ATLAS

4TH EDITION

ATLAS

LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI 2

LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI

FOR THE FOURTH EDITION Cartographic Manager David Roberts Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford Cartographers Paul Eames, Encompass Graphics Limited Designers Nimbus Design Editors Ben Hoare, Margaret Parrish, Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA) 3D Globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London Systems Co-ordinator Philip Rowles Production Imogen Boase Art Director Bryn Walls Publisher Jonathan Metcalf Associate Publisher Liz Wheeler

FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS Cartographic Director Andrew Heritage Cartography Roger Bullen, Rob Stokes, Iorwerth Watkins Project Editor Sam Atkinson Art Editor Karen Gregory

First published in Great Britain in 2001 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL A Penguin Company Fourth Edition 2010 Previously published as the Ultimate Pocket Book of the World Atlas & Factfile Copyright © 1996, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010 Dorling Kindersley Limited

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-4053-5039-6

Printed and bound in Singapore by Star Standard Discover more at www.dk.com 3 Key to map symbols

ELEVATION DRAINAGE FEATURES

6000m / 19,686ft River 4000m / 13,124ft Seasonal river 2000m / 6562ft 1000m / 3281ft Canal 500m / 1640ft 250m / 820ft Lake 100m / 328ft Seasonal lake 0 Below sea level SETTLEMENTS

Mountain Capital city

Depression Major town BORDERS Minor town

Full international Major port

Disputed de facto COMMUNICATIONS

Territorial claim Major road

Cease-fire line Rail

International airport Undefined

State/Province Insight; facts, figures, and amazing information from around the world 4 Atlas contents The Political World ...... 8-9 The Atlantic Ocean ...... 48-49 The Physical World ...... 10-11 Time Zones ...... 12-13 Atlas Opener ...... 14-15 Africa 50–51

North & Central Northwest Africa ...... 52-53 America 16–17 Northeast Africa ...... 54-55 West Africa ...... 56-57 Western Canada & Alaska . . .18-19 Central Africa ...... 58-59 Eastern Canada ...... 20-21 Southern Africa ...... 60-61 USA: The Northeast...... 22-23 USA: Central States ...... 24-25 USA: The West ...... 26-27 Europe 62–63 USA: The Southwest ...... 28-29 USA: The Southeast ...... 30-31 Mexico ...... 32-33 The North Atlantic...... 64-65 Central America ...... 34-35 Scandinavia & Finland...... 66-67 The Caribbean...... 36-37 The Low Countries ...... 68-69 The British Isles ...... 70-71 France, Andorra, South America & Monaco...... 72-73 38–39 Spain & Portugal ...... 74-75 Germany & Northern South America ....40-41 the Alpine States ...... 76-77 Peru, Bolivia, & North Brazil 42-43 Italy...... 78-79 Paraguay, Uruguay, Central Europe ...... 80-81 & South Brazil...... 44-45 Southeast Europe...... 82-83 Southern South America ....46-47 The Mediterranean ...... 84-85 5 Atlas contents Bulgaria & Greece...... 86-87 Mainland Southeast Asia . .118-119 The Baltic States Maritime Southeast Asia . .120-121 & Belarus ...... 88-89 Ukraine, Moldova, The Indian Ocean ...... 122-123 & Romania ...... 90-91 European Russia ...... 92-93 Australasia & Oceania 124–125 North & West Asia 94–95 The Southwest Pacific ....126-127 Western Australia ...... 128-129 Russia & Kazakhstan ...... 96-97 Eastern Australia ...... 130-131 Turkey & the Caucasus .....98-99 New Zealand ...... 132-133 The Near East & West Bank ...... 100-101 The Pacific Ocean ...... 134-135 The Middle East ...... 102-103 Antarctica ...... 136 Arctic ...... 137 Central Asia...... 104-105

Country Factfiles South & East 138–359 Asia 106–107

See overleaf for contents Western China & Mongolia...... 108-109 Overseas territories ...... 360-365 Eastern China & Korea....110-111 International organizations . . . 366 Japan...... 112-113 South India & Sri Lanka. . .114-115 Abbreviations ...... 367 North India & Pakistan . . .116-117 Index...... 368-432 6 Factfile contents A Chad...... 190 Guatemala...... 226 Afghanistan ...... 153 Chile...... 191 Guinea ...... 227 Albania ...... 154 China ...... 192-193 Guinea–Bissau...... 228 Algeria...... 155 Colombia ...... 194 Guyana...... 229 Andorra...... 156 Comoros ...... 195 Angola...... 157 Congo ...... 196 H Antarctica ...... 158 Congo, Dem. Rep. . . 197 Haiti ...... 230 Antigua & Barbuda . . 159 Costa Rica...... 198 Honduras ...... 231 Argentina...... 160 Côte d’Ivoire ...... 199 Hungary ...... 232 Croatia ...... 200 Armenia ...... 161 I Australia ...... 162–163 Cuba...... 201 Iceland ...... 233 Austria...... 164 Cyprus...... 202 Azerbaijan...... 165 Czech Republic..... 203 India ...... 234-235 Indonesia...... 236-237 B D Iran ...... 238 Denmark...... 204 Bahamas ...... 166 Iraq ...... 239 Djibouti...... 205 Bahrain ...... 167 Ireland...... 240 Bangladesh ...... 168 Dominica ...... 206 Israel...... 241 Barbados ...... 169 Dominican Republic . 207 Italy...... 242 Belarus ...... 170 E Belgium...... 171 East Timor ...... 208 J Belize ...... 172 Ecuador...... 209 Jamaica ...... 243 Benin...... 173 Egypt ...... 210 Japan...... 244-245 Bhutan...... 174 El Salvador ...... 211 Jordan ...... 246 Bolivia...... 175 Equatorial Guinea . . . 212 Bosnia Eritrea ...... 213 K & Herzegovina .... 176 Estonia...... 214 Kazakhstan ...... 247 Botswana...... 177 Ethiopia...... 215 Kenya ...... 248 Brazil...... 178-179 Kiribati ...... 249 Brunei ...... 180 F Korea, North ...... 250 Bulgaria...... 181 Fiji...... 216 Korea, South ...... 251 Burkina ...... 182 Finland ...... 217 Kosovo ...... 252 Burma.....see Myanmar France ...... 218 Kuwait...... 253 Burundi ...... 183 G Kyrgyzstan...... 254 C Gabon...... 219 Cambodia ...... 184 Gambia...... 220 L Cameroon...... 185 Georgia...... 221 Laos...... 255 Canada ...... 186-187 Germany...... 222 Latvia ...... 256 Cape Verde ...... 188 Ghana ...... 223 Lebanon ...... 257 Central African Greece ...... 224 Lesotho ...... 258 Republic ...... 189 Grenada ...... 225 Liberia...... 259 7 Factfile contents

Libya...... 260 Panama ...... 295 Sweden ...... 329 Liechtenstein...... 261 Papua New Guinea . . 296 Switzerland...... 330 Lithuania ...... 262 Paraguay ...... 297 Syria ...... 331 Luxembourg ...... 263 Peru...... 298 M Philippines ...... 299 T Macedonia ...... 264 Poland...... 300 Taiwan...... 332 Madagascar...... 265 Portugal...... 301 Tajikistan ...... 333 Malawi ...... 266 Q Tanzania ...... 334 Malaysia ...... 267 Qatar...... 302 Thailand ...... 335 Maldives ...... 268 Togo ...... 336 Mali...... 269 R Tonga ...... 337 Malta...... 270 Romania ...... 303 Marshall Islands .... 271 Russian Trinidad & Tobago. . . 338 Mauritania...... 272 Federation .....304-305 Tunisia...... 339 Mauritius...... 273 Rwanda ...... 306 Turkey ...... 340 Mexico ...... 274 S Turkmenistan...... 341 Micronesia ...... 275 Tuvalu...... 342 Moldova ...... 276 St. Kitts & Nevis .... 307 Monaco...... 277 St. Lucia ...... 308 U St. Vincent & the Mongolia...... 278 Uganda ...... 343 Montenegro...... 279 Grenadines ...... 309 Ukraine...... 344 Morocco ...... 280 Samoa...... 310 Mozambique...... 281 San Marino ...... 311 United Arab Emirates. 345 Myanmar (Burma) . . . 282 São Tomé & Príncipe. 312 United Kingdom . 346-347 N Saudi Arabia ...... 313 United States . . . . 348-350 Senegal ...... 314 Uruguay ...... 351 Namibia ...... 283 Serbia ...... 315 Nauru ...... 284 Uzbekistan ...... 352 Seychelles ...... 316 Nepal ...... 285 V Netherlands...... 286 Sierra Leone ...... 317 New Zealand ...... 287 Singapore ...... 318 Vanuatu...... 353 Nicaragua ...... 288 Slovakia...... 319 Vatican City...... 354 Niger...... 289 Slovenia ...... 320 Venezuela ...... 355 Nigeria ...... 290 Solomon Islands .... 321 Vietnam...... 356 Norway...... 291 Somalia...... 322 South Africa...... 323 Y O Spain...... 324 Yemen ...... 357 Oman ...... 292 Sri Lanka ...... 325 P Sudan ...... 326 Z Pakistan ...... 293 Suriname...... 327 Zambia ...... 358 Palau ...... 294 Swaziland ...... 328 Zimbabwe...... 359 8 The Political World ABCD

Svalbard Severnaya Zemlya (Norway) Franz Josef Land New Siberian Islands Novaya Zemlya 1 Jan Mayen (Norway)

FINLAND ICELAND N E DENMARK D NORWAYE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Faeroe Islands W (Denmark) S ESTONIA UNITED LATVIA IRELAND KINGDOM LITHUANIA BELARUS NETH. 1 POLAND BELGIUM 3 UKRAINE 2 5 MOLDOVA KAZAKHSTAN LUXEMBOURG 4 6 MONGOLIA SWITZERLAND ROMANIA 2 FRANCE 7 8 GEORGIA 13 9 10 UZBEKISTAN ANDORRA 11 12BULGARIA SPAIN 14 ALB. ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN KYRGZSTAN N. KOREA PORTUGAL MONACO ITALY MAC. TURKEY TURKMEN. TAJIKISTAN GREECE AZ. S. KOREA JAPAN TUNISIA SYRIA CHINA CYPRUS LEBANON AFGHANISTAN MOROCCO MALTA IRAQ IRAN N NEPAL BHUTAN A ISRAEL T KUWAIT IS MYANMAR ALGERIA LIBYA JORDAN K (BURMA) WESTERN QATAR PA EGYPT BAHRAIN INDIA SAHARA U.A.E. LAOS TAIWAN (disputed) SAUDI V ARABIA I CAPE MAURITANIA BANGLADESH E Northern Mariana NIGER ERITREA OMAN T VERDE MALI N Islands (US) SENEGAL YEMEN A

CHAD DJIBOUTI M GAMBIA BURKINA SUDAN THAILAND PHILIPPINES NIGERIA Guam (US) GUINEA- A CAMBODIA GUINEA I 3 L BISSAU BENIN C.A.R. ETHIOPIA MICRONESIA A SRI BRUNEI SIERRA LEONE CAMEROON M O LANKA TOGO S MALDIVES PALAU LIBERIA O UGANDA MALAYSIA KENYA CÔTE D’IVOIRE GHANA G N RWANDA SAO TOME & PRINCIPE O DEM. REP. PAPUA C BURUNDI SINGAPORE CONGO INDONESIA NEW EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON TANZANIA SEYCHELLES GUINEA Cabinda (Angola) EAST ATLANTIC ANGOLA ZAMBIA MALAWI COMOROS TIMOR MADAGASCAR OCEAN ZIMBABWE MAURITIUS Tropic of Capricorn NAMIBIA BOTS. 4 MOZAMBIQUE INDIAN AUSTRALIA KEY TO NUMBERS SOUTH SWAZILAND AFRICA LESOTHO 1. Germany OCEAN 2. Liechtenstein 3. Czech Republic 4. Austria 5. Slovakia French Southern & Antarctic Territories 6. Hungary (France) 7. Slovenia 8. Croatia 9. Bosnia & Herzegovina 10. Serbia 5 11. Montenegro 12. Kosovo (disputed) SOUTHERN OCEAN 13. San Marino 14. Vatican City ANTARCTICA

ABCD 9

EFGH

ARCTIC Greenland OCEAN (Denmark) 1

Arctic Circle Alaska (US) CANADA

S) ATLANTIC ( U nds Aleutian Isla OCEAN 2 PACIFIC UNITED STATES OCEAN OF AMERICA Bermuda (UK)

Midway Islands DOM. REP. Puerto Rico (US) M (US) ST KITTS & NEVIS E ANTIGUA & BARBUDA X BAHAMAS Hawaii I DOMINICA Tropic of Cancer C BELIZE CUBA (US) O ST LUCIA GUATEMALA HAITI BARBADOS JAMAICA ST VINCENT & MARSHALL Wallis & Futuna (France) EL SALVADOR HONDURAS COSTA RICA THE GRENADINES ISLANDS Palmyra Atoll (US) 3 NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GRENADA PANAMA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO COLOMBIA Galapagos Islands French Guiana (France) NAURU (Ecuador) GUYANA Equator KIRIBATI SURINAME TUVALU ECUADOR Tokelau P E BRAZIL SOLOMON (NZ) Cook ISLANDS Islands R (NZ) U VANUATU French Polynesia BOLIVIA FIJI Niue (NZ) Pitcairn (France) Islands CHILE PARAGUAY (UK) TONGA American Tropic of Capricorn New Samoa (us) 4 Caledonia PACIFIC (France) SAMOA A N URUGUAY I OCEAN T

