r.5 hn in diq. UrrcdiJied ad, slaidr( or b€nt !o slisnlty tono6,6-10 m ldg and I mm in did., white ro cl!m, E,,,p whrrc wirl lr.nslee bben Dots; oldd panr lho eirh light bnwn su,fac€, bul rcors moe distincrly brcwn. Surfa!. ot unmjfi€d 6ds lnootn to rcugh, wirh shiny app.ddce m $me pans due to air sd wars |latpd amr8 ndd. hyphac s w. 6 rh'zomorph!, nd Issu. not visible uder tnc ahanh. 4&,@norr'ns ori8indlcd from the b6e of the unrmjfied €nds oflhe nyconhizal eysim; fr€qlent, so@lh to h,iryl b@ched towards distat od!, @m-dng dislinclg b lnc notte sufsc., hos y whie but ruEs ofl-whitc ro c!!e whd Scls otdd, rcud€d ro Rar. 65 n.& ft' FiSr A-B. Arttnlt r.!.o' bl.ttt elo|u & llt ECM !dd.r di..titr! rkMop. (A) Baidianrp (Hrbir) (E) EcM oltbiD 3h@in8 inpon foru6. Br= 3 cm fq A,2 mm fd B 'r 66 , ./dr rccrio,, brached al nat mgles, nostly dicholomous, up ro I -2 nn lhicl! up ro I m al bdchina pointri hypha€ dtdSled !o qcn otnd, dillicult to scpmt€. Enatuti"A hvnte vhire Io tieht btuM, rhick, dek brcwn hwh.. ale obsryed, nol rbuhdel on wholc of dre nrofthial ststed, shon b bng, pbnDcly branchcd. Anotonical Chaructetistics oI s\tace h pla '!er|s (Plate 19, Figs. A-B) Manlle pl.crcnchynatous in all lay.6. Exttucrrical nypbae penl wnh rcush surlace due to wans. Ottat henne WeB C.l^ino$ znd withour crsnidis, l@*ly pl€ctqcnymatous wnn trcl likc amgment of hyphae (trT. B, AgcG t98?- 2002), nnslik€ mangen€nr aho obsedcd;hyphac dclicate, idcgularly ramin€d, and sepiat.: dolipore like scpta witlolt clups bul thi€k 6 c€ll wall6i sm@th suriacc. few with s!! s or waft, ycllow pigmcms ob3dcd in fcw hylnaci sinptc o. bridse tikc cnaslomosis obscncd, but in aew htphae bridgc al$ l&kins, hyphac sinply iuse wilh qch olhcr. tlyphal. cdls 04) 18-26 (-44) tn tone, consishrly cytirdncal in shale 12 ffr in dim., cen walls 02-0.t !m thick. trdr nantle blq dds.t! pl4tochynalous. Ht?hae coloulBs to ycllowish, dd shaight cells, fcw hr?hae slightly swoll€D al scptalion but not consticrd, lhictly wovm nctlike d&8.mal of h4lrae (tr?s Ai Agerer, lt87-2002). Hr?hae septdtc with rhick and welt-dcvcloped scpt4 cells 20-44 tn in lqslh, up ro 2 rh in dim_, etl watls 0.2-0.5 Fn rhick opcn or sinplc anGtonosis obseryed mong hy?hae, cladps lacking. t/ery tits wirh rhe lane slnciur6 $ In the laleml9arts. Anatonical Chanc.etistics of Endna.iry ek"'.n s (Plate 19, Figs. C-D) Rhizonorph rhi.k,42-50 tLn t\ick, undif.rcndated, ht?hrc l@ing parallel wirh a thick cdEal h}?hd @rcr h4nal c.lk wilh lm@fi surf&c, f€qu€nlly sepratc, 12-34 fn long, upro 3 )rm in diah., wilh up to 2 llm rhick wall, Cldp conneclioos absml bui clmps likc shcturca obsePed ar s€ptslion, a f* hr?hae @mcctcd wnh ceh olh.r by .inplc mlomoris but no sp€cial psn n of hyphal atusendr discenallc. Tne wide tlick *all€d cenrral bylha dely seprate, 6-8 tn in dim. Enu.tita hwha thick, Wecne4 btuching nosdy Y-sha!c; sn@lh walled &d sellate, hr?hal. c.lb 10-16 Fm long,4.0 rm in dim., wirh 0.5 rn rhick walt. Aratamt oI nanne in crots sectio,t mandc appcaB 6 shcarh up ro l() Fmi penetr.tin8lh€ ortical region, up ro 2 larrB fomins Uartig nal. Emanains hyph& ctoerging our aom rhe slrfacc. ,lhatant o! no. e in lonsitalkal srctton: hwhe 67 {p..r !! !.?., porddrt ido tr qdol F!to.. p.onl.ly tr|et!4 bmiis daD fDc{ lit n{*ut |tids dricd c.[r Color Ra..t@: lstlKog & Ldic Ei.!m rdi6; It lErd. Rasal{d( Vod.r S!.dEr BdodrEdtiz. uldd ,rrra J,irdror, h ilqbsilD, DQdhr of Boby, Ulivadty of e; Ptdj4 t tolqPS!4l5'ftry,2005,r" n- Nisi * ARNI4?6 6E P|lrc, lq. Fi$,_ a-D. tmnorrrnr .Mtomic,t n.+notyn. fc.tur$ ol cctomy.orr[rjl or BohrB dtapB t^, Lo.rety ddenchytr r il,,ffi:i i:,:itTlJTi::i :li": lB:.l,#"1, l;#lult Tl:: llfi 69 10. Boletus edulis B!|. erbierllc ta Fra'ce2:tab.60,r7az)_ (Plate 20, Fis. A) Pilels: 8-20 cm b6ad, convq to broadly convex or subglobos beoning plane vilh agc, typially pallid 1o crusr blwn or rcd boM, noi$ but lubricous lo subvGcid inver w.!ther. sdoorh surracc (o vrinkled C,,rdr 2.4 cm ovq lh€ srip., lhick, unchasin& t/,r",ri!,,: por* very small, pallid, b6onins dull fina y '€llow, dingy y.llowish-Br4n Tubs up lo I cm dceP, p.ttid ad sulled rh6,oung $rdid s@nnh ycllow in agc. Srpd: nEsilc, 10-15 cD Ioog, !p to 4-6 cm lhict al bsc, plllid !o pale brcwn, retculale { 16l ovd uppcr ponion. y€rt atr*nr. Brauioqod: (la ) ls.tl6 Gr7.8) x (4-) 5-6.5 C7) rm, rusifom ro elipri€al. Spoe prirr olive- bown. ,6/d/c: clavob, ycllowish, lctra srerignar, 30-52 x 6-t3 rm Clstiri.: clallle lo cylindric, to y€llowish, x rL hralitre sm.ller rhe B6idia, t 6-24 t 0 Fn. H.bil.trndDl rlburiorI On gmud, Parisbn: N. W Fonlier pov.. Kldspur- Ayobia" Kuj g!ti. Khai6 gali, Nci.fcd eith Pn B ua ichiafu. t\r 2350 6 a. s. L, 16,r Augul, 2006, A. R. Ni&i, r ARN7806 (LAH). Description of Ectomycorrhizr oI Boletus edulis M orI, h o I oI i c t I c h a racteis I ics (Plate 20, F,s. B) Ecton!.onhizal sttt m tunopodial pimare sotilary or in gtuups under thc sFr@aq,. Rmifiql ststcm E.5-1t.5 mnr long with up to L5 nn rhick dis. Unrantiliei ends 6l{ais]it b niglrty benl. 2-6 nm long, 0.2-0.8 nrm in dim. Whire ro crcfi lo lighl bown, @lor ol E stslen chdg6 lo dlrk bown whcn myconhia gel oldq, color of very tip ddkd rhan Bt olunEmified mds, which @ lishr brown Mmtlc surface white, shon or long spiny wilh @uting h'?h!e dising fom thc ndlle surfse, giv6 shiny appcar&e duc to rhe accuollario. of water drops d weU 6 sil panicles mong herlc hrlhae, Hosl lisuc nol visiblc und.r rhe nantle surf&.. Rhionorphs dising frcm Brricted poinrs, dislinc y @mdcd ro $e hantle surfac€, rounded,lhick, up lo r,5 mm, branched, snmlh to hairf, and qhire in cotot. E^anatiq ttph4 rhin, *hite sn@dr, hmch.d and sitvcly in anpearancc. 70 Plrt 20, Fi8r A-D, Brtldio.rD. ot Aor.ar .dr& lt ttr ECM !,.t6 dladic ri.Goe. (^) B'sidi@rpa Orrbn, (Bt ECM rn bir, 3htuir8 ibpqt! fqrlG- Ba=ScmfdA2nnl&B 7l Anato"tical charucteistics oI nantle in plal riews (Plate 2 i , Figs A-B) Manlle undird€nri.tcd, pletenchtmabus lhbusloul thc lar€B nr plan views, Oata n. l. lats pleldchynabur; hyphac wnh gclatinous natcrial, fonning rinS-likc shrctur€s, incsularly ramificd, wide ramification pousn obscrycd, scllalc wiLhoul clmps: ( h)?h!l ccll (ls-) 28-15 {40) j1m long 4-6 Fm in dim., wall tfiickncss up lo 0.5 !n.) hrphac snoolh, $nelin6 lcw ball@n like s|nrcruG observcd amonS hyphae A low hlphae entansled witb €ach other by H-type amlomGjr Oul.r sorl&e hd bulbous b&sed cyslidi! lilc shon spin6, 20 x t tm, @n8cd singry, bu $netine in clnsi.a. lnnd ndttL latar plalenchynalos, ^le with compactly anaDsed ring lil€ pallcm ol htph@; hr?hie of inmr lay$ slighlly thinn.. thm outcr mdtle, virhout clnps. seplale, wirh thi€i wallcd well dcvcloped sepla, not consrtict€d d sepla; hDhal cells cylindric, (15r 25-35 Cto) !n long,2-l pto in did.,rilh cellwalls up to I lh thick. Few htphae in contact viih e&h olhcr by simple or rl-tt!. danoncis or wirhout ey panicul& typ. of d6lorosis, g'dllar yellowish gelalinous nalrix ob3cNed in few h}!h&. Anatonical charucteristics of enananng elenents (Plate 2 I , Figs C-D) Rhi@nopl dtff.t.6ratr 72 Pl.te 21, Figs. A-D, Ihporlanl lnrtonical fcrtl$ of cctomycorrhial norplotypc of Boletu .dulie ( ) Plecrenchynarous oule. hande layq (8) I'l6t€nchyndous inncr Nan c layer {C) lntcrn.l vicw ol rhi2ofrooh (D) Emanaring I lypha€ Scnlc bar:20 |LIn, 73 ha6V {tu'd. h l.l'lll,diel r.dioG.!t d tl&* |p b /B FD, bI,lts Sa. 6 ti.:l tL.ar..trr,u&u lrtq, p.n nd||8 ioto rt cddod llriF tP ro .dodmia ci!.dnt t!. codic.l col'' fomiry do.. fntlr lile o.te,Ed( mg @dc|I c!11., Colo. R...tloB: U% KOH & hdic &id-m $..rioni M.llr€d5 Rc|gar{r* hwnroBL& v{.Lr &.ch: l..6Foitiu tu Abb pMtu,, i! llrtdq! Dr?[broi ofBotlty, UdvrGity oftr h!j.\ ldtor!, Pdddq 16' tug"4 2006 A" R" NLri I ARN1676 (LNI). 74 ll. Rolelus feliculatuts *h&fL Fung Aawr. palat. 4:7a Onq. (Plat€ 22, Figs. A-B) Itenr: hcnisph€rical ro spnericat €onvcx lo bioldly conv€x io na! G8 x I, 2 cm. light bown ro ci@on brcq, m@th but sfigntty inreled mesins, c,p tlizhrly elq'.d, dty. E natur..3inuaq tub6 up 10 4,9 mn long, poB ciEutd, minlte, cnwdcd wifi y€llow io brown color, €sily sepahrcd aDm the Conlexl of the p'1e6. cndrdt white, thi.l! fim. sr4P: hollw, lo.& 16-18 : 24 cn lr.ongly nad.d rdiculet. Description of Ectomycorrhiz oI Boletas reticuletus M orp h o loek 4I c ha n d $i!'ics (Plale 22, Fig. C) E.ltu vt htzdt ttst i titupte to monopodi.l pinnar.; np 10 19 mn long wirh I m diick main di!, $lit''y or in 8rcups undd djc fruilin'body. Uarcnifctl erdr liShr bown ro dnt bbs!, lttaighl to b4t, sndim4 b€ad€4 t_8 nm lo.g, yery 0.1-1.5 m in dim. tb y. owish brcwn to tighl brewn to det bDM wnn rh€ agc Mmrle sullace di6tinc! sm@rh lo 8iain, and sitvcry in .pparancc duo to eil panrcl6 mbodded mon8 ne(e hFhrq $nerimq l@ks hairy duc b the cndaring hyphac prclruding olt of rhe nd c surfa.q hosr ri$ue ,o1 visibt€ bdd rhe mantle surf&c. daft brewn vher€ &e mdtl€ tupruEd or petedott. Rhiunorph pF*nt, whit€ ro ofl,whire, rums lieht brewn to boM with age, dick up to 3 m, @!ndcd, sm@th, mosdy origin.lins 6!n 0!c bs€ of rh. 6)corrni?.t sysld, l@ty bmhed lov.ds di.rat elds. ,rd4d,s r/pr@ infrequ.nt ro fr€quar, rhick up to 0.3 mm, light brown ro btuwn pi$ fte agd of myconhiza, shod !o long, rarety 75 nr; ,,1 7- , Pr.t 22. Figs A-(i. Brsidi@{rps of &n.tus Rncutu^ & tr ECM und.r dn.ding nicroscope (A) Basidicarp showins upp€r vicw of pileus & reticrtare eipe(B)llymcniallieq oa Basididarp ((:) E( M (Habir) shuwrns , nrpondr reaules R.r I cm for A & ll.2 mm fo. C Anatonical Characte^tics oI sutace in ptai iews (Plate 23, Figs. A-B) MerL dcn*ly plelqchln.rous rhou8noui tlle la,€B, Olra,.,rt t4r, do&ly plectcnchyoaious, whili6b lo hy.line; hrphoe wi$ very tifil€ intcrhyphat spac6, foming dislincrly ring lik€ strucrur*, wilhout g€latinous halrix, frqundy s.praq but not @rot icrcd !l se?ta" .cpra wefl ddclop€4 wilhoul ctmps, sm@rn nrcly btuched; branchin8 mosrly at wide! dgte. Analonosis ob3eeed ononc few byphac, bur not prnicul& dy lytq hyphal cells cytindrical, nor inflalcd, (13_) I ?-20 lone, up lo 2.8 Gl5) Fm Fm io dio., wall dictn* up to O.l8 Fm.. Critidia nol o*.fled. In"at tuantte L!* also doscly pleclschyhatous, wjth @ intcrhyphat sp&s od nng fte amancnl of hyphe obsed; hyph& hylling sn@rl, dcly btuch€4 sept t€; Fpta conmon e 11 PI.i..23, Figs. A.D. rnDonlnt rn.ronic.t fe.turc! of ectohyconhial oj 8,/d':a k/r4i414 :r,":r*: llc rA) Den5.ry Drc!ren.r_)mrrou5 oJrer mdnr.( rl)er nner mlnrte tJycr (c) rn,cmJ, vrcw of rfi,4mo;ph lD) tlmJlrnA Hyphoc. Scak b$. 20 dm 78 lMta'E 4 ruth h t,r€.l!4dd *dd,. h)lDb. +Fr - LFh.l trdt.. in {E fom or Oick &d! !p io Jj-,0 r;; inF b!!{. h],Ft . p@rrtiR8 ilb rtc dd..l !!ttoo, ftiniry de ft{t. lil. !.ft,.* of Hrd, d mS odqt cdr+ Colo. R.rcdo!] 15% fOE - d|tt kom; Irdic r.irt & M.t€.ds R€.8@r- no Vd.r.r EFdlF: Eeyloohit tu .thb lt,6o*, i! B.tji,e|. De|rbrdt ofBorhy, Untvadiy of r!. ?u4j.b IILG, plrnrA I6i S.pb$ec, 2006, A R- Nld * ARNr476. rnifdt bod. ..Ei-4 p*i-A r,,.,,-u, 79 12. Eoldus tubdlus y@bh.. Natu/cetr. ,+t'bi|.t. B6cnr. schwnnn'e (pnl\e). 4 (1836). (Plate 24,.Fi9. A) Al,!r: 5.2- I cn Mdc, pinkish lo dqk Ed or r€ddish bmM !o brick r€d sl upper side; convq to btudly @nd or ncrty ttar in !gc; dry s@rh to vetvcly iolgh with cven & whitish n.ryic; convex! m{gins snooh, eme hised ponions d pcol on die, Fin€ly cnck€d al fratlrity, hrmaium or porc suraac€ Ja ow ro 8rqBh yellow, beone blu€ b dart btu€ on btuisins or crt; poG dgulr. @*dql, upto2inam;tub611 n, up to 8 nh de€p. .t &.: {3-) 6-8 C I O) , 0.?- r.5 ch thick, cylindrical, trllov lo breMish-rcd, b& of stipo is slishrty swottq or n@ly cqu.t, bmnc dark on hmdlinS; rc reliculation, .lmosl !n@$. Contdt yclow, stowly sta'nne bluc ro bluish 8En on qposuEi Eddkh at rh€ b.e of sipe, ,6ndidi cravac, 2-4-rraignarc, hrltin. ed thin waled, 23.6,33.j i j.+j.5 ,m. Crsatti.: clavatc, hy.line x I8-23 4-7.5 Ah. rGirrhyrd: oblo.g_cllip(icat, apicut{c,6.2-l I Color Rq.tlonr: da.k otug. Conr.xt eill I '%KOH. ttrbiht md Dirrrburion: pakistm: Soliidy or in aoups, N. W FMtid PDv,, H.z@, Dislr. Kh&spuFA4bia, At 240G2600 m.. s. l-, with Pir6 k/rt ,aru. S€ptmbd 16'r, 2006, A. R. Niui d14706 (LAH). 80 a #-,7 r?i tqQt*t t :l I ri "{ I Plrre 2r. l,er. \ ff. Br!d,o,r,I. uI k"hln. tui.lt\ \ tr! r( lt uiJ.r n(n(ut( (\) rtr,,.,, . .,, p. r8r. t r V, Jo ri,,./,. 1t, a| ur . ! tr ror \ I ' rr.r tirr tl 8l D$cription of Ectomyco rrhiz of Aokt6 rubetlus ltto rph ological cha ract rink rPlare 24. Fis. B) E.ronttnhi@t qn n fr€qenrly found uder re 6,unin8jn8 bodi6, i, ors!tric od minc,al soit laye^, hydrophobic, dichoroDousjy br&chcd, €xptored lo mcdrum distec€, connedcd wirh fiuitirsing bodies &bueh ,rllowish nyccltiat srtuds; up to 5-to on long wirh 0.5-!.0 nn tnjck oam ar s. U,.anilcd e,rts stra'ght,2,5-4 nm lon& 0.5 mm in dim., Iistrt brovn b da* bown whd otdcr. ,/a? ,?r silvery wnilc to crcm due lo w!re! bapped & &it pdicles mbeddcd mong nyphar, beoDc ti8!l brcM lo dari< brcM. Mad. Su,@e sfroorl lo cortony bur son*hd g.&ul& due !o lticky soil panicb; holr li$!. stighrty visibtc urdd the lhearlr. I/tz,,,rryr, frequcnt, cohnstins dislinc y to lhc m4rtc surf&e whire to ct€4 tuning tight yclow_yeuov wben oldcr, hairy wllh c.rrapped soil pdiclB, unditGenfiated, bmdod ro ftar t. Crc; S@don,, bmched, mostly dicholohous, roz up mn ftict, up io 3 @ at brecning poiDts' h}!ha enrangted to dch otha, dilliah to sepmre. ,,r,,r'rts /rr'ra. whir€, crem when older, abunddr on fq rps, giviDg couory atp@rce. A nMbd ofsoit panicG sluck€d among hrlhac, Aiatof ical chLt@k istics ofnaNte ia plo,, vic''s (ptate 2j, Figs. A_B) Metle pl*renchlmatoN in all layc^. Exhdchjcal ir?hac wili rough surfacc de rolsns O!r./,rdld /,r4J lookly plectenchlm.lous wilh aru-8eddl ine like of hyphae (q?c B, Ag€rq 1987-2006); nnhae d€ticare, ircguldly dfit4 bt*.rung *r,tv,, *rdqede seprrei scpra w.I d.vctopcd, t4 hypha. r,.1"-" nau,^. hr?hcr ccr,s lotur,en,ry :_1 "'1, cy,indnar h sh.pe. ro-r5 /n ron8. r-7 jrDrndian.. celwa s02-0 j @lhick.snoorhsun(e, tew$irh gD.mor w.tir. Clanps l&king, simptc or H-rype &s0omosis obscryed . ,,ne nant. tayo densely platqchyhatou!. HDbae ftegcd in neditc parem (ryp€ A: A!p6, I98?- 2006), virholt any rjn8 tike strucrueq rrretrac cotourte* s,cnny $o'4 { sa,a,ion. frq".",,. #":,;; il"J:illii. i},iflli zu-ro }m ,n ld8d. 2-3 !h L diaD.. cc wN , 0.2-0s tusloDoris. !h rhictq op€n o. sinpt. ., ec,ohyc.rrniz!, ff.li{i,,""ir;.H ":r#ti,#:lil.l: lSti;x?"!f ili*,3:jiff ;,#il'"ff lil.u,:*T::fl"fflr il;ij;:lT 8-l obrded eonS ht?he. ctdpc norobscrved /., rfr wrln Ln rhc lateml pans At atonical chancte stics ofenanotit g daients (ptare 25, Figs. C_D) lCr&,r,ryrr hdifaerentiakd (r}?€ B, Agerer, t991), margin! rathc! nairy; hDha€ conpdrty a@g€d &d of unifom diam., bmched; nooth, cnregtcd,cclt! 10-30 lr'l in lcngfi, 2_3-4 !m ir dio., walh <0,j Fm Oick, ftequemiy spriq clamps lacking, compactty wov.n hDhae dd sodcline rced with qch olher wnh simlle 4sroh6iq a uds cenkal hr?ha wirh fused sePla, firrck walted (< !n), up ro 8 p i dih. Eh.,,nda r/,r,. sn@rt, witb wcn dcvetop *pra wirhout cl4ps, lr?halcells 8-18 fm tong,3_4 indjm., td wi$ lhrck walts up to 0.45 rD; @ifi.d, @ilicarion y-rhap€d, Cystidia lacking Chlamydospores nor obsflcd. Anarony.fnahne in oe drb,; odll€ app* lhict s byphat conrinuols nar! plqkncrrrinabs hEugh@r romins d d6irtrcr shcarh, up ro )) !m rh,ck, drnqal aye6 ducemrbte. con,.atceth w h Hanre nc( in 2.3 6$ qdod.m*, iicqreorly anin.n. Am!; .r,,,,.,,;'";^i::;:,:;;Y::: pletdchFarous to psudopaench)4narous hr?hat afugmor, dl{g€d, a t w h4ha€ tunnns pmllcl lowa.ds rcor tenSth, dilrer€ol tayeE drsdiblc. Conicil celt6 *,lh Hanig nel in 2 3 rom, ,oundish to cylindricat, 2-3 rn rhick, frequcntry @ificd. Color R..crioB; I J% KOlt, M€lrzer,s R€g€ & bcric .crd-y. oqish brown, vouchq rpectn.n: Ecromr€orhi6 \.dct pi.6 wdtuchena, D€lirrrnor of Bdry. Unrvetuiry of,he pdnjab. trhore, ,,axsre, 2006, A R Niai f AX,N-t2O86E {LAH). u ll. Cantharcllu$ cibatius !r., Jyr. ,r@l {Luidre) t: 318 ( I s2l ). (Plare 26, Fig. A) Pittu, 3-t0 cn bread, ar lict Irfia€d wilh ire8uta incun.d mdsins taler b@ning wv, lob.d, dd d.?Rr€d .t thc cmlr., l@ks flmd lit or pd. 10 de€p €Bg-y.llow f.ding wirh 'nfmdibllifom, age, I!r.rr@: cills nmw, vcin-lik. of rclativcly h ihe fom of folds, idc8utety fo&€d snd l.a6ye6ely an.slomorinS, dc$6l, |minS de9 doM tne slipe, G8e tr ow. Stipe lG8O x 5- 15 m, slid, and o@lores wilh cap or pdq, bDad6r s1 Ihe Iop, tatqin8 rowrds lhe boc, Conlcxlr ycllowisn. Tsle waby ar fiBt thq rlighlly pepp€ry, smell fainl, angml (ofaprioc). SpErrinr: ochr.c@ur, ,.ridi^r.6: elliprcid, 7.t2 x 4-5.5 rn. t6id,i.: le|rN-stcrismdq clN.r., hyatjn.r 3G10 x 5nO rm, ct@ly pDr.udc our oftne 8ills. Crr'tdi!:.lavre lo cylindric,30-37 i +8 un. Edibl€ crcelldr. [tbit l rd Diltribuddi On the grcu4 Patiil&r N. w. Fo iq pov., K@grli, DugaSali, Nathilg.li, Shcm-Kaghd Vallc, At 2.t0G2600 n a. ,. 1., s@iatcd *irh pr6 wllichiona, loly-Atgtsr,2006-200?, A. R. Nizi, ARN43O76 (LAH), 85 t.l Plrr. 26. tig1, A-8. a.sidiocaros of (anlhor.lt\ dn..tns .iba.ius & n'i.rorcope {A) Bajd,sabs (lldbr, (B) FcM (Habir) tealurcs D3r=:1cm ln.A : mnj for ri 86 Description of Ectomycorrhiza ot Cantharcllus cibtius M o rp h o log tc al c ha ra.te i st ic s (Plate 26. Frg. B) E.loirco,rhkd ttstd fregudlty foo(i in oBeic fld mincBt $il lay.6, hldbpbobic, dichotomous ro @alloid, up lo 5 om ton& d,s u55 mm in did_ Urtunlfied endt st!.j8 blr rely b€nt, sn@th blt $mewheE gr&uts d!. to dicky sil particles, 2.5-4 Dn tong, 0.5 mm in diah., silv€ry wnn€ ro c@ni y€,r rp yellowish, dai{ g€y whd g€rs oha. Me0c surface sm@rh ro wlly, site.ry patne fourd in $nc par& due !o val$ rnpp€d & eil particle qHdcd uong hr?bae, h$r dlsue ltiebrly vilible undd rhe sheath. Rriuhoqn, talanr, conn.cting distincdy lo rhe manlte suitace, whitc ro cEm rumrng hgfu ye ow, ,lllow vhq oldd, hairy lo w@ly suf&. with €nlhppqd sit panict6, cnleglcd! undilfeMdated, ftat In Cro$ S4lio.,. breclrcd, nosljy dichotonou!, up to 2 Dm rhick, up to 3 mft at breching pojnh; hr?h& enl.ngleo to each oll1d, difficulr ro s.ptare. Eha".ri"C hrph@ whilc, cEm wh€o old, atrundd on tew dps, givine conony appedecc. A .udbcr of soil plrticlcs sricked anohg h yphzc. Sclcrcti, nor Anatomical charu.cte s.ics of tnatute h pfon vieh,s (ptate 27, Figs. A-B) Mdtle plecrehchymatous in all tay6. Exiraoeiricat hrlne wrth rough surfac€ d\c to wans, O er nnlt. tdlet Bcldinous, tooscty plalcnclymatous wnh nd like a@g€mdr of hDha. (rypc B, Ag*t |9a7-2002)., hyph& deticarc, ifteularty rdifiod, ehcljnes long dicholoni6, shoolh surfac€, fw wi(h gains or w.rrs or wnh oil doplels, y€low pigmenk obsaped in a tbw h4nac, cramps p6dt, lilquenlty @srty ar sepre; 6.qu4rty sephre wi& simple andDmosrs; hr?hat ce|l comist€ntly cyliidricat in stup€, 20-24 {tJ ) Gl5) Fm long, l-z !m in dian., cc walls 0.2-0 5 rn thick, /,/dnedt rdre, desety plet@chynalou_ H)?h& wirh wany slrfacc, colourlBs ro ycltowj6h ed lrraighr celts, a few nr?hae slidtly swollcn ar s@hnon and atugcd .ettike (lDE Ar Ag.rcr, t98?-2002); hrhat cclts 20-16 llm i, lengrh, up !o 2.4 in dim. th cc| Mlts 0.2"0_5 Fn $icl; opcn o, sinttc ln6tomos6 obs.Ned ahong hr?hde, frcquor ctdps obsded. t ery tipj vnh 6e srmc rrrucrurs 4 in rhe laremlpans. 87 i:;# :; # :;il# i;i\;:il"i.l*fi ';fi ,:'.:1""'..rniz, D.rpn..yDc ifii.J ill"# '].;:F; ;;i i;il;ii i[T :?1,1T[f,,;j?,.TT:]i 88 Anatonical charuderinics of enatta.ing etedents (plab 27, Figs. C-D) arira,,o4,rs undircreDriatcd {r}?c B, Ascrcr, lrgl)i marBins brhcr hairy; hphae corpactly afug€d ed of hifofr did., btucb.d, smoo$ ro ough wnh wans on surf.cc, cntdgled! fr€quentty s.piarc, clamps conmon, conpacrty wov€n hrrhe dd $mctihe fusd with edh olher wilh cldpe ARN- t 2086E (LAH). E9 14. Clava ad"lphus ttut catus \eta.) Don*. Meddet. Bo!. MB Hqb Rrnt Uhiwrst Ute.ht.9:1J \19!3 ), (Plate 28, F'gs A-8) BBrIeq: a-12 .m t^ll, 34 cm widc ar atd, ctavat., rp€x ot n suahly concav€ .r mlurity 4d thc ndSin slightly upln.d, @mwing doqnward ro bltboc b6c, hyn€nial durf@e ru8ul6et och@u! orage or trUowish cinnmon. srqit. .pq b€oning brighi trllo, chn@G omge or rufMl; Concxl *hnish or 6hncou, nbdllosly fl6hy, ttc 6!rfe. l.r€r brilrlc. Imr.t &r?rdc.. pellel lo nlavowe4 blmhed wdl thiclq upto I tm, yclloqish in @tor, r|.l5 rn in dqn.Betutotrotust ?.0- (8.5-) 10.5 (-11.0) x (5.0.) 6-8.5 C9.0) Fn, apicuahe, globoe lo ovoid 1o obovoi4 omdcnr{L ,,sridi.: clav.t , hrllinc, l.F6 towsrds b6e, up to 40 rn in t.gnlh, wilh mny stengmoE srdi8sata ut b 5 Bh, llishtly bcnl md pointed €nds. cr8ridtar catavelc lo cylin&ic, up to 38 rn, sli8hrly thitud lhd bdidir Hrbh.t.!d Dlttrlb lon: On greund, eatld.d, $lilrry, Pakisran: N. w. Fonriq p@vinc, Hae Dis(. KhdnlpuFAwbia, ar 2400-2580 m a. !. 1,, lndd pi,n ,/rictiana, t2tr A@rsr, 2006. A. R. Niri { ARN- | 2086C (LAH). 