N

E

G NEW CONTINENTAL KEY R A ZEALAND

North & Central Europe Falkland Islands (UK) America CHILE South America NW/SE Asia South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands Australasia (UK) 5 Africa & Oceania

Antarctic Circle

EFGH 10 The Physical World ABCD

Franz Josef Spitsbergen Land Severnaya ARCTIC Zemlya New Siberian Greenland Novaya Islands 1 Zemlya Sea Laptev Sea Barents Kara Sea Y t e i n a Sea r i t a K S ia s h v e n r Arctic Circle rk Norwegian a y e eb a n L et i Ch m Sea d s e n rs

n n k e i n o a a Siberia go a i

D e l O Iceland c b’ P a S S

n t c ea i p Vo n t o lg Sea of r a u British North l u Lake Baikal a E o Okhotsk Sea B rth Isles No M r u

l ASIA m Sakhalin EUROPE a MountainsAltai A

Bay of r 2 p s D a Manchurian l n C U Biscay ube auc A asu Aral Sea Shan Hokkaido Black Sea s ien er Plain Iberian Caspian T Gobiiv Sea of Azores Anatolia Sea R Japan Peninsula e d i sh w M t e r Ku Plateau of Y lo (East Sea) r a Z Iranian u el ts . n nd Madeira M e a n ag Plateau i s H Tibet Honshu as S e a r H u i e tl os d m Yangtz A Syrian n a Canary Islands M I l East Kyushu Desert ts a y a s Sahara . G China R an Mount Everest Tropic of Cancer ges Sea e e 29,035ft (8850m) il d N S Arabian Taiwan Deccan M AFRICAe Peninsula e P Philippine a k o South h N Bay of n I i Cape Verde Sahel g l Sea s i i Arabian China g l p e Bengal a Islands r Ethiopian n p M Sea Sea d i Highlands n e 3 Horn of s l e Malay a

Africa Peninsula y Sri Lanka e l Equator Gulf of l Congo Somali Borneo Celebes o a Lake Victoria V Guinea g n t Basin Sumatra Basin f o i Kilimanjaro East Indies e New

C R

Seychelles Ja 19,340ft g va ATLANTIC t Sea Guinea a (5895m) d

e i Java r l Angola e R G Timor Sea n r ezi n a INDIAN t G Basin mb c N a a r Z h s s ea a a a t C g Mauritius Great m D OCEAN a e e i d i u y Sandy Desert v b Kalahari q a Réunion i e i t d D b i M e g n Tropic of Capricorn e Desert m g d s a n e i z OCEAN i R Cape r o g t n a 4 ain li N l R or P r n M e rb a la g c Basin g ul

D e i N

id t Cape of R n n a Good Hope ia AUSTRA l d t In S t o A es u Tasmania - w t h d th e i u a s So Kerguelen t M I n d i a n R i d g e

South Indian Basin 5 Antarctic Circle SOUTHERN OCEAN ANTARCTICA

ABCD 11

EFGH

OCEAN Ellesmere Island Queen Elizabeth Islands Greenland East Siberian Sea 1 Beaufort Sea Baffin B affi n Bay Chukchi Sea Is M la Brooks Range n it ac d Arctic Circle a ke tr n Great Bear S z g ie Lake a n k ri C t e o a B Mount McKinley a h s Great Slave c t R Hudson (Denali) M Labrador m Lake a o o Bay Bering Sea 20,322ft (6194m) u K n c Sea t s a k G n d Gulf of i a n r s l s y A l n I e NORTH e u t i a Alaska a M Great Lakes . t ts Grand Banks 2 M e Northwest C o P AMERICA n of Newfoundland ia dg o u l h i a i c R Pacific a p la s n p c i i a i t s p t t n s p n Basin R i A North American a s s a a s l n i t

g i A P e M Basin - s n d H i o a s Gulf of M wa M Tropic of Cancer i d- Isl iia Mexico Pa l an n M ci ds West Indies fic i M y ATLANTIC c o un Caribbean r ta n o in Sea n s 3 e e OCEAN s PACIFIC n i s Galapagos e a Equator s Islands i a i zon A ma Solomon a OCEAN A Amazon Basin Islands n e d SOUTH Brazil s Peru

Coral i

Fiji e AMERICA R Basin Sea s Basin

New Caledonia c i n

f a o r c Tropic of Capricorn i G a

h á c Easter Island C n

Cerro a 4 a r Tasman North Aconcagua a P Southwest P P Sea Island 22,831ft am

t p (6959m) as LASIA s

a a Argentine Pacific i

South E n Island New o Basin g

a Zealand Basin t a Falkland Islands

P South Georgia Tierra del Fuego Cape Horn e ssag South Sandwich Drake Pa Islands 5 Antarctic Antarctic Circle Peninsula

EFGH 12 Time Zones ABCD

–2 –1 +9+8+7+6+5+4+3+2+10 +10

1 ARCTIC 0 +1 +7 OCEAN –3 +3 +10 –1 +1 +11 0 +2 +9 +10 +5 +7 +3 +8 0 +4 2 +6 +2 +10 +1 +5 –1 0 +2 +9 1 +8 +3 /2 +41/2 +53/4 +6 +2 +5 +3 +6 +4 1 +61/2 –1 0 +1 +5 /2 +7 3 –1 +3 0 +6 +8 +10 +8 +9 +11 +7 +2 +3 +4 +8

ATLANTIC +61/2

OCEAN Greenwich Meridian +3 +1 +8 INDIAN +91/2 4 +2 +10 OCEAN 0 +5

+5 +5

5 11:0012:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00

ABCD 13

EFGH

+11International –11 –10–9–8–7–6–5–4–3–2

Dateline 1 0 –4 –3 –1 –9 +12

–10 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 2 –31/2

PACIFIC ATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN –11 –10 –5 –4 3 +12 –10 –41/2 Equator +13 +14 –5 1 –9 /2 –4 +11 –10 –10 –3 +13 +111/2 –8 –6 4 –4 +101/2 –3 +12 PACIFIC 3/ +12 4 OCEAN –3 –4 –2

5 23:00 24:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:0010:00 –3

EFGH 14 The world's regions 15 16 NORTH AMERICA North & Central America 1 2 3 4

E 62 P ICELAND

E O

R

e

l

c

U r i

(to Norway) Jan Mayen

C

E c

i

t

c r

Svalbard (to Norway) A

r o (Denmark) Sea d a (to Russia)

Greenland r b

Labrador L a Franz Josef Land Mountains

D Laurentian 94 and

Bay l Is

Baffin n fi

Pole f North

a A B Bay

D Hudson Islands

A C Queen Elizabeth OCEAN ARCTIC Lake Winnipeg Reindeer Lake

N

e

l

c

r

i

C

Lake Athabasca c

i Great Slave Lake

t r e

c Great Bear Lake G

r Sea A

A

n e z i Beaufort k e c a M C B 95 ASIA

t R i o c k

a y M o u

r t

Mount McKinley (Denali) 20,322ft (6194m)

S

n

g e o

n k

k i a

r u

e n Y S B ALASKA(US) Alaska s Gulf of d Bering Sea n A la Is an OCEAN uti PACIFIC Ale

134 1 2 3 4 NORTH AMERICA 17 5 6 7 8

48 Equator ST LUCIA BARBADOS TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Guadeloupe (France) ANTIGUA & BARBUDA E ST KITTS & NEVIS (France) Anguilla (UK) Miquelon St Pierre & British Virgin Islands (UK) Virgin Islands (US) GRENADA DOMINICA Rico (US) Puerto OCEAN Netherlands Antilles (Neth.) (UK) Sargasso Sea Montserrat (UK) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Bermuda

ATLANTIC

e

c SOUTH

n

e

r

w Turks & Caicos Islands (UK)

AMERICA

a

s

L

Martinique (France)

.

t D

HAITI e 38

S

s Aruba (Neth.)

n ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES d i

a

n t

n A

A

Lake Ontario u

o B

BAHAMAS M

U n

a

i C

h

Lake Huron c

a JAMAICA

Lake Erie

l PANAMA

a

(UK)

p

Lakes o

Great i

p h

A O Cayman Islands Lake NICARAGUA

Michigan

HONDURAS

i

p

p BELIZE

i C s

s i

s s i M COSTA RICA s

Lake a i s Superior r ou n (Ecuador) Miss a rk A Galapagos Islands a t P l a i n s Gulf of Mexico e EL SALVADOR

d GUATEMALA an l O Gr ta Rio n rie C re O OF AMERICA d Ma I Sierra UNITED STATES X al E t 1000 en B M d 135 n s cci

t a i dre O

n Sierra Ma

o

d

a

r

o

l 1000 o

OCEAN C PACIFIC Death Valley -282ft (-86m) 0 miles r 0 km e c A (French Polynesia)

n Clipperton Island Mount Whitney a Equator 14,495ft (4418m) C f o ic p o r 134 T 5 6 7 8 18 NORTH AMERICA Western Canada & Alaska ABCD

97 RUSSIAN ARCTIC FEDERATION 1 Wrangel I. In 1867 William Henry Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for

the price of $7,200,000, which amounted Arctic Circle to around two cents per acre (0.4 hectares).

Attu I. Bering t ai Sea Bering Str 2 135 B Prudhoe A r Rat Is St. Lawrence I. o o Bay l k s R a e n g e u ALASKA t n Nunivak I. ko (part of USA) i u a Y n Mt McKinley I (Denali) Fairbanks s 20,322ft (6194m) l a Umnak I. n A l a s k a R a d s n g 3 Dutch Harbor e Unalaska I. Anchorage Valdez YUKON Kodiak I. TERRITORY Kodiak Cordova R WHITEHORSE o The Aleutian Islands span some 1200 miles c Gulf k (1800 km) and by crossing the 180º line of y longitude, form both the most easterly of JUNEAU and westerly extents of the United States.

Alaska 4 135 PACIFIC Ketchikan

Prince Rupert Queen Charlotte Is. OCEAN BRITISH COLUMBIA On July 9, 1958, a massive landslide Queen Charlotte dropped 40 million cubic yards Sound (30.6 million cu m) of rock into Lituya Bay, Port Hardy 5 creating a wave 1720 ft (524 m) high. Vancouver I. 0 km 400 VICTORIA 0 miles 400 135

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 19

EFGH

64 OCEAN Greenland s (Danish external 1 d n Ellesmere territory) la s Axel I Island h Heiberg et Despite an area of 808,109 sq miles ab Island (2,092,993 sq km), the northerly province iz El of Nunavut has only 530 miles (850 km) n ee of roads and highway. Qu Bathurst I. Devon Baffin Bay nd Melville Island ou ter S Island Resolute Lancas D 64 2 a v i s Viscount Somerset S t r a Banks i Beaufort Melville Prince Island Baff t Island in I Sound of sla Sea Wales I. nd Amundsen Victoria Gulf le Island King irc Inuvik ic C William I. rct IQALUIT A (Frobisher Bay) Kugluktuk NUNAVUT H (Coppermine) udson Strait 3 Great Bear Lake Southampton I. NORTHWEST TERRITORIES t M n Rankin ac YELLOWKNIFE w k a Inlet e b nz ie u Hudson QUÉBEC

Great Slave Lake D Hay River Bay Fort Smith Churchill Lake 20 4

ALBERTA Athabasca M Fort Fort SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA o St. John McMurray u n t CANADA a Thompson ONTARIO i Grande Prairie Flin Flon n n ewa Only just over 1% of Canada’s Prince s EDMONTON ch at 3.5 million sq miles (9.1 million sq km) George sk Lake Leduc a Prince Albert S Winnipeg land area is devoted to grain production, Red Deer Saskatoon yet this yields around 25 million tons Kamloops Yorkton WINNIPEG (tonnes) of wheat every year. 5 Vancouver Calgary REGINA Kelowna Brandon Lethbridge Estevan 25 U S A

EFGH 20 NORTH AMERICA Eastern Canada ABCD

Southampton I. Salisbury I. 19 Nottingham I. Coats I. Ivujivik 1 NUNAVUT Hudson Mansel I. Bay Péninsule The largest hydroelectric d'Ungava complex in Canada at James Bay produces over 16,000 megawatts Inukjuak 19 MANITOBA of power. (Port Harrison) 2 L. Minto The Trans-Canada Highway, Belcher Is. (Nunavut) running from St. John’s in the east to Victoria in the Peawanuck Kuujjuarapik west, is 4990 miles n (Poste-de-la-Baleine) Sever (8030 km) long. James Winisk Attawapiskat Bay

Akimiski I. stm t Ea ai n iska (Nunavut) 3 CANAap ny Attaw lba L. Seul A QUÉ ONTARIO Moosonee Kenora Armstrong L. Mistassini L. Nipigon Lake of the Thunder Bay Cochrane Woods Rés. Gouin Timmins