90 n.l. 2t, ft . A-C. B.tW...F t Atwa*bhtts ,fl&d6 & tlt f,Cnt urdd di&.titrs micro'.oF (A-B) Balidid.rps Ghbn) (C) EcM (0r!bit) showinA inpotu fatue B& = 3 m foA & B.2 nm fdC. 9l Descriptlon of Ec(omyco rrhiza oI Clara alclphus trurcatus M o rp h o lo g ic al c h arudefuti.s (?late 28, Fis. C) E.tottt@rr'izat tyst.n trcjuqly found lndd rhc fruiti.g body, fomins a wnilc nat of myccliu, spr.ad aound $c fruirinsing body up ro sohc distbce, hrdDpnobic, dichotonously brucned, shori dichoroDi6, up to rO nm tons, axis I in ffi din. U"rMiJie.l en& tulh, b.nt, 24 @ long, 0,5 m in dim., white ro oflwhir., while l@ne disrinctly visiblc; v€r), r? Iighr brem, ddk boM when older. M&xle Sudace snoorh but $mowh@ smutst someijm6 coltony due to qt€B'vc Smwrh of cndli.e hyph&i hct tisue nol visible Ddq rhe sheirh. Rhizonoryhs nq\6\ Et\siae inb soil or or8&i. tart6, @melin8 dislincdy ro the matle surface, whire b yeltowish ruming lielt brorn-bown vhen older, extesively ranjfied in 6honer fragDenft, bairy, ordgtcd, rcuded, !p ro l_2 nn lhick, up to al I Im bEnching points, hr?ha€ or,ngt.d b ach orhc., difiiclt( to sepaar.. EnonaiaS hrpt6e extemivc Siving dmcly @ttony app€a6.e b lbc myconhizal syst.m, whilc, yeltow to Ught bbwn whoo otd, abud&r on o few dps, Aiatonicrl charucte,idics ofnon te tu pton r?jeFf (ptate 29, Figs. A_B) pl*tenchynalous Mdtle in alt hyes. l:cking hticifercus hryhac. Or,ef nurL l@sely plecrarchymalous ldw *kh ner likc arang€ool of hrlhao, no ht?hal disc@ibtc Dlrtem (ype B, Ag.rc. t987_2002)i hyphae wovq ro och onrr w h acdrh@ysridia, up ro ZO x 2 !n; hrphae nor S.latinols, delicalc, idegularly rmified, lometims lon8 dicbotoni6 allo obs€ryed, few hrlhe tused wilh eoh o$e. by. bridge or H-tr!. arctomoski hyphae fEqucnlty s@tat€i h$hal @ 02,) 2G25 long, t3E) rm t.5-2.0 llln in di@. ce wau5 0.2-0,4 llm rhickr consistdrly cylindricll shape, in stighrly rcuetj surface, cleps frequot, nosrly at sepr! ton{ion. (arE.pleclenchynalou' Itt.r no k Hphac smooth surfacc, colourld, s!?ighr ed s€prat€, a@nged willbur dy paftem {ryp. A Ag@r, 1987_2002), loosely wolcn qcn wnh orhs., few nrthac fued by simptc anstonosis; hrlhal c€ls 20-35 !n in l€ng$, up to 2.8 rm in dirm., ce wath 0,2-0.1 tn thicl! clmps obsfl€d but nol frequenr /err ris wni thc eme sIruciuG 4 in the larq.l p,ns. 92 -4_.-+ ll-.:.lt Ftq.^1,D.. tDllo.r2 m.romic.r r.11016 or .cronycorrhial tun@,B t^t Ld*ry prRrcnchymarou !:y:yl:rayer*'rh 2l.cb-!d:J!!6 ourcr lrl'rje rysrrdu(B) Pte.hnchym ous inn0 modt; hyer(cjtr knitqc$ oi maohorph(D) Enddins hypha. Scalc hr 20rrm t3 AnatoD'ical char.rcteis.ics ofq,onatirs erenents (ptaG 29, Fiss. C-D) Rhieio,pht wdiffenn^ediryp. B, Agmr! l99l), mdgN nrhe! snoorni hytD& compacfly .nanged with amDutdto hwhle and of unitom di!m. arouhd slrgl ly wider [ypha bBn h.d, hFhlc lnootfi, enr&std &djoinLcdi hyphat cclk 2G28 rn lon!,2.8-4.3 fn in din., wa O.t-0.7 pm tbick, ft€quorly sptale.lmps ftq con'p,ctly woven hrphdc .nd sonrctinrG nrqi wid c&h olhcr wirhofl ony patucub q?e or odlonosis tr?€, sinpt€ a@lomosi! al$ oh*N.A. Edan line ,lpr,c colorls wnidsh, b sm@lh, septarc wiln we d.vclopcd clmps, cldp3 may bc at sepla lomaton o! somewbeE etse; h,?hat celh up to 70 trft. stigh y conuncted at sepla, thjck l-4 rm in dim., ceu w.lls thick, up to 0.2 tm, hyphae i@eulfly mifie!, ryJeil,a l&king. Chtdyd6poG nol obeycd. Art,M, ol duntle in cr@t scctioh, m tt appem fiick 6 hrphal bmdels, pl.ctenchynatous lhloughoul fomirS a disrinct stu0r, (jt) 40-47 C52) rm thick, diffc,€nt laye6 nor dnccnible, conical c.Is with Hdis nor in 2_3 ows, Ecn,ng to cndodemir, trcqle ny win d. Analody of nanre in loneitu.lkat ydbn pjedmchynakrus nt?hae enlogl.di l]ming ltong bot tengti, difieMt lalrE di$€hibte sh€th in rhe rom of htghal bundl6. Conid cclls with Eania lct up 1o j I!r!6, p@ttuding lowards ddodcmis, @undish rocylindric.l,2-3 jrm thhk, frequenlty hified. Color R.rctio.3: r 5% KOH, Melld,! RoScnr & kdi. aqujo ,4tron. Vouc!.. spefn.tr: E ronrrontizG !nd6 pin5 walichia.a, in Hed.6itn. Depanhent of Bordy, Universny punjab, patjstd. of rhe Lahorc, A. R. Niai # ARNN2O86EC (LAII). 94 lS. Clitocybe Ef.lr{undibulihmis \Schetr.) Ft., chakps tuto loss6 t: 88 (r872). (Plare 10, Fi8. A) AiL,s: cin.mon b light brcwn lowad catE, flat to slishtly @nvq d.pe*d in lh€ €nlE, fum.l shatE4 4.8-?.0 cn ton& 4.0-6.5 cm boad, winlt€d, nraryns decivcd, ld,rcrdc 15,20 pcr cnlj 1,0 nm widc, ctosci cxtcnding down rhc sl'pe, rodromosng on (he stipe, uniloh in diam€rer,3.5-4.5 cn long, up lo o.? cn v'dq 3.5-4.5 cn lon& ? m wid€, Be .over€d wirh debris; t6l4irrr,6: hratinc, ovlre, slMtL up to 7.3- I 1.5 x 5.4? m; qrtdr,: htatii€, cl.v.le to cylindricat, and up ro l?,23.6 x 6.1-8,9 m; r6rr'&: htrlinc,2-4 slaigma| dd up b 19.3 21.6 x ?.7-8.7 M in size; ?aua pmllel or r€guld. tl.bll.t & Disnibutlolt Vndd Abia pi toe, Patist.: N. W. FFnlid prcv., KnmpuFArlbia. NclhirCi, al 240G2580 m a. s. 1., Zld Algqt 2006. A. R. Nidi, ARN # 2jO8O6 (LAH). D$cription of Ectomycorrhlz, oI Clitoclhe .1. inlundihutilotnis Morphologicol chan lqiltir: (ptat€ 30, Fis. B) [email protected] stde shl4te, inicqudrty aou4 up to I I nm lon& uis I m in dim. UnrunifEd erdt sttti4n b bml, sm@tl sli8hrly rwolt.n, 2.5 6 m to.& 0.5-0.7 mn in did., cEm b yellowish, v.ry iip while, brownish wha gers otdd. Mantle Slrloe smooth bu lom*her€ co ony dne lo exldsiv€ hyphal 8N*'1h, shiny in $me parls due to watci lraprFd donS ht?hs€, hosl ti$uc stiShrly visibte ud6 fte shalh. Xr&ndrtrr fiqueq @Detiig dhljncrly to lll€ l|lst. surfa.e, whic lo cteu, lMing tllloaish-bom wh.n oldm, hairy whcn funy dqetop.d, cnlangled, flal in cb$ s€clion. btuh€4 nos{y dicholonous, l-2 nm rhick. uD ro 3 hh lr breching poitui hypnae mrdSled to €Dh otna, sily ! epured. EnorallilE while, ,t rre ,rllowish bltM whd old, abudmt on fq rips, Civing otlony lppqrde,t l?roru nor obev.d. 95 Hrr. ito. Filr A-8. ol OibO,k iq, litdilhit & tb ECnt urd.r dikritrS .i.ruoF'.ti,i@rp (A, Bedrlrp aHlbi (B) Ecv {h.bill 3howinS impotur ftatuR3. Bsr= I cd fqA.2 mmfd B 96 Anatohical cha.actetutics oI na tte h ptan (ptate 3 I , Figs. A_B) 'iews pl*lcDchyma,tous jn M&tle alt layeB Lacking laticifmu hynh,e. Outar dantte tdr!.s loely llfttochyn.lols, e pa(cm of hr!h& di$miblc (1yp€ B, Agscr 198?-2002), few hrlhae onnirrS Fnte b each olhcri lrr?ha€ dcticrle, incgtrlarty r4nified, sonerihq long dichoromolsly bdrcn€d, se?tarej hlphat ce| (22_) j2.48 {- 65) l@g rm consisldrly cylindrical in sh,p€, I 2 Fh in did., cel wlb 0.2 jrn thlck, sm@th surlace; clop6 fiequenrty pFsn| nray be ar septa or some wherc €lsei $mprc ro crmpcd edtonosis obsflcd. Clslritia not obsfled. Inda nantk tcyer loosqly plttenchyrnalous! no pakm disccmiblc. Hr?h.e wjrh sm@lh surtde, coloulless and shaishr wilh net tike amngemenl othrthal bundtcs (rpe A ASeier, 198?-2002), scp|ale; hyphat cells 3G56 !n in lcnglh, up 10 r 6 rm in did., slisblty thmner lhe th€ oul€r ndrt. taycr, cell walts 0.2,0.5 pm rhick; sinple or H-rr?. ansbmos's obrcped mong hwh&, cleps trequcnrly obsruql . yery tips qnh $. s.nc nruduc s ,n rhe lac6t prtu but slightty d€n5a than orhcr nalt€ lay.6. Anatonical chancteristics ofenattatin9 etenu.s (plat€ 31, Figs. C-D) xri.,florprs dcnsely $ovm hr?hae, nsains Flhcr hdry diafcrcntiared with cc nl islltcd *idcr nythi, onitom in di!o,, bmnched, sm@rh, enr.nstdt and joincd with iifl cd cetts one ii sideoffie s.pturr h)Thll.e s 20"25 lLm in lcngrh, 2.8-3.5 pn in did., sElls up ro 0.5 !h thick, noi firquenlly $pta!e, ct@ps tu, hy?hnc smelinrc Iuscn wirtr crch olhcr wirnod dy p.nicuh ryrc ofm8romolis, simplc dosronosis obsery.d. E d"otutg hlphae smoorh, rbick.3.5-4.6 !fr dim., cell *alls lhicL, up to 0.8-1.0 rn, h$h& lmificd, s?ra.or f,Equd! with wen_ dev.loped clamps; cldp3 *miciEular. may b€ al scpta fomation or sonwhcre el*i sePh slighdy consiricl€d, c/$rdrd lackiDs chtamydospore6 not obsetued ,4.atoh! oI nantle in c@s se.rb,; l@ie .pp4 thjck s hDhal rSgrcga ons, plecrenchynatous thmnghour foming , dbdnct sh.arh, up to 4t !m lhick, difffit laycm dEcemiblq corricat cclh wnh Hanig n€t i,r t,2 nwi toosny pblrudins row.rds mdodemis, no! fr.quendy dnitied. ,],aroh, oI nantle k loneitadit,at re./io,; pl*tencbynabus hyphae €ntdglql, running pmllel towards rcor tenBtb, di||ercnl layeB disc€niblc, conical celk with Hanig ner in secrion, in one or halfa ow, tubdish 6 cyliodri€ll, 2,3 jrm rhictq trelucn , @itied. Endodmis tE of 91 ---_"--t -1:- - -'-c:'':-:t' Plrrc.I. figi-A-D. topor&nr ..rtoni.rt totuG of {roDronhiz.l horpno$pe ctxo.yb. lnfuddibutilothis tat Loost, ptd€mhyn;ols oukr mrre try€r (B)! Loo*t) ptectenchJmarous innc, onnrte t,Jer (C) Inkhat vie$ ol mr&norl,n tu btuetrn8hyDtDe sqle bar.20 !m. 9E Color R...rions: l5Z. KOH- y€llowish bmM. Mcllza s R€sflr & kclic eid-no Vouch.r lpecinen: EciomycoEhizd lndt Abies pindrov tn Hetbaiun. D€panh.nl of Botdy, Univ€bity of rhc Punjab, Lrlor., pa&ist&. A. R. Ni4i { ARN,l2086EC (LAX). 99 16. Conino us hin t/,leu$ Ft.. Epiu. srst. drcot. (Ups^tiaor 296 (1838). (Plate 32, Fis. A) Pil,6: 3-7 cn bmad, at IiBl flar€ned with d ireguld incupcd ndein lalq beoning wavy md unbonat€ al lhe.cnrE, conicat, convex. rut brcM wbo moisr, dd ro ,€llowish Ed bbM in dry wqrhd. L6.lto.t de.F. bwq rclariv€ty in th€ fom of folds, isguldly fork€d dd r@v@ly edtomosin& f@ lo adrate cm{rsfdlcd, disr4L. conrqr of bo1h pilcus ud sripc pale b,own dd odour of the e'l ,tlird: cen1ral,70-lO0 ( 5-15 Dn, solid, n&ked by whit. dnutd ea md bordr lowardi rhc be, Sprer'l,rr ockaceow brown. ,aflidt6r,Es: globo* b eUiD6oids, (9.5, l0.G10.6 x C14.54) (5.0-) 5.16.5 C7.O) Fm, ristt bbwn to rcddish boh, v@cose, clavde, tG39 [m. r.rnd,nj &tra-51qisnare, cjaEt hr?lioq ]G4o x 5- 10 cl@ly prctrude tm, oor ofth€ gilts. Crridr!: ctavat€ to .ylfthc, 1G.37 r 48 H.bit t rtrd Distrlbution: On $e gnund, palistmr N. W. Frcnrif pnv., Kuagali, Do.gagali, Nathiagali. Sn€nn-Kaehe Valsy, At 2400-2600 n a. s. r,, as@iard wih ,4bi* pi,lrN, !!l!-AaA!.\ 2c{f-2co7, A. R, Ni@i. ARN#3O?6 (LAH), Descriptior of f,ctomyco rrhiza of Coninarias hinrruleus M dp h o log i cdl c ha rucrq i srics (Plate 32, Fig. a) EcLhr@AAa tysta ft4la y found, monopodialpimar to nonopodiat prrmidar, ?-r0 Dm iollg, tt5) dis 0.9 tu in lid. Ut@rlEt ed$eddt 5-t0 mn jn tong Md 0.5 6h di@,i white ro cl!@; yery whre wln lr&.lu*cnr boM @$i oldd panr aho wilh '.i while surfe€, bur bors nore dbrmcuy brown. S!,f&c of uranificd ends hajry to conon, wirh shiny.ppeamce in 6ome pds {,u€ !o air and warcr I6pp€d do.g nEqucnlty speading mtuating h}?h& 6 v€U 6,ni@moDft. Icl rrsu. stiSbdy viribtc urlds rhc.heo. Xrlirr,,,rrr ncqu@q s@rh, Dani. v Jtrrd€d inro n9mwcr tilmcnll, @m*ted drsrin(t, ro lhc m** *n*,.*U, whne but of-wnn. tu to clfu wha ot.ter, nairy when tu y d.veloped, qrsnated, bunded to 0ar h Crc$ S6tion,, bieched lr flal eglcs, nosly drchoronou, l-2 thick, hm up ro I hm at btucnins poinG, nr?hae enldStet lo a€h oih€r, difiiculr ro s.pqale. E 6c,ng ntpte *hiiq da,t boq hr?h& ale oo*ped, abunddl on whole of rhe D}lonhial q51cm, gei luhundDa rt€m &d 8rvr8 @(ony appea4cq l.tel,ria rci obetu€n. t00 ll_!_lljisi A-& Bsll.fnr o. <;ord,wi6t ht,ut2,s & rr, EcM o.do ft.bi0 (B) EcM r(H.b,r, ,h".jdi;po1";i ;ff*1TT*5"1?. h;.@re3 r0l A^atomical charactetistics oI nmtk i ptan views (ptate 33, Figs. A_B) Mmdc plccren€bmatous in all laym L&ldng laliciftuu hrph&. O,1., dM/. 19@ nol g.laranou, pldr.nchymroE wnh ncrly pmll.l ruming hr?hae (lr!. B. AgeEr 1987-2002), nDha. wilhoul nng lik. strucluB, d€ticale, in€gularty mined, som€tincs long dichotonics also obsd.d, 1.5 2 lln dian,, cell wlts 0,2-0.6 }lm thrck, mooth $rf&q cldps pt€$t bul not tEqtrdr. sinpl. a@lohosis obsded, frcquatly eptalc; hr?hat cdt (t6 ) 22-2E C3a) llm bng, consistenfly cytindrical in shape.Intar mo te tat@ d.nsety pl4r€nchynatous, Hyphae wnh snooth sud&e, colourl6s ed srraight cettr leptat€ ed ncdike mscm.nt of hyphal bundlB (lr!c A; fu@r, 1987,2002). up !o 2.8 pa in dim.: bt?hal cclts2G36 tn long, elt @ll 0.2-0.5 Fn thiclq sinpl. Mlomosn ols.Fed mong hyphae, chps obsefled but .ol liEquot, l/c4, tlps wi$ rhc s@€ struclures 6 in thc lateBt pans. Analonicol ch4n teristi.s ofaiaaatitls el6e s (plare 33, Figs. C_D) ltri@rorrrr uddifaer.ntiated (yF B, Agerd, I99l), m&ei6 6rhcr !n@rh; ht?hae @npactly smgcd dd of uoifod dim., bmched, snooth, .nrngled and joihted; hphal cells 20,28 tn lory, 2.8-4.8 |lm in di@., wals 0.5_0.? llJn lhick ftqumny scptzt€, clmps rrc, @mp&rty woven hyphac dd sonerim€ fu*d wilh eeh other without dy parricutdiy!€ ofddtonosn, simple maslomGis obsded. Enaneling hwhae floorh, rhick 1.54.6 Fm dim., .elt walls rhict, up to O 8 1.0 tn, hpha€ dicholomoldy mified, s.prarc wilh wcll{evelop€d ctdpsi €lflps nay b. at sepra fooarion or &newh€rc dsc. Crrridia lacking Chldyddpo6 nor obsefled. lrutmy af kahtle ih ctus ra./j,,, mantlc opptrs thick 6 hDhal assrcgdjoE pletachynrtou rboughout fomihg a distincr shad! (30-) 40,50 (- 55) Fn lhick, dilfecnl llyas die.oiblc, corlicat c.Is wirh Hartig n.t in 2-3 rcws, re&hing cndodeftis, flcquently tmified. .4iatohr olnadte ih to.gitt lkat yction: [email protected] hyphae dlangled, nnoing pealtel row4G rcoi l€ngrh, diferc.t lar6 discdiblc, shdrh in $c fom of naps_ Cortical ccus wirh Hanig nel in 2_l ros, roudish ro cylin t02 el, it of li1[,ii;""jfl;,i;?,,jll;#i" ?t;Tiliij.,i?:"* <,.Dvconhia, Jii,i;'itili#iiI.",)':ifi , ;xl","r;;::ui*;xffi t[Hil l3i t0l Color Re&tlotrs: l5% KOH, Meltzcas Reagent & l,lclic dd-no rca.tion, Vouch.r sp.cin.r: Ecionforhia und.t Abis pin.lrotu, i. Harbtiln, D.pernot ot Bor&y, punjab, Univ.uity of rh. tlhorc, parrsra., A. R. Niai # ARN-12086E (r,AH). 104 17. De'Jcokaflavoannulzu (Lj N. vNbcErE. HonL p./id',a o t{o, (19?l). (Plar€ 34, Fiss. A-B) Pu.,s: 4-9 .n in dis., spn€ricat to rnbglobosc or conicd to copuular€, edcthes co.vex, rhcn expflded ed obruscly umbonate or almosl plm€; surt&c dryi not viscid! bom lo ycllowish bloh ro ci.ndon bmM wirh ddk bmwo ringc ovd oe qtE of ltc di$, ovqtd with matL no@sq cr@ to J€llw, wnh imgular pdcnq or rhnsG of univ.Ml veil 1,3 6m dim.. ddom on disc, cm*ded towdds entre, negini slriaic. tdd.n4dj adndre, cowd.d to sub disldr, bmwn, incompLt€ ro conplet€, breM to da* brcwn th.n tusry cin.amon. .t i@: (5, ) Clo Cl4) ch lon& 1,2 cm thick, (ht!@6 y€ltow, pals above the dnulus, rowards di. baa with tbriltos.! morc or te sr,i.ted, slighfly bulbos bs, oftcn vnh frasDoti ofuniv€rlat veil 6 rudimcnr.ty volva. ,{,rrr"r: tnick, rad.r lagc rd .mpl. yelloe, ndbmou, dtiindly ltriar.d on uppq side, somcrin. reIcd upwards on sripc. 0.8 t 1.5 cm fmty rr!..hcd wnh ,rip., ,6&tspoB lcmor shap.d 10 mygdalifom rut broqn, v@@sq wirh sl@$ ad distinct pqi5porc, poe5 s€m a!*d. lO t4 (-16) x (5.4_) 6_8 {,9) !m, monosuualatc or oultigunuld€. ,rrrdt4 chval., (l G) 12,t 4 x (20, 3045 (50) ,rh, bi{terignate ro reba-sleriSnalei sl.ri8haL r.5 3 x 5.lo pm. Cy,rLlia clavar., $in wal. t05 rl ri. Pf.r. J4, Fiai, A-C, B.lidie.rprot D.\.ntpdllaw"n.lara & t|! EClt trn.t.r lA.Br 1]j:llq.nrror:p. -aiidida.p: rHab,r, rO r cv,h,bnr .houints ,mponal lorures Br= I cn for A & B. I mn for c 106 Descripliotr of Eclomycorthiz^ oI Descolea Jltvoomualab Morpholoeicslcha cteristi.s (Plale 34, Fig. C) Ectoq!.othi.at stst.n ioftelu.ntty found. hrdophobic, monopodialpinnare io mohopodFl.ptrmidal, up to 7.5 nm ton8, axis 0.9 nn in dim. U\romifet ehrt, straiSht io bebt,2.5-4 mn long,0,5 mm diam., crean to brcM, very iip bowD, dark brcwn whcn olda. Mand€ Suraace smoolh blr sonwhft wjlh gtuular somctir€s corlotry, wrth 86orar appenncc and shiny in emc par$ du€ lo dr a|td walq t6ppcd dong hDnae, host tisue slighrly visibt€ undtr lhe shelh, u.mificd snds s@th. Xri!@,rrrs i.Eequd! conneting dislinclly to lbe mdde surf&.. *hitc ro €lon tuminS lighl bbM b brcwn *hcn g€rs otder, hairy when fully dryctopcn, cnldglcd, ounded to flat in cios scction, bhnch€d, noslly dichoronous! !p lo l-2 hn thlck, uplol dn ar bEnchingpoiut6, htphae enr.ngted ro eeh other, ditUcll o ssgt re Ehatuti,g ht'phde vhile, d.rk brown whm otd, atundanl on fcw rips, g'vrng cohny app€amce. ,t l€l,rio nor obserycd. Analo,nical .haracteiiics ofnanlle in plon vif'$ (ptate 15, Figs. A-B) Mdtle plsrenchynabus in aU hy6. t*king laliciacroB hyph&. Out r na"t!. rz)ss not gelarinous, loosety ptecr.nchyn.rous witn nel tike [email protected] of hr?ha. (lwc B, AgeM 1987,2002), fa h}?h& fomins ring tite sttucllr€s, hrlbae 107 Pbtc 35, Fig!. A-D. tEpod.nt ,n.roEicrt f@tuG oadi o' D A @k ; d w 4 ua d h t A, t;;il;il;"i; A'ilJ.i',;1#1ffi ll"",,'.[ :iliilfl#.['il;)"3,n:'il,/*e"'h'ao*ni"*i *,r" ra'e.D,,n'*!' vrs 108 A^atonicol cha&deistics ofenanating eteneits (plate 35, Figs. C"D) Rtho"torphs undifLre.ritbd (rDs B, Aserer, l9t)j m,rgins rarhcr snoolb; hpt'a. comp&tly eagcd dd oI unifom dim,, bEnched. Hyph.. sneth, cntangled a.djointed, cdlts 20-28 pn in length,2.84.8 pm in diad., wath 0.5 0.7 fn lhick, trquqtl, seprat€, clmps 68, @np&rty wovcn hDn.e a.d eD.trme flsd wnh e&h othq widloul tuy panicllr l'?e oa udlohosrs ryp€! srdpre dutohosis obseved, Ehanctine hlphad "ko smoorh, lhict, 3.5-4,6 lln m d8m. wa s thickness up to 0.81.0 pn, nyph& dichotomouly tuified, scprare with w.ltnBdopcd clamps, clmps Doy be .t sepra fomation or somcwherc €he. cystittb tektn| Chhldospores.ot obseBcd. hatonry oI ntut e q6t i sdio,: marrle appqc thick d hphal aSgEsations, plccrschynatous thbughout toming a distinct shea$, (j0-) 40,50 ( 55) Am $ick, dincrcnt la)€G dnccfribtc, corticat cc s with H.rti8 ncl in 2-3 6wq nosrly 2 rcws rc,chrnB endodcmis, liequqrly hnined. .,thdo,1, of nan c nt loryitu.tinat stti@: prectenchimarous brphae enttrgl€d, running paBltel toward! tuot ld8th, diffdent hrr6 disftoibl€, shanh in lh€ fom of haps, Coniclt cells w,rh HaniS n€r in 2-3 rc$s, Hanis ner ir stion @hd cortiGl cel in l-2 @ws, bundAh to cylindriot, 2 3 pn tbick, ncquently Emified. Color Rertion!: l5% (OH, Mettzd,s Rcagmr & Lrctic &n-no rcacrcn. vouct.r speim.: EcrohrlorhiA undd Abias phd,ow. t Hqnatiun, Dcpanmei ot Boley, Unive iry punjab, of rtE khore, pakislo. A. R. Njqi # ARN-12036E (LAB). 109 18. Gea$ftarn ,riplet t!.91., Tl.jyht. Not. Geyt . phrsiot. 1:281 (t840.). (Platc 36, Fi8. A) Spuophote! hypog@ls, yo$g fniinS bodi€s onion shaped, ocnE-bFwn ro par. pjnkish gayishi jn ro nat!rc hriing bodi6 4J cm dian. [email protected],n: sptirl.A rlo 4-7 eute Frs, a shaped sucd co d at thc b6e of lhc odopqidiun Gporc cdc); j ,rr'rr'./ir'iu smoorh, sessil€, plpcry, nor covcred wirh dcbris, p.lc ro dirk oxv&@us, up to 2.5 co in di@., oouth dctimilcd by. ciFuld patc @. tOT:5-6 cn lone and poinrcd towards distat end, Coru,j presnt, upto t.8 cm widci C/sr.r olivc brcvn; ,ar?,s?rer: gtobo*, Iighl brcwn !o blown, vcncosc, np lo 4.0-6,8 !m including v@ca€, vcmc& uplo 2.0 jrn longt Caritlniun: hyntirc ro tilht brcwn, well deeeloped, rarcly branched, bmching wilh hpennS €ods. thrck walled, Hrbit.i ,bd Distrtbutiotr I O. rhc gmund, grcwing pakisran: h goups, N. W Fonlid pov., H@ara Dis(. Mukhpuri trncl( al 24OO-2j80 n { s. 1.. rndcr tD,t@ r,,/,r."xo,2ld Aogusl, 2006. A. R, Ni@i# ARN,2386 (LAH). Description of Ectomyco rrhiza ol Geastrum tiplex M o rp h o logicol c huo ct a i$ics (Plate 16, Frg. B) Ectonr.orhi.at ttsten y fieAtq found, fonnilg a neukq hph.l tut, sitopte !o iftgll&ly piMare up b 7 nm lons, db 0.5 nn i, die' nydrc phobic. Untun4et .,lJ srrajght lo slighdy benq 2_2.j nn lons, 0.35 nD drm., c@r !o y.Iowrsr\ r?rl 14, light brcwn, ddk brcwn vhen ger! otdsr, Manlle slrface co[ony b wooty! md silvdy app@nce in pans sne duc to air and Mrcr trapp.d @ong hyphae, host llssue dishrly visibtc undq rno shcrdr in otdo nrrrotrhiar sysreh, unrmiticd €hds snoodr. R t&rrrrnr infEquenr, connecd distinc{y b tne oaue surlacq cum ro ycllow tudins ligh brown-btuyn whco oldcr, hairy whcn fulty developed, 6reskd, b6nched, rcpetedly into smaller frasm.nts, up ro I mm o,ck, up ro 2 mm ar bBnchins poinrs, h}?he cnlagt.d b @h olh.r, djilcul. @ Fp@k. Ed,ndtiig ,)Prac wlic. o&k wher bb$n otd. abunod, on is up!, grrrng co ony ro q@ty rplear4ce. ,t /"d,a nol obsded. 0 ,,Ifr, u Ffrr. 36. tig. A-C. Br.itio..rp ot c.stun tipld & t6 ECt{ und.r rthRring micdcop. (A, Baidi@rp (H.bit) tB) rCV ftrbr, shNing Inpotunr fqturcs Bd = lcm for A .2 nm f.r B lll atomical A charucteistics of nande in ptan viens (plat€ 36, Fjg. B) Manle pleldchroarous in all tcre L&kine laricifc@us hyph&. Onre. nonle laru E larinovj ptecr.nchlmatous; hy?hae nihe! ineguhlly danged (y?e B, AgeM 1987.2002) and no r€gula pat.m dienible, inesulrly ldilled wirh sm.rrd outgrcvlhr a r&thocrsridia uf,difredtialed *ilhoul gtuute hltrix, delic.te, rd€ly scplatq sclta thinnd rhd walts; hr?hal ceu (20-) 3?-a8 C56) !n long, consistcntly cylind cat in share, 1.0-15 !n in dianr., ccllwd|ls 0.2,0.3 !m thick, mmrh slrfe; ddp3 nol obscdcd, sifrpl€ andbnosb obwed aDons hr?hae, sdooth 9,srilid surf&€, wiih Unety gEnuld conteoK, witbout sepla, !p to 2.5 x 1.0 tD. h'n* ndnda law [email protected])malous. HrTh& *ilh shooth sura!@, corourl6s, srEighr cetls @ty seplzlei ncdikc @gcmml of hrphal ftals (tr?c A; Agcrer, 1987,2002), with gnnutr matrixi hFhal cclls 57-76 ltnj in length, !p to 2 rm in dim., ccll walls 0.25 !fr 6ick; snrple edrohosis ob*Fcd mong hr?h&, dmps nol obsc €d. ,.ery ,,ir with tne sone srructuG 6 jn lhc larht pans. Anatonical charudeistics ofenantting etements (plate 37, Figs. A_B) Rt'izMotpht sl;dttty dirqe iarcd (rype B, Agcrer, t99t), masitr Bther sm@th; ht?hac conpacdy atuge lt2 *J:.:_ r_-= tl.tc_ 37, Fi$. A-D, toDort .n.ronicat fc.ruro of srooycontit l nnrllhortp. ol-G@trun hiptd (A) ptclmchymtous ourr horjc jaycr urh rcw cysldE (B) ! Praknchymrous Innq mede ta)e, (C.) rnremat vjew of rhibmoDh (D) Enanariis HyDhc. Scokbar:20 um. ll3 Irmg!\ diffd@l LF! dn.6iblc, dFrlh h r!. bm of h.e& Corli..t c.th wirh Ertig n t in 2-! t!1[, rouldi.h io cyti!&icd,2-3 ro lhicl, tr4!.dyr@i6cd Coror R-.d.B lt( KOfl, &rr.dc doFdioc r{.|Fr. R!.gat t!..d. va.tc 4..