MINNESOTA Lake Superior Wawa O 4 25 tt aw Sudbury a Sault Lake Superior is the largest freshwater Sainte Marie North Bay lake in the world, covering an area OTTAWA of 31,820 sq miles (82,413 sq km). Lake Peterborough Kingston Huron Oshawa WISCONSIN Lake Lake TORONTO Ontario UNITED STATES Michigan MICHIGAN Kitchener Hamilton NEW IOWA OF AMERICA London YORK Windsor Lake Erie St. Catharines 5 ILLINOIS INDIANA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA 22

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 21

EFGH

Baffin I. 64 Labrador H udso n Strait Sea 1 Akpatok I. (Nunavut) Canada has the world’s longest coastline (including tens of thousands of islands), with a Ungava total length of 151,019 miles (243,042 km). Bay L ATLANTIC Kuujjuaq a Nain C

a b n i r a OCEAN p a Hopedale is 48 2 ca d Makkovik u o Schefferville r Cartwright

Smallwood NEWFOUNDLAND Reservoir Réservoir & LABRADOR Strait of Belle Isle Caniapiscau Réservoir Newfoundland Manicouagan DAHavre- Gander 3 Saint-Pierre BEC Sept-Îles Grand Falls ST.JOHN'S Île d’Anticosti Corner Brook ce ce ren Gu ren Channel-Port- aw lf of St. Law C aux-Basques L. Saint-Jean . L Gaspé a Cape Race St bo St Pierre Jonquière t PRINCE St & Miquelon rai Chicoutimi Bathurst EDWARD t (French territorial NEW ISLAND Sydney collectivity) QUÉBEC BRUNSWICK Moncton CHARLOTTETOWN FREDERICTON 48 4 Trois-Rivières NOVASCOTIA Sherbrooke Saint John Dartmouth Montréal MAINE HALIFAX ATLANTIC Yarmouth NEW HAMPSHIRE The Bay of Fundy has the world’s OCEAN VERMONT highest tidal range, with water’s rising MASSACHUSETTS 20–56 ft (5–17 m) every high tide as around 115 billion tons (tonnes) of RHODE ISLAND 0 km 300 5 CONNECTICUT water flows into the bay. 0 miles 300 48

EFGH 22 NORTH AMERICA USA: The Northeast ABCD

20 CA MINNESOTA Super 1 Lake ior ONTARIO Superior Ironwood Marquette Sault Ste Marie Iron Mountain Ladysmith Cheboygan Lake Huron WISCONSIN 2 25 Eau Claire MICHIGAN M Green Bay i Traverse ss is s City i p La Crosse p Oshkosh Lake i Michigan Bay City MADISON Saginaw IOWA Grand Rapids Flint Milwaukee The Chicago River Waukegan LANSING Rockford Detroit 3 originally flowed into Ann Arbor Erie Lake Michigan, but was Chicago Lake Erie reversed in 1900 by Aurora South Cleveland the completion of Joliet Toledo Rock Island Bend a canal. Gary Youngstown Galesburg Akron Peoria Fort Wayne Mansfield Canton ILLINOIS INDIANA Wheeling Champaign Muncie OHIO SPRINGFIELD INDIANAPOLIS COLUMBUS 4 25 Decatur Dayton Effingham Terre Haute Cincinnati

o

h i

s Bloomington h a East St Louis b O a Huntington Mt. Vernon W Louisville CHARLESTON Evansville FRANKFORT MISSOURI Carbondale Lexington WEST io VIRGINIA h Owensboro Richmond O KENTUCKY 5 Paducah Hopkinsville Bowling London Green ARKANSAS 30

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 23

EFGH

21 NADA Presque Isle NEW 1 QUÉBEC BRUNSWICK MAINE y d n At times of peak flow, around u Calais F f 45 million US gallons (170 million litres) o ay of water plunge over the167 ft (52 m) Bangor B NOVA

drop of Niagara Falls every minute. SCOTIA E

R T AUGUSTA Ogdensburg Burlington I H N e S 21 2 Lewiston i n MONTPELIER P O a M M Portland Watertown Rutland M A f H o R CONCORD f l E W o Utica u tari E Manchester Lake On V G ATLANTIC Syracuse N Rochester ALBANY BOSTON Buffalo Worcester Cape Cod OCEAN Niagara NEW YORK Springfield MASSACHUSETTS Falls Binghamton PROVIDENCE Elmira HARTFORD . n RHODE ISLAND 3

s o

t s d CONNECTICUT Scranton M

Williamsport u New Haven n H i a h New York Long Island PENNSYLVANIA c Newark l a a In 1626, the Dutch bought Manhattan Island p Pittsburgh p Allentown from the local Native Americans in exchange A HARRISBURG TRENTON for goods worth around US$1000. Today, this Gettysburg Philadelphia NEW JERSEY would buy around 50 sq in (325 sq cm) of Wilmington prime New York City real estate. Baltimore Atlantic City Cumberland DOVER 48 4 DELAWARE Arlington ANNAPOLIS n s WASHINGTON, D.C. a n i i h a c t MARYLAND The Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia, a Fredericksburg l n contains nearly 100,000 miles (161,000 km) of a u Charlottesville telephone cable, enough to go around the p o p M RICHMOND circumference of the Earth almost four times. A Chesapeake Bay VIRGINIA Newport News 0 km 200 Roanoke Norfolk 5 Danville 0 miles 200 NORTH CAROLINA 31

EFGH 24 NORTH AMERICA USA: Central States ABCD

BRITISH 19 COLUMBIA ALBERTA 1 WASHINGTON SASKATCHEWAN

Havre Malta At 20,016 ft (6104 m), Kalispell Minot or almost 4 miles (6 km) Williston in length, the Fort Peck Great Falls Missouri Fort Peck L. Dam is the largest earth- Missoula L. Sakakawea Glendive filled hydraulic dam in MONTANA NORTH the United States. e R HELENA on Yellowst Dickinson 2 26 o Miles City Butte Bozeman r c e Billings d w k o OREGON B P ig IDAHO h y M o r Sheridan ts n SOUTH The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of the . Gillette prehistoric Lake Bonneville, which once Black covered almost 20,000 square miles M (51,800 sq km) of western Utah. Hills Rapid City

3 o WYOMING Casper The world’s largest u known organism is a Rock Torrington Scottsbluff Great n 100 acre (43 hectare) Springs N . NEB Salt Lake Ogden Pla grove of aspen trees t tte in Utah. Derived from a Laramie CHEYENNE a single tree, it contains SALT LAKE Orem CITY Ogallala over 47,000 stems Provo i Fort Collins and weighs over n Boulder 4 6000 tons (tonnes). UTAH Grand s DENVER Junction Lakewood 27 Aurora Richfield COLORADO o d ra Colorado Springs lo NEVADA Co Pueblo Arkans CALIFORNIA as L. Powell Durango

5 ARIZONA NEW MEXICO 28 TEXAS

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 25

EFGH

20 CANADA MANITOBA 1 Lake of the Woods ONTARIO

Superior MINNESOTA Lake Grand Forks Virginia DAKOTA 22 Moorhead Duluth Access to the St. Lawrence Seaway Fargo Brainerd BISMARCK via the Great Lakes makes Duluth 2 the most westerly Atlantic port in the US, some 1100 miles (1770 km) Aberdeen St Cloud from the Atlantic ocean. SAINT M Minneapolis PAUL I DAKOTA Watertown WISCONSIN C Lake H PIERRE Rochester I Michigan G Mitchell Sioux Falls Mason City A N 3 Missouri Dubuque Cedar Rapids Sioux City IOWA OHIO ILLINOIS INDIANA RASKA DES MOINES Davenport Columbus North Council Bluffs The deadliest tornado in US Platte Omaha Burlington e history struck Missouri on latt P M March 18, 1925. Leaving a LINCOLN i s s Hastings Kirksville i continuous 219 mile (352 km) ss ip track, the tornado crossed three 4 St Joseph pi states and killed 695 people. Kansas City Independence Oakley Missouri Hays Kansas City Saint 22 TOPEKA Louis KANSAS JEFFERSON CITY MISSOURI KENTUCKY Pratt Dodge Wichita Springfield City A r u k tea a la n P 5 s rk a za TENNESSEE s O 0 km 200 OKLAHOMA ARKANSAS 30 0 miles 200

EFGH 26 NORTH AMERICA USA: The West 1 2 3 4 24 E Pocatello ALBERTA Idaho Falls Hells Canyon is the deepest in the US, with cliffs up to 7993 ft (2436 m) high. American Falls Res. MONTANA

a n g e

D R 19 t o o The Boeing aircraft factory in Everett is the world’s largest building by volume at 472 million cu ft (13.3 m), covering 100 acres (40 hectares).

r r e e k

t a Twin Falls

t n

i IDAHO B S BOISE

Hells Canyon

e

k

a Coeur d'Alene n Lewiston S

Great Basin

. Nampa s

t

M Baker

e Caldwell

u

l

a La Grande i B

C b m u C l o Walla Walla Spokane Burns

Pendleton

e g n

a a

R i

e Ellensburg

Richland

Goose Lake

b d

a Kennewick

c m

s

a u

l C

o C Bend

Yakima B

19 e g

n

BRITISH COLUMBIA a

Alturas

R

Everett

Klamath Falls Bellevue

e

Bellingham d

CANADA a

c

s

Portland a Weed

Vancouver OLYMPIA

Longview C

Springfield

SALEM

s

e Albany Medford

g

n

a

R

OREGON

Seattle

WASHINGTON

Tacoma t

s t

a s o C o a C Corvallis Eugene A

Astoria Port Angeles Aberdeen Island City Vancouver Newport Coos Bay 135 Bandon Crescent 1 2 3 4 NORTH AMERICA 27 5 6 7 8 28 E UTAH At Black Rock Desert on October 15, 1997, ThrustSSC, driven by Andy Green, became the first land vehicle to break the sound barrier by achieving a speed of 763 mph (1228 km/h).

Death Valley is not only the lowest point in North America, at 282 ft (86 m) below sea level, it is also the hottest, with a maximum air temperature of 134ºF (57ºC) recorded in 1913.

ARIZONA o

d

a

r o l C o Lake Mead Las Vegas Ely D 32 Elko Sea Palm Springs Salton MEXICO Death Valley San Diego Barstow Tonopah -282 ft (-86m) San Bernardino Riverside Desert Mojave Oceanside Winnemucca Santa Ana Mt Whitney 14,495 ft (4418m) Lancaster

Pasadena

C

t

d Bishop

l San Clemente I. o

b

m u H Hawthorne Fallon d a Chula Vista

a Bakersfield Mojave NEVADA e v Visalia Sparks Long Beach CARSON CITY N s Fresno e Lake Tahoe y a e g San Nicolas I.

l Los Angeles r l Huntington Beach Santa Catalina I. Merced a n r V Oxnard

Susanville n a

Reno e i u R 200 i aq Modesto o CALIFORNIA S J B Pyramid Lake n t a 32 Stockton S a s Yuba City o Santa Barbara Santa Rosa I. Islands

Chico C Channel Oakland 200 Redding e s n g R a Salinas San Jose Monterey SACRAMENTO Santa Cruz Berkeley A Ukiah Santa Rosa 0 km 0 miles San Francisco OCEAN The Golden Gate Bridge, completed in 1937, has 80,000 miles (129,000 km) of wire in its two main cables, weighing a total of 22,200 tons (tonnes). PACIFIC 135 5 6 7 8 28 NORTH AMERICA USA: The Southwest ABCD

NEVADA 24 UTAH L. Powell The Colorado River has COLORADO cut down some 6242 ft 1 e P d (2000 m) into the nd Cany a ra on i n Colorado Plateau n Farmington a G t r e G to form the Grand d L. Mead o Canyon, exposing Colorado D i e Los Alamos R rock strata over s Plateau e Gallup 2 billion years old. r SANTA FE Flagstaff t Pec os

o Albuquerque d Prescott a r o 2 27 l o ARIZONA C NEW CALIFORNIA Glendale Scottsdale PHOENIX Mesa MEXICO Sonoran Yuma Roswell Alamogordo Desert Casa Grande Artesia Tucson Las Cruces Carlsbad

3 El Paso Douglas Meteor Crater was formed when a meteor about 150 ft (46 m) across R struck the desert at about 40,000 mph io G (64,372 km/h) creating a bowl-shaped r The first atomic bomb was a depression 4,150 ft (1,265 m) wide and n d 570 ft (174 m) deep. tested at Trinity Site near e G Alamogordo on July 16, 1945, o yielding an explosive force l f equivalent to 20,000 tons 4 135 o (tonnes) of TNT from around d 2.2 lbs (1 kg) of plutonium-239. e

C a l i f o PACIFIC r n MEXI i OCEAN a 5 0 km 200

0 miles 200 32

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 29

EFGH

KANSAS 25

Ponca City 1 Enid Tulsa Broken Arrow OKLAHOMA Borger OKLAHOMA CITY Shawnee adian Can Pampa Amarillo Norman ARKANSAS