||r-: BdoqFodb. rdd rr.a ritha in Eqt dm. Drp!6.or of Boby, I,t'tvn ity of &. p!4i$, Lhdlr mii[- A. R Ni.d , ARN-23E6E (r,{g). lt4 19. Gomphus loccosus (Schwein.) SiiSer. zlolid E: 140(1945). (Plate 38, Fig. A) ,6dr,..rri qp lo | | ,0 cn long; Anrlri up lo 3.5 cm brcad, tumel shrp€d, ora.Be in .olour; Zzr.rlrd; presnt a1 ouler surf&e i. fom of blunl ridg6 loming iregula vcin!, extmding loqard stip.; Jr&ri nol dislincl f.om Pileus, cvlindrlc !p !o 6.5 cn long. ,6irtirqp,a hFlin , €llip$id. oblong. ommdle4 Minklqd, up to (6.3-) 7.?-10.6 (-11.8) x (lG) 13-18.8 C20.5) ufr; raidrh: hr€lin€, cylindric ro llightly chvatc, 2-4 slerignaie, 40 x 8-9 um, ohmoGd; Otrldh: hyalin€ clavate, cylindrical, fo*ed, up 1o 3? -39 x 9 m. HlbiLl & Dbt.ibrlio!. on grcud, gl€geious udq @nif.6, Pakistan: N. w. Frnti.r Previnc. (nespur, Atlbia, under PirB w i.hia$. 23d AnEnsr,2oo6. A. R, Nidi, ARN *r r0806G H). Descdptlon of ectomycorrhiza oI Gonphus lochtlus M o rp ho h g ic al c h arucur istic s (Prar€ 38, Fig. B) E.ron!@nni d sraa ftqtqlly found, whne ro c'!d alonyconhra€ wilh a brcwn .olor b6low th. s!rf&e, dichot@oNly btuh.d, up to l2 mn lon& axis l-1.5 fth ii dim. Ufiafutdd er./s slsisht, snoolh,3_6 mF lon8,05 nd in djm., mntlc parliaUy Nith nin@l $il padicl6, while, dek Srey to bl@k whm olds. M&Uc sufe distincl, smmln bui $n€wherc cott@y or stringy due lo ecumulafion of mdalinS clenals! shiny h sme pais duc lo dr dd wald taPp.d dong ht?hae, host ti$ue slightly visible $d$ tle shath l| few po'nt . R tlzo@rprr fiequol rouded, obliquely coM@ling !o th. mdtle surf&i, mostly emb€dded in the eil, $il Darticl6 limly rlict€d with rhianorph 6 eell 6 ny.onhizal st5tfl, origin.tinS fom lhc r€sliicrcd poinle, whit€ rming liShl boM to brown *hcn older, hairy. entanglel, brdched, noslly dichotonow, up to 3 nE $i.lq up to 3.5 m al btuchins poinls, ht?hae alanglcd !o @ch ofier, dimcul to sqer., Er.ntnag hntQ &nin^\ whnc, bnM wh€n gct ol4 thit! sm@th suf&e. S.r.rcr,z not obsdcd. l15 n& $, Ilg! D.!idid4 o{ 6r'916 ra66 & 1l' ECM ud.i dikrill ni.@p.^-8. (Al B$idio@p Glbit, (B) ECM (hrb I shNin8 impdr.nt la{nirca Br = I cn fd A 2 nm f6. B lt6 ArotMical chatucktistics of na,nte i^ plan vi"h's (ptare 39, Figs. C_D) Mdtl. pl€ctenchyoatous in all t.t€B Lacking lalicit ous hypha€. O!r,, nutk laler airh gelalinous harrir, l@*ty plectcnchyhalous wnh sho acedrocystidia; nycorhiza like our gbwths obsred, up to 3 O x 1,25 nm (t)"e B, As*s 1987-2002), lcw hr?hac tohing.ing like srrucluN wirh silvdy crysrlls mong thn in thc fom of parch6, hypnse undife@dared, dcticrte wi$ sricky matrix o. lhe surfac., iregul&ly Imilicd, frcqu.ntly *put€, s.pra 6 djct 6 valsi hr?hal celh consistontly cylindicat in (tO-) shape, 12 2? C5O) !m tong, l,t I Fm in dLfln., cellwalls Q.2-0,5 Fm lhick, snDolhictrmps prcsent at thc poin( ofscptation, not fr€qus! limple dEbmosis obeN€d. r^"er nantle tald den*ty pl4lenchymaloB, Hyphae snhont dy pauem &d gelali@us n rix, snh sD@lh surl&e, coloulGs, sFaighl hr?ha. s?br. {d ne ite Mg.mcnr of hr?hal bundl6 (t}!e A; ABcM, 1987-2002), sn@|h sutfacc, up lo 2.8 !m in di.m,; hyphal cels 20- 40 !n i. leDglh, ccll walh 0.2-0.5 Fn thictir sinrple amlomosis obsrucd aDong hr?hae, .lamps obscrved b nor ftqte r, ycrr tips wiih rhc pl*r€scnynalols amnghot ol hFhae as in $e orher parc of rhc nm1le. Atutoniul charac.eistics ofeMana.tng et@a,ts (ptab 39, Figs. C_D) Rhi.onoryhs diltetenrizted (ri]r]c B, Aeerer, l99t), wilh rcndhar olarged central hr?ha, hargins rathd shoorhi h,?hac conpacdy ananged ond of unitom dim., btuchedi snooth wifi getrlinous malerial, mtmeted and joinred, c€lls 20 28 Im loglh, 2.8-4.8 Fm dih_, s"lls 0.54.7 !o thjck, rcqu€nry $p6re crmps pitg! @np.crly wovd h,?nac dd $nein€ tused wiih qcn o6cr wi$od dy panicnrar tr?c ofrn*romosis, rrumpcr likc hyphae .lso obscpcd , Endn.tias hrprd. smoolb, thick 3-5 Fh in dim., ceu walls lhick, up lo 0.6 ,Ln, dmified al seplalion, oDo sidc bnnch al scptrnr! semiciruur claDlF obse(cdi ctMlps may be at scpla ldmalion or sohcwherc €tse. Cprli! t&kin8. ChtmydosporB not ob6fled. |1 .-.<=--J Ph.. 39, Figs. A-D. Iupon o! .r.roDic.l Lrr{r6 ot .cron.onbizl ntthorrpe ot emphq jnd6 {A, Ln6eb pleden.hyharom ouicr mdn,tr J\fl r!) Dd6erJ prctrcnch)ndrous itrner mJnrtL tJ)c.(c) Inrernrt \r.s ol rh'&morph {D) Emsrrns Hyphc. Sot.bar.20rrm lt8 AMto",y oI n.drle i, es @uo,i n{rb a!p.$ {ict 4 hyph,t bondt6, pleclqchynabu ihbuSnoul loming a dkrincl shcarl, 30,50 sm thick. diff@r lay.6 diemibl., conicrl cou! wiIh Hnrig n€r pbrmdjng {ow.rd! 6dodmis, n6dy 2 res c!.hirg ddodtuk, ticquorty mif€ Colol u.dorr: l5% KOtt, M.lE.rt Rag6t & tj.tic &id-m rlsrior vo!.b.r ipei@n: &lomfonhtj. uad.r prd e/l,t i.&, itr H.lbariu,rl D@6rrn6t of Bo0r, Univdity of rhc pujrb, IrhoF, p.ti!rm. A. R. Niei * ARN.I I O86E (LAH). |, 20. Helve ac $pa if,,aop.) Fr, s/ri u)@l (L!nd@)2{l): 14(t822). (Plate 40, Fig. A) ?.r.@rr': wnn ooE or 16 eddte shared cap, ed dccpty fumw.d slm upro 6.5 cn l6ng; Czpi upro 2.0 cn broad, I 5 cn hish, ndsins fr€e fron $c sren, .dnlulded;.t d,rr scaly or aurcwed, uplo 5.s cnr long, upto O.8.t,o cn *idci,_r,.ti: hyalioc, cylind.icat, birmicatc, inop*ut.re, upro 293,5 um rong sd t7.?-26.6 um wrdei.{rcorp,rdr: hyaline,smoolb, subglobose lo ovlt shaped, upro l5,t-21.0 ! I 1.8- \4 6 nmi P.ruphltes: hyttin . cylindricat, lips s*oll.n, uplo 232 m long dd 4?_ Hrbihr & Distrlbu on: patisru: On eil, in conif@u fo.61, N w' Fontis !rcv., (nmsrur, undq Pinut wallichiana,3d Angtsr,2004, A. R. Ni@i,ARN# 123(LAH). Description of Ectomyco rrhi?r oI Eetvetla cr6pa t'{orpholoeicol charuae icss (Plate 40, Fig. B) Ectotuxuithizet ttsten inftcarently found, in ,gSrcgared tom undd lhc fruiring bod, hydrcphobic, dichotonously [email protected] clusteB, up to 6 mm tonA, dis I nm in dan. Unrunite.t ends sfiaiqh| snoorn, stishtty swoll.n, cylindrical, 2_4 nm lons, 0.5 nn in dim., lighl brow. ro dek bown with a !.!dish lint, ddk brown whd Sels olds; 84, r'p whnish y€low,hd yow& y€ltow to tiahl bown vitt a8c. M4rle Surlac very lhin, smoolb, covered vilh oit panictes, sh,ny ou. ro atr and wakr f6pped dong hyphae, hosl ti$ue visiblc lndq thc sho&. iI hofuorpta very @, vqy $in dd dqli.atc, @ily Enovert olt frcn DrlofthEr srsln mto lhc eil. connetine loos€ly ro de ndtl. rurface, o,iSihaled fron rh€ bqc s w€l 6 trcfr rhe Btrictcd points, while to can tunine tjghl breqn whd gcts oldd, ,Ecgltdly radit.d in0o qaucr fragn@ts, qnldgled, sm@rh, rounded, up !o U.75 M thicL u, lo I nm at bmching points, htphae toosoly woven 1o €acn oqa, €6y to scDdal€. En.ndtitg hlph@ not ob*Ncn Scle,,ria nol ob*rvcd. t2Q Phl.40, Figs. A-B, B$nim.rp oftei?//d .trr, & lrs rCM utrd.r mrros.op. discrirp {4t aasidikrp (Habir) rBr EcNl (babn) showing imponanl fearues Bar= 2 cn for A tmmforB l2l Anaromacal charuckitlics oI nante in plon eietrs (ptate 4 I , Figs. A-B) Mdlle plehchymalous in a lar!6. Leking laliciterous hyphD Ouh/ Ba te tatat t@*ty pt*renchynobus wirh ireCute ddgment ofhyphe ind w$o!l discemiblc pa ch (rr!e B, AseB 1987-2002); dif€r€nrjal€d h)phae, fR hyphac ru. par. cl to qch other. somcrinrc aus.d vnh ach othcr by simplc g- Irpe ,n6!onos's, delicare, iregutdty mificd, a f€w ce s tdge spheriat lo sub€pidmoid wirh thicl ceI waltq trFhat ccth (8, 15-22 G36) lro in higrh, t-j fd In dnh., cellwalh up to 0.t llm rhick, snoorh surfacc, hr?hae fr.quentty septote with f.w oily doplets, consist€olly cytindricat in shape, ,o clmps obswcd. 1,rs, ,t@tt ta!4 als ptet*hyhatous bur eDctine a fcw sno,t€r ce s obwc! uong hr?baoi hy?hae wi$ snoorh surtee, cotounes &d slleght, seplare bd n€rlike amnsdqt ofhDhal bundlos (rDe A; Aseg, 19E7,2002), hlphalccu6 9-36 !h jn leng$, !p lo 2.8 in Fn did., ccI wals 0.2-0.3 Fm drcki sioptc danonosis obsetucd @ong hlphae, cldps nor obsped. ,/"rJ/ r,A wirn rnc am. slroctuB as in Adannical chaructcts of enauating et.nltts (Plate 41, Frg. C) Rh4onoeht very pn6itiv., difqendated hr?hae (ty?e A, Agerdj l99l)i hdSins Erher snolhr hDhae l@sly wova and ofunifom dia, @pu are bDha€ nol obs@cd Htphae smootb, ccus 15-45 in !h lengU,,2 2.8 !n rn djo., Elts up lo 0,5 !n thiek, f(qucnlly sepr.te, clahps nE, cohp@rly woven hrphae dd $nedme flsed *irh @h orhtu eilhout panicular dy tr?c of mdomosN lrT.. simptc ddromcis abo ob*N.i. Enaaeti,g rpr@ nol obsw.d. Crsidia teking_ Chlmyd6poB not oberyed,,4 tuton, ofnat lei,ct$ec,o,jtu! eapp@as loose aggrSsrion of hr?ha., up to IO sm, ptecte.chjdatous lhtuudoul, difelenl laye6 no( di$€mibte conr.tce s Irh Hanrg ner not, so ponhenr, loundilh. onty anong upt€r onical rclion in rhe fom offingd lik pDjetions. Andon, oIna,te th tangitktinat sectiont t@*:ty plrcrochynatous h$nd sherh up !o lO th tnick, nyphae wo!€ni running pm|let lowards roor tensth, differo.l tay€rs nol dis4emible, @nical cetls wirh Hadie ner up ro rh. firr bw, ,oundish to cyrrodrical. t?2 Pl.tc 41, Fig!. A-D. Inporr.nr .noronicrt f€rr{r., ol €crohycorrhi..l moronotyoc ol E.t'tttq c,itpa (A) Looscly pl t23 Color Reactionsr ls%KOH,& Lacric acid- rcaction, Mclrets Reagencno Elction. vou.h€r sp.cim.n: E tomrorhizs bd€r ,rri"r p,r,../rca in Hcrbeioh, D€parhnenr of Bortuy, punjrb, patisr,n, Unile.sny of lhc LatD,c, A. R. Nizi 4 ARN-12076E (LAH). 124 21. Sarco.lon otovitidb \Mo!{,eJ B$ld, Men. Tor.y bot. Club t2: r48 0e06) (Plate 42, Fig. A) = Hrrthr,t luhNrn (Ba.&et roud, aarM nar*or I 0: 68 (r 956) - Satalot Jua66 B6^\a. Mrmtosto 5lt): t6 \tet. A:L,s: up 1o 4,0 n 6m.d, dcpcs.d, odgc to tiStr bow4 $aty, margi.s curyed; rrd6 l-2 m long, teqing downwardr tr4E: up lo 3.0 cm long up 10 ?,0 nn wid., noloa; B8dbspot$: hldine, globce to subStobGe, ommqtcd, zgptox. 4,1-12.1 ' 8,V9.7 !n; Bstdit: hyaline, 2-4 slsiSnale, 9,2_ I t .6 uo wid€, !p ro 25.724 un lons sr€rigna up to +5,4 hi C,,6.nCr,j hy.tine, ctavalc, apprcr. 8.+ U$ll.r rtrd Dlrr.ibulion r Solilary or CEgdious, P.tisr.n, N_ w. Fbtrri.r pbv. Khospu-Ayubia, Narhiagali, loagali; undd ,4116 pth&ow. Ar 24ottlsa1 m ,, l_ 05Lh Aus., 2006, ^. A. R. Nidi, ARN#50806 (LAII), D$cription of Eatomycorrhiza of So.cotton aamr,ifltt:J Uo rp h ot og icd c ha. o de risrks (Plate 42, Fis. B) Edonr.othtet l,E.i fEqunrt! tound hydrophobic, nonopodialprmidal, !p io 9 hh long, axis I m in dih. Uaranif.d ea.k sn@th, stttighl, slighrty ionated, c',tindricat, 2-4,5 nh tons, 0.5 mn in did., *hile ro cl€o, gEy to lighl bDM vhn ecrs oldea E / rA whitish cllm ro gr€y v'fi age. Mmllc Suf&e sD@th, cov6.d qi$ sil panicts bui soh€wt'@ coltony, shiny in sma parl. due ro ,n ed war€r t6pp€d mo.8 hj/phae, h6t Iisu€ @r visibl. udcr r[. rh@d. xrr@,,,rtu codelcd dirrircdy ro rhe netle $rfec, onsin not whnc $€inq !o clfu lmins ligDl brcwn whq 8.rs ol t25 a-B &.rdio.rrr6 :1111 .T" ors,rador .rgrdl,& r! EcM u.d6 H::"-"1'"?1H5"lt :#@'p ft Lb',' (a) EcM (h'birr sh*i"; ;il;; 126 Anatonical chancteristics olh,o"tte i ptat (ptare 43, Figs. A,B) "iew Mlnrlc plecr€nchynatous in aU la'€6. LackinS laliciferols hylhae. O4d. rdrrrs rexr looscly ptedochrmabu wilh ireguld alro8endr oa hyphac Cype B, Asercr t987-2002); und;ftular€d hrlhrc, f€w hr"h& tun p,alet |o @n orhd, somorine lus.d wirh e&h othr by simpte HrDe e6rono,is, hFhae deticalc, rmined with 'reguldty smooh sur{:tce; hDhae f,egudtty septale wilh fcw oity dioplels, consislentty cylindricatin snap., hrph.t ceth 10,30 Fn in t€n8b, l-l Fm in dru., €.ll w.lls up lo pn 0,3 thick; cl.mps p,€sdl bur .ol teqnc r, Inn.r s,,Ie /d)g {ie@ly pldituhynalols bu $mcrime pstudop@hynabus @tts ob*oed among hrphaq hj4hac with smoo$ surf&e, cotourls aId llhi€lr ceth, sepra& and nctlike dtugcmdr of nrthac (rlT. Ai Agercr, t 987-2002), up to 2.8 !m iD dim' htphal cclls 9-30 pm lengrb,4-9.5 |1nr in diah. cell walls 0,2-0.5lft ticki simple an4bmos,s ob*ryad @o.B compacr hrphae, cthps obs.tued bur nol frequcnl. ,/.4r rlA wilh rhe s.me sttocrurs 4 in thc larcral pad5. Anatonical charude slics ofen arrati getenents (plate43, Figs. C_D) Rhizomoryht ndi{d.nti.t dllr!€ A, Ae.b, I991); margins 6rh€r snoorh; nDh.e loo*ly wor€n and of unifoh did., hyphae sh@o, olangled aid joi.ledi cexs 20-45 rm in lcngt 2-2.8 Fn in diD_, walts 0.5- U.7 Fn thick, fr€quen{y scprdt€, ctml)s rde, conrp<y woven hrph,c md soD.tmc r6cd vith @b othcr wnnoul any panicutar rype of anatohosis tlpq simple an6@mosE obs.tued, a few ampulrarc htlhre obspcd. tranating hwt.. sroorh, rhLk 3-4 !n didn,, ccll qallr lhrcl. up ro O4t rm. hrlhac Ehrfi.d, @rficalton ho$tr.t septr. wctl daclop.d ls tna a semiciEle ctmps, clamps may be backward ori.nbd, a fs hphae fu*d wilh €ach olher by .oslonosing bf,dge. Crstidia tac}lne. Chhmydospores nor ob$ryed. ,.! noLon, of hafue t,t ctos secuo,; hD e ,ppcm q lhick I Js am, ptcctenchymdrous l|roushofl fonnirrg r drstincl shcartr difcrctrl b).6 disccmrblc. conicdl .els trirh Hfirs ner not so prohrnenr, round.sh, only mong upps con'c,tEg,on h rhe tom oftrnga trtc pojauons. t27 t <.:-'-=--=>- ---2!€= :.-_ -.- ---.---..\ _-_::__:__ D- Plarc €, FigI A-D. Inpo.t.nr rnrroDicd fc,turF of edony.orrhizal mrlli.orrpe ot Sarcadon @ott tdit 4 ) Loo\.tr ptJcrn! t ) md oJr or( ;rnh ta) s iB) I)en*l) flcdtrrh)md@6 Inner nutc td\cr {C} Inkmat rrr" ot rhi/.mofh (D) Enianating llyphae, Sc.lc bar: 20 rn t28 ttat6, 4 Mtd. ta l.t€]'^?,ditot r.dbr; P|eld4ttu door ttydd d.rdr up to 60 !h tbicL, hyp}s 6td8l.d, rhniry pjdld rdnd! rDoa ta|8th, ditldBr tat/!r, dismibl., rhcatl h thc fom of h.ap!. Conioat @lls witr H.nig nor in 2 rowlr remdtt b crti!&ic.l, ry 0o 2 pr! lhictr, tlqldty roi6.d" ColorL..d.r.: |5XKOE,t dicsiGt8e'aii.|EdrRrr.lt{retr vu.r.r rr.d!.o: &bDtMriiz. udq ,rrda, dr&rr, h nandi@,, D.gatnor of Bormy. UliFiry of nl. h4j|D. t hor!, pd.ir&. l, R Nidi f ARN-120768 @Afl). t29 22, Hldnun repaulun L..sp planLwn: trrc0753) ?',.!,i up ,o r0 cn brcad, conv€x ," ,*,r r,-Sl1l#:*t;,*l dcprqsed, cre.n to buff-oranse, runs ormge brown oh orursrrg o! cul, mosuy snooLh bul$ndim6 $aly, nlrgins curyerr or inrelledj .p,,6 r_1,5 nm lon& oaf, whrl€ to c@m colorcd, brinlc, rapering down wlrds, ddconding row&ds sripcj/46, thict, pal€, llms b oEngish on btuisin8; .t iB up to 3.G6 cm lonS up 10 7 mn rhict, slighlly enla|ged ar rhe b6€, centmt to eccsnrric, c@ah lo yeuownb, wirb out onul6, hollow; B6idi6twar: h$Iine" globce ro srbglobo* o. rclnded, onmcntod, 9- l2 : 8 0- l 0 Fni .tr,o.e Fiht ||hitet Basitiat hrati\c,2-4 stengmarc, 9- I 1 widq !p to 24 long, !h !fr slerigm. u, to 5 jrni Or,Zn4: hylli,E, clav6tc, 8-9 r H.bitat ard Disrriburiotr: Sohary pali$an, or crc8rious, N. W Fond€! Ptuv., KhMspuFArlbia, Nalhiagrli, kuzagrti; uhdcr,t6nrtrrldri al2400-?580D i. s.l.,05lh Au& 2006, A. R Ni4i, ARN,5O8O6 ( LAH). Description of Ecromycorrhi?j ot Hydt um rupmaam Mo.phological.haracte stics (Plare 44. Fig. B.) E.rohlcor,rizd qsr?D frequcnrly aound in aggrcgled ldm undcr rhc filnineing body md foming whn€ a nat, hyrtrophobic, nonopodrat pinnare ro monopod'al prreidal, up lo 8 tu lon& dis t.2 m in di@_ Unmnet ad, sra'ght dd shoolh, slignrly innakd, cylindricat, 2_5 mm lon& 0,5 m in di@,, sn'l. b grcy lo lighr broM when gers y?,r, otdf r,/ whnsq gley ro d4k brcvn w'lh aB€. Mrnd€ Snrf.ce of shoorh, covwd wi$ $il p.rtcrc! bur somewherc wooliy, shiny io $ne pais duc to ajr ud waro kapped oong nr?hae host lisstrc sr'Bhtly visiblc udd lhe shcarh at f.w points panicul.rty rip. Rrizonorphs trequcnr, conDecred distnctly ^ and obtiquety to lhc oanttc sur6ce, onsma!trg fbnl lbc bde of thc un@i fi.d ods or myconhial srsred, fla! white b oll-whitc rumine lrgbl brcwn wh€n gct older, iftesularty raniicd irro smxcr lilgnar, smoolb, enl.ngted, ounded ro nat in cbs €rion, banchcd, up ro rmn thrck, up to 2,j mm al brdnchins poinrs, ht?hae entanglcd ro qch othcr, diriicujt D0 Pfrr.44. FiBi, {-B Btridio$rpl ot Hylnrn ptuud!, ,nd iB tCV und., oRctrn3 hrrdmp. (A) BAidihups rHab , ta) r cv ,hab{, :hor,ns ,h,-L D,41!hed hrzohorphjand eTdn n8 h)ph,e atr 2,m tor A t mm,o. t lll 1o *patute E"'ahanry hrphdd infreqncnt, wnirish ro tigtrt bbwn whcn gcts oid, ablndot on few rips, sjvinS couony app..fucc. Sctftli! nor ob*de{. AMtonical chancteristics of nantle ia ah,iew (plate 45, Figs. A-B) M& e plet€nchyftalols in atl laye6, Llcting tadcif€rcus ht?hae. Olrcl ,',trrl. rdrdf loosely pl@tenchFatous wilb iEegular amgement of hrph& (}?e B, Agcrer lt87-2002); h,?h.c diflcmiarcd, fw lhict, brcM, ommdred aorci8n htpbae run ov€( the $ acc or cntq thc ndrle hycr, htphe of lhe mrlte sotoorine fqcd wirh @n otnd by sinplc or H-lt?c mdronosis, d€ticatet ircSutety nmificd, scptate and cons'stent ly cylind ricat in shapq htphal c€lls l0-3j Fm, l-3 tn indim., ccll walls up to 0.1-0.5 jrm lhictq snoo$ surf&c; clmps nequ.ntty pGer! oily dbplets obsFed in f€w hyphae Inz* uantte t4rq dereety plerenchFatous but sonelne pscudop@hymatous ells obs.N€d mong hrlh.ci nr?hae with snedr surr&6i coloul€$, srEighr, eplale d Anatonical chancte l/ics ofehanating etenents (plate45, Figs. C_D) Rhizohorphs tndifIercntiared(r}?e A, Agcrcr, l99l), D&gins Etner sm@rh; hyphae looscly wovcn rnd of rnifonn dianr, d fc* runlpcr tikq ihnarcd hyphac ob$R€d. sooorh, Hpbae cclli 20-54 tm in lenSlh, up to 2 Fm in diam.,M s upro 0.5 fm thkk, liequctrrly *pldl.i septa much ap! frch coch othor. clamps prcscnr, qch h'?hae tured with orh.. by sinplc or clmpcd dsronosis, sinplc mdromoiis dtso ab9eflcd. EhaMhry htphae !noo(h, thick,3-4 pn dim., ce| *!lts up to 0.45 thiclq An hnh@ rdified, Emification nosrly ar sept4 wclt ddclopcd t6 rhm a semicirle, clamF may be back*ard oricnred, . fcw hypha. fused wirb each orher by d4lonosing bndgc. qrrril,? t&ting. Cnlmydospo6 rcr obstu.4. Anatom! oJ nt,tl. in .rots s{tiort na.rt to ?O tm rhick, ptecEnchymatou tou8houl foming ll2 *--\:_ I'lrie ,15, Figs. A-D. rntbnmt .n,lonicd r.itur6 ot cclonvcorrhnrl north.t!$ ol ltt.tnun HF,r',, (A) t@scry ptedonchrmarons ouicr mnn(r" hyer (D) Denscly dccrenchtmarous inncf nrin(te laycr (c) rntcm.t vi.w of nnzomorph (D) Emunalins HyDhae, Setc ba. 20 lnr l3l sl|! ||r, dif.r.nt laylr! diffiiDte conicd €tk qiih H|'lia Er !p ro 2 wq oundilL only eMt lppd cdric.l Ftid itr dr ft6 of 6n8{ lilc preja{i@ in to,stu.tiet 'rraoo,, EMntL s{idi pt .tadDD.tou b)?h.t .[ath up to 60 rrn ttrclq hwlr. or{8lo4 running p.nltct tow.dr er te|g0! diff.ro|t lay.lr dlisnibL, .h.rt in ti. fdD ofhib.t hjdtc* &.ricrt ccth wirh Hatig,c. in 2 6vlt! roundilh ht cy'indricat, up ro 2 !n ihiclq frquady rhifiqt. cd.r rc6.r: r iX KOIL & Ldic ;d- I||dEa'. l'..8ar_6 'a!riod, etim, vo|.[.. {..18: Er.bolrlodhnr llit /rid piridop, in Hatriulr D?rrD€rd of Boray, nnivl'dry oflh! h\i.b. rlho(!, p.ti.b! A. R, Niui , ARN-IZ'6B (t-AH). 134 23. Lactaiw hatsuda*a Tanaka, ,or nr',,s., Tokyo 41 393 ( l8eo) mcrri 20,60 mfr brord, rreshy. ****., ,,",1t"'."li1i:Xlfrf.]. qpandcdj """,., lhcn urbclicatc, surf&e !i*id whcn ecq sn&th, ycltowisn whire ro omnge grey, with gryish rcd to lcddish brcwn cjrcuhrzoncs Ftcsh 5-9 mn thict ar drc lr-dltz.: slightly dduFcni. 1.5-2 mn widc, cowd.d, gEyish brc*n lo d't yclrow, oft.n branchc U o rp h o lo g i cal c h a n.i e i i cs (Plat€ 46, Fis. B) Edontathl.dt itstem Eequen y found undcr $e truitinsinA body up to shori dist&cc in aggrcgats; nonopodial prrmidal, up ro t 2 mn lon& dis t - l .s ftn E l15 Pf.r. {6, Ffar A-8. Beidiq.gc ol Lctotut hatadz4z.td ir! EC.l|t udd discrils- di.G.oF (^) [email protected] 0raln) (B) ECM O.bit) shNiig iopdr..l f..tufts Bar = I m for A I nn f.r B ll6 Anatonical cham.te}jstics olnantte tu plaa viar\ (plate 47, Figs A_B) Manrle plEtcnchynalous in a tayeB cqtatinous wirh laticif€rcs hrphae. Otrtat hanie rdler pteEnchyharous wnh undiferenriated hyphrc, no plrrm di*hihlc (r}?e B, A8erer 198?-2002), g€tadnous, sbarsnt &d €vcn tatrcctcous n'?nae prcscnl mong other hr?hre, 2-5 [m in diam.i hypnae delicat€. idcgularty @ifred, long dicnoiomi6 r@ly ob*(€d, arequcnlly s@t,re; h}?hat ce (Zl_) 2J 28 pm lons, consisrmttycytindricat C34) in shapc, l-2 !n in diam., csllwalls 0.2-0.4 ph lhrck, Moorh sufaej clmlN not oh$*cd, sinplc asDnosr ob*(cd ahong p 6llcl htphre. Iarcr nntL tarv dcnlety ptecrenchym.tous. Hr?hae conpacrty amged wnhout plrrm ey (ync Bj Ag@r, 1987-2002). sn@lh 6urface, cotourlGs, witn gctarinous, hatrix bol nol se/aq byphd ce s 2G36 tm in lenglfi, up lo 2,8 lub rn drM., cclt walls 0.2-0.5 !m rhick sinpte aastomosis obsened mong lyphtu, dmpr ab$t. ,/e/y rrA wilh dense pl6tcrchloalous nd . but nor wilh getrtinous A!,atonical charocteris,ics ofensnatiLg ete^ents (plate 47, Figs. C-D) Rhi.ohotpttt lndittetqriri..d (l}?c B, Agercr, l99tr, oarsn! rather smoorh; hmhae @mpacrly dans€d .nd otunitom dian., bmched, sfr@rh *alrel, atmosr runhing pardllet, fiequonly seprdte, cldps ,bsent, cohpelty wovcn {d difljcuh ro seperc, $haine tu*d wirh qch olhd wiooll ey parricutu rype ot dGronosis r)?ei srmprc andtonolis obs*ed: hr?hal celh t7-20 !h in len8rh,2-3.5 Fn in did., walls 0.254.t4 sn rhick. Enu nry rrpt@ fl@h,tllick, 3_4rn in dim., celr waus rlick, up to 0.5 jrn, dicholonousty hmified, scprate withour ctamps Clrt r',ir l&kins. ChlmydosroB rct otJs.Nen. Anatm, of n,antle in cr6s ,e.tioz, merle appcaG rhick hFhal a bundtcs, plmtcnchlrarous thjoughout fohins a dislnrc] shealh, 1G50 ,rh ihick, diilftnl tay6 nor disccmrble, conica] etb vnb Hanis nd in 2-3 rcvs prcrruding towaids cndodemis, frequ.nt ty tutrt 4. An.ton,, af na ne i" laryttulkat ,ectioar 6 rhict sheatt\ up 10 40 ,1n, ple&nchyoglou h4hac mtdgl.d, rueing iftgularty rowlr& @r tasrh diflcrcd taye6 di$chible, shqlh in the 6m of agstegarion of hrphac. Conical ce s wnn Hanig nel in 2-3 os, prclrud'ng iowatns €ndod@ s, ouidish to cy'indncal 2-3 ,rm rhict, lJ7 -/1\ ?.r/i '//zt --€/. --.=: -'- r '--.:-, D Plrtc.47, Fi$, A-D. Inporttnt rloromic.t f€.ror.! of cciony.orhizrl ptelench}nabq horp[orypc ol Zz./ei6 ,dddr. {A) ouLer nsd; h}d (8, ucn*ry pr l]E Color R..ctions: 15% KOH,& tjcric did,p6enr, Melrtas Roaesu_no reacion Vouch€r !pccin..: E romlcoEh i,^ lnd.t Abi6 pinttur in Hctn&ium, Dsparhcnl of Botdy, Univsily oa the Punjab. lahorc, p.tisra., A. R. Niei # ARN l2O86E (LAH), t39 24. Lacta us deliciosus lL.) cmy, Nd. ar Brit. p!