Lawton 30 Red Clovis Ri ver iver 2 ed R On January 10, 1901, Vernon R Paris the Lucas Gusher blew Wichita Falls oil 150 ft (46 m) into the Lubbock Denton air, flowing at 100,000 barrels a day until it was Brownfield Fort Worth Arlington Longview eventually capped nine Hobbs Dallas days later. Abilene Tyler Sweetwater B r a z Jacksonville Big Spring o s Toledo Bend Res. Odessa Midland Waco 3 Colorado Nec San Angelo he Pecos s LOUISIANA TEXASBryan L. Travis Beaumont AUSTIN Port Arthur Edwards Houston Plateau Pasadena S Texas City San Antonio a n Galveston Del Rio A Victoria n Freeport 30 4 to nio Eagle Pass Gulf Corpus Christi Laredo Kingsville of CO R i o G Padre Island r a n Mexico d e 5

Brownsville 33

EFGH 30 NORTH AMERICA USA: The Southeast ABCD

ILLINOIS 25 KENTUCKY MISSOURI

1 Clarksville OKLAHOMA Fayetteville Walnut Ridge NASHVILLE

e Murfreesboro e s Fort Smith s ARKANSAS e TENNESSEE n Memphis n e North Little Rock T Chattanooga LITTLE ROCK A Florence r Huntsville Hot Springs ka ns Rome Pine as O Bluff Gadsden u a ATLANTA ch o Columbus i o 2 29 Texarkana ta z

a

Y Birmingham Monroe MISSISSIPPI Shreveport Demopolis MONTGOMERY i p LOUISIANA p R i JACKSON Meridian Columbus s e s d i P TEXAS R s s ALABAMA . i e a r Alexandria M l Hattiesburg Dothan BATON ROUGE Mobile 3 Lake Charles Gulfport Biloxi TALLAHASSEE Lafayette Pensacola Metairie New Orleans Panama City

Mississippi Delta In August 2005 Hurricane Katrina cut a swath through New Orleans 4 29 with winds of up to 175 mph (278 km/h). The Mississippi/Missouri river system At least 1836 people lost their lives drains around one-third of the US, and the area sustained over US$100 covering 1,245,000 sq miles billion of damage. (3,225,000 sq km) including 31 states and two Canadian provinces.

0 km 200 Gulf of 0 miles 200

5 Mexico

33

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 31

EFGH

. s t VIRGINIA 23 M n Kingsport a Winston- i R h Salem oa 1 c nok la Durham e a p RALEIGH Knoxville p Greensboro A Asheville NORTH CAROLINA Cape Hatteras Gastonia Charlotte Fayetteville Havelock Greenville Spartanburg Wilmington COLUMBIA Florence Athens SOUTH CAROLINA Cape Fear L. Marion 48 2 Augusta The carnivorous Venus flytrap plant, S found only on the wet coastal plains of Macon a v a North and South Carolina, can count. n Charleston n It requires two separate stimuli on ah GEORGIA trigger hairs before the trap is sprung Savannah to avoid “false alarms” caused by Albany raindrops, twigs, etc. Valdosta Brunswick ATLANTIC 3 Jacksonville OCEAN FLORIDA Daytona Beach During the Apollo Space Program Orlando NASA launched a total of 13 Saturn V rockets from the Kennedy Space Center. Tampa Cape Canaveral Each rocket was 363 ft (111 m) high, Melbourne weighed around 3000 tons (tonnes) Clearwater 48 4 St Petersburg and generated 7,648,000 lbs (34 MN) of thrust at launch. Lake Okeechobee West Palm Beach Fort Myers The Pompano Beach Grand Bahama I. Everglades Fort Lauderdale Miami Miami Beach a BAHAMAS d i r lo F 5 of New Providence s s it Andros I. Key West ey ra a K St Florid 36

EFGH 32 NORTH AMERICA Mexico ABCD

Mexicali 28 NEW MEXICO Tijuana Desierto de Altar ARIZONA Ensenada UNITED Ciudad Juárez R 1 io G r a

n d

e

I. Ángel de la S Guarda S Baja California i i Chihuahua Hermosillo e

i e

G u r r I. Cedros q o a r r l Y 2 135 fo a Conchos a d e Monclova C M M M a Ciudad l if Obregón a a Large examples of the o d rn d Saguaro cactus, found in the ia r e Gómez Palacio r Altar Desert, can take nearly Torreón e Los Mochis O 150 years to grow to their full c height of around 45 ft (14 m), c Culiacán i E and can hold several tons d 3 (tonnes) of water. La Paz e Durango n t Fresnillo Tropic of Cancer a Mazatlán l Zacatecas X

Gray whales have one of the longest migrations of any Aguascalientes mammal, traveling some 12,500 miles (20,000 km) Islas Tepic every year from the Arctic Ocean to their winter Marías Guadalajara breeding grounds in the Golfo de California. 4 135 Puerto Vallarta L. de Chapala PACIFIC

Islas Revillagigedo OCEAN (part of Mexico)

0 km 200 The cliff divers of Acapulco must time their dive from the 148 ft (45 m) cliff at La Quebrada to coincide with the 5 0 miles 200 incoming swells to avoid being dashed on the rocks in the shallow inlet. 135

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 33

EFGH

30

STATES OF AMERICA LOUISIANA 1

TEXAS

Rio Grande In spring 2001, the Rio Grande stopped flowing into the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in recorded history, allowing illegal immigrants Nuevo Laredo to simply walk into the US. 36 2 Reynosa Gulf of Matamoros Monterrey Tropic of Cancer Saltillo Mexico

O It is thought that “The Ballgame,” a ritual sport r Ciudad Victoria played by Maya and Aztec civilizations, and a i 3 e n forerunner of volleyball, often ended Cancún t a with members of the losing team l being sacrificed. San Luis Tampico Mérida Potosí Isla Ciudad Valles Cozumel Río Verde Yucatan Dolores Hidalgo Campeche León Poza Rica Peninsula Querétaro Bahía de Campeche Tulancingo I Pachuca Xalapa 34 4 MEXICO Veracruz Morelia CITY Villahermosa Cuernavaca Puebla Coatzacoalcos Uruapan C Minatitlán

Balsas Tehuacán BELIZE Si err Tuxtla a M O A ad L re d Oaxaca el Sur A M Acapulco Tapachula E Golfo T HONDURAS 5 de A U Tehuantepec 34 G EL SALVADOR

EFGH 34 NORTH AMERICA Central America ABCD

33

1 MEXICO Belize City U su m Flores BELMOPAN a c San Ignacio in t a A L BELIZE Islas de la Bahía A f of Honduras E M Gul G U A T Puerto Cortés Trujillo Huehuetenango Cobán Lago de Izabal Puerto La Ceiba Barrios San Pedro Zacapa a 2 33 Quezaltenango Sula c tu Pa GUATEMALA CITY Santa Rosa de Copán HONDURAS Comayagua Juticalpa La Esperanza Escuintla TEGUCIGALPA Coco Santa Ana N SAN SALVADOR San Miguel IC Somoto EL SALVADOR Choluteca A ca Jinotega onse Estelí R f F 3 lf o Chinandega Matagalpa A Gu León Corinto G Juigalpa PACIFIC U MANAGUA

Lago de A Granada Nicaragua OCEAN Rivas San Ju an For many years it was thought that the sharks in Liberia Península de Lake Nicaragua were a unique freshwater species. 4 135 Nicoya Alajuela However, research has shown that they are in fact Puntarenas Bull Sharks that have swum 120 miles (190 km) up SAN JOSÉ the San Juan River from the Caribbean Sea.

The strongest living creature is the Rhinoceros Beetle, found in the jungles of Costa Rica. It can support up to 850 times it’s own body weight, equivalent to a human carrying about 70 tons (tonnes). 5 0 km 200

0 miles 200 135

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 35

EFGH

36 The Great Blue Hole in Lighthouse Reef, a submerged G r cave some 1000 ft (303 m) in diameter and e a HAITI 400 ft (120 m) deep, was originally explored by t e 1 r Jacques Cousteau, co-inventor of the aqualung. A n t i l l e s Islas Santanilla JAMAICA (part of Honduras)

Bajo Nuevo

(part of Colombia) 36 2

t s

a Cayos Miskitos o Caribbean C

o t

i

u

q I. de Providencia Sea

s (part of Colombia)

o 3

M I. de San Andrés (part of Colombia) Islas del Maíz Bluefields Each chamber at Gatun Locks on the Panama Canal is 110 ft (33 m) wide and 1000 ft (303 m) long. The locks took four years to build and required 2 million cubic yards (1.5 million cu m) COSTA of concrete. RICA 40 4 Limón Cartago C o Colón de rd Gulf T il a ler of lam a PANAMA an PANAMA CITY Darien ca David Penonomé Panama B I A Canal Isla del M Rey O Santiago Golfo Chitré L de Golfo 5 de O Chiriquí Las Tablas Panamá C 40

EFGH 36 NORTH AMERICA The Caribbean ABCD

31 Grand Freeport Gulf Bahama I. Great Abaco UNITED STATES a of d 1 i B OF AMERICA r lo Mexico F NASSAU New Providence f A Eleuthera I. o ts ai Cat I. Tropic of Cancer tr S Andros I. H S a n t a r e Great A HAVANA n Long I. Matanzas C h Exuma I. a n M n e l Y Pinar del Río Santa Clara Mayaguana u A c Acklins I. 2 a 33 t Cienfuegos an S Ch an Isla de la Juventud CUBA nel Great Camagüey Holguín Inagua G r e a Bayamo Guantánamo t Santiago Cap-Haïtien Cayman Islands George Town Gonaïves (UK dependent e de Cuba territory) HAITI r PORT-AU-PRINCE 3 Montego Bay The Bee Hummingbird, found in Cuba, KINGSTON Jérémie Jacmel is the smallest bird in the world. An adult A n male measures around 2 inches (5 cm) JAMAICA t i l from beak to tail and weighs about Navassa Island 0.06 oz (1.8 gms). (US unincorporated territory) HONDURAS Caribbean 4 35

A Sea U G A R A N I C 0 km 200

0 miles 200 5

35 COLOMBIA

ABCD NORTH AMERICA 37

EFGH

48 ATLANTIC 1

Tropic of Cancer OCEAN

Milwaukee Deep, which lies 84 miles (135 km) off the north coast of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point 48 2 Turks & in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 28,231 ft (8605 m), or just Caicos Islands over 5 miles (8 km), below sea level. (UK dependent territory) Monte Cristi Virgin Islands L e Puerto Plata British Virgin e w (US unincorporated Islands a r Santiago d territory) (UK dependent Anguilla I territory) s DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (UK dependent territory) l a San Juan Road The Valley Town ANTIGUA n 3 SANTO La Romana Charlotte Barbuda d DOMINGO Amalie & BARBUDA s Puerto Rico BASSETERRE Antigua (US commonwealth ST KITTS & NEVIS ST JOHN'S l e s territory) Plymouth Montserrat Guadeloupe (UK dependent territory) (French overseas L W Basse-Terre department) The deadliest volcanic eruption e i n DOMINICA of the 20th century took place on s d ROSEAU May 8, 1902, when Mount Pelee s w Martinique e a Fort-de-France erupted on Martinique, killing (French overseas 48 4 r r department) 30,000 people, around 15% d ST LUCIA

of the island’s population. CASTRIES ST VINCENT & BARBADOS L THE GRENADINES Aruba e A BRIDGETOWN s s KINGSTOWN (autonomous part e I r A n of Netherlands) n t i l l e s s t l GRENADA a Netherlands Antilles i Oranjestad n ST GEORGE'S (autonomous part l Willemstad d l of Netherlands) s Tobago TRINIDAD e Isla de Margarita & TOBAGO 5 s PORT-OF-SPAIN VENEZUELA 41 San Fernando

EFGH 38 SOUTH AMERICA South America 1 2 3 4

49 Equator

co is c E da n a r F Planalto

Borborema

o ã S

Represa de Sobradinho

s

d

n

a

l

n

h a

i

g

l

i

i

z H

a

r

B

s

n i

t

n a

c D o 48 T

OCEAN

a

i

a

u

g

a

r

n

ATLANTIC A

o

s z

a m

d

A

u

g

n

French i (France) Guiana n X Planalto de Mato Grosso

a

l

s

ó

j

a l

h a

p n SURINAME

a a Suriname)

(claimed by s t T i n g (claimed by Venezuela) c a e P

dad r

i

a a

C r i P

ini

e s r

H d o T a d

GUYANA s Balbina M a le Represa

il d t n n a a A o p

z r a e n a s h

o m

s o C

r e c a

g A

o

L e

n i

Rico i N

r BOLIVIA Puerto

Basin BRAZIL u o

i O

s

s o

i n

R

u a

n l

e

r p

G B i u

s Amazon t VENEZUELA P l

o A

n

a

l á s

a L ç

l

I

o e

i

l

B n 17

a Juruá l

p

s i

i o Lake t Meta

H y

a i

l s

n Titicaca a

m y U

lena u a a t c

A gd u

a U e

P o R

M n

r a p ó

c a

u

ñ e a E d C N

t a COLOMBIA r P a a n e M r A

Jamaica

G Caribbean Sea A ECUADOR Chimborazo 17 20,702ft (6310m)

Equator 1 2 3 4 SOUTH AMERICA 39 5 6 7 8 49 1000 E

Tropic of Capricorn 1000 (UK)

Islands (UK)

r a

South Georgia OCEAN

M

o

d South Sandwich

a ATLANTIC

r D

r

e 136 S

l 0 km 0 miles era Lagoa dos Patos G rra

e South Orkney Islands

S Mirim Lagoon

a t a

l

y P

a

u a

á

g l

u

o e n r

r d

U a a

g i o

y r i

a e

agu a m R

ar a

P N

P t

URUGUAY

o

(UK)

p

Scotia Sea

o o

á

y s C n

a e a r

a

P

m M

PARAGUAYo East Falkland e

c

o

l Falkland Islands g c

s

i a

a

a

P s

h

A

s

C

p Bahía Blanca

a

n o

N a

r

d o P m

G r

I a g

r e

a e

T Península Valdés

o k

l N Golfo San Matías

P

a N o

o r í E C

R

D G

o Gulf of San Jorge

d Bahía Grande R

a

e e West Falkland A Tierra del Fuego

s Cape Horn

d e o Cerro Ojos del Salado 22,572ft (6880m)

n

A

a c

D

i i

n South Shetland Islands

Cerro Aconcagua 22,835ft (6959m)

o h

g

a

t t

r

a e C P s

e D

E L

I

a B

m a

c H a t A 136 C ANTARCTICA Strait of Magellan (Chile) Isla de Chiloé Isla San Félix (Chile) (Chile) A OCEAN Islas Juan Fernández PACIFIC Isla San Ambrosio

135 Tropic of Capricorn of Tropic 5 6 7 8 40 SOUTH AMERICA Northern South America ABCD

Gulf Lesser 36 Ríohacha of Caribbean Santa Marta Venezuela Coro Maicao Barranquilla CARACAS 1 Sea Valledupar Maracaibo Cartagena Cabimas Maracay Ciudad Ojeda Lago de Barquisimeto Valencia Sincelejo Maracaibo Valera Acarigua N A M San Juan A Montería ca Mérida Guanare A u G de los Morros

P a a u

C n a e n

l are

a Cúcuta Barinas L l d g San Cristóbal a re San Fernando M pu 2 35 Bucaramanga Arauc a A Bello Barrancaberneja AraucaVENE Medellín Itagüí s Puerto Carreño Quibdó Tunja Yopal a PACIFIC et Manizales M Pereira e BOGOTÁ OCEAN Armenia A e Ibagué iar Buenaventura Villavicencio I Guav Cali d 3 B

Ne Neiva M gr Popayán San José o n del Guaviare O Pasto Florencia Mocoa L Esmeraldas Mitú Tulcán A Ibarra O Agu Equator ar The first coffee QUITO ico seedlings were 4 135 C Santo Domingo Ca qu brought to de los Colorados R et Manta Ambato á Colombia in Portoviejo O 1804 by Jesuit Riobamba D missionaries; Guayaquil o Milagro A Putumay today, Colombia U produces over C Nestling between snow capped Cuenca E 700,000 tons Golfo de peaks, at 9350 ft (2850 m) Guayaquil (tonnes) of Machala Quito is the second highest coffee beans capital in the world. 5 Loja PERU every year.

42

ABCD SOUTH AMERICA 41

EFGH

Antilles GRENADA 37 Isla de Margarita Carúpano TRINIDAD ATLANTIC 1 Cumaná & TOBAGO The Ser OCEAN Barcelona pen t's Maturín M o The Guiana Shield is one of the u Tucupita t El Tigre h Earth’s oldest surfaces, formed s o around 2 billion years ago. n o inoc a Or Ciudad Guayana Ciudad Bolívar (claimed by Venezuela) Embalse de Guri Cuyu Nieuw 49 2 ZUELA ni GEORGETOWN Amsterdam New Amsterdam St.-Laurent- C Bartica Salto a PARAMARIBO du-Maroni u Rockstone r Ángel Linden a Ca Sinnamary ro Paragua n GUYANA Kourou í W.J. van Guiana Blommesteinmeer Highlands FrenchCAYENNE o SURINAME

b

i

u e Guiana

q n

e C j n i (French overseas Ori oc s 3

o s o

u w department) E

o Angel Falls r a r A n a (Salto Ángel) t c y M a n plunge a total r e ai of 3212 ft Mts. (claimed by Suriname) (979 m) to form The European Space Agency launch the world’s (claimed by facility at Kourou takes advantage highest waterfall. Suriname) of the Earth's spin near the equator to gain 10 percent Equator more payload than an equivalent 4 Amazon launch at Cape Canaveral in the US.

BRAZIL 43 Basin

2.47 acres (one hectare) of Amazon rain forest can contain more than 750 types of trees and 1500 plant species, amounting to around 0 km 200 900 tons (tonnes) of living plant material. 5 0 miles 200

43

EFGH 42 SOUTH AMERICA Peru, Bolivia & North Brazil ABCD

G U 40 VENEZUELA Y G A COLOMBIA u i N 1 a n A a H i g h l 0 km 400 a n d s Boa Vista 0 miles 400 Rio Neg ro Represa Equator P Balbina u tu ECUADOR m N ay n a o Amazo p o Manaus 2 135 Amazo n a Iquitos r ei P d Juruá a M M arañ ón Moyobamba Amazon Basin i l Piura Tarapoto a ay Uc s Chiclayo r u A P u E BRA Saña Porto Velho Trujillo Pucallpa 3 Chimbote n Huaraz R Rio Branco ios Huánuco e D e d Riberalta Huacho La Oroya dr d Puerto a G M u Callao Maldonado i ap n or e e LIMA Huancayo U B Ayacucho e PACIFIC Pisco Cusco Trinidad OCEAN Ica s 4 135 Nazca Puno BOLIVIA Arequipa Lake LA PAZ Titicaca Cochabamba Montero Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South Santa Cruz America at 3220 sq miles (8340 sq km). Tacna Oruro With an altitude of 12,500 ft (3810 m) Lago Poopó SUCRE Puerto Suárez it is also the world’s highest navigable lake. Potosí P Uyuni A BOLIVIA'S TWO CAPITALS C Tupiza Tarija R La Paz - legislative and H A 5 G administrative capital I U Sucre - legal capital L A 46 E Y ARGENTINA

ABCD SOUTH AMERICA 43

EFGH

S U R I 48 N A French Guiana M (French overseas department) E The Amazon River is 4049 miles (6516 km) long, with 1 an average flow of 7.7 million cubic feet (219,000 cu m) of water entering the Atlantic Ocean every second.

Macapá Ilha Caviana de Fora ATLANTIC Equator Ilha de Marajó zon Belém Ama OCEAN São Luís Santarém Paranaíba San Fernando 49 2 Fortaleza de Noronha Represa de (part of Brazil) s ó Tucuruí j a p X a Mossoró i T n Imperatriz g Teresina u Natal Carolina Campina João Pessoa ZILJuàzeiro do Norte Grande s

n i F t ra Te ao nc Recife l a n es i S is a P a Represa de c i c o 3 r u e o Sobradinho s g T a Juàzeiro Maceió r

A Aracaju Taguatinga Feira de Santana Mato Grosso Salvador Brazilian Cuiabá Itabuna Anápolis BRASÍLIA 49 4 Vitória da Conquista Goiânia Highlands Montes Claros Governador Valadares Uberlândia Uberaba Belo Horizonte Divinópolis Campo Ribeirão Preto Vitória Grande Campos Nova 5 ParanáMarília Campinas Iguaçu Juiz de Fora Londrina 44 Sorocaba Taubaté Rio de Janeiro Tropic of Capricorn São Paulo EFGH 44 SOUTH AMERICA Paraguay, Uruguay & South Brazil ABCD

BOLIVIA 42 o BRA 1 c a h São José do Rio Preto C General Eugenio A. Garay Campo Grande n Fuerte Olimpo Presidente a Mariscal Prudente á Marília r n Estigarribia Dourados a ar G P Bauru 46 PARAGUAY Ourinhos 2 Concepción Tropic of Capricorn Pozo Colorado P a Maringá Londrina P r i a l g co m u

ay a o y Coronel Ciudad ASUNCIÓN Oviedo del Este Ponta Grossa Villarrica Guarapuava Lambaré Curitiba Formed by river deposits washed Caazapá Iguaçu

down from the Andes and Brazilian San Juan á Joinville n

Shield, the Gran Chaco is virtually Bautista a r ar P Blumenau a 3 free of stones. It is composed of Pilar Pelotas sand and silt sediments that are Encarnación M up to 10,000 ft (3050 m) thick. Erechim Florianópolis Lajes o d ay u Carazinho g Passo Fundo u a The Itaipú hydroelectric project is r São Borja r U Caxias do Sul r able to produce more power than e S 10 average nuclear reactors; it supplies Uruguaiana Santa Maria Canoas 19% of the electrical power consumption of Brazil and 90% for Paraguay. Porto Alegre Artigas 4 Rivera Bagé Lagoa dos Patos 46 Salto ARGENTINA Tacuarembó Pelotas

o r g Paysandú Ne Melo Rio Grande Mirim Lagoon Fray Bentos URUGUAY Mercedes Durazno Chuy Trinidad Las Piedras 5 MONTEVIDEO San Carlos R ío de la 46 Plata

ABCD SOUTH AMERICA 45

EFGH

Uberlândia Governador 43 ZILValadares Uberaba 1 Ri Belo Horizonte o G r an d e Divinópolis Vitória Franca Represa de Furnas Ribeirão Preto Cachoeiro de Juiz de Fora Itapemirim Volta Redonda Campos Nova Iguaçu Campinas Sorocaba Taubaté Rio de Janeiro 49 2 São Paulo Tropic of Capricorn Santos The famous statue of Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer), built on top of the 2300 ft (700 m) Corcovado Mountain in 1931, stands 100 ft (30 m) tall and weighs 700 tons (tonnes).

The population of greater Sao Paulo is close to 22,000,000, over twice the entire population of Portugal, the country 3 that originally colonized Brazil in the 16th century. ATLANTIC OCEAN

49 4 Lagoa dos Patos is the largest lagoon in Brazil and the second largest in South America. The lagoon is 180 miles (290 km) long and up to 40 miles (64 km) wide, with an area of more than 3900 sq miles (10,100 sq km).

0 km 400

0 miles 400 5

49

EFGH 46 SOUTH AMERICA Southern South America 1 2 3 4

n

r

o

c L

i r I

44 p

I L a Z C

Z f A

o

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pic

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r r a U Formosa URUGUAY

P Concordia Dolores La Plata

BUENOS AIRES

á Gualeguaychú

n a

Corrientes r

a jo P PARAGUAY e D 44

m Azul r e B

o Rosario

y Junín a m Vera co il

One of the world’s largest copper mines at Chuquicamata has produced around 29 million tons (tonnes) of copper over its 90-year history. The huge opencast pit is 2.6 miles (4.3 km) long, 2 (3 wide, and over 2788 ft (850 m) deep. P Resistencia o ad Paraná al Olavarría S Santa Fe Chiquita Gran Chaco Río Cuarto Laguna Mar San Miguel de Tucumán San Salvador de Jujuy

C

s Pampas

e Salta La Rioja BOLIVIA Córdoba

Villa Mercedes Santa Rosa Santiago

d del Estero

The driest place on Earth is the Atacama Desert in Chile, with an average rainfall of 0.004 inches (0.1 mm) per year. Until recently, some places had received no rain for over 400 years. n

San Juan Godoy Cruz Mendoza Calama A ARGENTINA Chuquicamata SANTIAGO Rancagua e s i e r t o d e A t a c a m Cerro 22,831ft

D a (6959m) Curicó Aconcagua Chillán B 42 Copiapó Illapel Arica Vallenar Talca Tocopilla Linares Iquique Chañaral La Ligua

CHILE La Serena Pilchilemu San Antonio Antofagasta Coquimbo Valparaíso PERU Viña del Mar

Talcahuano n

r

co

i

r

p a

A

C

OCEAN f

PACIFIC o

Islas

c i

(to Chile)

p o

135

r T Juan Fernández 1 2 3 4 48 OCEANS The Atlantic Ocean 1 2 3 4

ea d S Re 94

Sea

e

l Arctic Circle i Black Sea N E Barents Tropic of Cancer

Svalbard a (Norway)

e

e

b

u

S

a

e

a n Port Said S

i

a

c n v

i D

a

t a

l

n e

i a

d n Lake Chad

B

n a a

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i

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e A Rotterdam

M EUROPE

AFRICA

Sea .