_ (Londo ) t: 624 (r82r). (Plare 48, Fiss. A-B) ?iL6i conv.x, d@ply dcp4scd had, incutued ndgin, rcddish o6ngc wnh seveial darkq zones likc grc.n, ivory ro off-whire, 2-8 cn acro$, nrlrgins tobcdi Ldn.ta4. ad.are ro darqt. pale to omg€ r.d, siaining s@n, €bwded; Slhc: ccntral, shon, Eddish bown virh staininggEen, fl6h thicl, y€tlowish to crean, wilh ollnge lalcx,3-6 x l-11.5 on. r8idid ctavalc io crlindric, hotlow. hyatinc, oii conlmts pro$nl, rcrn sreriSnale, stgiSnrnk sn.rp, 4l-55 i 3.G9.0 tnr; ,6idi,.roBs: hyllinc to ,!llo{ish, fincly omamcnted, votucose, ubgtobosc to globos, .picllus pcot, 10.2-13.3 x t.5,95 !m, anyloid; C!.tinit .trrdc, hyuline, hollow,30,5-41.6 x 3-9 Fm. Hrbit rndDtflburiotr: On gound, sin8le, Pakislan: N !V. Fbnrier p!ov., KhdnspurAyubiu, Narhiaglii Shlm- KaghM vrl]l!. Utjd$ P"M \||tlLichi ( A. B. Jacks. At2400- 2580 d a. s.1., A. R, Nizi, ARNd Description of Ectomycofthiz^ oI Lrcta us deliciosus LIo rp h olog ic al c h an cteini cs (Plate 48, Frg. C) Ectohtatlizal st$etu fieqtcnrly fo!fu1 under rhc trurlnrging body up lo shorldisr&e in aggrcg{€s, dicholornoulty branchcd, up!o8 mm lon& aris r-2mn in Alat\. Uia@iietle,dr En@th, srraighr, 2-4 nn tong, I nn iD dian , snoorh, omnge lo lighl blown, disrinct mdttc !u.f&e; wrr rlp lidl bown, dtt grcy ro d&t bown whm gels older. Mutle sulface sm@th and silvery due to water rrapp€d .nong nande h,?h!e, hosl lisue nol visible uDder lh€ shealh, talex rccrctcd frcm ruprurcd poinrs. Rtti.ono4,hs ina(qucnt, conn(rcd disrincdy ro rhc nmnrtc surtncc !t rtsriclcd poiins, ohsl$ lrriDs tighl brown to brown whcn scrs oktcr, smoo 1, cntmglcd, roundcd 1o flat, brrnched, brrnching iresutd, up ro 0.7 mm lhict, up lo r Dm ar bnncn'nBpoinrsibphao enranglclro each olh€r, compaclly m.nsed, dlnictrlt \o *Da t. Ehenatira hlprdd vhnc b omtrSish b tighl bbw. whcn gcls old, int€qtront smooth, nrely brancncd, thin, up to 0.25 nh jn dim, Scteroti! nor 140 nrr.lq rE. A{. B.rifio...F d turi.t ).at.F. & ta, EC !.dr oftr!.9 ..rdeop. ( _8, B$idi@'P' ft4ir) (c) EcM olbn) !h@id8 rmpoaer r6tuG Ba = I cm fd A & B. I mm fq C l{l Anatonical chat@teistics ofna le i! plad vierf (Plate 49, Figs A-B) Mantlc plet€nchynltous in all laye6. Celatinou *ilh lalicifmus hyph.c. Ou@ ien e ldter prer.ncttymalous with diflemtiated hpha., but no paltcm disccmible (tt?€ B, Agcrcr 198?-2002), gelatinous, straight md cvo lalicilcrols hyphae p6mt dong olhq hypha., 2-5 [n in diam.; hyphrc delicar€, sfr@rh su!l&e, iresulllly lmiied, lons dicnobmics raely obscryed; clmt! hor ob3cdcd but simple batoDrosis plcrnl dons ht?hae frequdtly Fpt tei ht?hal coll (21.) 25.28 C34) jtn long 1-2 !m in dian., ccU walls 0.2-0.4 pn rhick, @nsistcnlly cylind.ical in shape. htn* nahtte l6lEt densely plect€nchymatoDs. Ht!h& cobuncss w'rh 6moo1h slr&cc containing gelati.ous mabix (tDe Br AgeEr, t987 2002), i€gu€nrly seprare, septz well dcvcloped; ht?hal cclls 25-40 lrm in lcn8th, up lo 2 Jln in dim,, c€ll walls 0.2-0.s !n thicki sioplc a@lonosis obw.d amons hyphe, clmp6 not obeded. ,ary rpr sith dense pl@tenchynatous mantle but iol Attatonical chara.teistics olenamtuq elenents (Plate 49, Figs. C-D) R a,,r"4,rx und i fr.rcnli.tcd ( ty,c B. A sc.c., l 99 r ). m rrgins rarher smoolh i ht?h.c ompaclly amn8.d dd of uniaom diam., b@hcd, sn@rh wrltql, ctrldngled md jonxsd; Ecqucntly septltc, hyphalcclls l7-20 !m in lcngth,2.0-l5 tm in dim., wall 0.25-0.34 !m lhick, clamps absnt, compadly wovd hDhac dil dimcul lo spaat€, $nEtine fusd wnn @h orher by simplc .nalom6is. E"tuatug nlphae sooth, rhick, 3-4 Fs in diao., ccll walls thict, up to 0,t !n, dicholomously mit€d, lcpkte but Nithout clDps. CJ6ridia t4king. ChlmtdGpoB not ob*dcd. ,,l,otonr oI ma.th in u6s se.t o,; merle atp€6 lhicl a6 btphalblndles, plcct€nchtmdlous thmugbout aoming a disttucl shealh, 1o- 50 rh thict, dillffir la,€s nol discedible, @rlical cclls wiln Hanig oel in 2-3 ows pbrruding rowrds ododcfri5 t cquarty @ift.!. AMtomt of Mntta ,l longn .linal re.tioni 6 thick snea$, up to 40 fm, pldrenchtmaiou hypha€ cntlngled, running ireguldly towa.ds rcot ldgrh, difcr€n1laye6 discemiblc, 6heath in ln€ fom of ags€sation of hrphrc. Conial ells wilh Hanig ncl in 2-3 owi prolruding lowArds erdodcmis, rcundish lo cylindrical, 2-3 tm thick, fiequcntly t42 ll.l._ 49, fi$. A-D. Inport.nt .nronic.t fetum of croDy.orriizrl ntphorlttc ot hcraria tLli.iorG {41 pl{ren(hjmorous ouler maDtte laycr (8, ueMD pr4tenchymebE rm.r n&de tayer (C) tnkmal ricw ot rhiemorph (D, Emamtiu HlDh&, Sql€ bac 20 un l4l ColorRercrioNr 15% KOH & L&tic acid-plesc( Mehzss Reagdt norcacrion. voucher sDecinea: Ectomtlo.rtiA rndet pr,u wlihiano. in Ha$aiun\ punjab. Deparhar of Bor&y, Univhiry or rhc LjhoF, patistd, A.R Niai d ARN- 120868(LAH). 144 25. Lyoph'Uan decastes (Fr) sioger, r,/a,22: r65(t15l). (Plate 50, Fig. A) Pil.,r: 3- 15 cn boad: convex, b@ming convcr or planc; moisr *hcn aBh: snool[ of-whitc to crern ro yetlowkh bovn or often sonwhal srrclkc{i thc mtrgd InrcU€d whcn younB, larcr cvcn. tobed. or uplum€d. tr,,er@: *hir, close, adnatc lo subdeu@r; emelims yettowin8 $m.whar vilb agc.ldrq: 5-8 cn tong; up to 2 cn $ick; snooth; equat b rlPcled at thc baF, dry, whitih, sonElimes b&oming brownish toMrd rhc be, *iltout partiat veil, F/6rj ehile fimr nol ch,.g'n8 on exposuE. ,6ldi.: clavarc ro c,,lindric, houow, hyatine, ojl cont€.r, prcscn! lelr! st€ngmdej stcriSmara s[orp,41 55 x 3.0-90 tni C/rrnd&r absenl Spor. prinl: Nrc whita. B6diosparcs: hyalinc to whitish. lhmth, inlnyloid, ,P(uluspP*nr,4-7 . r.b tn. dytod. grbil!t !nd Di!lrtbution: palistan: On $ound, sinsle to gEsdious, N. w' Frcnti.r ptuv., Khanspur, Atrb'a, N i S ilhiagal ; heran- Kaghan Vat tcy, I nder .4 r,6 p,/,a, Ar 2400-2580 m a. s. 1., 5rr' Aususr. 2007, A. R. Niszi.ARN # 5()s07. Description of Ectomycorrhiz^ of Llophttlun decaste$ M o rp h o lo g ic al c h a ruc k t ist ias (Plare 50, Frg. B) Edtu @nhizdl syst h fteq!.ntly found in the tom of whire {t€nrc clusls und.r $c fruitins bodt sprcad over a shorl disle@, inegultrry pinnale lo monopodial pinuate, up lo t4 mm long, dh 1.0-t,5 hm in dim. Un.ln^ed arls straight lobar,4,5 mm tong,0.5 mn in dio., whik loc'r4,luh lighl bowo when over stay in wal.ri v€ry lip whnish ycttow, tight brown whh gels oldcr, Mdlte surlee snooq silvery in son€ pais du. lo air ed water llappcd @ong hr?h&, bost l'$ue nor vjsible mder lhc shsrh. 4rrar,,rrr inFeqGnl in rhc fom ofwnib mycclial tbEads, ruming lighl brcwn b btown whcn over $ay ih warr, thick, bolctoid, @tu€cling dislincrly ro ih€ nd c sufacq odgi.atcd mosdy fton rhc b@ of ths nlrofthial s'.1d, hairy murdcd ro nar, tcquenlly bach€d inlo shon lildc.ls, up to I mm lhick, trp lo 2 nrm at bnnching poinrs, hDhae e.bngled b och othd, difliculr to sepadr. E&uati,g hwh'@bo d^t, whitq &d rhick, up lo 0.2 nd indim. Scl.rotia nor obsrycd, 145 Pfra. 50. Flr A-& D.dnio...F oI Lyqhynu teat6 td ttr E(W urdr dbtrLg rirtuoF (A) B.idiaeF Gttir) tBt EcM (h!b'r) 3h4irg ropdtur litrB Be= I cd fr A ] nh fo B. t45 Alltomicol charuckistics ql mantle in plan ,iews (Plate 51, Figs. A B) Mutle pldrenchynntous in all htc6, ticking ldiciic@u hyphac. Olrct ha,tl. larar sri.kr.looscly tleclenchymatous wirh nel likc amneenle0t ot hyphac wnh gelalilous natdx (r?c C, Agocr 1987 2002)r lcw hpnae lonring ring lik€ struclua, dclicaq ircguldly tuifi€d, Ircquenrly rcplalc; cldps frcqud ed lh'ck;ht?halc€lls cylindric, consisrfltly cylindric in shapc, nol consrnctcd ar sptA (lt) lt-24 Cl8) pm long, 1.5 2 rm id dian, cell w!11! 0,2 tn lhick, snoorh surfacci smple arstorlosis and ycllovish pigneols obkryed, ir.Buld cryslah obsned over the mantlc hyphae Cystidia lrking. Inn.r nantt tq@ d6ety plectdchyn.tou, not gelaliDousi hlphac wirh sn@$ $raeq colourt6s, stni8hr (t,9e Ci AgeM, 198?-2002), frequ€nlly scptate, containing ,ello*hh pignmlsj fi)phal cclls 22 48 An in length, up lo 2.2 rm indim., c.tl walls 0.24.4 lrm thick; eanom6is obwed .nong hpha€ bul nor sp4illci $pla &d clamps ob*ryed, bur not fiequenl, snicircuhr. /ur), rrzr wnh c sam€ shcrures s i. the lrleratparls, Atatonical chuocte stics ofemaranry elene ts (plate 51, FiBs. C-D) Rhi@noryns \tEhty di$cmtitt {i rhick hyphae foming mosrty I corc, sqrta often panially or completely disotved, margins rathf snoolh; hFhac .ompaclty atranged sndoaunifom diam., btuchcd,smoolb, €nleStcda.dlointedttrrphatceth 20!28 rm lcnslh,2.8-4.8 rm dim.,wrlh 0.5-0.7 !m thick, frequenlly *ptatc, €lmps absori conpactly wovcn ht?hae dd somcrine tusd with @h other withoul ey pan'culff typc of anN(ooosis; aDlputlLc or innard trunlpcr likc cc|ls abscnr. Emouatr'g hJtphae frcqtcnr, colorlss or hyaline, snooth, lhick, 3-5 !m dim.. cell walls rhick, up ro 0.4 rm, BEly Fmifiqt. seprare; ctdps pl€gt. Crsti.ltu teki.A. Chlanltosporcs not obsred ,4nalon, af na e h cr^s ied,',ni mdltc appcan lhick as hyphal aggreeadons, pl{tenchynarous tlmugbour aomjng a distincl lheaih, (3C) 40-50 (-5t,rm $icl( difleren! htm dncemiblc, cortical c€lls wirh Hanig n€t t41 :-_-_-:-- _- D- Pl.te 5l FiF. A-D,Inport.nr rn.ronic.l fe.rurcr or cctohycorrbiAl ho.phoryp. oI Ltopl') Irh .l6e^us t{t Loocety pt4renchynarous ourer nantte tay.r{B)bs;jy precrenchyrorou rMo murte taler tc) InhJl vF$ of ,hienorph (D) Emtuuns Hyphae Scalc b&: 20 lrn 148 row' r..cbtug ordoddti! nlqunoy tEd6ad- /'dN, q nt t!. it lqtr/,dtdt ,.crio,ri pl@tenoblmBlou hyphd cnr{Ul4 tming p!$Uol tow.id! oor tauth, dii&llnt LF. db.rnibL! !6a& ir tt 6ar of t qa Co.to.l €th ,it ltdiS oa i! 23 ffia ltutit !a ir Eri.. rurd drn l cdl i! tjl 16z, rouldi.h to crbei..L 2.3 ltD iiiotr, t!q!.dty mi6.{ color R..!do!t: l5ti KOH, I!4elzcct Roga & t..d6 li(Llo r.rtior vdC.r !D.dr.o: E roDtcotrtis. u{.r ,{!'rr dldfl, ii Eqtuiuo, Dqatm.d ofBotny, UriEityofbhri.D. Irhd!, p.rir-, A-R)t d*Aal|- t2ltE6B (IArt. 18 76. Rama a aurca \Schaetr.)e!it., t:t. my.o!. Fruhe (pari3): 46? (1888). (Plare 52, Fig. A) BaiUio@F iee\ltty etodxc in oo ine, up ro rt cn ra sd 12 cm widc, rhick bdchi.g. S4.: wnite to o|I-whilc, sotid, flcshy &d snon, tuit.d in nultilud€ of sbong branch6, wnich utrimately raiUcd inlo iine e,ecl btucblet!, t€minali.g irlo shon spin6, Brdch6 ai tips win -Gd wnd ,oq8 &d uhinaiety pale ruming chnc@u' Fr6r: whi(c, rhir, uchdaire, ,6ndrrp,.r: (tG) lO.5_ x 17 (-17.5) (3-) 3.5,5.5 (-t.8) Fm, skiared or ot]@at€d, finely v.mcos, conrent gMuld, dllipsoid to ovoid ro obovoid, zpi.rt^re, Basinia: clavaro lo cyli(tric, htdline, 30.39 " 8-r9 tn, t€ira $digm.re, stdignau shaA, up to 2,2.8 Im, Cttidi.i cyliadric lo chvar€, slidtly ld8cr lhe bsidia, 34-4a (_4S) t G t 5 rn. Habi.r ,nd Dkoiburion I On tlr gbud, Patiste: N. \v. Frcnde! pov., KuaSali, Dungagali, unde! this pindrc\ A|UO0-2580 m a. s. 1., AuSusq 2006, A. R. Niai, ARN,0806. Description of ectomyconhiz of Ramafia aur@ Motphologlcat charactefistics (plate 52, Fig. B) Ectodt@Ehizal tttt6 manopodiat pimaq @nro,k ofh'?h!. Arert over . long distancc, prefmbly occuni.g in orydic sil laycrs, up lo 6 nm loag, *nh main dis 0.3-0.5 m in dim. U,ramrrat dds s&ngr 6 bdt, r.0-2,5 nD lons, 0.25- 0.55 mD in diu., whire b sillery whilc du.lo wacr rry4led mona nanlle h,?haci y6lloeish E? r'r' ro gr€y wirh (he age, ddt gBy !o blrldsh yhd geB otder surf&c of umfrilied dds d€nscly stringy, bul sm€whft cotlony, nmll. slrfac€ distincti corr,cal cells noI viliblc; cm@ling hnhae infrcqumr. Rriudaryh ke4ncor, @cming cvery wh.rc h iie sFt€n blr re on (ps, wirh brcd dd dislincl comeclion to mede su!f&., whjb, nar in crcss ecrion, up to 0.3 mn in dim., extesivcly rdiied, naryi$ nol m@d! ,bizonorrhs a dhod desc nlodhia- l'k€ outg@\rrlB, 0-20-0.35 mm il dim.. obwed n@ rhe spoacdF. Eiu.dinr ,r,ptad whn., yellowisi whcn old, abuoddr on few tips, gvns corcny.ppemnce. r50 Ff.i. 52. Figr {-8. B.rtdidup oa R.wid @M .trd t! ECI{ od.r durcritrg DhroroF {A) assidiej,p {H!bh) (Bl EcM {hlbit} 3hMn8 impdl&r rixt@s Br = I cn for A. I mn rff B t5l Anatonical chaftdefistics olnd tte in plQn (plare 53, Figs. A-B) 'ievs pl{tcnchymdous Mdde in all t t.ts. Oub neni. tdle CetatinoB. toosety plecrcnchtrnatous, with tro hyDh.l p!(orn disccrnable, no ri.s-tike mlnscmcnl or ltphd bundlB C'1F A; Agerer, l9tt) ob6@e Anatonical charucteristics of enanatine etenents (ptat€ 53, Figs. C-D) iri!,rr?fu lndiftmlialed (t te B. Agerer, I 991), nargiff athd !m@rh hr?h.. conp@dy a@gcd ad of lnitom rn, dichobnously !mili.d, s@taie wilh welld€vetop.d clmps, cleps noy be al scpta fotuation or sohewhere eh€. C),rr'.rja hcking, Chhmydospores not obsesed AMtoht of nantle ia c6s se.tio,: m{tlc ,rpem thict 6 hyphal ,8ercgations, pretcnchFalos thrcuehout fomins a distinct sh€rh, (28-) 4215 (41) tm tnicL difc!.nl lay€6 disccmible, conid cclh wirh Harrig net in 2-3 ows, m6dy in 2 Dws @ching endodemis, ffequenlly t^nificd, Anatonr oI na te in tah4trllitut se.tion: pl*tcnchynalous hyphrc cnlangled, runnins pmuel towdds mot lsgth, di{Imr lar!6 disccmible, shqth in the tom ofhaps Hanig ncl in sron eund corrical cellinl-2 iows, ioundkh ro cylindnc.t,2-3 rn thick, ftqu€ndyImin.d, 152 { -> -.\ Plot. 53, ligs. A-D, Ihportrrr .nrtonic.l fetuc! of ecronycorrhial ntlhot}o. ol Rddaio tureo rA) Loorty ptecbchynalous ouler ntr.te taycr (8, uctud, pdenchymalos imer nMlle layer (Cl InLemal vicw of rhi4moDh (D) bM.trrg HyDh&, Sqlc bar:20 um. r5l Color Reactio$: 15% KOH, Meltzsr's Rcasenl & Ittic actd{o rcehon voucher lpalmelr E lonytorhia und€r .'lrr'6 Prrdrc,, in Hetbanum, Dcpa.rnal of Bolaiy, Univdity of lhc Plnjab. blorc, P.tisr.4 A R Nidi I ARN,I2086E(r H), 154 27. Ramo a sticta (pe6.) eu6t., Fr,r.,r €&is):464 (t888). (Plare 54, Fis- A) Bas lio.aryt 4-12 cmt^tt and 4-t cnr widc, individualbr.nching up lo 0.S cnl wide. the brdcbing, aldost dicholomous, dichoronis longer towards b6e vhite shorlr ed pofus lowatd upps sidc. lrir.: .lmosl la.king or vcry ninure, up to 2-4 cn dl ed 2-l ch *id€i hrmmophoE burpint lo pinkish ro pinkish brcw. who bruised; conlcxt tolgh, lhin, ra$e mctatlic, eanhy odour. Brdchcs trr tips winej€d when youog and ulrimarely ruming oiI-whirc to qeM @tor. ,./.rn: whir€, rhin, uncbd8i.s. ,arrdl,sp,fdr: G8.5 c9.5) t (l-) 3.s-4.0 ( 4.5) Fm, omanqred, finoty vmcose, rusty ochEceus in dcposil, conrchrs gtuular, clliploid lo ovoid to obovoid, apicllatc. tdsidi,: clavare io cylindric, hraline. lhin wallcd, 35,50 x 8-lo tln. lclrd stcnSmat , sknsnara sharp, up lo 2-l rn. c'6ridi,: cytindnc to ctavare, laiS€r rha. basidia,l5-44 (-50) x 5,13 !n g.bitit.rd Dirtrlblrion: On $e Sround, Palistni N. W. Frcnticr prcv., Kuza8ali, Dungagali, udcr Abia pbdrcw, Au9tst.2$)6, Ar 24OO-2t80 n !. s. t.,A. R. Ni@i, ARN I0806. D€scription of Ectomycorrhiza ot Ramafia stricta M o rp h o I o I i c a l c ha r o c t eifl ics (Plare 54, Fig. B) Ectonrcorfii.a! trstq frcqren y found, hydrcphobic, iE€Suldly pimale ro monopodialpinnate! up to 15 nm lons, axis up to I nm in diam., plef€rabty in orgdic-ni.eral eil layen in the fon ofcxlcnsive mycelium. SoilpanicLs striclt, a(ached b th. mdrlc su{&e. Unnng&l dkk sn@th, sltrn1.ll'l lo bcnt, 2.5-5 nn long, up lo 0.5 nm in dim., while &d silv€ry due ro air t appd eong manttc hpba€, tun ro ligbl brcwn ro brcqn whcn air displac€d tron hrha€; very rip wbilc io brown when gcG old€r. Mand€ Surtacc of smooth but somewhcre yilb grdular, sohetin6 cotlony, bosl rissue stigltly visibl€ undd lhe shearn at f* poinrs. Rhi@^orpht y.ry fi.{uent, o@ufing .v.ry where in ih. fom of hrphal fds connet€d ro lhc axis ad mycofthiat cndr bur most nEqucnt nd prcxihal mycorihial cnd, nor distinc y com@tdj |o rhc mmrle snrf&e, connered over lo.ge. d6lrnc€ lo ndtlc surface, wnile, up ro 0 25 mn id dim., thick r ned fruiri.g bodi$ up to 0.5 nn, ftcquotly ramified, cnrdgled, rcunded to flit In Cbss S@tion,, ndgns nol smooih, rveral €nmating ht?hae mdaling oul aom lhe distatfld. t55 { [] I,l /{ t*r-iT , ,t' a' :'t { ^ trnsi l5( Enaaauttg nwnte wnnc, iot ftequenr, .bundol on |<:w tips, Sivins couo.y rpp€lmce. sclcotia nol obsed Anatonicdl chamctetistics ofnanlte ift ptan views elare 55, Figs. A-B) Osta rtMI. ler.r l@ety [email protected], gclaljnoul' (rype C, Ag€e 1987- 2002), soil paniclos mbedddd mong hyphae; hr?ha€ deticale, ft.4le.lty sqtate, ramilledr hFhal cclt lohg 'mguldly dd sk ighr, up ro l5O Fn, t.5-3 Fn dim.,lhin ccll waus, 0.24.6 rm, sm@lh sutace; a tcw mpularc cc|k obsw.d, inoarion t-7 ,rm; cldps @t obswed, sinple tuaromosis p6dq @Gislmlty cylindri.at in shEpei acanthocystidia obseryed on rhe ourcr mdlle suraac€. /rner h,nne l.ler pl@tnchymatous. Hrlhac wilh smootb 'tcnsely .urtacc, colourlcs dd straighr. seplale, withou ncllike dang.nqr or hyphat bundt6 wnh no distincl prth (lyps At A8e€r, (o 1987-2002), up 2,8 rn in diam.i hnhut ccth 42 ?6 rn in Lengtlr. cctl warh 0.2-0.5 llm thich simple &sbftosjs ob*ded amone hynh&, ctdps nor obscPol. A f€w mpulalc hyphac ob*ry€d, innations nca. s@ra stigh(y @crrictcd rlscprum. /z? rr2r with rhe sne srruc(urcs 6 in the tatcdt pans. AMtodicot charucreitti.t ofmonatiag etenents (ptate 5j, Figs. C-D) ir4arorrrr difierent.rd (r,!c C, Agctr, lgtt), magins olhd m@rhi h,?hae cobp4tly dog€d and of unifom did., bached, sm@th, entangled, slongly s€latinized, $il panicl€s srict ! wilh hy?naq frequony sphr€, hy?hd cells 20 l50 rn in loglh,2,3 Fn indio., valts O.j{,7 Fn tnick; cldps l&king; compactly wov.n hr?hae and sometine fus.d yi$ €ah o$er without ey panicuto! ly?c of &6!omosh, simplo aDstomosis ako obsfl€d, a few hrphac wnn innakd cerls n@ sepfum, infladoG al one side oathe *pla. up ro 8 pm io diam. C]sridio infrcquent on metle surfac. blr ahuodanr on rhizomoQb 6 acflrhohr?hac, with oily conrsnls of yellowhh coloq lhin walls, smoorll up to 34 rm t6E, Eha,o,inl ,/rr!. smoodr witl nomal cndi $n€ds6 vilh a.cntrat gtobute ilictaing, not constnct€d al scpt , thick 3-4 pn in dim, cc walls rhick, up to 0.45 tn, hyphae mmifi€d, b.mch6 tendtobc in p@llet, !.prate wnh or wirhoul clmps, cells 25_125 Fn rong &d up ro 2 fn in dim . A"aro,,,y oI hade in cr6s se.liu; Mrte appcd $ick s nFhal aggr€gations, pterdchrrnaious tl@ughout fomine a disrinct sbarh, 40-50 !m thick, differdt tarts discmible, corljcal celts wirh Hanig nd id 2-3 rows, n6lly 2 rcws rc&hing ododmis, frcqucnrty lmilted. 157 Phtc 5t Fig!. A-D, InDortr .utooic,t furlc of atoey.onni!.1 mnho.'pc ot Rwrit tti.ta tAr Locety ptcclenchyharoc ourer manlt. kyd (0) DeNr ) pledenLt)mabur .nns mntte h)fl tC) tdetrat \is ot fii&no|?h {D) EmmohDg Hyphae. Scalebu:20 ud. t58 l,Bt tttt of tuttl In l64ttdta.t !"crirri phclotciyD.iou. n pt* {-"8t!d, tuiq pulld bw.ni Ft lq6, difrrdr Lyq diEniblo, aa|t h tr b.'[ of hrp. Co.th.l cdL riti Hrdt d.r ir 23 !wr, mndi6 b cridi..! 2-t rn &idc Alqu!(ltly eifid. CoLr R*ha l5X XrOn & r.dic d&prE d, i,r.e.dr rrtd o r-.riE vo|lcts fp.c|m.I: Erorny.onnid lfder tbta pt.ltw, h Hqhqiw, DQottlatl ofBot urtvi:iry oIt!. Pinj.b. t.toF, plirro, r" X- Ni.ri "y, r ARI+I20E6B (LAH). 159 28- Russulaah adiana nffi.pw. (Plate 56, Figs. A-B) (Plate 57, Figs. A-C) ?lLrs: hdisph€riql, bul at maturity b{m€ dpanded, !p ro lO cm in dim., lisht brcln-r€Uowisn, d&ker in cenlre Md llighoy deprcsed. Srie: G8 : 2,1 cm. white, cqual, cyliidrical. Ls.ttt : .A..r. lo adnded, pnnalt dd di5i4t, R6idiaspMt nall. A-10 x 7-9 |1m, wiih nany of lin€ connections anong w6ns, elobo$ to subglobode, wilh oMdlalion of wan dd ridgs, whitilh 10 yellow, apiculrtc, apiculus; 1.2-1.8 In, (spoG @ daM ar toor). ,6ndidr 4?,53 x t-t2 Fm, clavaie, Crtidid: Two t,!6 ofc'stidia d€ pEFnl; Mic@yltidia: 4?-53 x ?-9 [n, htllinc, clavaL, slighlty swollcn rwlds uppd sidq Plcuftrstidir: ?G8O i 8-9 um, hyalin , pointd .t one en vdet Abi6 nindrcr, Ar 2400-2580 m a, s. 1., August 14, 2006, A. R. Niei, #ARN- 108. D€scription of Ectomyco rthlz^ of Russula ahmadifund nom.Drov. Motphologict chanctoidit: (Plare 56. F'9. C) 8.1Mlo th Izal ststz 6 trcg!.trtly tou.d, htdophob jc, monopo to nonopodial-pttmidalj ut to t0 nn long, si6 0.5 mn in dim. Unrunijed end. slraigh! innaled ed cylindtic, 2-5 m lorg, 0.5 nm in dim. vc.y dirlinct mdltc ochrac@us !o brcm beM; @r r,p bom, dark bnwn wh€n sels older. '€lowkh Mdlle Surae€ llnely lhon spiny bul mewhere wirh gtuute alptu&@ dd sbiny sonc parls du€ to air dd watd tdpped done hyDhac, hGr ri$uc 'n not vi6iblc und.r th€ sbeath, visible ar rupturcd poinrs. Xrilorolrr, infEquot, runnin8 atong rhc fty@dial slsr€D, conneIed didlircrly lo rlE mertc aurf&e, light bbwn io bbwf, whq g.t' old€r, hriry vhm tully dw€lop.d, qt ngl.d, reudcd to 0al in cbs sectror, prorihally milid, mostly dichoionous, up ro 0,35 @ thick, uD to 0.45 nD ar bnnchjnS poinrl' hphac qlanAted lo @h olh.r, diflicutt b sp@re Enanrtlre hwha. infteg@t thin, onty preximalty rmifi.d, y.ltowish bown ro liSh brcwn, dar* bDwn wh€o g€r! old. Scl@ria rot obsrd€d. I60 n.r. !G Figr A{. E [email protected] oI Rtsb ottuli@ atd Ia ECM udd di6li.8 Di.lc@!. (A-E) B&sidisDs otrbn) rc) ECM (h|bit) 3h@ios inDortDl feluB B& = I cn fd A & B. 2 nn fq C l6l ri;*)\ ,,1 qH G- Pf.t. 57, Figr A-Cr X6r./r 4rtu.tit4 M to" ( ) Bsidiaarp (Eabn) (B) Bsidi@lo'€s (c) Baridid & cyltidia. scal. bsr t mm t62 Anaton'ical chuo.tei ics of t'an le in ploa views (P1ate 58, Figs. A-B) Mantle plecle.chyDatous in dl loyc6, Lacking lalicif€rcus btphae. Orrrt ,r@rie iaxr not gclatinous, loosely plet.ncfiynalous (tlpe B. Agcrcr 198? 