D s

North t

137

M

s

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a Sahara g l

(Norway) i

Jan Mayen t N A Faeroe Is. Sea (Denmark) Greenland

Gibraltar

t

n

i

i

y

n a s

r i

a r

a s

t B

n a

S

a

C B

k

r

e Azores (Portugal)

e a g Madeira

m d d (Spain)

C

n r

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e e Canary Is. D (Portugal)

R V

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a

i C t

n CAPE VERDE

a

l

Basin t A M - i d The North Atlantic Deep Water Current is an oceanic “river” that moves around 20 million cubic yards (15.3 million m) of water every second. (Denmark) Newfoundland Greenland

s

k ARCTIC OCEAN

n (UK)

a

t B

i Sea

B a r d

137 t

S n

s a Labrador i r

v a G

D Bermuda Bay The Gulf Stream travels across the Atlantic Ocean at up to 135 miles (217 km) a day. Baffin Sargasso Sea St Lawrence Sea New York Caribbean

A

Bay i

p

Great Lakes p

i s

s i s s i NORTH M Cristóbal Hudson 16 AMERICA Gulf of Mexico Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer 1 2 3 4 OCEANS 49 5 6 7 8 123 Equator Lake E

Nyasa e

g Antarctic Circle Lake n

d i i

Tropic of Capricorn s

Victoria

R a

Cape Town n B

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g n n d

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n

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ANTARCTICA l t

St Helena (UK) A Gough Island (Tristan da Cunha) 136 2000 Tristan da Cunha (St Helena) Ascension Island (St Helena) l a n t i c R i d - A t d g e M i South Sandwich Is. (UK) 2000 C Ilha da Trindade (Brazil) Basin Brazil OCEAN Fernando de Noronha (Brazil) n

i

s

Rise a ATLANTIC

In 2001, the Caledonian Star was damaged by a 100 ft (30 m) “rogue wave” in the South Atlantic. Once thought to be a mythical occurrence, these giant waves are now a recognized phenomenon and represent a major hazard to even the largest ships.

B

e

Rio Grande

n

i (UK)

t

n

e

Weddell Sea

g r

0 km 0 miles A

á South Georgia

n

a Scotia Sea

r B a P Falkland Is. (UK)

136

n

o z

Rio de Janeiro

a

m

SOUTH

A

s

e Aires

AMERICA d Buenos

n s A e d

n Cape Horn A Sea A Bellingshausen OCEAN PACIFIC 135 Equator Tropic of Capricorn 5 6 7 8 50 AFRICA Africa

1 2 3 4

n

e n Sea an d

pia si

s r A

94 f

a e l A

f

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rop recognized) G T O

SOMALILAND li e S (not internationally

Arabian b e

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S ERITREA Desert

Syrian

d Lake Turkana

e Ethiopian Highlands R KENYA le ETHIOPIA Ni

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a Nile

te e l i i

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63 W UGANDA Cyprus

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n e

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a SUDAN

e o

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n Desert o Libyan C

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i A

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u TOGO PRINCIPE

EQUATORIAL

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n Ni

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MALI u a

G ALGERIA l

f t CÔTE Iberian Sahel (IVORY

COAST) o

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f Sahara Ceuta

(Spain) l

u MOROCCO l G a g e LIBERIA

n GUINEA

e Cancer

S LEONE A SIERRA OCEAN

MAURITANIA ic of ic (disputed) SAHARA WESTERN ATLANTIC Islas Canarias (Spain) Madeira SENEGAL GAMBIA GUINEA- BISSAU (Portugal)

Equator Trop 48 1 2 3 4 AFRICA 51

5 6 7 8

R 123 A

C

S Tropic of

A Capricorn

G

A

D A

(France) M E Mayotte

l

e

n

n

COMOROS a

h

C

e

u

q

i

b

m

a

z o

M

E

Kilimanjaro 19,341ft (5895m) U

Q I B

OCEAN INDIAN

Lake Nyasa M A

MALAWI Z i O z M

Lake Victoria y e le l b SWAZILAND

TANZANIA a Lake Tanganyika

V m a t D BURUNDI if Z 136 R t LESOTHO Grea ZIMBABWE RWANDA r e

ZAMBIA v i

R

e Desert CONGO

g Kalahari BOTSWANA DEM. REP.

n SOUTH

AFRICA

a r

Bié O

Plateau

ert

N Des

b C Cape of

O mi ANGOLA C Na NAMIBIA Good Hope (Angola) Cabinda GABON B 136 1000 Gough Island (Tristan da Cunha) OCEAN 1000 (St Helena) (UK)

orn ATLANTIC Tristan da Cunha (St Helena) St Helena Ascension I.

pric A

of Ca

ic 0 miles 0 km

rop

T 49 5 6 7 8 52 AFRICA Northwest Africa ABCD

ATLANTIC 74 SPAIN

1 OCEAN ALGIERS On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747s collided Mostaganem on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport on Tanger Ceuta(Spain) Blida Tenerife with the loss of 583 lives, making Melilla Oran this the world’s worst ever air disaster. Tetouan (Spain) Sidi Bel Kénitra Abbès Fès Tlemcen Madeira RABAT Oujda s (Portugal) Casablanca i n t a Khouribga u n Laghouat Safi M o 2 48 Beni- a s Figuig Ghardaïa Essaouira Mellal A t l Marrakech Er Rachidia g Béchar r E l Islas Canarias a Agadir MOROCCO d t (Spain) n n a e r d Tenerife G i La Palma Lanzarote c c O Fuerte- Gran ventura Tan-Tan Canaria 3 LAÂYOUNE ALGER Smara Tindouf I-n-Salah WESTERN SAHARA Reggane (disputed territory under The region of Tidikelt Trop Moroccan occupation) ic of C ancer in Algeria once went Ad Dakhla for 10 years without a drop of rain. Sah 4 48 The Sahara Desert is one of the harshest Lagouira environments on Earth. With an area of around 3,500,000 sq miles (9,000,000 sq km), roughly the same as Europe, it has a population of only around 2 million people compared to Europe’s population of 731 million people. MAURITANIA 5 0 km 400 MALI 0 miles 400 56

ABCD AFRICA 53

EFGH

ITALY 87 Sicily Annaba Bizerte GREECE TUNIS 1 Crete MALTA Constantine Sousse Kairouan Sétif Mediterranean The hottest place on earth is Al ‘Aziziyah, Batna Libya, where on September 13, 1922, an air Gafsa Sfax Sea Biskra á temperature of 136ºF (57ºC) was recorded. Chott Zuw rah Gabès Az Záwiyah Al Bayçá’ Darnah Melghir ◊ Tozeur á í ubruq Médenine TRIPOLI Bangh z Al Marj Al Khums Touggourt TUNISIA Mi∞rátah 54 2 Gharyán Yafran Khalíj Surt Ouargla Ajdábiyá Surt g r E d l n a Great a t r e n Sand Sea G r i O LIBYA IA Birák 3 Sabhá Awbárí EGYPT Murzuq Libyan T a s s i l i Al Kufrah - n r - ance A ic of C j Trop j e arar Desert Ahaggar 54 4 e s t i i b Tamanrasset T Libya has the largest proven oil reserves in Africa, estimated at 41.5 billion barrels in 2008. With production running at around 1.8 million barrels per day, these reserves are expected to last for another 60 years.

CHAD 5 NIGER 58

EFGH 54 AFRICA Northeast Africa

1 2 3 4

r

e

c

n

a C n

102

f e

o d

c

f i A l p

E

u o f

r

G o T

n f

i a l s u

r e G

IRAN P Boosaaso SOMALILAND YEMEN DJIBOUTI SAUDI D 102 Berbera ARABIA ‘Aseb DJIBOUTI IRAQ When first opened in 1869, the Suez Canal consisted of a channel 26 ft (8 m) deep and 200 to 300 ft (60 90 m) wide at the surface. Construction involved the excavation and dredging of 97 million cubic yards (74 million cubic metres) of material. Des é Mek’el é Mits’iwa

a ASMARA e S

(administered by Sudan) N

d ERITREA

Ethiopian

Gonder A e For thousands of years the Nile has supported cultivation in the Aswan region, despite it being one of the driest places on Earth, with an average of only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) rain per year.

R Teseney D Himora

C R

Bur é O (Suez)

SYRIA J Bahir Dar

(Port Said)

t r

e e

s il Kassala Gedaref e N Hurghada Blue

Port Sudan

Asw á n D

Qin á

Sinai

ISRAEL e l

i

Suez Canal n N

e

As Suways t

i a

Al Ism á ’ í l ya h

i

LEBANON B ú r Sa’ í d W

Atbara e

l

b

e i u

l N i Idf ú N Isn á N Ban í Suwayf Nile Delta (Luxor) El Obeid B CYPRUS 87 Dilling Lake Nasser Wad Medani Wad Sawh á j Asy ú π CAIRO KHARTOUM (Giza) Omdurman Wadi Halfa Wadi Al J í zah Dongola (administered by Egypt) Al Uq ∞ ur Al Miny á Kadugli Al Kh á rijah

(Alexandria) EGYPT

rah r

u El Fasher

f Sea r Al Iskandar í yah

SUDAN

r e a

Munkhafa ç c

al Qa œœ á -436ft (-133m)

n D A

a CHAD Nyala

C

f

o

c

i Desert Libyan 53 Mediterranean

p

o

r LIBYA El Geneina

T 1 2 3 4 AFRICA 55 5

6 7 8 r

o

t

a

u

q 122

E E Garoowe Gaalkacyo The Somali language did not become a written language until 1972. OCEAN SOMALIA

n INDIAN recognized) e MOGADISHU Beledweyne d (not internationally

a Wanlaweyn The shortest war on record, between Britain and Zanzibar in 1896, lasted just 38 minutes. g MADAGASCAR i O l e Baydhabo b e COMOROS

h D 61

S Kismaayo Hargeysa Marka SEYCHELLES 400 Mtwara Neg é l Malindi Jamaame Mombasa Nazr é t Garissa Lindi Dar es Salaam Zanzibar Tanga 400 Dir é Dawa

Meru

Kilimanjaro 19,341ft (5895m)

Highlands

y

e

l

l Moshi

NAIROBI

a Nyeri

V

t

f

i C

R Lake Turkana

t

a

e

ETHIOPIA r G 0km 0 miles Iringa KENYA J í ma Masai Steppe MOZAMBIQUE Songea Morogoro Eldoret Lake Nyasa Lokitaung Arusha I W ADDIS ABABA Gor é Nakuru A L A Kisumu M

y Mwanza

Lira e

Tabora l

l by Kenya) DODOMA a Gulu Mbale Lake Rukwa Lake Mbeya V Malakal

(adminstered

Victoria t UGANDA

Elemi Triangle f ile i N R e Shinyanga it TANZANIA at h KIGALI e B Juba 60 W Entebbe Gr Arua Sudd Masindi KAMPALA Kabale Lake Albert Sumbawanga Kigoma Rumbek Lake Edward BURUNDI RWANDA Wau Lake Tanganyika Lake Kivu Yambio BUJUMBURA ZAMBIA CONGO A DEM. REP.

The Great Rift Valley is one of the most extensive rifts on the Earth's surface, extending from Jordan southward through eastern Africa to Mozambique. The system is some 4,000 miles (6,400 km) long and averages 30–40 miles (48–64 km) wide.

r

o t AFRICAN CENTRAL

REPUBLIC a 59

u

q

E 5 6 7 8 56 AFRICA West Africa ABCD

0 km 400 52 i d 0 miles 400 î WESTERN Bîr u Tropic of Cancer Mogreïn g 1 SAHARA I g (disputed territory r k œ n Mauritania and Madagascar are the ' E e a under Moroccan occupation) g h Ì only countries in the world not to use â l K E E r g a decimal-based currency.The basic unit Fdérik Zouérat of currency, the ouguiyal, is divided e into five khoums. â n a r u Choûm O S Nouâdhibou r h â k c Aœâr CAPE A 2 48 E l M VERDE Akjoujt r e y y é a s I l h d e B a r Santo l a v NOUAKCHOTT e n MAURITANIA Antão São Vicente t o Rkîz São Nicolau Sal A o u k Sen Aleg â r Boa Vista eg a Kiffa Santiago l Fogo Maio Saint Louis Kaédi Ilh PRAIA as d SENEGAL e Sotavento Mbaké Nioro 3 DAKAR Diourbel Kaolack Kayes ATLANTIC iger BANJUL GAMBIA B S N G a a f Ségou m i i Bignona bia n Ban OCEAN g BISSAU BAMAKO

Gambia is only around 20 miles (32 km) é Gaoual o wide and 200 miles (320 km) long; g GUINEA- Labé Niger Bougouni a Boké B its unusual shape and size are down BISSAU Siguiri Bobo- to territorial compromises arising from GUINEA Dioulasso Kindia 19th-century Anglo-French rivalry Kankan in western Africa. Odienné 4 CONAKRY SIERRA CÔTE 48 FREETOWN LEONE D’IVOIRE Bo (IVORY COAST) Lac de Tubmanburg LIBERIA Kossou A Rüppell’s Vulture collided with a commercial YAMOUSSOUKRO S a airliner at 37,000 ft (11,277 m) above MONROVIA s s Buchanan a Gagnoa Côte d’Ivoire to earn the posthumous distinction Zwedru n d r Abidjan of the highest flying bird ever recorded. a 5 Harper

49

ABCD AFRICA 57

EFGH

ALGERIA 53

h LIBYA c The Niger River begins in Guinea just 150 miles e 1 h (240 km) from the Atlantic coast but then heads C inland on a 3000-mile (4100-km) journey Tropic of Cancer before finally reaching the Gulf of Guinea some 1200 miles (2000 km) to the east.

Taoudenni

e Ténéré aharan â k â du S n- Tafassâsset I- Tessalit 58 2 g ‘E r Adrar des Assamakka d â Ifôghas é Araouane u Massif r a o é A z de l'Aïr n a é m l D Bi MALI T e Lac g d Faguibine Agadez Er d A ran Tombouctou Gao G Lac Niangay Ansongo NIGER H Hombori Tahoua C 3 Mopti Nguigmi Zinder ahelNIAMEY Maradi Gouré

BURKINA oto a k ji N o e OUAGADOUGOU i S Sokoto Katsina ad ge H Fada- r Gusau Maiduguri Koudougou Kano a Ngourma

t l ongola o Kandi Zaria G

V Kainji

ta

k l

c o BENIN Reservoir Kaduna Kumo a V i T

l Wa e t Natitingou

B t i O NIGERIA 58 4 K h O Parakou Jos o W m Plateau

o Ilorin Ni

G g é Tamale Sokodé e r ABUJA ue Ben GHANA Ogbomosho N O Oyo l Sunyani Lake Abomey Ede te ins o ta O Volta Benin G n Ibadan Enugu u Kumasi City o O Vol Lagos M Nsawam ta C.A.R. LOMÉ PORTO- Onitsha R Asamankese NOVO Sapele Aba E ACCRA B i g h t o f B M Calabar e n o i n u G u l f o f G u i n t Port Harcourt M 5 e a hs of Niger A Lake Volta is one of the largest man-made the C lakes in the world, covering 3283 sq miles EQUATORIAL 59 (8502 sq km), or 3.6% of Ghana’s area. GUINEA

EFGH 58 AFRICA Central Africa 1 2 3 4 54

E Tropic of Cancer of Tropic Obo EGYPT SUDAN D 53

Pygmies who inhabit the Congo Basin grow to be only 3 4 feet (0.9 to 1.2 m) tall at adulthood. The name is derived from the Greek word “pygmê,” which referred to a unit of measurement equivalent to the length of a forearm.

o

g

n o

Bria

B

s

The eye of an ostrich is bigger than it’s brain. They are the largest bird on Earth. An adult male can stand 8 ft (2.5 m) tall, weigh up to 300 lbs (135 kg), and run at around 30 mph (48 km/h). e

d

Bambari

Ennedi

f

Ndélé i

s

s

a M Biltine REPUBLIC Abéché Mongo

i Faya

t Am Timan C s Sibut e CENTRAL AFRICAN Ati b

i Sarh Goré T i

r Laï a h LIBYA CHAD Bongor

C Bouar NDJAMENA Mao Bossangoa Lake Chad Bol Sahara Moundou Kousséri Guider B 53 Maroua Banyo Garoua Ngaoundéré Bafoussam NIGER Bamenda Nkongsamba A The vast sand flats surrounding Lake Chad were once covered by water. Changing climatic patterns caused the lake to shrink and desert now covers much of its previous area. NIGERIA ALGERIA 57

Tropic of Cancer 1 2 3 4 AFRICA 59

5 6 7 8

A

D N A

I 55

A A N

G Z U N

Equator T A

BURUNDI

E

RWANDA

a

b

m

u t

i

Lake Albert M

Bunia

s t n o M Goma Isiro Butembo Bukavu Kalemie Likasi Lake Kivu Kasongo Lake Edward L. Mweru Lake Tanganyika

Kindu

e

l

e Manono U Kabinda

Lubumbashi

u o m g ZAMBIA Mbuji-Mayi D Lodja

n 60

o o Kolwezi

B C Bumba Kamina Kisangani Mwene- Ditu Ilebo Dilolo Gemena Kananga

CONGO i a s a Basin Congo K DEM. REP.

400 Tshikapa

Mbandaka

i C g

n a b U Bandundu go

Kikwit wan

o K

g 400

n o BANGUI C Impfondo KINSHASA Owando ANGOLA Ouésso CONGO Djambala Berbérati Matadi 0km 0 miles Mossendjo B 60 Boma Bertoua BRAZZAVILLE YAOUNDÉ Oyem CAMEROON Dolisie Massoukou Lambaréné (Angola) Cabinda GABON LIBREVILLE Douala GUINEA Ebolowa Pointe-Noire Bata EQUATORIAL OCEAN Equator A The only major river that flows both north and south of the equator is Congo. It crosses the equator twice, which means that at least part of its catchment area is always experiencing a rainy season. ATLANTIC MALABO São Tomé SÃO TOMÉ & PRINCIPE Príncipe SAO TOME Port-Gentil 49 5 6 7 8 60 AFRICA Southern Africa ABCD

59 go n o DEM. REP. Cabinda C Cabinda 1 (Angola) CONGO 0 km 400 Lake Tanganyika 0 miles 400 Uíge Ambriz Lucapa N’Dalatando LUANDA Saurimo Ndola Malanje Cuan Mufulira za Sumbe Lobito ANGOLA Chingola 2 49 Benguela Kuito Kitwe ATLANTIC Huambo Zambezi Luanshya Menongue OCEAN Lubango ZAMBIA C Z a Namibe u m b b LUSAKA a e n z i Tombua g i ez The Okavango River pours N’Giva o Choma b m some 14.4 billion cubic yards O Livingstone a Lake ka Z Kariba Cunene v (11 billion cu m) of water into Rundu an g Victoria o Falls the Okavango Delta each year. N Etosha Tsumeb It drains away through a maze of Pan Okavango Delta ZIMBA 3 a Grootfontein lagoons, channels, and islands Maun m Bulawayo covering around 5800 sq miles NAMIBIA i Ghanzi Francistown (15,000 sq km), before eventually b

disappearing into the sands of the WINDHOEK Swakopmund BOTSWANA po Kalahari Desert to the south. D Mahalapye po Walvis Bay Kalahari im L e Rehoboth rn GABORONE f Caprico s TSHWANE/ Tropic o Desert Lobatse PRETORIA e Mmabatho The Kalahari Desert is the largest r Keetmanshoop Soweto 4 continuous sand surface in the world. t Johannesburg Iron oxide gives a distinctive red Lüderitz Vaal 49 O Karasburg Kroonstad color to the sand, which is over ra n R. Kimberley MASERU 200 ft (60 m) deep in places. ge BLOEMFONTEIN SOUTH AFRICA'S THREE CAPITALS SOUTH LESOTHO g er Tshwane / Pretoria - administrative capital Middelburg b AFRICA ns Cape Town - legislative capital ke Beaufort West ra Bloemfontein - financial capital D Bellville 5 East CAPE TOWN George Port London Cape of Good Hope 136 Elizabeth

ABCD AFRICA 61

EFGH

122

Coco de Mer, or the double coconut Inner Islands TANZANIA palm, produces some of the largest 1 seeds in the plant kingdom. Weighing VICTORIA Mahé up to 60 lbs (27 kg), they take Amirante SEYCHELLES around 10 years to ripen. Mbala Islands Aldabra s Group d n Kasama Farquhar a ma sl MALAWI Rovu COMOROS I Group er Mzuzu ut Grande Comore O Mpika Lake Mocímboa MORONI Nyasa da Praia Mwali Anjouan 123 2 LILONGWE Mamoudzou Antsiraùana Salima E Nacala Mayotte Zomba (French territorial Ambanja Blantyre U collectivity) Moçambique Antalaha Tete Q Nampula Antsohihy Nsanje I Mocuba Mahajanga HARARE Chitungwiza B MADAGASCAR Quelimane el BWE n Fenoarivo Atsinanana M n Chimoio Beira a ANTANANARIVO 3 h Toamasina A C Morondava e Ambositra Z u MAURITIUS q Fianarantsoa i Mananjary PORT LOUIS b s O Saint-Denis Inhambane Ihosy nd m sla a Toliara Farafangana Réunion e I z n (French are o M sc Xai-Xai Vangaindrano overseas Ma MAPUTO M department) 123 MBABANE Amboasary T 4 ropic SWAZILAND of Cap ricorn Thought to have been extinct for 70 million Pietermaritzburg years, a living coelacanth was netted in the Durban Indian Ocean in 1938. They are powerful INDIAN predators, averaging 5 feet (1.5 m) in length and weighing about 100 lbs (45 kg). OCEAN 5

136

EFGH 62 EUROPE Europe ABCD

A r ct ic ice C ck i pa 137 rc nter le Limit of wi

1 0 km 800 ICELAND 0 miles 800 Lofoten

Norwegian Faeroe Islands Sea W (Denmark) R

2 48 Outer O Hebrides N E British Isles W North Vänern S Ireland Isle of Man Sea Vättern IRELAND (to UK) Britain DENMARK ATLANTIC Celtic UNITED 3 Sea KINGDOM Elbe NETHERLANDS h English Channel o r t OCEAN BELGIUM N Channel Is. S e (UK) in GERMANY e LUX. e Lo n CZECH ire i h REPUBLIC Bay of Biscay FRANCE R LIECH. Massif SWITZ. G s AUSTRIA a p r Central l o A P n y n Rhône Mont Blanc SLOVENIA 4 48 D r e Po uero en 15,771ft (4807m) IA PORTUGAL E e AT b e SAN O TagusIberian r s MONACO CR o MARINO ANDORRA I BOSNIA SPAIN T & HERZ. S Peninsula Corsica A Madeira tra it o VATICAN (to Portugal) f G s L ibr nd CITY alta Isla Y r Balearic Sardinia Gibraltar Tyrrhenian (UK) e M d i t Sea e r r 5 A t l a s M o u n t a i n s a Sicily n Canary Islands e (to Spain) a 50 AFRICA MALTA n

ABCD EUROPE 63

EFGH

e cl ir C c ti 137 rc Barents Sea A North Cape Ostrov Kolguyev 1 U

r Y a Kola l

A F Peninsula M I o N White u N n L Sea N t E A or a a t i i he n N rn n D th D s o vi B D na f o f Lake Onega 2 l RUSSIAN 94 u G Lake FEDERATION Åland Ladoga

Gotland ESTONIA c ti s l LATVIA n d a a i n l B e ra S a a LITHUANIA l l U P p RUSS. n Central U FED. e a Volga p a 3 r o Russian g E u l BELARUS o Upland V Aral Sea POLAND Pripet a Don l Bug u Marshes Dn t iep is er V Low Dn la Ca UKRAINE iep nd rpat D er s hi n SLOVAKIA an iester M t MOLDOVA s C . Sea of a HUNGARY Azov s p Crimea a u c a s u ia 94 4 ROMANIA C s n El’brus S e SERBIA Danube 18,510ft a Black Sea (5642m) MON. BULGARIA KOS. Balkan (disputed) Mts. MACED. TURKEY ALBANIA Aegean ASIA a t o l i a Sea A n GREECE 5 Peloponnese S e a Crete Cyprus 94

EFGH 64 EUROPE The North Atlantic ABCD

A

r

c

t i c 19 Devon

C e r e I s l a n d i l e s m r Island E l c l i t e s S t r a 1 N a re T N U nd U N A V Qaanaaq n La sse mu At 836,100 sq miles (2,166,600 sq km), Greenland as Innaanganeq R is the largest island in the world. However, ud n Hudson 677,700 sq miles (1,756,000 sq km) of this is a Savissivik K Bay massive ice sheet so heavy that the central land Qimusseriarsuaq area has sunk to form to a basin more than 1000 ft (300 m) below sea level. Baffin Kullorsuaq 2 19 d Bay ce CANADA n k i ac a p l er m H s I m t d su i u f a n o r ) d i t i t n y f f d s B a m r n i S o

o L t u a i

n o s Qeqertarsuaq r i r S l e y v Qeqertarsuaq t

S a d l QUÉBEC a a B n t n

a D n r r l Qasigiannguit r e r e a e t e 3 h x i s b k IX e i i t r de e h b m re F is o Sisimiut Ungava u ng r r d n o an a C K L F Bay G (D The Jakobshavn Glacier is among Maniitsoq the world´s fastest glaciers, often IX Land stian moving 100 feet (30 m) a day, NUUK hri g C n Gunnbjørn Fjeld and calves around 20 billion tons Ko t 12,139ft (3700m) (tonnes) of icebergs every year. ys K I V Paamiut k 4 21 ri Ammassalik D e k d r N e a r R Ivittuut m A F O e n L ic g ck e D D n a Labrador o r p D A e N t Qaqortoq K in R U f w Faxaflói B Sea o O Nanortalik it

A F im

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ABCD EUROPE 65

EFGH

137 Lincoln Sea Kap Morris Jesup ARCTIC Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa 1 Wandel OCEAN Kvitøya Sea Novaya d Nord Zemlya n Svalbard a Nordaustlandet L (Norwegian

I I dependency) I Kong Karls Land V

k Spitsbergen Barentsøya i r e Edgeøya d Longyearbyen S e to r r F Barentsberg f 62 2 jo With temperatures ranging from 59º F g rd n X en (15º C) in the summer to -40º F o

K n a (-40º C) in the winter, vegetation on i t Greenland s Svalbard consists mostly of lichens i r d and mosses; the only trees are the h n Sea C a Bjørnøya L tiny polar willow and the dwarf birch. g (Norway) n o Barents Sea K Daneborg