2002), rcw hyphac dmina pdllcl ro ceh othc., tused wirh sinplc andlonosis, 6lourt6s inegulely Enilied, soorh surfacei clmps not obserycdi hyphae frequenrly septarci hy?bal c€n (15-) 20-24 (-10) !h long, 1.5-2 [m in did., cell w.lls 0.2-0.6 rm lbick, conrislotly cylindric in shapc. RBuloid nsl shapcd with apiel knobs cystidi!. Inn., nantt law densely pletenchynarous. Hyphae colourl€s with snoolh 6urfacc, nor eusily disringuillrod and separatqtt h'"hal ccth 2G36 Atu ir lcnBrh, trp lo 2 Anr in di.m., cell walls 0.25-0.1 !n thick; n6 dslomosis obrcryod mong comprtly anang€d hyphac, sinply fucd with ach otlld, cldps nol obs@e]. ,/eD, Irr wrLh dcnscly plocrcMlryn oN to pscudopacnchymatous arunscmcnl ol Aaatonical chaneters ofenanatinE ekne s (Plare 57, Fiss. A-B) Xli&u,rptu ounded, rndiferentiated (tyDe B, Ag€rer, l99l ), marsins rathcr snoolh; hlphac @npactly a@ged and of unifom diu. wiih cqtdl vsst likc hypha, @ely btuch€d, s@th, cnranSlcd vith @h othcr; hyphal cells lG28 rm in lsneth,2-l Um in dim., walls slishllylhin up io 0.3 pn, frque.tly seplate, clafrps absen! conpadly wov4 ht!h& 6d em.tine fused wilh €rch olhcr withoul oy paniculd ryF oa dclonGis, simple Mronosis obsdcd. C.nlnl hypna fiict! 4-6 fn in dian,, wrll up ro 1.0 pn $ick. Ebe"en,s hJ,pnrd sm@rh, colorless, only proxinally r.nified, thick, 1.5-2 lln in diffi., cell walk rhick, up ro 0.3 rni scptarc but nor clmp!, Ctsridia l&king Chldydospo6 not ob*ryed. ,{ mtmy ol nd,tle ir cas recrrb,t nerl€ rppcaB rhick $ hphal ageregations wilh Rusutoid bulbous b6ed cystidia, Feudopdnchymatous, shca$ up to 40 Fm thick, diftercnr tayes not disn blc conical celk wilh liartig nel in 2 Dwi nostly 2 ows @hitrg endodmi\ f.cqo€ndy teitlA. AMtohy af @1. i, tongit"ditut sectoti pl€tench'nato$ h4bae cntesled, ruhning psallel towards oot l.ngrh, dillerenr lars nol d6ccmible, shqth in rh€ lom of heips. Conicat ceUs with Harlig net in 2- I rom, H.ni8 na in s*tion @ud conicd ceU in I-2 res, b!.disb to cylindrical, 2-3 )rm thick, f!.quqtly mnilled. Plole 5E, Flg!. A'D, InDonanr ,nrtomical fcrtuB of ..tomycorrhiz{l norDbotytc of it6!1, dlmade,o (A) Loosly phctehchymslous ourer mmlt€ by€r (D Dcn*ly plecGncnynarou inner mdde layer (C) Inl.mal viev ot rhianorph (D) EndalinS Hyphae Sdl. bc 20 rn. 164 Color R..ctiolsi 15% KOH, Mclrz.ls R..g.nt- no @lion, L&ti. aid-truowish. vouct.r 3p..im.n: E tonlaonhia lnda or wilh .4r.i6 p,ndroq in Hdnariun. D€panmal of Borary, Univdity of !h. Punj.b. khoret Patist !r A, R. Niei # ARN.I2OE6E(LAH). 165 29- Rustuls Methlttina Qner.!s!oc. Ft. Awncen. sci.26: (a97 ) (Plare 59, Figs. A-B) PiL,$ cxpanded, 5-6.5 cn in did., d.pre$ed i. lh. colre, lishl plrple al rhe mesins. srey{r€an to dishtly yellovhh toward! ihe cenlr€j ,!rrr&4: sohdhai aprir oll-whirc ro ctlm.oload, Jtt d: wnire, hollov, cylindri€alal.vale, 't-B x 2-0-2.5 cn. BanrioqM: globos lo suFglobo$, {hinulac, alaculatq G7 " 7 8 fm, apiculB; l-2 Fm. r@ldl,: clavaq ntdine,24 sraignar.,20-31 x 7-l0 rm. C/sridi4 clav.te to cylindrical. 2G24 ' 6-9 !m, ht?line, embedded mong the Habihr. Dirrribrtion: olr gbund, ntek ot ga8&ious, Paiistan: Fairr neadoes. Baltisr.n, onddr or wirn Piceo smithiana' d 3,036 h a. s. 1.. I31h August, 2006, A, R. Nidi, ARN{ I 1806. Description of Ectomyco rrhita oI R,'ssula M.lhlsti a Morphological.hala.le stks (Prale 59. Fig. B) E lonlconhiztl ljar,r innEqudlly aound, hrdophohic, monopodial pimre, up ro 8-r0 Jm ro.& sit 1-2.5 nn in 4ia. Urrumijed .,ur ltBidl to rliehdy b.nl, innai€d to*.rds be bul toint.d loeard 1ip, cylindric, 2 5 mm lon& 0.5-0.8 nn in dim., vdy dblincl ndtlc, @hFc@us brM lo bown; Ey t4' gieyish bown, ddt h@M when gets older, Ma.de Sul&e smooth bul sondhere wifi Creuld appe@ce, shioy in sme p.r$ duc lo air dd *ard lnppcd aDong hDhac, not r@+amr brt hcr tissu€ visiblc uder thc sh€th al lew poinrs. ini.drrlls in6tqud1, oriSiiat€d fion thc b@ of fte unrmificd .nds, dnning abng tnc 5uhtr.lm, @nn6ted dirli.clly to ih€ nantle surfacc, ligbl btuqn-brown {h€n ecis oldd. sn@lh &d tully develop.d, oi.!gl€d, rcunded 10 jlat ln Coss S6tion., dely mifr€d, m6lly t@ards dist.l€ndr up lo 0.65 nm lhict, up lo 0.5 nm !t btuching poinlq hyph& int€mingl€d wilb @h oth.r, diffcult lo *pel.. Enu.ting hrpnte intr.An nt"rhin. shod, only proxinally rmilied, yellowish brcwn to liglt brcwn, dek boM wb6 gerl old, abunddt al tlte be of fw unBmilied €.d., giving @lbtry app@ce. Scl@tir rct obwed. 166 ti r, t. tf, Plare 59. IiAs. .\ (. lhsidio.arps of llr$a/.r di!€crint tui.r0\cop. ( \,ll) lrasidioca't5 llhhn) lidlres lla. i.rj 1i,, \ :.d ln, B j D,Dr lirf( A atonicdl chs cteistks ofdantle in plal riews (Plate 60, Fiss A-B) Mmlle pl4t nchlmatols to pscudopnenchlm'lous in lll lavc6 LockrnS with laricifcdus hlph&. O!r.t ra,ld,4,.t nor gelarinous pscudopaEDchvmatous 3 5 (_ angular cells in surface view;ntlhal cells horcor l6s colorless,4J 5 C6'5) ' surt&ei clanps not oh'fled 5) -6 Fm, c€ll valh 02_04 ln rhicl! snoorh mHd.d ht9ha. ftcqndtly sptale; hnhal cell (15-) 20_24 C30) Fm long' 3_4 rn apical knobs in diai., comhtently cvlindlical i. shape Russuloid flsk'shaPed {ilh with m@th surface' cysridia. Innu n@L tart 46*lv Pl*iencnvmatous Ht?ha€ (t?e A: Agffi' 1987_2002)' eptat , @louls, staighr, Packcd wilh simpl€ fusion up lo 2lin in die cell walls 02543 an lhick; hy?hal cells 2016 !n rn lo8lh, ' cldps nol sinplc @tonosis ob*fte (Plale Fi85 c-D) Anoronical chdnaeisrics of enafuling elenents 60' rudrcr Irizatoryrt rcunded, uodiifetenti'ted (t!€ s, Agerer' l99l)' nrarsins wilh ccniol vcscl like snoolhi hypha€ conpetlv ldanged rd ot unitom diM nDhat cells 10_28 in hr?h.. d€ly btuched, soolh, enlanglcd wilh @h o6€'i |rm frelu€nlly soplatc' cl$lPs lenglh,2-3 pd in diam., Ndlb sli8hrly thii up to O3 Fm' ach other Bilh sinple absqt, onp.ctly woven htlhe &d $n€tis' fnscd wilh wall' uP lo l0 anasbnosis. Ccnltol h'"hdc lhick 4-6 |lnr in dinm lhick Pnr' tlick' l 5-2 Enandti,s llphe. smoa|i., colorless, onlv poximallv ranilied' Fn cldps' ln'k'ng diam., cell walk lhick uP lo 0l lrn, sc|)late but nol C$"'d *ctior: nmde app@s chlatoydospoEs no1 obscdcd ,4natonr oJ hontle i' @s thick s byPhll aggregatio.s wirn Russuloid bulbous based cFll'lla' not di$dablc p*udopdchynalous, shealh up ro 40 ln lbi'k diffcdl lavcc ftcquendv taEified mnical c€lls wilh Haltig n.l i. 2 ows rcehing cndod€dis' hvphae enrsngled' Ahttom, of hantte ih longitudaal se'tio't pleclc'chvnatone lav'G trd di*mible sheath in lbe onning P@lle! towtrds Nl ldelh, diffGre'l rolndish lo cvlindtk'l'2'l fom olheaps Conical cclh wirh HaniSncr in 2_l ows' fm lhict, &equ..tlY rmiied -_'+7 -c---=* - Pl.lc 60, Fils A-D. lopora.rt u.aonLll f6a!E of [email protected] DorD[olyD. of XN!r, .rcit,8,ti! (A) Peu&prE|chyna(los our.r odtl. l.yd (B) D.is.l, pldamhyh.tou! imq nE{. lrt* (C) l dul vid of rhianolPh (D) En@lins Hyph&, Sel. b.i 20 llm. 169 Color Rerctions. lt% KOH, Mcllzca6 Rc.gcnl- no rcmlion, Ltclic @id-)€Uowisfi. voncter speclm.nr Ectomtlotrhizs undcr Picra rtit ia{4, in Herhariun, Detanmdt of Botdy, Univ.Biry of thc Punjab. Laho.€, Pakisle, A. R. Niui # ARN,120868 (LAH). 170 30. Russulo bre|ip.s Pek, sdc.a.do'r srlr /l,s. I* 59 ( 1890) (Plate 61, Fig. A) Iir.rr: Cap (4-) 6.12 C20) cn bbad, brcadly @nvex qilh d.p6ed c€nlcr to ierly infundibulifom al m.turityj surt&€ sn@lh, dry lubviscid to vhcid when wei while, som€linG ,€llwiih lo breMish in +p; ndgln pld. lo dew€d; Contqt thick, {lid, cnsp, bnttb vhirc, b*oninA ycllowisb in a8e; odor nil4 kstc slighlly &rid. ,.rdl,a adrare to .dn€x€d, dcuMt wilh agB, d!ro.i white, oftcn pale yellow or pale rrn in agei lMcllula€ pBent. Jrl,": (2-) 4-6 C8) cm lon& ( L5, 2-3 G 4.5) ch thick, .quat d t pacd twar& thc be, elid; suraee dry whie, wirh )€Uowish to bbMish di&olonrio$ in tse. Bdtuiot,o@, lG) E- 0 G) 10.5 i (5.t) gubnvoid G9 {-9.5) !n, subglohos to to slb-clliPeid, wilh dylo'd om.mcnltl'on ofwarr! dd ridses. ipor?/rt ri whit€ !o prl. yellow, Snell nol distin€live or fain y H.bitrr & Dirtriblfio!. On Srob4 Solit ry to ealrered !o gregrious, Pakista.. N W Footiq Pov. Kna.spur-Atrbia Kuagali, Nathl^E'Ji.$flq Pi"6 M i.hia,a, At 2'1002t80 n. s 1., August 21, 2005, Augtsl I l, 2006, A. R, Nizi, * ARN 821055 (r-Ali) Descrfption of Ectomyco rrhiza of Russula bre pes Mo tp h o log ic a I c ht rad edttics (Plate 61. Fig. B) [email protected] t}'tcn dilormusly bmch€d, btuch6 | l_13 mm lons prefG.ly bEnch€d in lhe fom of clste6,9-14 nm in dimetq over min Mt, ofl- vhire crsad to light btownish tinl. Main axis minute, 2_4 mn long, 1-2 nh thick. Api.6 srr.igbl, l-3 C8) x 0.tlt3) Im, shint whitish- silvcrv in.pPelee duc lo air lrappcd betwd mmll€ hypha€, bdwni$ anq [email protected] oa rhc air' Ectomrtonhi@ enclosinS mil dd d€ld voody nat€rial s wcll 6 nMu p.niclca Ma.tle sulf&c tuzx hyalinc to whilish to cred-coppd color, d€nslv shon spinvi 6ily t@lcd ofi, nGt lisuc visible lndd ndtle surf&e RhizomorPhs dd Ene.ling htfh& ml obsdcd. l7l o i)l I Plit€ 61. Fis, A-s. Basidi@rrps of t&$!Id,.atl's and lls [Cm und'r oiscoine ni$onope (A) Basidioarps olabnl (B) EcM (habir) shoNrng imponlntfeatures llar 2on lorA,2 md lit B l7l AMronical chancteristics ofnontle in Plat' vie s (Plate 62. Figs. A-D) Outq hantl. su4ace ol $e ndtl€ lmsely Plecrenchtmabus, wqklv net- like, nt?h& @ly !ePt!te. (l-)1.25 1.85 tn in did, clmps likc snu$B Ere. slightly lhick walled (up lo 0,2 tn), hr?hs. whilhh lo olT_white. turface ofhtlhae mmth; sofr4hal ounded 4lk ob*ryed .mong hypb.., dse o.ll of lonS ct$lidia porrudirg 8on out ! nmlle surf@. Mdll. surf&€ bdoning densc inwa.ds Ouler mmlle sulface of lhe tip lr&silional lype ie betBefl pl*ldchvn.tous lo p6qdop@chyna{ous. Inna ntutl. s4@ d€ns.lv pleLnchvnaroc, ht?hal celhireSuleinshapc,l-1.8)rrnindianFlcr,colon€ssvariableinlenglh'walhuPlo 0.5 un. /ery tlp wilh dd*ly pl€clenchFatous msng.nchl ol ht!ha'' no Patem di$€mlblc, ntlhd cell sr.ighr, snc tine b!nl, 2-3 ln thick A fw psdopdenchynaious n*ts of c.lls visible among hrphal nework. Metl€ appcaG thick .nd pl6terchynarous lhdughoul in co$ sction' foming a distinct sheatb' Pofusc I" 4.0 {.6 rn thi.i. Hfiig ner dense visibte uP to lh@ tatlc of @n'x, i! and 2"r layes. Extcnslvc cysLidir, (lt) 4 50 C65) x (13 8') 1t102 Cl4) Fm lo cubi'al 46 l@kinB lo nolrudc out of$c ahcalh; corlical cells reunddl to angnla' lonCitudin.l s{on, $e m&ll€ hphac rudin8 P'6llel lo tlt rool ' 3 4 C6) |rm.ln lcn$h. Shorh rhicker apcx (4.2_4 8 t(trr' slightly thinrcr otr 5 cs (4'44 t'nlj' Hanig oct visible up lo sl.lle region, v.ry lhick dd Pofi$ h fi6r tvo lavt6 lons and ( | Corrical c€lls nostly r@languhr or cubicll ii slDl)c, (2_) 3.5 C5 5) rd ) sudrcc, (3 4-5 0 x (13 8 ) 2l C4) Fm i. dian clsr.rd.xreroive at outer !) C6 t tow'xls b6e- 1510,2 C34) Fm, n@* lowdds dist l ed slighllv bulbous Chlatuyd$poes nol obseryed. color Ractiori: Mcltzd s r@gcnr _ otu8ish tdi I e/c KOH - reddish bmMi L&Irc voucb.r spcim.tr: Ectontcorrn'rc wldet PinB 4 ichiano, i llqb^1!m Depannfltof Bolsx UniveEitY of the Punjab. ritorc. Patislan, 12-08 2005 4. R. Niei I ARN- l208tE (LAH). l7l 0 nn t\/\t\ \/ \ /\/ D - Pl.te 62, Figr. a-D. hpodEr d.tomi..l |i.tur6 ol..loDtcorrb4il norpbotyt c of Aorlrd ,E 46. (A) Hlbn (B) D.$ely pldtochymatos iN$ imcr Metle view (C) Loosely pl6t nchynalous outn Manilc vicw (D) Cyslidia. t74 31. Russula hlnalensk non. r'ro'. (Platc63, Fi8. A) (Plale 64, Fig. A-E) Pilelrr onldScd, expended, ll.2 cm in diaN.. ccnlElly depG*d $ncwh intundibulifom€, clarcy i. tn€ @.tr€ dd beom6 gEy ro lidr 6rem !t (hc naryins, papcry wall on pilcus, slippery in app€sece, strialed: LMeIaet wnilrc, cFd color wnh aSc,.onplel€, adndc, md dme. Pr.ijrrr&r subulrte tminal c.llt ofgd€rarive ht?hae in Pileipellh, belcelk @ gnd@lly innaled dd fom a chain of balloon litc h)"hr.. Sii@: cylindnc.l, rhite to lieh bown, 5.5 x 2.5 cn. B6i'uotpM: +6q a. rDtcally very mall md cEr€d, wi$our supEnith plasq globo* to @und.{t, dhinulatc, ariculat€,5 x 7 rm, apiculu!: 1.4-l,6 rm,,6idl4. clavate, 2-4 StcnsDal., 2433 x 6.8 In. Cr6r,U,: Pil4)€ridi! leldng or nay b! in a very indislinct fom, Ch€iloctstidia clavalc lo cylind;cal, 25-28 : 5,7 Fn Etyoolog/. Nmd 6 th.laali(y. himal.!& Hrbltrt & Dlstrlbudon. Singl. or ert8&ious, Patastar: N. W- Fmnli€r Pbv., Khcpu,AFbia, und( Abia pi.drc\ ar 2400-2s40 n d s. 1., Angusl 2t, 2005, A. R, Ni&i, ARN{ r 4806, D6criptioo of Ec(odycorrhi,r oI Russula hinaknsis norn. prov. Mo rph o lo g ic al cha n ct.. isti6 (Platc 63, Fig. B) E tomt@nhkal srst m lrcquotly loud under the fiuiling body, hydophobic, monopodial.pimalc !o mo.opodial,pto6iilal, !p io 15 nn long, dis 0.5 lm in dim, Utrcniled ahtu straiSht lo b€.r, swotl€n bnt stightly iapq row{ds rip, cylindric, 2-6 nn lodg, 0.4-0.6 mn in dio., v.ry di$jnct Mtl., tight b'M lo brcwn wilh whnish tin! very tip trllowish bm*[ da* bown wh€n gcrs oldcr M&tl. surface snooth, but sonetim6 ouSh due to s1ncL eit. shiny in sone pans due lo air &d wats iEpp€d mo.g hrDh&i h6l lise not visibtc unds lhe sh@th, but slighlly vilibl. at growine lips wh€re netl€ not so rhick Xrtt onrrrrr inrrequdl or very re, o.iginat€d aon the be of fie oronhiat sFrm, connccting distinclly to thc metl€ sura&., light bbwn- bown whe. 8cr. older, sm@rh, rcudcd, prcxinally tmitied; up lo 0.45 m fii€t, up !o 0.55 nm al bdnching poinr,$ hyphac oransted ro eeh oths, difliculr b sepmt , En6.ttag &/rrr. infcquot rhi4 only prcximaly nmii€d, trltowilh b@wn ro lishr bown, da* brewn whm gets ol4 Sclmli{ nol obw€d_ t75 P|.r.53, Figi A-B: E ddi6'F ol4!rs.rd li,id4rnr lod. pd.d ll! eCM under dirFiltrr Dhrodl. (A) Bsidi@dps GLbn) (B) EcM (b.bi0 lhowing inDorr.nt fatuc B& = 3 cn fd A. 2 nn fq B. r76 s r# G E- Plrtc 6.|, riga, A-E: X6rt ,irur.rr,r .om. nrov. (a, Basidroci@ (Habr) (B) hymeni,l vi.w pilcls (C) of B6idi6poB (D, lubut,k hr?hrc in rhc Drteus (E) a.sidia & Cyslidjd, Scat. be: 2 mn for A & Bt20 un ror C. D & E. t11 Analomhal chantkrit ics oftlantte ift ptu eiews (ptare 65, Figs. A-B) Mdtle pleidchynarous in all hyeE Laking taricjfcoN hDha€. O!rc, ,,,rrle dr,r nol gelaninouli densely plorenchymaious (trpe B, AgeM 198?-200a, witn few interhtphal sp&es! ruming pd. .t to d&h orhe,, tus.d vilb sinpte {olonosiri hypne @lorl*! ircgutdty mifi€4 frequm y s€fl:re; hr?hat cdll ( l4) 2G24 C35) lrn long, @nsisra y cytirdric in shap€, l -2 rh in did., cell wails up to 0.3 FD thick, sm@th suface; cldps nol ob*tued; Ru$uloid ndk-sbaped bulbous ba&d( < 6 cystidia with An) iwo to th@ apical krobs frcqucnr, up ro t2 um in tengLn. Inrcr nantte td!.r at$ densly pleienchymatous. Hrlhae wirh snoo$ sudtue, coloul*, replatc md nerlike mngcn€nt of hr?hal bsdl6 (lypc Aj A8crcr, I'ET-2002); h$hal cells tO-lO rn in lcng$, uplo2 !m in dim., cclt walls 0.25-0.3 Jro thick siDpb bndgo or &6lonosis obsfled nong @mpac y rmg€d hyphae, clamps nor obswed /e,)r /l,Dr witb de.sty pt@toncbymarous to pFudopdenchynatou6 atug.med of h}?hae. A atonical .hamctetistics of enanating atenents (plare 65, Figs. C-D) ariz,,rorr&r rcunded, difleEntiat.d (tr!c B, As4r, l9q)ta few taddqlike hlphac with shon sepra and rhick va s (up lo 0.6 |rn) p@nl ,lons wirh sliShlty lbrDg hnhac, Mrains Erhd sm@rh; ht?hae conp&tty afug€d and of v&ialtc did.; 2l C6) !m iD dim_; hrph& rd.ly br&cned, si@lh, c.t ngled witn ach othol hlphal (6,)10-28 cclk (-10) !h in tengrh, wals stighlty thio up lo 0.3 fn, frcqucndy septate, clmDs abscnr, compacdy wov€n hr?hae rus€d with c0ch other wnhour prriculir any rylc oa anasronosis. E6u.htg hrph.. m@$, colortss, only pbximally mi6ed, lbict, scprate withour ctdps! up to 2 !n in diafr., ccu walh !p lo 0.3 tn rl ckr cyslidia lacting Chl@ydospoB not ob*d.d. 178 ut Phr. 65, ngi A-D, lDpon.nr .rtodot aarrE or 6rohydr.6izll rorpnotr,oe ol tusut ,l"tt/6k hoD, nbv. (A) DtnFly pl.cr.nchymatous oulfi mdtl€ larq (B) Dcn$ly pletenchyrotous Innd ma.rlc tayq (q lnbmrl rid or dtizomorDh (D) Eieatiis Hr?h&, Sale b.i 20 rn t19 nnab t ofno,le tu @ s..ti@; nntlc app6 rhick d hrphat aAgrcslrions wirh Ru$uloid bulbous bas€d crsridi4 p6adoprMchyn.lo$, 3h€ih dick up !o 40 rh, diffdl lat6 nor di$cmallc, 6rri@t ..Is wilh Hania iel in 2_3 ows, Hchins odod@isr ftcqldtfy @i,n d- ,trato,, of Mne i, lnettuditul s.aid: plet nchynatou hyph& qrrrglcd Ming parallel tow.rd! tut tdgrL diffcMt layd not di*@ibl., shqlh in Ih. ton ofhqp' Corricat ceUs wirh Hafiis ner i,2, I owsr Hanig n t in ston eund @rtiqt@ll in l-2 Fws, oudish lo cvlindrical. 2 3 lrm 0rick, E€quoily mificd. Colo. R.atlotr$ t5% KOH- dart bDmi M€lrza,s R6gd! @ @lon, La.ric voocn.. 3paiftt: EcronFodt 26 j q tbis piht!tuu in H.tbai[n. D.p.rtnc punjlb, of Bot n, Univftity of rI€ LatoE, pakistd, A, R. Niei. , aRN,t 2086E (L{H). 180 32. Russula pahb.onica rcn. p,"". (Plate 66, Fis. A) (Plate 67, Fis. A-D) A?,6i dp.nd.4 h@d up to 4.5 cn, d.pB in dE dl,E, .lippery in oDpamnoei tlJn tdDspae ud sill! fte evid.d fron d)e npper sid., bur ro liShr brcm. r,'zrh.: 8ills wlit , adnc to adftrcd, md.l. ro imntl.L. .t4p.: 5.0 x L2 c6, whnish !o bull ccncre4 cylindnsl ,orid/dqpdesi ob!.i b0ddi@As with mdt onn4tioB, dobos 10 suLSlob@ ro oml.d, m|Ml.d, 4httular€d, 5.l9- 6.14 x 5.19-6.14 !n, apioul.k,.picnlnsi l-2 fn. rddr: 24 Sl€rigm.ta, clivrte, 25-31 x 6-3 rfr; Cjdidrd: H.ins te t'IE ol ctslidia: ltliel $buhG Pileocy6ldiri 24-28 x G8 th, hr.lin , clrvllei pld&ystidir; 52-t5 " 5'6 rm. Eilnoloo/r Named an€r cou ry, Prtislln. Si4le ot StsEios, PaiGt n: N. w. Frcnli€r Pbv., KhanstuFAylbir Utrdd Abi6 pn l@, i..3. 1., Auau5t 2l, 2005, A. R. Niui, ARN429706. ^12400-2580 D6crlption oI Eclomycorrhha oI Russula paLista ca nonn. pro!. Motpl|ol icalchdna.qbdd (Plarc 66, Fig. B) E tonr@ hisl s]6i.i {litt\ ot in smll nunb.s, found utuLr lhe fruitins tu, hydophobic, mmFdial-pyomid.l, up ro 20 mn lonB, dis 0.5- | nn in dirm U,m,,ined ed! lnaishl, smllen rnd oylindric, 4-8 nn long, 0.4{,? nm in diam., wry distiml mntle, whirish ro lishl brcM to bown, v.ry lip ehic ro rlllowist brov., dr* bDwn wlrcn g.s oldcr. Ma h Surfaoc smooth, but $ftrirc bugi drc to sluct $il pdicl.n ril*ry in $nc p.ns duc 1o ri..nd w.u o.pD€d.nons ht?h.ci hct ris!. nor vftible undcr dE shc.$. Xrtards infilqu.nt tr rry raE, orisiulins filh lh€ b@ or rh. nycorhizl sysLn, conEtd diltitudy ro the m.ntlc 8urhE, ehni3h lo lighr brcw, ro bwn wh.n g€& old€r. s@rh, Mnded, pbxih.lly cnitcdi uD lo 0.45 mh thick, up to 0.60 mn .l bhncfii.s poi'b, hyphle .nbn8f.d ro ai odE, ditfic! r to *ptnlrc. EngdidA tlptr. nor ob*ded. l8l Plrf.66. Figr, A.& Blridio.lrp, oI R \*td polieorn, aon prer.d tt L(.M Rdid(ao( (H.oiD r( (hdb,r' . ilH:,::.,ilr,J;r*-*,^r rBr v aa 2 r82 B "-ffiy Pf.r.67, FiCa A-D: R6ulo pttbtunht non. Dna. (A) Bsidier? (Habir) showin8 hyne.ial vid (B) uDp€. view oa pit.us (C) B6idia & C'slldia (D) Bsidiosporcs. Sc.l. bd: 2 nm lor A & B; 20 !n tor C & D. l8.l Aftatot icat chamcteristics ofnat.te ,plan vie s (ptatc 67, Fjgs. A_B) Martc precretrchyrndous in llt hycm. Lackins tiricif@us hyphae. O,re, ra,rlc ror,r denscty ptecr.ncb)frarous getatnous having harix b.tween the hph& (lype C, Ascrcr 1987-2002),covered wirh Russuloid ndk{haped bllbous b6ed( < 6 rn) cysridiawith rwo ro three apicat knobs frequenti up ro 12 Fn inlengh; hr?hrc foming a dd& rer, hr?hat sysr€m hdifaercnriated; fused wrrh sjhplc a.6tonosis, or wrhout oy tanicut4 t'!e ofebronosisi hnha€ colorless, iregul&ly rditied, acqNnlty s€plak; h!?har ce s (iG) 2orj CtO) !m long, conrstendy cylindric n1 shape, l -2 !n in dim., @I wa s up ro 0.2 rm thick, shooh; crmps not obseFcn; fcw for€ign a ohd.nrcd lnic( hlphae atso obscFed ,.; .;; i.;;;:T'";ff :T ,*,.. _d afu8.d #l ir d ift8ura mdnf ,ry?e B, A8c(,. illl^1"j,'1,:nyphar (e s t0-2\ ,rm In tflgrh. up lo 2 Lm in di.m.. ce qa s O rh'ck,Do/..w.,: simpt. 2 /h msromq^ obsd.d amons compd r-o) !m h d,o, rdkb b@(hd. sD@rl, Inlermrnglcd wro qch oLhcr, ticqucnrly septare, cldrps absqt, oe s {GltO-28 Cjo) in lcnEh, walls,lishlty lln rhin up ro 0.3 116; coDpacltt wovcn nrlhae fued wni ach other wjtt tasromsis. erunarng t,ypt a",,., ;;;,JI,Xffi"",:::: oasewed. )l,otoh! ";; of hdaie ih uo$ sectio,: ndne assrecarb* wjrh Rlsslod bu,"* o^" r-*"1ff".tHr:ff:1 up ro 40 jrn, djffftnr "r-r,- laye6 disccmabtc, .onicd .ells -" '_ '-_ wivnh Hadig nd itr 2-3 rcwi te&hing ehdodemis, fr€quen(y rh rE4 sg :,/ tta Pr" (--.rir Plrr. 67, Figs, A4, Inporrt .n.tonlsl fotur€! ot dronyorrhlz.l borthoryF or xa!r, r'arirt{Ld no6, p@. (A) D.nsclt pbr.nchtmatou! Our9 m.ntle lay.r wilh crsridia (B) Dc.sly pldr€fthymdous Inner nanrlc lltq (c) h|.tul vi.w or Rljieolpll S.alc b& 20 Bm 185 ,hnt6t 4 MtL i't tqituditut;jdi ptcdalctFdoG t ltD difi.q itud inb dif.lan LFs, Mnir8 pmX.t roq.d! Dol l.nith, @diclt c.ut wilh HllriB turt o,p 3 pEtndi[8 b hFr, !ow&d. th. -r-rir, lludrrl io s],ti,rdrl4 2-l |lm dlilq ftqEtly rnrif.d. Color B..cdo$! 15% KOH, ochEol||, UctEq'! psg.nq Llcdc ..id-!sllwi!h- vo.rq tl.dro: BcbororitL.. u.k ,{a,r trid,w, io rqtsi||nr, (,!dEiry D.p-har of Borey, of li. puj$. L|hoc, I,.tidrr A. R. Niri * ARNN2OE6B (tAI{], 186 33- Russula sadonia Ft, rpi.i q{r ,r,.ol (Upsatire): 351 (1838) (Plare 68, Fig. A) P4.d: up lo 6 in cn dim., h€milph€riat, cxpadcd, pitet surf@ very rhin, Eddish bDwn to d&L nink at cenft while tigtr pint lo whilish loweds hargin, mtrgins smoorn or slighrly denrale due lo s proninehl Si al naryinsi Lanetkt Ci||s closed lo widq .dnab to adBed. Sr4E: 0_i x 2.5 cn, whire lo oif,whilc b crenr cylindrical, slighrly n:mwq at $e lop dd boad€. al th€ bqe. ,air',?ga6: ,!4-jl x 8-10 lpiculate, tm, omlnenred, sub-gtobos€ lo rowded, apiculusi 1.6-2.lFn t6,11,4 44-53 ! 8rO llrn, ctavare,24 srangn:tie. Spop prnt: yc ow$h bmwn. Ot?ia: llEe de rwo typ6 of cystidiai Micmlsridi4 32_37 r 6,9 tn, small ed clavate to oblone. Pleulocyslidia:6G80 x 6.tO,rm, ta€€r dd bealed H.bitrt & Dhrdburion. S'nglc or gegrious, palisr.n: N, W. Frcnrir Prov., Kuagali, Narhjagali, vndet Abi6 pindrM, 24OC-2S8O m .. s. 1., Augusr ^r 21, 2006, A. R. Niazi, ARN#21806, Descriptlon of Ectomycorrhlz, oI Russula sardo^i4 Mo tp h o log icol cha ruc teist i cs (Plate 68. Fig. B) E.ror|cothizdt stan t honopodial pimarc, found i. a gbup ude, the frunine bod, hydrcphobic, !p io 22 nn long, dis l_2 mn in dim . Uwonifed etur slrarght, swollcn dd cylindrici 4,9 hn long I-3 nm in did., very disrind herl., clnndon lo to brovnr Srey v?,r, 14, whitish ro greyish broM, d{k brcwn whd gek oldq. Motlc Surfac€ smoorh, bur $mdim6 oush duc to sluck orgeic $il pdicl6, silvcry ih sone pans duc to air dd warcr r.,rF.d monS hyphc.; hon rsuc hor lisibl€ undcr ihe shearh. ( hi@noryh, tnhegrcnr or rery rarc, onAnarrng from lhe Gtricted poinls oa thc ur@ificd 6ds, conneting disrinclty to the mm(c suriace, wnidsh ro tighl bdwn ro bDwn whq Be1s otd.r, s[8h y bairy, bunded, larely .dili.d; up lo 0.50 mn thict, up lo 0.60 mm al braching poirk, nDhae ehraneled to each otber, dimc!\ ro *pzate, Eh.ndthg hwh@ infEguent, thin, oniy prox'nauy mitcdi whirish lo lieht bo*r\ d&t onwn wnq Scrs oldq! I87 If.a. 6t, rtr A-B E'ti{',f,s!. 6 tutb se* ..d L! Elctt o.rL, dl..dlt okr...oF tA) B|ddi@rp Otbio G) DCM 0.bi0 tl'dirs inpoi,ln fqnrr.r B& = 2 cm lor d 2 mm tq B tE8 Anatomical charuderislics ofnatute in ptan ews (plate 69, Figs. A-B) Mdtle plermchlDaious in all tsyeE bcldng laricif@us hr?h&. Oda, n.nt tote de6ely ptect$cl\ymabs haling gelatinous m.rrir beNeen thc nrrbae (rr?c C, Agerer 1987-2002), Mrh Rosuloid ndt-sb.ped butbous bscd( < 6 lln) cyslidia wirh eilboul o. alical lnobs, innequ.nl, up to lO lrD in ld8h; hyph.l systcn undiffqonriared; fuwd with each olhcr H rr?c of dasronosis, hyphae colo!16s, ide8ularly lmified, hyphac aicquenlty septa|e; ny?hat cc s (lOr 2rlo C 33) long, @nsislorly cylindric tn in shape, l-2 rn io dim., cell wals up ro 0., ltn thick, smood; clamts nor ob!fled. Innu nulte Lrq ato Acn*ly pl@tencbymatous with no p.(em disc€mible (lr?€ A; Agear, lt8?-2002). Hnhae sepiale, sm@dr surf&c, @lourl*, hyphsl cells to Cl4) -25 C28) [n in ldgth, up 10 l-2 .E !n in dim., €llwalt! 0.2 llnr rhicki snrpb eblomosis ohdcred ahong oompactly m.nged ht!ha.; ctamps not ob!fled. /eD, rrzr with denscly plerenchynalous mdtlc surf&e Analonicd chanaery of entan4thtE elenents (Plale 69. Fi8s. C-D) nhko a,phs ftndcd, dflcrcntiarcdr lhick hrpha€ tomDB , corc, scpla conrplcrc or sometins cnld8ed (twe E. Ag.rer, ttgt)r a fd ladder like hrph& with shon scpra and (up $ict valk lo 0.6 |rn) pesa( alons wirh stighrly timd hyph&, nargins D$cr hairyj hlphae compactly ddg€d dd of vdiabtc dim.; 2-J t5) trn u dim.i hyphae rarcly branched, smoorh, entansled w h sch orher, cells (&)lO-20 C2S) pn in leigth, *alls slightlt thin up to 0.3 !d, acquqtty sogat€, coDp&rty wovd hlDha€ fused *ilh @h orhd widDut my particula olc of s4tom6is, dificult to r?aErq clmp6 ab*nl. Ehanatihq hrphd. sfr@rh. colorlqs; oDty ploxima y milicd, thick, septarc wjthout clmps, ssptalc, not consriclcd al s.pral poinGi cels 6-24 rm long, up to 2 sm in dian., ccll waus 0 ck, up ro 0.3 rm. OJrrilr, t&ki.g. Chtard6po6 nor obscNel. Ana,anr o[t1a,ne i cr6t sc.tiohi mujrlc !l)Dq6 rhick d6 ptccte.cbymolous m$s ofhypha€ wnh a lew Russuloid butbousb6.d cystidia pDrruding oul oath. mdttc, shqth rhick up lo 45 diIT€Fnt }lD, laye6 diseoall€, corlical ce s wilh Hanig n€t in 2-3 ovs. f,cqu€n{y t89 !- I'latc 69, Fig!. A-D, ImDorr.nt amtonicrt fqruro ot etonv.ofthial oorpbotyD. or aaa/d s'lo/ri, (A) DcNly ptNrenchrmalou. n,r...inrr" royw (B) DtNd) plccknch)mnob inner marrte tJ)cr tC) Inrcrnat vicw of RhDomo;h. (D) Enrndin! lllDhrc. S.ale be 20 unl t90 Atuton, oI nsatk in longitudin"l rd.ridi plerc.chFatou ht?hre djttcrenthtcd into dillerenl lay6, ruDing paBltel tow.rd! ool ldgu €ortic.l c€lls wilh HaniS nct !p lo 3 lare6, pnrruding toMd! th. cndodmis, budiln b cylind.ical, up to 2 !m thicb ftequ€ndy tmili.d, Color R...tlds: l5% KOH- dhtu@B yltlow. Melrzr,s Ragcnr no q.1ion. v@cler .FiD@: E lomy.oEnis undd /r&5 zi,r'd, in HcrbaiM, Dcpdtnat of Botatr, Ulivdriry of th. puij.b. khorc patd.l,a A. R. Niui, * ARN-12086E (r.{H)_ l9l 34. Russala velcnovskyi Metzt & Zvi@, Atch. piitodo!. lizL Cech t1: 92\t927) (Plate 70, F'g A) Pt€ls: fl6hy, britrlq 5,7 cn in did., purplejcd, tflds ro fade !t rhc nargils' d€pEsed in the cenlE fodinS s otily: culjcle *parabte tmm rhe $'pe ,lfrosr lo halfofte adius, 1l6h whnei &rrr,.: whne b crem cotoEd, dn,tc dnqcd lo rhe ipc, cbwdcd Jr4'd: ccnhl, whnc b oll,whilc, $mctim6 r shdc oa crean corori 45 x r-1 cn. B4t.tispuat globo* b sub-globose ro rctrndcd, ap'curat€, hyaline, ve@cose,7-lt r 6.5-10 tmi apiculus 1.2-2.5 t\n ton& B6UAI tiroidly clrvare,4-slcigm c, srcrignxltl wilh shnrp cndinSs, 3O-j? x 4-15 Im, hraline with sledule oily conrcnts, Ortr',,: cylindriql lo clavate, of lh€ size of baidia. Pldrccystidia lilifom, T0 x !13 l1m. Hrbitlr nd Distriburio!: On gnD4 scaltercd, i! grcuF, P.kisid: Nonhem e6, Fairy neadows, at 2400-2580 n a. s. 1., in Himalayd Doisr tcmterale foErsj undd pi.e snnttiana. r2ri AusNl,2ooa. A R_ Niui. # ARN- | 2086(LAH). D€scription of Ectomycorrhiz of Rassu/l wtenovskvi M o rp h o Ia C k aI chu aclcrist icr (Plate 70, Frg. B) Eclonyotrhl?al 9,rrdr honopodiat pimale to nonopodial pyrdidal. slnary or in snall nhb@, fou.d undd rhc ftujting body, up ro t6 nn long, dis 0.5-\ nn in dim. U"tan'ied crdr straigh!, swotl€n dd cylindric; 4j mn to.8, 0.+ 0.5 mm in dim., very distincl nanrl., li8hr browd to bowq vdy tip noi svollen, ligh brcM, dek boM when Scts oldo, Mmrle slrfrce lhon spinx md loherin6 rcleh due io soil panicles, 5ilvery ih sonc parls due ro air md walq r.pped dong nt?bae, hosl rissue nol visible und4 rh. sheath, X/taar,ryrr very tue, originatiog rron the b& oftne mycodizal sysr.n, .onn crins distincrly to ltle nntte surtace, e6ily Emov€d fton rhe motte; vhiiilh to tighl bown ro bDM wbd gers otd6i harry, roDdel; @ly r.nilled; up to 0.5 mm lnich up b 0.56 nfr ar bancnine poDt5, ht?h& nixcd wilh @h olhcr, dimcul lo seta.:de. t92 n !. 70, Firr. A.& &ridbcrrp ot Atstl. rdMtti.tn I.t ECM lndd dr..d!! 6h'q6p. (A) a$idioc.'p GLbn) (D EcM (h$h) 3hdin8 foturB. Br - 2 cn fo. a. I nn for B 'npo.'jrt t9 yer! EmMdtinE hrphae ntc, rhin, and cmbcddcd in soit panicles, onty proxnu y !ami6ed, whitisb lo tight bowh. Sctcloria iot obsen€d. Attatoniul chuadeisics olnantte in ptan yie*s (p1are 71, Figs. A-B) Malle pletenchrDalous in stt t.r€u. L&kina laricif€ou h$haa O,r,, Darrld lzr€r lo*ly plslcmhynilo$ witi o*ish DiAmdb having gchrinous matiix amo.B ner lilG @ged htphas (rt?c A,'r Asscr I98?,2OO2I rusutoid nad(, cystidia wiin 1wo apic.l Lnobs frequenti ut lo 12 rm in toslhi hDhal sysrm undiferential€d; lused wnh sinplc anlslomosis, or without any panicutar r}?c oa an6tom6is. Hphae colorle$, iftgularly imified, ftequenlly sepde; h}?hat c€ll lsy shoft, (8-) 12 15 (-20) !m tong, co.sistenrly c ylindric in shape,l-2 !m io dian., cell walls up ro 0.2 to lbick, a fe* pscudopdenchlmalous cells abedded @ong net of b,?hae, smoo$j clEnps nor obs.Ncd. !in* nantte tarv plectenchymatous. Hy?hal cells shon, @tmgdtr ro elongakd. smoorh !!rfee, coloune$. H}?hat celk (8-) x I0 6 ('10) tlm, cen w.lts up to 0.2 t rhick; chps nol obsned. ,/?? rrpr vrlh ddsely pl4lqchrmatous ro pseudopenchynabu n6t of ells. Anotomi.al charucteistics of enanating de^ents (plate 7l , Figs. C-D) XriNm,"rs diflcqtaled vilh fiqudty sptare h4hre, s@la @mptele or incompleb (rFe E, Agmr, l99t), hr?hrl cclt! (6-) tG28 C3o) Fn lons, wals slighlly lnin up ro 0.3 fb. A few ladd€6 lit . ht?hae (up b a !m in dim.) wnh shod @pta dd tlick walh (up lo 0.6 lln) presc.l atong wi$ olher hrlhae. HDhae conp&lly eeg€4 2-3 C6) Fm in diam., 6rely banched, clmps abs€nt, conpaclly woven hylha€ sinply aw.d wilh c6ch orhcr wilhour my paniculr t}?c of En@ating hlphad snoolh, cotorlols, onty prcximaly rdined, thick, ^n6tomosn. sepb wnnour cldps, nor constricrcd al scprat poinls, c€lts I o-24 !n long, up lo 2 rm In dim., cell walls thick, up to 0.3 tn. Crsridia lackins. Chlmydospo6 nol obse .A- t@thy of natule t, io$ sectioni msrle app6 thick 6 hr?hol assrcgat'ons wiih ru$uloid bulbo$ bscd cysrjdia 0!ick ptar@chymarou sh@lh, up lo 40 [m, diff@nt lay6 disccmabt€, conicat cells wirh Hrnig nel in 2-3 oqs, @hins sdodcmis, fr€quemty rdi6cd, t94 ,/l D ( --=?t- Pl.rc 7r, Figs. A,D, Inportanr ,nrionical r€tlG of ecronycorrhizal mornlorync p/.rdvrlJt of f,Jt//o (A, foosclv precrcnohymarous ouler ndDdc hyer (B) Pl*'enchynabus 'mu mn c hvq tci lnl€hal vi€w of rhi@moryh (D) Emrnaun8 Hyph*. S(atc bar. 20 rm 195 l$t m! ol rut1le la bgttudir4t recJicri pl.ch4hyn&iou! hyph. dil?clnli.Ld i o diftan l.Fr, |milt pddr.t tawrlb rlol lat|h. Cdiic.l etb vi|t HstiS nd tp 6 tll. b'.ni pr.dudirg .ov.rd. lb 6do&ni., on didr b ctin ica! 2-3 |lb l[ick, tlquldly rni6.d. cold L..ttd} l5% KOrl, M.tEa's Rrg@t & t etic -id - m ..!.rid. Vor.L6 .Fd|E: E rooFodtits Ed6 ttis dtdt&,t4 in Hatdiutr Dcpattn dr of Bot ny, Ulivasity oflb. pllnjrb. Idor., lrHsbll, A. R. Ni.ri. # ARN-120€6E (II0. 195 35 Rzssrra pakt (Plal€ 72, Fi8. A) Pr.lr expodcd, d€curved ma.giN, smoorh, stighlty depr*ed in centJe, up ro 6 cm in t drn.. whie ro off-wnire ro crcm On goudd, sinSle, parisl{: N. W. Frcntier Prov., KuaSati, Nathiagiti, Sh@n,K.gha\ lnd€r ,t6r6 Prr,/.,w, Ar 2400 2580 h a. s t, Auglsl lo'r,2007, A. Descripiion of Ectomycorrhiza ofRar!rla pakt M o ry h o k g i cat c haruc te i sn cs (Plrre 72. Fig. B) E.hmrcotrhiut sr\tatu noiapodiat-prranlidat, up ro 25 nrnl tong, qisO.5-2 mn in dih. solnoly o. in sna numbe , found under the rrui rin|bo|y. Urtak4cd edr ber! lo lonuoGj swoltd and cylindricj 4-8 mm long,0.4-1.0 nh i! dim., vcry dstihcr manrlc, tight bown to ochnceu$blown ro 8rey, vdy rIp gnyish brcwD, dak boh when gerr otdft. Vanrte lur frce snoolh. bur somerrm.s rcuCh ddc ro sorl pan'cl6 cmb.dded mong hrlhaq sitv.ry in somc pans duc lo atr and waler rhpp.d dong hyphao; hosr tissue not visible und€r rh€ sh€ih, Xlzar,,r&i infEque or very miq ori8inalcd from rhc b4c oc $e nrtorhiat srsrcm, conneclns drsnncrty lo the n&tlc surfrcq whirish ro tighr bovn to brcwn *hcn gec otdcr, s6th, rclndcn, pmr'hally @ili.d; up ro 0.4J hn rhick, !p to O 5 mn at btuching points! a@ngcd pmrrcr to qdr orlE, difficlh to ypmt . E^tu4tiaA ,rph..,ntreqo6q $i,! onty proximally rhited, wbnilh bbwn ro light bowq da,t Drcwn wnq Aels otdcr 197 fT Pht 7!. rier, A.A, a,ridieft!. ot /tlrvla dE fttm3 nicroxop. (a, Ba!d,@D tHrln) (a) EcM rmponanrreatures Br= 2 cfr rorA I m; for B t98 A ntonacat .hatuciefis'ics ofna eii ptan viefls (ptat€ 73, Figs_ A,B) Mbtle dcns.ty pl4t.nchynarow *ftughour rhe taye*. Lackine laicifeous 6whae Oulq mM e tdru de\ety pl@lencnrmatous vilh a few pseudopenchlnabus n€sls of cell!, having Cetad.ous marix bctwcen lhe hr?hae (rFc C, Ag.rer 1987,2002). Ft,sk-shaped, butbous bsed (<6 Jln) crstidiawith rwo lo thre. apical knobs obsctr€di clstidia lGl2 !h in length, Hr9hol system undiaf@nriated, fussd wnh simpl€ an6r,onosis, cololleq i@gllarty rahificd. lEqncntly scptatej h)?hat cells (lo_) 20"25 c3o) ltn lons, consNtentty cytindric in shapc, t-2l1|n in diah., ccltwalls!p ro 0.2 llnr $ick, shoob; cturps nor obsc ed;a few forci9 omd€nlen tick hy?hae de obsded ruDnrng d thc ourcr me c swtee. Intd hule tdrer ^le denlely pl@renchlrnatou. Hr?hae wilh !n@0 surface, colondes, septat€ dd ,ertike mngehenl of hyphat budls (}?e A; Agdter,l987-2002)i h4hdcells 10,20 tnio tqg$,2-4.5 tn in diEn., cell sllls up ro 0.32 rhjck; sioplc aBlomqis tn obsflcd mong @mpsclty d&gcd blph&; clops not ob!w.!. yery tps *irh d@*ly pEtocnrmalou !o p*udoprdchydatous nd of elk. Atutomicat charactefti.s ofenant hg etenents (ptale 73, Figs. C-D) irrrrr.rrr nore or t€$ Dundqd; hy?hac run pd .t to eh orhr, ! tew u'ck ladder hDhac fomin8 a co,q s@la @npl.te or somer,m$ ala€cd (r}?e Ag@, E, t99t), tick hn ha. *ilh shon sp|a i.e.48 rn, w.lts rhickrBs !p lo 0.8 !m; hyphalccur(10-) t2-18 inlens$, C3j),rn up !o 2-4 FD indian., wath stighrty ln'n up to0.l jrmihyphae EFtyb@ched, intceindwnh . fcw hr?hae tused wi& €ah sm@tn, @to.less, dty peximalty",n",.,,;,,.0,";;;.;:"lH::;:tr: Imificd, rhick, s€prar€ w,hour cramps, soplaloi slishlly globul& ihickeoin8s at s.ptat poinlq ce s lO-20 Fn tong, !p lo 2 !m in dr@,, c.lt wals rhick, !p to 0.3 rn, Crstidia Iacting. Chtanydospor.s nolobsctued, nMbntofhu e j6s kdDr;nanlt. appeis rhi.k 4 hFhal aggreearons *ith Rtr$uloid hrlbos b6ed c'5ridia, plectcnch)rarous, shcaft lhck up to 44 Fmi dillcEnt hyo^ d6eoabk, corli.at ce s wirh Hanis ncr in 2-l ro*, icachiis c.dodeft is, frequen y 6nined. t9, ilrii*;ffi il:rili,, fjffiilj ,;l:tff Trjtrt *iL*t!!ffi :";:i'il; fi:H:iiil':;:;tifi fi lli ;l'.::lf i_1';il::'{t",:Hr:;;;il 200 rra1o,,tt 4w& t^ loitta.di.4t reriri: phr.o.iFriou. hrler dilfirarhrld into diltobl l.yq4 tuDi.S pedl.t &nrd! D mr 36 Rxsslrra pak2 (PIat€ 74, figs. A-B) P,r.!sr erpaodcd, 4-5 cn in dian., umbretta tik., crean to light brown ro pint, moth, sub-vi$id to dry: unbonar, ubG t€lowish lo c'!o @tor to liShr bbwq up ro l0 nm. tardtad: gills fr@ ro ad.at€, incompl€te,compleie! crcmy ro slightly reuow, rfr@rh, $in, up ro 2 mn boad Srirc 4 : I .8 cn, cto.grtcd, swltcn rowarG base and slighlly tap€rcd bwards rhe rop, hollow, Bhitc Aas tisporc,5-8 globosq ' 6-3 !m, omanflrcd. vm@s, apicutare, api.utus: r-2 rm. Basidi,2: J4- x 44 7-8 rm, chvat€, rcrrdterigt\ate. Ctstria: 2j.37 t 5- A tn ctava|e, hyaline. H.bittt & Diltributio.. On ground. solita.y, scafiered oi singlc, patislfi N W. Frontier prcv, Kh&splr-AFbia MuEce hirrs, n\det Alti6 pi\ttoe, 2400-2580 n a. s. 1., August ^ 14,2006, ARN 4806. Description of Ectomycorrhiza ofRl,rsnlu pak2 I{otphological .hancteistics (plate 74, Fig. C) Edon!@nhiul {s/.r frequdtly folnd uder rhc fruiring body, nonopodial-pinnate, up ro 14 dm long, dis 0.5-r nn i^ diq. Urroniled ends sh'Bht, $ollcn md cylindnc;4-9 nn long 0.4-0.? nn in djm., vcry dislin l nrnnci greyish ro boqn, vdy lip whitc lo ye o*isb brorn, ddk bown whcn Scts oldr. Mstlc Surfe€ spin, dd @ugl du€ lo sruck soit partictB; sitvcry in sonc panr due to !tr dd waler lfipped monS lr}?hle, host lissu€ Dor visiblc undei rhc shqth. R,t zono,ptt infrequcnt or v.ry @, odsinaling fton lhc be of rhe mycotrhizal 3tsten, connating djstinctly !o lhe mdtlc surf4c, vhirilh lo lighr brcM ro bown vhd 8eb otd.r, soott! mund.di preximally rmifed; up ro 0.45 nn lbic*, up to 0-60 M brecning poinh, h}?h& @tanaled ro c&h oth.r, ditrcull lo ep&ste ,r,..rna ,r,rra. infr€qun! rhin, u@ifi€d, whnish bown ro lighl bb*n, ddk brcwn who g€ts old. Scleroria not ob6wsl 2A2 a'. f, PfNr. ?t. Figs. A-(1. Basidio..rps nt Rrtsula ptk2 .nd lts f,CU under disectins nioorcope (A-D) 8a$didarps (lkbn) (C) IICM (habn) sho*ins inrrodanr f@rures Bar = 2 crh for A & B :l nn for (' 201 At oronicol chomcteisrics ofna$le i pltt (Haie 75, Figs. A_B) "izws Mdtle dq*ty plet€nchyhalos in alt lar€E. t&kjrg l.ljcif€ou, hyphae. Out* ran e to!.t toos.ty pt&renchFatous bylbac wirh g.tdinous nalrjx hclwen rhe h}!hcCr?eC, A8ftr 198?-2002); awtshap.d crstidia obseoed, up to l2 pn in lenglh;hFhae foming a dosc nctj hrhal systen unditrirentiar€di rd€ly fuscd wirh sinrple m.sronD6is, or wirhour any ponicutar lype ofanaNom@Ej hyphac cotorlss, rmificd, frequady seprab; '@gurdty hr?hal cells ilt-) 20,25 ( 55) !n long, consistcntlt cytindric in 6hape, l-Z,rn in dian., cel v! s up to 0.2 !n lhic&, sm@q clamps hor obsr€d. /,,.. nade tz!.r dqwty pt*tcnchynabu' Hrph& Nrrh smoorh suifeq cotourte! sptar€ pancm ed no ol h'?hac disc€oibt. (y?e A; Ac.rer,tt87 2002)i lryptEt e s IG22 in tcngth, !n up ro 2,3 !n in diam., cc|l warh 0,2 rfr rhEt; sinptc tuastohosh or tused bridec ob&ryed anong conp.c y a@ng 204 C- itfu ilifr{{1ffi .,a**i:$rt,,.,:,m;.Hi 205 1tut6, 4 *ttb b tqgt,dt d a.rb& ,,|..tac[jdaou nDh. difui.bd i!!0 diftGr hlE4 nmiDc pd.trct lnrldr roor tagth cqrrc.l c.L ri6 E rir nd up b 3 L)6rr, tuhitrt rljc .rl|olknj!, ru,rdilh to cytidric.t, Z-! !m thi; f!$ody imif.d. color R.&tlor* l5% KOH - ldtowi.b bDg|r rrCrd,, R-sot, L.di. sit- )diovid- @ E dio. volrs TFC|IEU 8.0o6lMffE lDdd ,{fi6 ,otdn , h B.!b..in!L Dq{tlat of Bor-y, Uniycdty puri&. p&irh!, ot d, rrho!. ,q- f, Nui. # ARNn2066B Gr{{). 37. Sritlzr srlinlcl$ (Singet) sinad, F4 oria2t260 (t945) (Plat€ 76, Fig. A) ALls: cap 3-8 cn brcad, convex, bmadty conr€x i! acq nar8in al fi6r incury.d, dcu*c! al hatunty; slrfac. vhcid wh€n moisl, oflrwhirc to pale y€lov lo olive-yellow sp€cialty at nalsins, bbwn, b@otoing sq@ose, .o,dr palc otive yellowr nqh thick, up lo I cn, son, whjtc to pate yelto{, bluinSltowty when i.ju@d: odor, hild ro fruitinSyrEBh; rsre nitd. Hr,,t.,tut tubq up ro 1.5 cn long, @htrceou! yellowish-oliv€, slowly bluins who cur, a&!t€ to dcpr*e{t at the sripc; Poi6 .pp@ximrcly r ,0 DD, &g!la, dull bbwn, beohi.g dingy ochE at h.turir, bluing slowly whd btuiscd. rL? .tiE: m tong t_t_5 C2) cD rhiclq cdrmt, elid, equar or dr.(ged , tn. bsq surface ,ricty, o{f_yhiIe io y.llow, otivc yr ow, soDctid6 rinS€d dul eddi.h,bbM { rh. bae, doltcd wilh bown sqlaoutesi conrext lik. fie cap, i... pallid pale lo yelowi panid veit whire to ofl-whilc, (6.5-t 7-E.? Cll) x (3.4-) 4_4.j :a:dt:seo6. c4.7) llh e {soid ro stishrly bolctoid, snoorh, $in,walcdi sporc Drid drrk olilc-brown. sasi.lio: hoto, 4- sorgna|e, t5.&23.s ! s,5-?.8 clat.te, Am, hyalinc. Cr5td6 sboul lhc sizc oflhc H.bl.r & Dilrnbution: pa&isld: On gDhd, N. W. Fo.rid pDv., Kh&spur-Ayubi4 Kuagati, undcr Pin6^ wlli.hiano &tbi* pindrcr, Al2400_2580 h a. 3, 1., 22d Auglsr, 2006, A. R. 207 Plrre-76 tig* A-& Esi.ri@9, nt Stt&as ibnbE oFmng nd (A) B!,idie.as (HNb'r) t8t EcM rnpmfl ra|nc-DicrokoF ar= 3m fdA.2nmfdB 208 Descriptioo of Ecromyco rrhira oa Sui us sibiicus M o rp h o lo g k al c h aruc I e *t ic s (Prare 76, Fig. B) Ectontcor,riz.l rr,rdr tEqu€ndy aolnd, dichotohously blochc Anatonical charucteistics olnantle in ptan views (ptate 77, Figs. A_B) Mdde pletachFalous in aI tar€n. Lacking laricitcous hypha€. O/r., nohle loler nar Eelatinovs, ptctencbluarous (lr?e B, AgeE. 19S7-2002), hyph& colorlds & delicale, ireguldly ladifi€d, thiclly woven with €&h orh€rj sitvery cr$tals obsncd tuone ht?h6c, frcqu.ndy s€plale; spta fixcd or p.niauy pqdr; hr?hal (20-) cclls 22-30 C45) Am long, 1.5-2 !h in diam., ce wath 0.2 04 !m th'ck, sm@lh surf.ce; @c6iooal palch6ofmundish c€ s on thc mmrlci ctmp3 nol obsded, sinple mAtonosis oblwed, cosisldtly cylindricat in shape. jrr?, Dmtle lars d.Baly pLcraachymabu, n€ttike am.gencnl ofhrThal bundlA (rr?c Bi A8@( 198?-2002), fcw hylhac flsed wi$ 6ch od.!, sn@th slrfacc, cotourtN, shrght s€ptare ccllst ht?hat cetls 20-36 An rn tcneth, up ro 2.8 !h in dian., ccll walls 0.2-0.5 pn lhick simple aabnosis obsn€d mong hyph&, clmps not obsened, /er:y rqr wirh dens€ty plerenchynalous amngenmr of hr!h.e. 20t Ph.e. ?t. Figr. A-D. Inpodrlt ,...obicd rerdB ot R.oErconhial morphotrpe or,eil/6 r.irlricB (A) platolhymaros ourer mtu e layer (s) ueNry predochym'os Dn r Mrt. layer (c, Inr.mdl ricw of rhiDmoryh (Di tmanoringHrph!.. S€le bc 20,rm 2t0 Aratonical chaructetuti.s of ensnati,s etane s (plate 77, Figs. c_D) R ilo,o,rrr boletoid undif@riated wilh a largc cdtrat hypba (r!e B, Agftr, l99l), mdrgins rathcr snmtnj htph€ conp&dy amg€d and of uniaoft dim.. brEnched, sdoorh, @rdeted, ce|s 20 28 rto in lnglh,2.8-4.8 pm dim. wals 0.5-0.7 !n $ict, frcquatly se arq .tMps abscnr, compadly woven ny?he and $metmq fu*d wi$ *n orher wnbour &y panicutar lr!€ of andtomosis, sinpte ddroDolis ob*d.d, c€nnal hr?ha rlick waledi wall up !o r Fm thjch !p to 6 rm in dim, E^anaridg hlph@ snoorL thick 3-4,5 !h in dim., cell walh rhick, up lo 0.t Fn, nFhae simple, nor rdificd, seprzr€, clamps absot. Clstidia locking. ChlmydorpoB nor obsw.d, ,t na!tuy of nantle i, c6s &ctim; Ddttc arpcau thick as hnhal agSregatios, ptet€nchymdtous thloughout foming a disdncr shea r, up to 55 sm lnict, dilferenr laye^ dilcmible, coriical cells wirh Hartig ner in 2_j ows, fEquently tuifreA. Anot@y ol naine in tongnunira! sttionl pledcnchtlnarous hwhrc enta 8tcd, n ring par! ct lowards roor tcnglh, diflcrnl lay€E disemible, shqth in rhc fom of hyphal bunlit6. Conicat celb wnh Harig n€r in 2 3 low!, Hanig Der in section around codical cc ii l-2 !ows, cytrndrical,2 3 urn lhick, iilqudtly rui6ed. Color Rer.iions: l57o KoH{€ddisb b,owh; Melrzer's R.age & L&ric acid-no Vou.t.r spccimcni Ecromycoohizd ,fidar pri6 wa\i.hioM, Deparhcnt oI Botady, University of th. punjab, tjhore, pakistan, ARN,t 2086E (LAH). 2ll 38. SuiIIus tomentotus (Karfitna ) sinset, My.otosia 5t(4): 510 (t960) (Plale ?8, Fig. A) Ptrls; Crp 5,ll cn bm4 conva, brcadty.onvex in ase; marSin at n6t incutocd, d@lwed atmatunryi suf&e viscid when hoill, pale y.llow to dingy-buf, rotueDtose, b*omrng squanose, occsionally wea$cring to n€any snoorhi $ates Itpically greyish to oliv€,src, $m€rin6 rEddish in coid wdh.r; fi6h hick, up lo 1.5 cn, soft, whn€ to pal. yelo*, btui.g slowly wnen rnJurdi odor, nrld ro fnilingy/htrshr tasrc nitd. tt,,e,i!,. Tubes up lo l.j cn long, dingy y. ovish- olivq slowly bluing whd cul, adnalc ro depr6.d at rhc sripq poc apprcxinatety l/'nrn, lngulari dull brcwn, bocomins dnrgy @ho ar nalurity, btoins slowly when scd. Strp.: b 5-9 cn. long, 1.5-3_0 cn $ick, slid. eqn,l or dl&ged al thc bse; sulfac slicky, y.llowish ro apricor{ah8c al lh€ apdi somelin6 ng€d du reddish- brown ar lhe ba6c, dolted wlh brown Clandulae;conicit like rlte cap, i.e. pallid ro pale yeuow, uually bruising blue slowu veil abenl. rdrir',osp,r.s:8-Il r 3-4 Fn, narc*ly elliplical lo subfuiaom, smooth,lhin-w,Ucd; spo@prinr da&olivc,bnwn. ,,nllrd. holow, 4,sr€rignale, 15,5-21.2 x 5-?.j rn, ctavatc, hyatin€. Cysridia abour Hablt.r & Dbtribution: grcund, On Paki6ld: N. W. Ftuntier prov., Nathiasali, unde, pr,u Mlictiana, at 2400-7sAO n a. s. 1., A. R. Nizi, 22d Augu! 2006. ARN #N20806. 