Greenland's deeply indented coastline e cl ir is 24,430 miles (39,330 km) long, F C E R c 3 U ti a distance roughly equivalent to the D rc E S A Kong Earth's circumference at the equator. R S Oscar Fjord A IA T N Jan Mayen I Ittoqqortoormiit F O K a (Norway) N nge I rtittivaq N Kangikajik ce L i k Norwegian A ac p t er N a i nt t r wi Sea S it of D Lim Even though only one-twentieth Y S 66 4 of Iceland’s potential geothermal

ICELAND A W Siglufjördhur power has been harnessed, around 89% of houses are heated geothermally. Húsavík E W Akureyri Seydhisfjördhur D REYKJAVÍK R Selfoss E O Surtsey N

Faeroe Islands N (Denmark) 5 Tórshavn Shetland 70 Islands

EFGH 66 EUROPE Scandinavia & Finland 1 2 3 4

N O 92 I A T E R

Arctic Circle Arctic E D E F I A N S Pielinen Sea R U S Kajaani Vardø Barents N Kirkenes A L ki jo Kuusamo u N l u

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D The North Cape Current warms the northern coasts of Norway, Finland, and Russia’s Kola Peninsula with water temperatures of 39–54º F (4–12º C), allowing this area the Barents Sea to remain free of pack ice throughout the winter. a

C en

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ARCTIC OCEAN

Mo i Rana R B 137 200 Sea Steinkjer Norwegian 200 Trondheim The sun is continuously visible from late May to late July in Tromsø because of its position well north of the Arctic Circle. Scandinavia is still recovering from the last ice age, when land was depressed 2000 ft (600 m) by the weight of ice. Today, the Earth’s crust is “rebounding” at the rate of 0.3 inches (9 mm) a year in the Gulf of Bothnia. A Trondheimsfjorden 0 km 0 miles 65 1 2 3 4 EUROPE 67 5 6 7 8

88 S

Joensuu U

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D n

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ESTONIA G Hämeenlinna LATVIA Espoo Seinäjoki D Riihimäki 80 LITHUANIA The sauna is a Finnish institution, with some 2 million sauna facilities to serve a population of just 5 million people. Tampere Pori Turku Federation) Åland Vaasa Rauma Mariehamn (part of Russian KALININGRAD Gotland of Visby STOCKHOLM Gulf Bothnia Sundsvall Nyköping Gävle Sea

C Västerås

Baltic POLAND Öland Norrköping E Kalmar Örnsköldsvik

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Uppsala Borlänge Östersund W Örebro n S Bornholm

a Växjö n s

u Jönköping Kristianstad j Skövde

L Karlstad Vättern Rønne Malmö Vänern Borås Helsingborg B 76 Halmstad Hamar

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Göteborg Nykøbing COPENHAGEN N Arendal

Porsgrunn

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a

d a s e l t Hjørring Hermansverk e S r

n Vejle

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n

S g Esbjerg

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DENMARK Ålesund S 70 Haugesund Bergen 5 6 7 8 68 EUROPE The Low Countries 1 2 3 4 76 Emmen Hengelo E Almelo Enschede Assen Delfzijl GERMANY Zwolle

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- - The inner city of Amsterdam is divided by its network of canals into some 90 “islands” linked together by approximately 1300 bridges and viaducts. The Netherlands is the lowest country in world. It is estimated that 30% of the land is below sea level, with the lowest point some 23 ft (6.7 m) below sea level. THE NETHERLAND'S TWO CAPITALS Amsterdam The Hague A The port of Rotterdam, combined with Europoort (which handles vessels too large to reach Rotterdam), is one of the largest in world terms of capacity, handling around 375 million tons (tonnes) of cargo every year. North Sea 71 1 2 3 4 EUROPE 69 5 6 7 8 50 77 E 50 GERMANY

r

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l l e s o u M O Belgium and the Netherlands have an underground boundary that differs from the surface boundary shown on maps. In 1950, the two countries agreed to move the underground boundary so as not to divide coal mines between the two countries. LUXEMBOURG 0 km 0 miles

e r

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r Kortrijk Brugge Vlissingen e Echternach is the home of only religious dancing procession remaining in the Western world. Every year since the 15th century, thousands of pilgrims have marched down the streets of town performing a ritual dance involving specific movements, music, and prayers. d

n

a l Mouscron A Zeebrugge F FRANCE Roeselare On August 23, 1914, three weeks after Britain entered World War I, the 70,000 strong British Expeditionary Force encountered the advancing German army for the first time at the battle of Mons. Ieper Oostende 72 5 6 7 8 70 EUROPE The British Isles 1 2 3 4 67 E Sea North With a depth of 788 ft (240 m) and a length of about 23 miles (36 km), Loch Ness contains the largest volume of fresh water in Great Britain. Sunderland Lerwick Newcastle upon Tyne D 65 After the surrender of German fleet in 1918 and its internment Scapa Flow, over 50 ships were scuttled by the German crews on June 21, 1919, to prevent them falling into British hands. n P e Aberdeen

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e h T Islay IRELAND NORTHERN B 65 Stornoway Isle of Lewis Barra OCEAN South Uist North Uist Midges have the fastest wing-beat of any insect, and are able to flap their wings at around 20,000 beats per minute. Londonderry Outer Hebrides ATLANTIC A The Giant’s Causeway comprises approximately 37,000 interlocking dark basalt polygonal columns; they were formed by volcanic activity some 55 million years ago. 48 1 2 3 4 EUROPE 71 5 6 7 8 68

Channel Tunnel

Dover Ipswich l

E Norwich e

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n n The

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The Colchester C Fens

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Isle of Wight Sheffield n Coventry

Stratford- upon-Avon E D 72 e s St. Helier n Severn n i ENGLAND Manchester Derby Bath St. Peter Port Bristol Swindon Jersey Bolton Salisbury Bradford Chester Taunton Stoke- FRANCE Bournemouth Gloucester Worcester a Guernsey Lake i on-Trent

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n Beacons CARDIFF

Liverpool S Exeter Blackpool C Channel Islands Dartmoor (UK crown dependency) Isle of Man (UK crown Swansea dependency)) Bay Bangor Cardigan Sea Barnstaple Anglesey Irish Aberystwyth Douglas Penzance Bangor Holyhead End Fishguard Land's Newry Dundalk

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Every year over 1.8 billion pints (0.561 litres) of Guinness® Irish stout are consumed in over 100 countries around the world. a IRELAND l

Donegal B ATLANTIC Ennis Galway A Lough Corrib Killarney 0 km 0 miles Tralee The River Severn has the second highest tidal range in the world, as much 50 ft (15 m), often giving rise to a tidal bore. In September 1996, one such wave carried a surfer for 5.7 miles (9 km). Bay 48 Bantry 5 6 7 8 72 EUROPE France, Andorra & Monaco 1 2 3 4 76 E

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Champagne bottles are placed neck down into a freezing brine bath (bac à glace) , freezing only the bottle’s neck to form a plug that keeps the wine – and the bubbles – in bottle while sediments are removed. Épinal

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M B Reims Châlons- Douai en-Champagne Moulins Nevers Amiens Dunkerque Lille North Sea PARIS Work began on the 31-mile (50-km) Channel Tunnel in 1987. Earth was removed at the rate of 2400 tons (tonnes) a day until completion, seven years later. Around 10.5 million cu yards (8 million m) had been excavated. Channel Tunnel Arras Auxerre e Beauvais m m o

C e S in

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n ir a Alençon o

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h B 71 Normandie

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E Jersey Nantes sur-Yon la Rochelle la Roche- Guernsey Bretagne A St.-Brieuc On July 1, 1916, the British suffered 58,000 casualties on the opening day of Somme Offensive. Five months later, after advancing only a few miles, there had been 420,000 British, 200,000 French, and 500,000 German casualties. Île St.-Nazaire Quimper Belle Channel Islands Lorient 71 (UK crown dependency) Île d’Ouessant Brest 1 2 3 4 EUROPE 73 5 6 7 8 78 Bastia E

Sea

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The word denim comes from “de Nîmes,” this being the town where fabric was originally produced.

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71 Gijon Ferrol Avilés (Xixón) 0 km 100 A Coruña (La Coruña) 1 Oviedo 0 miles 100 Galicia Santiago de Compostela Lugo antábrica o C ñ ra i ille M d León Pontevedra or C Vigo Ourense o (Orense) ATLANTIC in h Emb. de Palencia M Ricobayo Viana do Castelo Chaves Braga Valladolid Póvoa de Varzim Bragança Guimarães Duero 2 48 OCEAN Matosinhos Zamora Porto Vila Real o Vila Nova de Gaia Dour SP Port has been produced in the Duoro Aveiro Viseu Salamanca Ávila Valley under strict regulation since l the 1750s. Brandy is added to the Coimbra tr a grape juice to fortify and Covilhã Cen Figueira da Foz Sistema strengthen the wine. PORTUGAL Plasencia Castelo Branco Tagus 3 Tagus Caldas da Rainha Cáceres

Santarém Portalegre a Sintra n ia Cascais Mérida ad G u LISBON Badajoz Setúbal Alcácer do Sal a Morena Portugal is one of the world’s largest Beja Sierr Sines G Córdoba

producers of cork and has regulations u ivir 4 48 a qu protecting cork trees dating back to 1320. d al i ad a Gu n a Sevilla Algarve u c í a Lagos Huelva a l Faro d Cabo de Olhão n Antequera São Vicente A Málaga El Puerto de Santa María

Gibraltar was seized by a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet Cádiz Marbella under Admiral Rooke in 1704. British sovereignty was Algeciras Gibraltar 5 then formalized in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, and (UK) Gibraltar eventually became a British colony in 1830. Ceuta (Spain) 52 MOROCCO

ABCD EUROPE 75

EFGH

Bay of Biscay 73 Santander FRANCE Donostia-San Sebastián Bilbao 1 Golfe du Vitoria-Gasteiz P y r e Lion Miranda Pamplona n de Ebro (Iruña) e ANDORRA e Figueres Logroño Huesca s Burgos E Girona (Gerona) b ro Cataluña Costa Brava Soria Lleida Terrassa Mataró S i Zaragoza Sabadell Barcelona 78 2 s t e m Reus L'Hospitalet de Llobregat a AINI b Tarragona Segovia é r Work continues on the Sagrada Família, i c Tortosa o Gaudi’s unfinished cathedral. Begun in MADRID 1882, the masterpiece is still Teruel without a roof. Getafe Cuenca o n a Menorca J ú i c c Castellón Palma Toledo a r n 3 e de la Plana Mallorca l a Valencia V

Albacete s Gandía í Ibiza Islas Baleares Ciudad Real a (Balearic Islands) P Elda Formentera Benidorm ra gu e Cieza Alicante (Alacant) S Linares Elche (Elx) Murcia Seat of many great civilizations Costa Blanca throughout history, the name 79 4 Jaén Lorca Mediterranean translates as “sea between the lands.” Cartagena Granada a a e evad S Sierra N n Almería a Motril e l n l So a Costa de r r i t e M e d ALGERIA 5 52

EFGH 76 EUROPE Germany & The Alpine States 1 2 3 4 100 80 E 100 POLAND Baltic Sea 0 km 0 miles During what became known as “The Berlin Airlift” a total of 2,326,406 tons (tonnes) of supplies were flown into Berlin over an 18-month period to break a Soviet blockade of the city. Frankfurt an der Oder Cottbus Early in the morning of Sunday, August 13, 1961, work began on the Berlin Wall, which would eventually run for 66 miles (107 km) between east and west Berlin, cutting through 192 streets.

e

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Bremerhaven

S

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T E North N A Duisburg The Kiel Canal is 61 miles (98 km) long and one of the busiest canals in world, with around 45,000 ships a year passing between the Baltic and the North Sea. Leverkusen Düsseldorf 71 Recklinghausen Aachen GERMANY 1 2 3 4 EUROPE 77 5 6 7 8

RY HUNGA 81 See Neusiedler Eisenstadt E

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The acrylic glass roof over the Olympic stadium in München (Munich) measures 914,940 sq ft (85,000 m), making it the biggest structure of its kind in world.

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Born in Salzburg on January 27, 1756, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was already writing music by the age of five, and at eleven he produced his first opera.

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Wiesbaden u Basel Thuner See Monthey J SWITZERLAND When it is completed in 2017, the Gotthard Base Tunnel will run for 35.5 miles (57 km) beneath the Lepontine Alps to become the longest tunnel in the world. Matterhorn Delémont Lake A

14,692ft (4478m)

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G L E B Neuchâtel FRANCE Yverdon 73 Saarbrücken Freiburg im Breisgau Genève Lausanne 5 6 7 8 78 EUROPE Italy 1 2 3 4 82 E SLOVAKIA & BOSNIA HUNGARY HERZEGOVINA CZECH REPUBLIC

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D i 77 t i a d r SLOVENIA San Marino formed in AD 301 is the oldest, and, at 24 sq mi (61 km), one of the smallest, republics in the world. A Pescara Udine o Ancona Ascoli Piceno AUSTRIA Trieste L’Aquila of Gulf

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