2t2 Pl.te ?& fi$. A-8. klidiMr}d oI StlllB rotualotlt .d Ir! ECM undd diGlirt lircoF ( ) Baidiqrp3 (Habit) (B) F4M (t bir) rnowing idDdrsr f6nB Bu = I .m for A. 2 nn for B. 2t3 Description of Ectomyco rrhi?a ot Suiuus tomenbsus M otp hot ogicat choruc teis''cs (Plare 78, Frs. B) Etunrcot iut trtuh wn]IE fEqlally found lnd€r thc aruninS body *irh aruch.d lbick hyceliat stiands, hydrcpbobic, dichotomousty b.anch€d to conlloid, dicholohies very short, up to lO Dn tong axis up to I nto rn d,ej pefcftbly io orgtnrc-h'nenl taycE eil Soit panictcs srri.rty nfiacle b !E m.. c slrtucc. Uvahtfie.l ehds g:anlld, a|{ih ro st€i8hl, 2,5 mm loh& !p ro 0.5 on in dim., wh'to wh€n coll€t€d &esh bul lighl bDM b brou due b long siay in warcr, v€ry lip whir. al fi6l ochm@us bwo b lieht bown wh@ eels otd.ri host rissu€ .ol v$1blc under lho sheatb. Irilraalpr, infrequenr, boleloid, thick up lo I mh in dim,, onginarina fom the Btricred poinG, disrincrly @met,ng !o nelt€, whib ro crsm to light bown, oick€r nqr Eliling bodi6 up lo L5 nh, frcqu€n{y rinjfied, enhngled! round.d ro In flal Cross S6!ion,, oarsihs nol @ooth, !€v@l emdaring hlpnac dMarina our Gon $c djsr?n.nd. End,.ti,e t rpha whire nor frcquot, tbicl up ro 0.45 mh in did. Sct.@ta not obFfled. Anatonicalchatu terittics ofna le itpla, ti.,1,s(ptar€ 79, Fiss. A,B) Oatu hantte totd pt .tmhw.tous, g.latinous, wirh loo* net of hrphae. wrtnour ey htlhal pallm (tlc A, Agqer 1987,2002), a fw crysbls edbedded 4ong hr?haq rcflctirg tighr, hr?hae d.tiole, irrcguhly @iti.di hypnat cI long 4d srBight, hypb.. tEqre.ny ser,lab; scpla tused ro comp{cl€; nylhat c€lls !p to l40tm long,l-2.5 in dim., qath. Fo fiin celt 0.2-0.35 fn, sD@lh surrdc, clups dol obsde4 siDple.H, ryp. &4ron6is obs@ed, consisrm y cylndrical b shape, cysrjdjA nor obefl.d on rh. ourer nanrta swtq.. L^d nantte tnrer denset! pr{renchtmatous. H}?hae wi$ sD@th surfee, colourt*s &d st.ighl celh sptat€ &d n.tlik. alfuacmar of h,?hal buodle wilh no disrirct paucm (ryTe Ai Agcrec 1937-2002);ht?halcelh42-76 !hiilengrh, up to2,8 trm indr.m., cexwalts0.2-0.4 Orch limple ssronosis !n obscd dong bFhae, clmpi nor oDsd.(r_ j/.ry ila wrth ddsely pt@r€nchyn.tous e&gem€nl ofhypha€. 214 s-:=r Pl.te.?9, Figs. A-D. Impo.rrnt .nlrodicst fetturs of ccrohycorhizal Doqrroqp. ptarcnchymarous of 14716 ,,ftrror6 tA) oulo mette layer ts, ;trj1"ellil1:i.ll!:"",Lj5.*'re ra)e, {c) rn@nar view oidriemo,ph iDi 215 A talonical c hamcteitti.s of enon4liry etenenas (Plat€ 79, Fiss. C-D) Rhhonoryhs baLroid, thick up to 6 rn, diff.rentialed (tr?e C, Agdq, l99l)j ndgis rathd snooiti hyph& @mpaclly mg€{r euftl the vidc emral httha ad of unifom did., btuchcd. s@rh, enr.n8ted and joi.lcd, $il panictB stuck witb h}?ha., cells ph 20-t5O in l.ngrb, 2-l nh in dim., walh 0.5_0.? tm lbick, ftequently sepbi€, cldps l&kin& @nperly wovd hDnac soD.lime fusld wnh @h olhcr wirhoul 4y pani@ld rypc of &4ronosis, sinple anaslomGis o&.Ned. Eha"atiry hwha. shoolh wjrh nomat snds,lnick. up to 4 An in diam,! rhick, c.ll walls up 10 0.45 th, hlph& mined, bMch6 rfld ro b€ in pda cl, eprare wftn o. *irnoul cldps! ells 2j.125 rm loag, up lo 2 rh in did. Crstidis t, Anatony oI na le ih .ros section: app€@ ^bs. n rt thicL s hrThal a88cga$oN, pl@tmchymabu n!rcu8hout fomirS a djllincl shcath, up !o 50 !m thick, ditr@t la,@ rct di$fribt., co(icsl eus virh Hanig nct in ndly 2 bw, reahrg ododlmis, frequ.nrty tmif,ed, Anatony oJ nanne ir lonensdkat rqtior: platc.cnyEaioN nt?hae qtangt.d, o.ning p@llel towards bot leng$, dillocnr l.t6 di$aiblc, sh€th in rh. fom ofhyphatbmdl6. Conicat c.lls f,irh llrnjg nel 2-3 rcws, r ttanis nel in secdon dound corlical ccll i. 1-2 owq roundilh to .ylindncal, ut to 2 !n thick, Fcqudtty rmified. Color R@ctiors: 15% KoH{harnu! bffii L&lic &i 216 39. Tricholomt oaruntiurn ls.heft.\ Rick n, Die Blti|eryitze J32 (19t4) (Plate 80, Fig. A) /dd{s.. 30-100 n bo.4 flshy, convex or n6ly nd wjrh e obtusc umboi ft&gins i@lled ar li6l, rhd.xpdd;d; unbelicarc, slrf&e viscid whd wct, smoolh pnh or scaltded, appe*d llbe6 ed sales, colo! vri€s fom yeltow-orege to bwoy lo rur, omsc or omsebmwn or odSc-Ed, ar6r: 5_9 m rhick at di$, whnc. Ie,,ru.: gills adratc or norched, clos., nmr; whit. srajnins rusly brcwn, developjng brcM to rddish bbM discoloFlions. J@,: 4-lO cm longi 1.0-2.5 cd thich oorc or l* .q!al, or l+ering ro thc b6e coverEir with dense, otu8isn $al* (nat teminale in a line ned th€ apqj white above;oftn hollow; Fl6h dricki whit€. ,6,"t.r1e6: ellipsoid 10 slbgtobc., snoolh, 4-6 x 3-5 pn, ineyloid, spore pnnl whnc. ,etdid: tel6 ddigmare, 46,53 x | | t2 ptrl| clavat€ !o cylin It.bir .!d Diitriburiotr: On gDud, scatrred or in gup!, lakislan: N. W. Frcnrier p!ov. Hazlra Disn KlEspu.,Ayubi4 a1 240G.2580 m L s_ t.6dq /bi! piidtuw, t2d Augui, 2006. A. R. Nidi, # ARN- 12086T. Description of Ectomyco rrhiz, oI Tricholofia qura tium Mo.phobeicol chtnct rittict (PIat€ 80, Fig. 8) E lonrcorhhal slttu" frquen y tound fotuing shon nrlctiat srMdsi wh . mari in min@l sil. hydrcphobj€, monopodjal-pirDte lo honopodial_ prrmidal, up (iim. ro l7 mm lon& !xi. O_9 M Unnnifred end, st:aiehl to b€nt, 2{ mm ron& 0.s nn dim., while io li8ht ycltovish lo lighl bbwn; snoolh or sni.y; shiny or reflaivc; hosl cells visible tnrcugh ttuspMt nand. cxc€pr in whir€ fts orcotlo.y emaad.S hFhae od adhering soil, very ti, bbwn, dark brcwn when sels oldt Uuanred eadl s6@6, srhigh lo bd! 2.5-5 m long, up !o 0.5 m in drim., (o whne dd silv€ry du. air Fapp.d mong h<e hrlhac, r@ to tiSht brcwn ro brown wheo ai! disptaced fioh htlhac; very tip whit€ !o blown when gers otder. MmUc surfae sn@th bul sohewhft with gtuuld, $n€(m6 61104 hcl isue sli8htly vhible uder the shealh at few poiris 2t1 n.& $, Fti. A-& B$idtodps ol Tricholow umattun tnd I! ECM uod.r dtcrin! ri.6op. ( ) B8idift.tps GLbn) (B) EcM O!bh) C!@ing inpondl asturcs Br = 25 nn fo. A 20 un for B 2t8 Rti.oho.pAs rery frequ..! @cuoing every whcre in lhe rom or hphal fans conn€hng lo rhe dis and nycorhizat ods al flat egl6, mosdy originaling from resdcted points, con.ercd ov.! longe. diltdcc to mdlte surfaco, wnilc, up to 0.2, mo jn dim., rhick€r ned &ui bodi6 up lo O.t on, fGqlottyFnified, nrangted, rcunded 1o nar i. cGs stion, megins not s@ih, sevml maaring hhhac emtuat'na out lion tE dist^t d(., [email protected],g hlpr@ while, lo,tuous, trcqudl abundol on toycotrhizal slslch, giving @(ony appedmce Ond €onebing eil. Anatodical charcdeislics oftnantle ia ptah ie s (ptate Bl, Figs. A_B) Ouer nantte tat6 looscly pl$tench)marous, geBunous, wrth ncr litc .@[email protected] of br?h&, no hyphat patrem dismabte Cr?e C, ASerer I 98?-2002), ra hyph& p&dlel ru b each oh€r, olh€r toding rin3 like srhcturcr hy?hac delicare, iftguldly miUe4 frequdtly seprat€ wilt ct@ to gtuutd on|€nq consisrently cylindricatin shape; hr?hatc.lh _90 25 ( 40) Gl5O) !n, l.r3 !m dim., tbE ceU walls, up to jrm, 0,3 sh@rl sufe€, a few amputate cctrs obseP.d, inllalioD 5-7 clups !m; nor obFped, H-l,?! eastohosis obseflcd rnn* nhtt tard de.s.ly plal.nchlnarous. EDhac Mlh snoo6 surfa.c, @lo! ss, staight wilh cl@ lo greul& contaG; hyphat bundlB fom ring litc sacNrc ()?. A; Ager€r, 1987-2002)j hrlhat cells 42-76 !n in lsgrh, up to 2.8 An n drd.,.eu waus 0.2{.5 rn thick; cldps od odromods nol obscR€d among blph&, llighlty courricrd al $ptun. /drl rlA with rh. sm. strlcrurq 6 ii the hreBt pds Alotornical chamdefiiics ofenalati"g etenen s (plare 81, Figs. C,D) Rti@ttdphs difteftnti?lLen si$ cm(61 ,,n 2t9 r-t frli:trf;i'*T.ft d"di#,#*l","'",il$mr#ls4 220 EtuM.tirg hdt@ @hrnon, snood willl iomat @ds sliShrly sv.ltiigs od coBhcrton als.pt, rhick 3-4 ,rm in dim., ccu edk thictq up b 0,45 tD, hyrh& mi6.d, fequ ly septar. qit! wirhoul ctamps, c. s 2r-r25 Fm tong and up 0o 2 ttn in dim. AtutMr oI ks,tte qN i, sectioai mdnte W€are fiick 6 n}!hd aggrcSations, plerenctlb.lou (hughour foming . dislircr shalh, up ro 45 !m ihict, dill@l raF6 di$ftibtc, yirh corrjcat elts H.nig nd in 2_3 w5, iiEudrtv @itt.A. Anatn, oI nadk ii ronsitu.lnot ,".rr,r pror"".r,y-ao* iyrr,". .nrergled, tueing p&alet bwlrd! boi l@grll' difleMt lay4 drsc@jbl., shaltl in {'e fom ofhqps. Cotucd c.lls wilh Han,s nel h 2..} ress Color R€{.rld3, 15% KOH_ tienl rlllow & L&tic 4id. prcs€n! R€a8ql ^,r€llzcr,s Vdcnf ipRtDd: E lomr@rhia und.t Abi.s pudrov ue?ainmt of BoEny. U Esiry of Lhe purlab, tdbr.. patjsk4 4RN,12086E (t {Il). 221 40. Porphtre,lus poryhyownrr (F . & Hol) EJ. clbert, Sr/itr€' u.Iei@ al t'.bftabsrehtabeti Chnstianiar 99O9Jr) (Pl.te82, Fig. A) = Tylopilu: pqphtfapo$ (Fr. & H6k) A.t. Sn. A Thi*. Boltu of Midr'sa, (ann Albd): 93 (r97t). P/dlsi c.p ?. (9-) 12 cl4) cn brcad, cm!.x, .,p.ndins !o plan€onrcx; mar8in sljghtly d*ur€d beming nefuly ptoE lt miorir! surf.ce {hlt-bmwn ro bhckhh brcwn ro lishr blsc\,lonenlo$, jn as€ btekish-b,oNn. smetiher plrchy. aer.q conLxr L0 L5 cm thic*, $I! shnhh, unoh.nsins or slowly pinkish-ran to rrle blDq odor.rd brle fung.l. ,rrr.rr,: poG t-2 pa nm when,ouDg, aplI.ximhrly I F @ .t hatunry, oguld. ,r nd di.6| lishGbow! oediDn- bb*n h aa., $m.lj'M bluing yhd bdis.di tob€s. up to L5 cn lone; e*dobus wilh lhc poG, slighlly rhpEsd.r thc,lipc..ttp.j 6-15 cm ton& L5,r.5 cn thick, $lid, equ.l ro hFrirg io !n rnt.Esd b.s; surf.@ fibriltoe-shaq fi. fibril, bl.cldsh-b@n owr . D6 id gend coltr, d.*.r wh@ hodt@, $ftrms p(kish vh.d boied, dEn btrc*istt_bbMj 6nLxr FLshyi *hit€, rh. upF. porton *h.n c!! rlowly gEybh fia bt&ki${ay! fie base whe, cDt loning pinkish-Ln, rhen dark-gEy; cxt.nor ofdtiF b.s whilirh, oton w. EoE Solibry ,o &.lrd!4 PattuLn: N. w' Fonrja pDv, Kh.ns!u.-AFbi!, .r 2400-2530 6 !. 3. t., md.r CAtu deodare, la'r lnty 2006, A. R. Nilzi, ARN]{ 28706 222 n.& t2, Ffia A-8. ldidid.rp ot poryrltt'gpdptrqrquld L ECM ,.:* ":94 .:-1F (,!) Baidio€rp otrbir) (t) Ec-Lt tr.bn) {ryi4g InPort&t li5tuB. B& = 2 on fd A 2 !n fd B 223 Dgcriptlon of Ectomycorthlz, oI Poryhfre us porPhlrospotus ltt orp h ol ogica I. haraca.tastict (Plare 82, Fi8. B) Edonr@-hi@r tttu i.ttdrlJarly roltd, dichol@Mlv b@hed, up io 12 nn ld& dis I m in did. Utdiiied @d' slr.isnq 45 m lons, 0 5 hD in diu., whir. io csm, E/ l? liSli bbwn, d!* bwn wt f, ccts old.r' Mdlle pan! Surf.e of s@$ or oush du. b small Daich€s on Bintle, 3iltc4n Fne due ro an $atd tapp€d mons hypta, h@l li$ue Blishlly visible undd {F !h€.th 'nd when w.Lr moi€d ioh dc hypn'e, it rum brcM, irl@'r?tu tuqumi 6ick bole(oid, cdner.d dkrircdy to dF lMrL .!rfae, orisiruLd no$ly lion lh. reslricred DoinB, ohi€ io cqo rudng lidr bbM to boM *h€n g.ts old.r, b.iry, rcunded, bBrch.d, morlly fo*€d or dichoroDoq, up lo I mm thick, up |o 2 nn .l br&hine poid., htph& cntrn8Ld io @h olls, dimcul lo $p.ne. troz'Cra ,rp&,. *l'ib, infcqodl, thin, rp 1o 2 ftd lhict. Sclmlia nol obsncd. AMtMiel chaftc,.tu;tid of nontk b pl@ vi.N (Plate 83, Figt. A-B, M.r l. pleLmhF.tous in .ll httN l4ldtrg Lticiamu nyp$.c. Ol.?r rlrdr l,r,r nor S.htimq ldFly pl@tcmhynElou vith mt likc amg.m or nyph& (type A, As@r 1987-2002), lcw ttdE lomins rin8 like siructrEs, hr9hr. d€liete, iftSuldly nhificd; ohmp! nor ot6eF.d; hrpn.e fEqu.nUy efldr, cami.llndy cylindtic in sh.pe, cmLiden at spt!: hyphrl cll (12-) le-24 clo) !n lon& 1.5-2 Fm iD dicm., cell waft 0.2 rm dick, sn@lh surftoc; sinpL an0ltoncis lnd yelldish piSmen$ obenod. Inn t tuddtt ld!.r ddett tt'tanalymtols (!T. C; A8prer, 1987.2002); hypne with sn6th 3u.fec co.binins y.Uowish p'sm.nl!, iilqlarly &plai.; hr?hi c.tk 20-,|{) rn ir tdsr\ up to 2 8 rn iD dirn., cell wlls 0,24.5 rD dict; sinplc io lt-rrF lEknGn obs..td alMg nyph.e, clmtc @r ob&.4d. vd) rrA vidr th. gft shrbc 4 itr rh. lacol Drrts. 221 D- rmporr.lr rnlbm,qr ro.uE. boronoryp<1::.,*_."y: parptyttltB or 4|onrsrrrr2rl or ^to. porptyr^pou (^) t-lwt' Dtqaarnaiob (rur.r mhuc rrylr iB) Dtrety phcldOrmarin r.ncr mnrtc tys tC) lnEmat vi.w of nmnoDh(D) Emqali.g Hyph4 Set. b.r,lo !h 225 Anatontcat chatu.einics of aionoti,tg etenehts (ptate 83, Figs. C-D) Rhizonorph hiehty diftercnri^r.di drick hDhae fotuins mostly E @re, scpta otLc. panially or conptebly di$otvcd (lrF F), nr4giro ramc, !n6$j hyl,hac comp&rly atu8ed dd of unitom dianerer. bdchcd. Hrphae smlh, enrangled and joinled, celts 20,28 lengb, rn 28_4 8 tn die., warrs 0.5_0., Fm thict, frcqumrly splato, clmps abscnl, y cohpe wov€o hpnac and sm.hne fused wi$ €ach odcr without any panicular rnre of anaslomosis rypc, srtopre onasromosis observed, dpular. or intared rlmp.t tike cclls absor Emdtuttn| hlph@ DFequqt, colorts or hyatine, smootn, fiick, 3_6 Fn dje., ce wark rhi.k, up to 0.4 rm, @ty mified, scplare wnhoul clmps. Cr$idia t&king. ChlamydospoEs nor obswe!. Anaton', of hantle in crcss sedioni nantte app4 rhrck as hrlhlt assrcSaionsi plcclcrchynalous lhbuchon tohling a disrDd sncao, (30-) 4G5o (_ 55) !n tlicl, diffeM! tayeB discenible conical c€lb wnh Harig nel in 2-3 rcws, ftGrry 2 rcws @ching cndod.mis, feqlcndy @in@. oI n@ c nt lonar.udnol e.rbht Dt KOH, Melld\ Reg€n! & Lstc acid-no reeron. Eltomyorhb ( unda ed4 de.Jztu. In Helhdrun,, Univ6ity of tnc ptrnjab, pakisra., LaJbrE, A. R. Niei, , ARN- 120868 (LAH). 226 DISCUSSION DISCUSSION BiodiwEity wos fisl dcfimd a3 bxommic dimily dte number of 5p..i6. MoE Ecolly, biodivcBity hs b.€n bi@dencd lo ituludc biologisl md Scognphic ertitiG such I 8d.ric dihily (gcB, chon|M6), lsommic dirdity (sr..ics, e€mm, f.nilas, phyh, cL.) ..d bioS@rhphic diwBity Oiqe.snphic E8ioM, landeapd, 46FLm, h.ltb's). It !lq.r ElcB b E generi oi 4ononic v.riability, vnnin a speific a@ or €gion. R€cnl GaEfi suse.sls {ut lunsal biodiMily i5 muoh hi$er lhd DEviousl, rhoughl (bRoe et al., 1995), DDnng th. suwey fm lh. irv€ltigrtion ol Biodiwrsity ol nushrcom ond Eclomrmhi,s fron Himd.ym noisr r.mp.nF foEsls, 40 llra of oulh@rs @ colldtcd in ..si.lid eill difrRnt conaf€ous ItE 5lei6 i ... llbla pinntuv C.Atud.odan, PiMnit iz@, and Pin6 Ndtchk&. Anog rh. m-mtun8i stdi.d in hb so& ,rnonita llawnoid6 N$. wL Dorrhologically closly rcla|d to ,r.lo@od. duc io ils oEn8ish )cllow pilcus .nd snm r or slishlly soly yellNi.h to shnkh ltcn However, lh€ bolh sp@ios oan bc s€porated on lh. basir ol lack of bulb al fie b.s ol slipc and )€llowisn bnelhe in ,1. llowcdoidd. An tmi.tlly, dE two sp€ies !re ale diffftd. ,,1. lto@o"oides i. h.vins dFn r ind iun loid b6idic5lo$ *h.@ in ,r. /Md,a! 3toEr .E myloid. Amrhd cl@ El.tire of $is r[on My b..,1 /ariB Imi h.&d d 6. color of @p, siip., l!ft[&, ! Fnj.l Eil norphologl. The bo$ 4ei.t *n b. $paatd b@rus of dE follNing chatut B DEsl itr., lov,p6 but nor in ncw . SiE of fie cap & stip€ is ktr.r r W|n! pF!.Dr or ln. c.p .E conc.nrot d in @nEe dd ldset in !i4 . P@*. olshii. bulb TIE iddniml chrncLr, nch *Fdc! thc both Deies' ie dE p|tffic of th. bulb in ,,1. /derra whcE 0s in the Dl€gr bxon b.s or Ih€ srip€ bp€B downrard, tlough il possss p.lches of uniwrsl veil on stipe b&. /. ltowonoktu non. p6e. n^kh$ ioft or lh. lnown ,4na,ra spooior ond tho 0bove n.nrio@d ch.!&le6 dDr eplntc ir fon thc rclitat t!x.. Th€5e dill.En@5 of ,r../Iaw,,.ida with th€ dost {)B m $mci.nl ro &$nbe i! !s ! @ sDcics hut m noF sod( n fn its ptrbli@tion. 'Ecd.d 227 Atulliq t r@ t lorgnB lo dE 8cnB ,i@'ir., ,lm{i,d F*l Alh d6t lo ln nita wbrindda (Cittal Edrill !d ,1. ptailb C. S. Ridt, Th. D|wnt t ron dilI6 f'w botn dB q*i! in l,rcting. dd @e owr lh. nrliMl {rndd oa llE pilcs, n vin8. lilcip.lli! dividcd inio iro flbd.d ruF..nd db.Fli., dE hyph& of pihip.llir cda clss.d nrtEr lhln sub.di.tty .mngd dl htins . conhdly @Lr. .xtqnl 4fe of 0E rcthl e. lhi. rDeid dil!.6 nm ,{. !,6,rol!@ in rpr.Mrly ru 6 slots .d hcling b.5idi. aidr lhaLn d ell w.lb, nrins cmnm, t rifh to E,ly do6os elli in llE lubbthdirl h.&.nd in {E sitdt v.it intdia.nd h.vin8 m.ltd intuld eur AlodE diftEM ir l|.Lii! n, rnyilh linl d rtE stvll tinb in .tl 3hg6 oad.wlo9|E .d ey sEyith tinr on dE t rclt.. otrtE &$rib.d 6Iaia. /tMib dillcB tan .r. pe*zotd6 .r k .t in h.ving m.[.r loodj, h.vin8 t wlnl *',l3 .t&h.d .Lt, .t ltE v.ry boten ot dE ,iF b.& tDrdns 'hr d of vin|.eu linl! 6 th. p a The dilfcGM ot,,lmn z Fl3 snh rn doer o@ .e srrciar ro iq E . 'w spei6 bd onc mE m* i! nccdcd ror iG publi{lion (rull6 ., dl. 2ool ), Fon P.5.t n, 16 ,,lda rp€jd wE p@viouty @d.d (AhDtd ?, dr. 1997). E. hatu*tii, B. cti. at6,.nd A rr"ll4 e @ Edr& fq tlli,trn, DMIat JlMnndotz is .le l|€ fiBt pEnr.don in thc nu.lM rron ot Prkiir.n oiui €, al, 2007). i6,r/ea i! mdEr iftFrbn f.fti9 ot Agrics t@nd in moalr bnF c toE rs of HimLyr dn X@!ld i! . ddniMt g.nu ftns tE 6shmm. Tt a sc lbout 23 !!ei.. rrpo.i.rt filn de .t* (An d., dl. 1997). ThE Aci6 i... R. ah,@4iM Nn.'t,, n. krlr.Btt m.D@t. .td * ,zr&rcr?, Dn. ptor. rE mw ro sa@ *hit? x. r.'dor, ir Fldr.d & w @d f@ p.ticr. a.bus ttG R@uta @i4 R. ahMdtaad M,Fd. f.lh cL.tty in s.iont4.n tE4 d* Fhtiw ol x. /dr.N (Pa..) Pd!., bll th.E .rin din ffi dur difia.,ni.a rt. ohratniM fta n. luEN. Fitli! rlE {DG bE lmy of lim 6nFdd .Mg $rtrs .nd firy e rDll .n oldLd_ su.i lp.6 & wr, .imjt{ b rh. Euorqn n ,7ro,, Rom.s! .rd n i! u'i.{trdly hucn Et bd - c+€nrt f6 lhi! lDocice i! typicrl Fni.l ..riolu on lpos bu . di.tiFt ccr, S,mri (2006) [email protected] 'Ft sI. !!si.n bur .ll rLr.d ro R t:/ore !n fM d..iduos dEmoohitoq fofir,. Tl ! tpeia ls wiL 6ns. ot lBu in Euiot r hlt nor p6fdbty in @nicFu3 foEsB Ir i. ,i!hr ltlr ,a&6 in Elilf. @u6 on r.Bilion b.t@n d.cidou! tor6G 224 in collinc bclt !o boeal mileeus tores|! in hisher ahitudes, e in cn& of EuroDe.n ,,lr,lss foFsr!, it will b€ not so snipnsd with lh.l6p@i6. Mosr sFcics ton nrge of ,7/da hrv! rcry .lilincr biner .tDond pldenl smel; in (e ,/R r/ora, il js nixcd with lnpl@ni sDcll of x./cra. ont, R tua,/a,, SrMd lb n6 disrincr smc . rrE spoE pnni G ndly c@, dty f.w sF.iq, ove,?,rr@ h,s whir. @E ,nnr bur i. lh.t c.s ft n6 oIl1,rcntuE oa ist.r.d eirer. TrE sftlt ofl,.r",rrde is nslly unplcir.Di bd d€ Elrt d srup ofl, d,&,o/e,, RoMsn h.. h6rly .crid rastc. Ihcr. !E abo oder chatureB q?i.il for R. ,r,raj dli€r brown sDok on surfec of3lipo.nd gill edg., slihy DiLu! but not Slurinou, El0riv€ly rhin concxr i, prlcN, violct liDt on spols d piles $rfe. tl sm! 6 undc*ib.d stcciq but D4d! moE oloough sun tr a(l olterioN io dc$n& or ed 6 rev spei6 ro *ic@. I'inabtuis M. p6r. tsls da,ly h srion r?rerarlrrae slbaL ^6tuto ,/ria..dt@ a ec+r.d by R@gm!i, Ir ir hoE Etaed to {. v,E eru (S.hett) Ft. R, d ako.ha. Ir nd rypist slbukt Lmitut c.lk of sencmtive hypha. in pileiFuis, blsl celh aE sradualty iniaLd and tom . ch,in otba on lito hyphlc, pileooystidi. l.cking or m.y b. in a v€ry indislinot tom dd spores aF ty?i4lty re,y @ll md cBi.d, *ilhout suphhiltn pt.gc, AII lh. Le of dis gbup h.v! vclveq lik 3urfae wh.n nol wet. Nol qh.t 3tip., @stcd s?o6, nor cnct.d pilcus cutclc. Pileipclli lqesd. $ar n is @E Et.Ed ro R a,r@,a. Srilr.d n&sin otop noa typi€l fd i v,B@. 's Cmoins rtij spei6 s .n u.derib.d, n is inlemedialc h.twd or@ra dd vius.e,s gbup. B.!€d on de aborc sinit.nlies and dif|ceioos lhe prcsnt 6p€ci€ €m5 ncw bul moe coleclioft and fiorcugh chrDcterialion snd di&usions neetl.d to doscrib€ or pubtisn ( as new spsr€! ro R6sulu poLisronie ffi. Dw is ct6d, p*rimbidcs srcup bE.u$ of rcry rt?ial sublkl. piLcrstidi.. It tEs spoE qilh mny of @uuns; sucn eE! & nE n lMr gFup. Fq alrn|pte, X. joara F,. tEs sihitar spoEs, 6ot ir hls [email protected]€ th.r arc noc obnsl. Thcctorc, this is amrher v€ry inkElrins colletior! which hoy repEel d nnd.&rib.d r.xon dsi is . ndb€r ofh!nl... Rrsula b@ipa Rbsuto satutdid sensD iucr, rsorded for ^nn e fio fi$r tine rom Prkilidn. Rehainins,a6r!ta $@ies .re rcnbrivery named a ,Css!I, DAI I and f6s!r. D.l2 ! l they n€€d noE rhoouSn .olstiom and ob*et,on oa cbiac|eE ror dcir *d ,nd prop.r ir.ntifialion. 229 Th. di16ity of tuns.l EritioNhip @lrib{ring lo rh. rhoE ts of cclonrodrial sp..i.s (Molim at, 1992) suggerb a $rctudt diveBity oathcil "r ECM, The B4idionyc.lous etomyorhias m ,mhged in rh. lequenes of eighl cladca containing dificEnr fonili6 on lh. hlis of rhen comnd ch@|ensdc fdtuB. Tfi* cl.d6 m {.) S€b&iMl6 ctnt O) cooEEltoid chdc (c) Cohphoiyphalloid d.d. (d) Tb.Ld'obid ct.d. (e) R6uloid ctadc (D AdEtoid clad. (s) Bol.le.hdc dd (h) Euseics cta{t (Si.d€r"rat,2OO5;w€ise!,t,2004i LlEson et 2004t Hibbel ,t, and Bind€r, 2OO2i Aibh€l and fion, 2Oo I ). In d'e pEeDr Ee.Eh md( al thc invBtisared Lr! of dilIcml fanilies oa h..idioDteks f.ll lrdcr fiE of rlw ct.(bs ii, Gnth.&lloid (Ca,rlaEa.ae HrAnatue\ Evs,ti. (Atuih@, aa!biti@@, Cor,hanm2 & Tn.holohdzeze), G.nptuid (Clavartatue, Cedtela.eoe, cok,t o..ae & ,l,,ari,@a?), Rusutoid (x6s/td.e,e) .id Bol.te clad€ (sdtd!dc?d?) wiri rho ereption of r AsmJ4aou ftmb.. Hetwlla eisn. ln car'l}@lloin .hd., Cddhztdh@ hi, b€n EFd.d rs eion aEnial (A8.Fr, 1937-2006). Mldztj (2002) h.ve desnb€d tnc acionycoEnizl noQnorta Itldnaez€ h.. bci epolrd s !n eromlef,ht t f.nit. Tnc fietd ECM oa tld,,, d/de6 Fr. h& lludy be€n Epon.d in .ssi.rioD with pi.a d6ri6 {L,l H. (fGig€r K0Et. & AB.Fi, 1996).-ftEECM ol Sdrcodot atmvindi:; ann Eydrum qdnlrnt ctoet/ Elorcd to €ch olhq on lhc b.sis ot nonopodi,l,rinn.re to nonoFdid-plmid.l qnh t ?e ol hnidalion sr.isht nnnnifi. In Gonphoid/phrlloid chdc, lhe nhb.r6 of fou diff.cnl fifiilies, ltready Epotun 6 ecion}4oEhial, @ indiErtrd. Aowtu lelph[ nn ol Clzwriaeue, ie Eponcd s -ionycorhial .nd i6 ECM ,orphd9pes .E chancEriz.d widr P,r6 M&atra,a ro. rtE fiGl rire fron htisL,. ECM of C 210 ,irti/turit. his ben desorihed by Rlidl (2000) wirh Fasb slw,ri, Bolh nyconhias have .los re*mbl.nce rith ..0h olhci TlEy htv€ pleFnchyn.lous tundr rftngene with clmD€d hyDh$ and eanlhocysridii. Rnimnorphs irc wrih uopuhrc, hnpet like h'?h!€ in both ol rhc ECM. rlop.v€r, therc cxist a number or differcn@s b€tw@n $ere nyorrhia! Th? maiD difGreM u* in tE 9!c or ramifietitr i.e, nonoFdial pinMlc lype of nmifiatid is pr€$nt in rhe EcM oa c ?! ?,.u whiL it is dicnobnous in ECM of C rz,cztu. ItG difieEnce roy b. duc ro rlE o@@ of dics nymbbft wnh tyo dilteEnr ho* (Pillu*il & AgRr, I92). Amther dilT.@ li6 in dE hyph.. ol rniandpls of borh ECM. A ycllowieh mbn tu penl in dE hlTh& of rlizonqpi in $€ fm ce whiL in rhc htrcr ce m $.h n.hi.l €xisl!. h.ddition. clmp conGilc in .l11oling hyph!. of C 26rdlz/n' *eE nor ob&tud by Rnidle (2000) but ar pl€sr in our c0s. DCM oa C iromzrc d. an addnion to cchrcorihial floo of Pr\isll.. GohphD lloccos8 k lhe mcnb( ol Ao phdeae and t ls in $. conphoidph.lloid cl.de. I1is fanily k dbo etomyroFhial, The ECM 6r Gomphus ./cvatls (Pe6.: Fr.) s. F. Gmy h!rc b..n w.ll ch.tutcriDd wnh P,@o obi6 l[cqal or,1, 1993). Arods membq ot thj3 cl.d., O /7o..d6, t round el.dyorrhial virh Pn'B wtticliM. rlP EcM morphotyF ol O loltr*d rcfy cl@ly Bmbl. sidr thc nqphotypes of G' c/mr6. Doti hrv. silrcry whic 6ld, mndc .nb€ddcd sith nicnl sil p.nicl6, l@ly to &@ly plehhyn.iou n.d. hy.r, prc*e of cr.nFd htTh!€ with .@lh6y!tidi. i. lmdc .rd dp{[rt-i Ltcd ht?h&. Howerd, rh. .ing ire .@8!ment of hy?h& witn p.ichq ofsilv.ry cry8t ls in lic nsnrle ht?hae in |ne norphot ?€s ofO,/@"sutr difieEnlirles its mQhoDTca foto O .ldwr6. Anorhd difid.nce li.s in te noryboloEy i.€., whiE !o cre.n mMtle wilh ollony .pp.onncc du. to rho cxterlive 8rcwtn ol cxlBmoldcol hypha. in DCM oa c' 1a.66 compare to sm@lh nlntl. suraec, wilhoul q&nsive sowlh of hr?hre obed€d ir $e ECM ol O .rdwr6. Bolh spei6 hrve .lso difr@nr Tbe tunyoiftizl no+hotyp.s of O l@cos6 c d rddition .d ,,1. ,,rdld is r€porLd 6 w lGt for thi! aiomtronnt l ftnily fon Patisr.n. CatdM. is .mthq elmyco.rnid lmily ol compnoid/plElloid chn.. ECM noq,notype of G@,Mrr6.,i,r!r Fi harc ben d€$ribed by AgeF. & Bcck n (1993) virh Faad sllwttcz L. Thc ECM ot edrun t ,old vilh Piiut M/ic,,,x, ha3 b€a d*rib€d ror lh. fiEt tiru fFn Plkistln. Th€ ECM oa hoth 2ll CgarrM s?p. hrvc cl@ Mblance duc b d. din pletetuhymalous m.ntle with obliqlcly ruachcn hany lhizomoah. Howevc(, lherc cxist littlc bit diItfficd. T'c@ i5 A ' tlpc mande existr iD the ECM of d rDld with n.g lko .n ngment of f.w hrThe but i. Gl'6'i',!d, nande tyr€ B" obsn€d witnod rinB lik lmn3erunt of ht?hae Th@ !G Dos{y slfaighr and boFh.d cMMtins hyph.. pwnt in G ti,rd wnile wa'a& lnbrdcn€dmroring htlh& ongiBLd loD th€ n tLofc lrrriltu, Both havd difi.Ent norphologicrl ramifi€.tioo prticm. Tli! diferc@c nry be.rrribul€d b dr. diff.E nods ofrhc mycobionls. 'tlFF d two mnb.F ol ranily la,&.,/.d€ aourd aMhtcd wnn ,rtir |indltu i..., RaMrh dtfta & x. sh?,z am.inei undcr inveslisrtion. idddnn d!r.a (Scha€fi,r F.) Qual, Iui alsdy b€en d.scnu 6 Elohyco ial witn FdB srlwtiu (t\Een, t996), Ronona str.,, h b.ins EDon€d d ecbnycodial and ils ECM ae nBt dme d.rrib.n frm rrllj$in. ECM no{phoqF! or both k ac *ry tinil4 to dh otnci Bolt hlE monor.dnl pim& qF of nnifiedm .nd plmLehymlou m.nlL de lo $mc hsl i.e., ,,lrr'6 ptlr,P. fiowwr, '@sftnt sme dilleftmes exid in th€ pl@tiTch)mtous mndq h i. r,Ea, motl€ hyphi€ adn8ed in nng like nmnq wh* 6, lhb gle of amn3cmcnr is nor obered lmms fic ronde hrTh!. ol{. ,nir,. The hythal ells off, a/e !E slD'lq (15,90 sm) rhrn E hyth.l ells of i. nrntu (2-1fi t\n). Amihd dir.cE b rlE p4ee. of r@thmydidi. o, rh. fli@olpi of R ri".rz rh,t !E f,ol oteed on rho rhizomoah of r luM Abi6 pntdtuw is ftpon A 0s i n.w conirens hod for coronycotrhbl $sirtion of bod de$ [email protected]. RNnloid chdc ir Ery inporlanl.nil. *idc geupof€tonrro rial auDgi. Ano4 lne, i6&la@c is side splsd etomycorni4l |.mily Donicuhny i'a!/a md zz.e,ia (Ag.G, 2003). In rhe p@&nt iDvestisalion, nim (9) R,s$ld speies and two (2i r,cr,iB sleies are fonrd asMiifod wi(h Abiet fu bw \nd Pih6 ||dllichr'a,a. 'Ineb ECM norphotlTe! m ch.ru@nrn nolPhologtrltlt & mtomicatl' R8sda al'nndiaE i. turen s rcw .Dei6 in tbis ydk. This sp6cies fals clqny ia dion Jod.\h@, clM Elrrivc ro f6s/, /@r4s. Th. ECM of borh srsies ac noepodial pimle io norcpodid pFamid.l iyF or EnificalioD, ploclcnohymrious mnlle widr Russloid cy.ridi,, sdooth rhibmorph ind i.ftequenl cm.D.nri4 ht?h.c. [email protected], rh* qists ! linle bit dif€En@ in rhe diamDh !Mt!my. RnimDh i6 ol 9T. 'c i! & d/,,@lidra wirh sDbr. enF,l vidcr 212 hphac whib n is of tlF r. silh uBDlaro or tus€ (Bea*cn, 2fiN). ECM f,oanolypd ofrhk 5p*ies ,R. arsrlD8rra rF in lin.s wilh Iindill3s of rh. nmb.B of rhis g!!p .lN to tlE pltIm. al pseudapartn.hynow ourd oentl€ of ircsukrly sh.pd celb *nh fi. DEtuc of o fev hrThrc d hyph.l ret {6s/, tri 88. of this gDDD h4 ben Eport d 4 Ebnrdhial but rlE d*iLd llxmnic d.siption ir umwibbL (Bent n, 2004). R drerhFrta is imrher ndb€r ol rhis seorion, AnetlNtinae, r,nbh is b€ins repoded as ebnycotrhial vith ,4ri6 ptdr@ od ii5 ECM ndplDtyp.s .rc chmcG.izcd moAhologjelly $ mU as ffilmiqlly f6r rh. 6cr rin. ftoh Palilt.n, Thc ECM of l6srL hNri?es with Pnr6 wllichiano arc reo.nd.nd publishd .s ftw @id fo. Prlist n 0{izi d/ et, 2@6), RL'suIa himL8k b.logs io th. slion ter"uplrtar, $t6€tion &Bsc,trriad? and resrded !! clos Elatiw or,R. vrrdrce,r (Soh.lfl Rr. and R z,@rd Quel Thc ECM of.ll dE rhe ipei6 @ vqy cl@ly EI'r.d io ech orhd du. to lne nonopodi.l pantur. ty!€ of nnifidrion cwr thoush th.y @ wilh difieEnr hosl3 i.e., X. *nh /1bi6 pihd/or while A ,,,@/d !M i ^inale'sk enae6 viln Qttu rcbu_ R" L'zla,i tus deNly pleEehyfr.tous m.mt. wi6 fimly dnkibutld Rusldd ctstidj. *jth 2-3 apic.l *eb€.ll5 djmorph! AE snoolh wilhdl cystidia. Whc@s l?. vtzrc€ro Nnd R ar&rd, hiw looscly [email protected] mlL. Th.c .E .wt-sb.Fd clsridi. on dE mnd. of t @@,o, while o.pitite c)6ridia EDort d on mnllc u well .s on (hiano@h otA yi4rd,r. Basd d dre compr;eE, ,t. /lim/€nsir is a req 5pei6 a4d js ED.ncd .s 4bdronnial, for 0E first lie tioh Palidln. Rwtuh pakktanica falls in souD Pe.rtal,rids, @rioo ,&sade lid subsctroD, Paftt d,ae. Many ndtes of Ob geup ae Eporl€d .Dd d*nh.d s 4iontrorl'ial (Bdrd, 2004). Th€ ECM of i. pdtirrarira n vcry sinik io tlE ErM ot F onNnolens Rihrgn of rhi! $bsction p?cii"4rudc. Bo$ h.vc pleclcrchyn.lor. tuntlc wirh ilqucnr n.$loid cystidi!. A vcry few hyphro ob5dld u'd6 cFidi. b6.us llk are in smups. Ho*!c, rll.E .rid ditr@Es 233 th.t seD.Ere lh. ECM or both sp€cia. fi. tujor difiecee is rypc of mDificltion i.e., nonopoditl ttrmidll in X. pttistani.a Nhila iftgulady piMb in X. zd,,rd"s dc lo lh.ir asi.lion witn dilI.Ml h.sb oadifi€e lmiliE. Arcds najor ditfere,€ lic6 in RhimoQt lnd cyltidii. L pa*1r,fu,.z lE! fry cyltidi! wnn 2-3 rpi{l *mb3 whil. oly orc tnob cylrid! is ob*ryld in i zz@"ole6. Il.E is no cdtBl hyDha *nh tu&d tr prni0lly lusd sept obsded alora wi$ ld&r lit. htphac in n. /z*lt rt d lhit is presml in lh€ rhihnooh ofi. arrdrdlerr The EcM or ftwl, Eponcd i6r,/, giw ah6€@s 6lo wilh 15% KOg wfiilc oli. akNnoleB t6\e @ mtion with thir E.gert. ,r. piadt@ is also , n * eclonycoirhial horl for tne ncnb€rs of sroup Pec,r,al,/a fom Prtist3n. Xbrlid ralozia b.lolBs to d. srim F dd., srb€rid .torto,ie" ol nsrloid clade, Il is apon d 4 etomy@trhial ond ilr morpholyp.! have alF.dy be€n ch.ftcFrizd *ft Pta 9/Brrr L. (Mlezlo, 2004). In gb Doj6! X6r!/, sz'ddia is FDon d !s elony.oinial wilh ,ari* ?rr'e- Tbe ECM ofltL tuf,sus hlve clo& re&nbhmc wnn ahrdy de$nbcd ECM vnh Ptr rylE fls due lo rheir F€udop.Enchynriolr io pl4LrEhyn tor! ndd. srfloe *itDul cydidi.. fte only dificm bctwen th€ t@ nycorhi4s is rl€ pltffic of h)"h.l Mr ,nong rhc pedopaEnchynorour celk of outer mnrG i. Pr/ur rlws/rs but 5i,sle hyDhre obsrwd .nds ell! of p*udoplE&hrtislous ells ol out r m.ntt. or ECM wirh ,16,er pr&o, Anothcr dill.En@ is of th. mificalion, dichotomously bnfthed with Pu6 srrBlrtt wlEE $ m.nopoaid villi Abies pihdrct. \ i! dre lo thc hod effdl 6 nycorlnia foMion. ,ari6 pirdroy is b€ing EDon.d a . tw host tor R rrdrri, md h r ftw sord lron Hinrt.yrn mid l.nD.ore foGr! ot p.kislln, ECM ot Rlsulo denovtlei is.losly El.ted !o th. ECM of R ,,rale,sii of sltion Edercphtllzc 4n bn nnoNpodillttpcof nmiliBrion,datcrchymnous mand. qith .xrctuiv€ Dsuloil cystidi!. However, lh. EcM ol i. dercsb,t .te diltcEnrialed due 1o rh€ Plcscru ofduNling htlh'c in R r/c,,vrAr, 6 !r nor ob*flcd iD dE EcM ndphorlT$ of n ,t"/.,6rir. AmdEr dfie|€F is the pEsoc of omM.nr.d hlphlo on rhe outq dsnrl€ of ECM of fui-rt€Nrr, which !E nol obl€red or lh. ECM olx. E&roydll Thc m.jor difl€rncc acun in thcir @tion wirh diIIqMt Egdb. ECM of R dadrbji show m E&rid wirt t5% (OHi Mollzer's rogcnt lnd loctic rcid whiL EcM of,{. /,rrdte,s,i' show ochieous rercrion !i$ 15% KOH Dd hc.ic eid. Soi th. E:cM of L w/a,rwlti with thi6 p'rdrop tu Epon€d for lhe liEr imc fiw Prlistar 234 Th€ two ,Ralla !p6ies, ,t pakl .nd R plkz ar. srill in rhe pBes oa idenlificalior rnd Einc ion. ECM of borh sp@i6 .rc .l@ly rchrci lo @.h orfier duo lo th. nmopodi.l tr?. of mifiqtion !d ptal.Nhynaldr mnde thobuBhout Hosevq, there arc d$l sh.p€d cyslidi. obei€d on tlE ourcr ndn € ol l| p!12 *hich arc.b$.t on rlE su.f@ of I patt. Thc p'e*|e ofa f* nerrs ot Ds.udopaEnchyDalou! oells rmong $. plccr.rchynalou! hlpho. ofoul€r hdDtle ot ECM of X pakl dilfeqrrl- i. fh dE ECM of X. p.*2. T1ik ch.@ler of A FLl ECM bri4s itcloerlo ECM ofi Dbi.r b &. !b&me ofcysrdr lrd !F$E of thianorph ed cnrutins hyphe in ECM of I. Dotl diltcrcntiares ir frcn thc pevioGly dr*rib.d $cie t?.rarl,r is arcthd ecionyoofthial genus of Rusflt rdd? lDm Rusuloid cldc. Hcrc EcM of ryo z,craz6 spp_ i.c., L hzbutake with .,t. pindrow ltd L. d.Ii.i6a etrh P. wllichiano .E Fmir.d under inv*tigation. Th. etoh,lonlia. of l,. r'et iosd hd .lody ben tlporLd dd chd*t d4d wiri p rytErrs. This speics shd. rhc gre chrr&criltic 6 d*n6cd in E$lb Bith bolh of th. A16 sp<.ies He@ ECM ofz. /€lrcidrs widj to. Mricrtdra k rclortcd !s rc* @od for Th€ ECM or , ,a,srdalz wilt ,4rr's /,itrd'oy ir Eport d fi6r rinc trDm Prkidan I|! ECM show wry cl@ Esmbhffi wilh ECM of r. d€rici@ dw io th. jryer pl.chhyn.tou nmtk ald $. pEsc ot l.tic.f.m hyph!. dog mmdc hynhe. Hovcver, lh. nonopodill lTe of mmincrion md pesre of l(i.ctcrous hrTh.a amone rhianooh hyph& i, t ECM ofr ,zedz& *panrc n nom rhc ECM olr. r'.,i.i66, Bolh m als Mi.red with dif@nt h@li. Th.Etoe. d€ EaMofL. hettudale witl| / Dindby sh mw io si.e. Bolcc is mtlEr impolrm 4brrlodial chne. Th@ scrcd, A,/.rs, Stil/,s Porynttul6 we in|.3tjgated, These gmcn tuv€ atFldy been 'ad @ned a -r@$ehi2.r (Ag'fr, 2006). ror ,or€tu *.ict i..-, B banodn, B. .alopu, B. adtlit B. reticulotb w* iound in a$@ialion wirh A. piturro" *tJ B. ^nn rubell6 vittt P. yulr?ria,a. Ammg thc$ fiw {sics, ECM ofr..dd,r iavr alEady b€.n i$lal€d ed chancLriz€d *ith p,!e, arr6 (Ag.M ed cDnbrch, 1990). ECM ollhis sD.ci* wiri,{. paldsian. /rrlrcp k a rew 'grd for ECM of, alapa, 3. bo@esii, B. db.I6 .nd ,. Erraldtu .E Eported fftr rin. tM Pakislin. ,,1. prddruy k po]€d lh. mosl fovorable tolr for 6ese solere6. ,15 Bo$ oldE SlirK sDei.s, t JOiri.6 and J denldu have llredv found ro b. @tomlurdizl lld lh.ir dDhoty!6 harc beo ch.tuErizd dosu8hlv eith P,.4 qcoics (A9p9,2006). Th. EcM of t t',Ini.a.nd J ,oze,db *nh e u,lrt iaft aE being ctdel€riad dd de$rib€d cs nw eords ld lhe Hin.layon noist r.mp.Ete fu6lr of Paltlrn. Porphrplbs potphytsporus it sou.r 4ionycnhial A.ci* oa Bol€tc clad€. I Fll"6 (Bull. FL) P. XlBi h$ al@dy b*n eporled as 4tomymfthial wirh P slBtir L. Th. ECM or thi spei6 h!v. t .n clEEhi2.d moQhologicily !s w.ll .s d.ioniqlly (Uhl, 1939). EcM 6t P. potp^ydpoB *iln1 Cedr6 [email protected]" !E beinS iolaled and cfiadcbrizcd nd (me tun P.tiszn. Eodi ol lhe ny@irnizc h!v. iftsubrly pimr., phctemhynatour m.ntL orre, boLtoid diamorDns and smooth rhick wdlcd cm.Mtins hr?h!e. llorovcr, lhqc crist r number of dift€cncca b€ts*n lhc bolh s!ai6. Ir 1h. ECM of P roryrrdporb, |ne pteru of det blM ro blmt color, .xremiw exrilneLiccl vhite hr?h!. induding thict bolctoid rhiaDoQh dilleEniiolcs it frlh tbc ECM ol a /"/e6, which hrrc cnod wniE surfa@ wirhoDt qr.Gi4 src*rh of cxFaftlixl ln'nnt . P. porphy.atpott witll C da,.lan is isolar.d, ch.Ecr..i*d and l@d€d for fi€ frdt lime fton P.kisrnn. E&suic chdc @niaitu rh. mosl inp.n nt fonilics ol tue muhum. In this clade€, lhc semn ol aN fd id ft rourd b b€ ..sirtd with @nir@!s n* speoies oi uimalayln mokl Lmpeold foEst ol lr,kbian iftlndine, Anonitacee, Bolbitiace. AliMria.e dl Tnr|tulomzto@. All ol th* lmilier hrw alrady b€e. Epon.d 6 etdycotrhizd (&q.r, 2006). Fmn /l,a,i',e., rh. ECM of evq dilt EDl sreies of,{nado rE ielaGd .nd chae&ied for lh€ liEl limc frcn P.kistrn. AlEdy, tvo mdb€E ol this f.nil, ,,1. crrrird (S.haefi.) S. F. Gmy wi& P srl@rr& A. n6eh *nn C. deoaaru nd Aeda Bndrla ^ivl (Mleczlo, 2003t Cuvelier e, .1., 1990; Duielc, 2005). ECM ot.ll dice spei6 .E .inihr to dh oth.r du. 10 3ft M chaact B lile cLnplqs d reI a myelial sllinG and p.aiculdly 'md. sinilu typc of rhibfiorph8 i.e., cort in vesl lilc contnl hyphlc Hoftvcr, thcse dilTcrcnl spcics difrq 6om @h otnd du. to adnscm€nt lnd sltlctuE of n6{€ md diamorDhll hy?he. Am1h.r di|I.rem is due b ln.n olwi.lion wit}! dir.cnr hGk fhc ECM ol 0ll rhcsc scy.t ,ln 1nrn s.eics \ir. tl. .ntn"tomesr8, /1. fuwoi.la, /. Jlori$. A. ptlitkn'?, & [Bl rin. islnt€d rd ch.etcrizci ,36 fom Plkisbn s part or Hih.lalrn foresls and rc a. ldditio. to the [email protected] One nnber of 6mily Colivriocerc, c. /ltnllz^ ir inv..risited os .cbmycorrhizf wi|n,,l. pindne. 1E ECM ol C hi"a a6 ha@ rery olos resenbl.nce wi$ 6e ECM oac orrd6 Fr wilt Pr@d arr?r (AgFEr, 193?) du. ro tfie Dlecnchynrio* 6.ndc, nomDodi.l midatim with h.iry{orlon} surl.ce. Ilwevor, a a.w dilfcF'G s.plE|. 6€ ECM of holh !p€cic!, In pl*tcrchFatds notlo oi C lr,/1e6, no dry li*e am.scnflr ol h}?t& ob*rycd while in the nanrlc of EcM of c ,rds6, h}?hlc .E .rlnged aoming ring lile slocrus. In rh€ plalcrchynalour hylha. oi ECM ol c' ,rlrsrn doliparc scptr wcrc obsenql but mr foMd in dE h4ta. of C /,trL6. In 0E Inido+h of c' ,trrt€6, simpl. H- rlTe anrsronosk obsncd ihong hyphae while tio hyphro ot rhiaho'phs ol c' ,6' vr ausd wilt €ci oihtr by clrnp.d .Dnomosis. Cdlrdfl8 ,,t,,/eLr is bcins Eponcd $ 0r echy@rrnial md it! ntcorhiaE ,:nh AUet \i^.!tuv are ch.er.riu.d for rh. 6sr rim. frm P,tisL!. Descotea llawmutata has neen Eponed a5 4ton}todr'ial (Yoloyam. d al, 1979j w.dina & AbnlEm, 192; Y.nB, 1993) bur a dcbilcd morpholosjdl ! t 3naronisl doscnptid or i6 ECM *s rbent. Momvcr, il is tnom rht A la@/&r'ra id uslly issi.t d wnn Mc difr.Enr h$t Bendi o,.ad rnd Tilia in si&na, CBtaMptk,0t.r6, l,rir ort Prtb in Jape, rnd 0,.r.6 in KoH. sinirar nymrriial .s*i|liors !s th@ rcpoftd hq. tor D.Iarennulota h!rc .l$ ben Epobd for D ?zii6a E. HoEt in India wh.E n is .siai.d ro Abi6, Pim, Pinu aad T66 (HoEL t9? I ). The neld ECM of r anttrcnu Sins.l sltln NothoIasw alpi& (PEpp. & Endl.) OdsL t6i S@rh Amdie (p.tfrer, l99t) rnd rho sfTtlElied ECM ot D, no.ulata B.ugh.r wirh tlcarplrs *dlinss (BouShd & M.hj@lq I98t h.y. .tsdy bcn Eponed. The FcM of D.rcota lartunn ldrd €Don.d in rhis wort rc5.nble closcly tne ECM of D z,rdr.a .nd 3ynlh6iz.d nyconlize of D' nocutak du. to monoDodial pynhidrl o!€ af nmifiqlior witn liShi bDwn to b6h color. In a{tCition, lhe nintL ir plan vjN hs . pl@cnchynaious lD"lE amns.neft ,n ouq and inrer m tl. $rfe. aod th. pce@ ofclilidi. (AseM,2006). HorcE, rhd extul mrny diltemq bcrs@n rh. ECM ot D. favhnnuttu .d D. attutim,.fh' main dill.@. csads $. @ulm. of IniaDorpn in th€ ECM oa ,' /aux,lldra but abenl ir dE ECM ofD .,raaica. ft. nns-lik€ onngene of 231 nmrl€ hlTnae in ECM of D lae,,/dl, d$ delinits the oorphotyp€s of bodr LwMm .b@ks, 6MtEt *ror)sltnial Imba of rht chrlc is bciDs repon.d lnd de$ribed in a$ooiation with,l r'r'dmy rs new Eoord fron P.kht n. This tp.ci6 la! {l@dy b@n d*rib€d nt cbnctorizcd *ilh Olercr ror,r "rh. WM ot fncholofu autontir, dr€ ale epd&d s a rew reord fom Prkjslon. I1lc f,cM of rhis spc.i6 h.vc slrciy tccn rnonsntt d@nhd (,fiI, 1988') vitn Picea q. H.re 1. pirdt@ is €poned is ! *w hosr fd rhi! fungu. Clttturbe ihfudibutilutrit, t nc6b.r ot r/i.lotonotaeqt is reDonctt as @r.nycorfnial titll A. pirdtuw. tb ECM i3 chancLrizcd s sinph ro piMr. Fmifiatid patr.m *itft slishrly swoll€n trmnifi.d cnds. Manrle i l@ly plet!rchrmrdu! lhbushoul withour lny di&enible pln€n with chnFd hyphae. Rhi@oDh lxl .m.Dting htph& !E innlqlerdy p@ Rni@Dh witfi enhl wit r hlph. 3!@un 218 REFERENCES REFERENCES Al6han, N., Khalid, A. N. & Niszi. A. R., ?003. New @bmy.onhrz6 riom Sdlcsr Hitti Myopa6, r<2rron-to4. Agss, ts86. R, Srudrd on 4tony6rrhie u InrrDdu.inB rcmats on ch@Gnation dd idorif carion. rt@tMn 26. 41349t. ABen, R ., 1987 -2002, Cot6 Atla, of Ectonrcothi2oe. Eionofr V€rla& Schw{bi$h cniind. A8ere( R., & Crcnbeh, E,. 1990. Bolet8 e.ttlir.la: ACM,R(ed.), Colour Atl6 of pl.r€ Ectomronhiae, 16, Einnon.Verlag, Schw'br*h cmrnd, Agcg, R, 1991. Checrqizatioo or 6ron]@nhiza Ir: J. R. No*is, D, J. R€d od A. K. 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(ed.), @logy od biog@graphy of pt6: Cmbridg€ Univdily Pre$. pp_ 324 140. Rdd, D. pq*-Moqo, J,, & J., 2003, Mlco[hia and nutriqt cycting in eqGystms; arouey towalds rct ve.? Ntu phrroL t57:415492. Richdd, F., Millot, S., cdd6, M., Scldsq M' A..200j. Divdny &d sp{incityof otom}todizal 6ogi rebiev.d fom e otd,gm*ln Medn.ndcan foresr doninlt iby q1erc6 iLer. Nee phyol. t66: lorr 1023. Rivi.rc, T., Diedhiou, A. c., Diabalq M,, S.nthildsu, c., Nrmjd, K., Vo6.ken, 4,, Bu}tk, 8., Drcyfu, 8., B6a, c., 84 A. M., 200?. c€n tic divwity of elomycorhial bdidiom}lci6 iiom Afticd &d Indie t opic.t tor6b. Mt@| \71 41542a. Rome, M. D., Clavdia v., & Misu€r, M. D., 2005. A revision oftle d$ripdoB of cclomyconhias publish.d sinca l96l. rr'.)rotR6. 109(t0): 1063.1I04. smei, M 2006. , Monoslatia illusrrar! dcl ce.eE Ru$ula in Eu tup4 y ot. z Treht., Fohd. Ceh. Studi. [email protected]. Shirh, J. Molind, p., !,, R.. se, M, M. Luona, D. L,, McKa, D., Cstclteo, M. A. L.bal, T- & val&hocvic, y., 2002. 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Studis on, ndnita (reeitar*.) tiln AndeaD Colohbia pd. york .taen. New BotEnicat Cdden. USA. pp. 2-3. Tullo$, R. E., Knalid, A. N. tud lqbal, S. fi., 2001. SruJie in ,lnanjtd (Anmnacqac) nom soulbfr A!ia. l species of pakisrd,s Nonhwesrem Frcniiq PDvin@. Mrao,ao", LXXVIT: 455_490, Uhl, M.. t988. ldenrinzierung und ChdaLterisicrung von Eklomykonhizeo cn llBlai bd von Ekromykodhjrcn @s der Ca ug I ncholona. D,$, Ulrl, M., 1989. Trtopilu, felteE. tn A8crcr, R, (eA.J, Co!tur Atas ol Ect o h t co I rh i. ae. ptare 31, Eiilhoh-verla& S.hwebi$h cniiDd, Walk€r, .,. i., Miller, O. K,, Horlon, t. L., 2005. Hnerdrvestry or ccbhyconhrzal rugu a.obtages on oa* sccdtings in oix.d for.sb in fie Sou$en Appalachie MourlaiN. t ot &ot 14: 62q38, w!di.s, R., AbFh.n, s. p., 1992. Ecronrofthizat fugi ofKdhn i tot$E. My@r. 2,81-81. Watling, R., lf,e, S S., TubuI, E., 2002. The occutucc ad dislribution of purarive dodyconlizal bsidionltelq in a ..gen@ting Souln-Easr Asid rad foret_ In: Wadi,g R, Fra.thd JC, Ain$orl! 4M, tu&c S, Robi@n CH (.ds-), frcp. yol Mtu. | . Macron .et6. A i4ford: CABI pubtishing. Pp.2544 weis6, M., Selosse, M, A., Rexcr, K. H., Utbe. A,, a Obeflinrlo, F., 2004. Sebacinal*: . hirhmo ov(tooked cosn oah€rdobGidionycer€ vnb a bnad otronhizat pot€nli.l, /)roa R6_ 108: I003- t O I 0. wlitc, T. J,, Btuns, T. D., & Taylor, L. J., t 990. Amptificatron and drccr seqrcnciog of 6Dsal nbo$ftat RNA scn6 tor phytogenclis. !n: M. A. Imis, D. H. 247 G€lfrnd, J. J. Sninskr .d T. (eJs.), pcR t. whi! pdo.ots: ,t ezide b nethads and dppti.dtianr, prc$, york. pp. Acdcmic Ncw 3 t 5,322. wifkinen, D. M., 2OOt. MJe,tiht ewtdid..tqds i. Ecotogy & Ercturion t6 64-65 Ye8, Z. L., 1998. R€vision of rh. se..6 Rozit3 atu Da@tea f@n China. F!,& &ilt (3_4): 61_?4. Yokoyd4 1., Pd(, y.H., Kim y.s., , tn9. Distnbtrion of Dq.ota lowannulata (Lve) lionl in f.. Earcm Ari., T,a,r, Mr@t. Se. J.pan 20: 63-72. Ztq J. C., 1973. Cl.$ilic.rion of E ronroEnie. Inr O_C.Mar*s & T.T.Koztowsti (.ds.), E toktcurhi@, thei .cotosl and phrnolos; 43_?j. Acadenic Zhou, Z. lI., Hogebu, T., 2002. Suh€me$ coftnuniiy llructw of eclomy@nhial tu gi unda t ,|/ru S@rtei slo@arp s in L,ri, k Mpleri toBt Ntu phrrot. 154:521539. 248 ANNEXURE MYCOTAXON D.t@ha lawonnutata z d irs.<1ohy(orhi& frcn P.kktan! Hinatay.n dokr r.mper.t€ foarB R N'dLA.N.XbrD&S H ras ! ^. fuM@e'Mla^ ut defl ot,c,ry h4aa d & tud oi|4fuciq$bn,.n'Phh:5k| =1::uqe"k*'d-" ffi'ftrrffiffi;Hj*l;.Srffi"t ._ e"h{. i, ,...... rk".. ,-; .,,.,..,"-,i..." r,j.,,.., d.4 h' @ 6 .",,,.., ::! :,t,iJ :4@T. ",, ",p.,.," -.,.. l@ryEddfncl4iqueond &'[email protected]^c,i\i.[ H'nJlqrn non hP.d( 6nn. d Prrr R5 f'spodr? Rsr.o D Dd I Rdt! r.Ju4d4'(sorb, rnw wn@ L3.16.p o vui. 4\b44t r s|4. 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