Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

■ NORWAY

TERJE LISLEVAND, ASBJØRN FOLVIK AND INGAR JOSTEIN ØIEN

Øvre Pasvik Nature Reserve (IBA 001), the largest virgin forest in Norway. (PHOTO: INGAR JOSTEIN ØIEN)

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 9,307 km2, equivalent to c.3% of the national land surface. This total does not include one offshore marine IBA in the Skagerrak Norway is situated in the north-western corner of Europe, between which is shared with Denmark, 61% of its area lying within the latitudes of 58°N and 71°N. It borders the North-east Atlantic Norwegian territory. This marine IBA does not feature further in Ocean, from the Skagerrak channel in the south to the Arctic Ocean this chapter; see Box 4 in the introductory chapter ‘Overview of in the north. The coastline, at 21,465 km, is very long, with many results’ for further discussion of marine IBAs identified in Europe, fjords and a vast number of islands, islets and skerries. Norway is and for further explanation of their treatment in this book. The very mountainous, covering an area of 323,759 km2, and is divided Arctic territories of Svalbard, Jan Mayen and Bjørnøya (Bear into 18 counties. In 1998, the human population numbered about Island) are also parts of Norwegian territory, but are covered by a 4,400,000 inhabitants, giving a density of about 13 persons/km2, the separate chapter within this inventory (see p. 533). lowest in continental Europe. The first pan-European IBA inventory (Grimmett and Jones A total of 52 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are identified in 1989) identified 49 IBAs in mainland Norway, of which 11 no longer mainland Norway in this inventory (Table 1, Map 1), covering meet the current (revised) IBA criteria (they are listed in Table 1).

Table 1. Summary of Important Bird Areas in Norway. 52 IBAs covering 9,307 km2 IBA 1989 code code International name National name Administrative region Area (ha) Criteria (see p. 11) 001 NO001 Øvre Pasvik Øvre Pasvik Finnmark 20,000 A3, B2 002 NO002 Neiden and Munkefjord Neiden and Munkefjord Finnmark 1,180 B1i 003 NO003 Varangerfjord Varangerfjord Finnmark 60,000 A1, A3, A4i, A4iii, B1i 004 NO004 Hornøy and Reinøy Hornøy and Reinøy Finnmark 200 A4i, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B3 005 NO005 Makkaurhalvøya (Syltefjordstauran) Makkaurhalvøya (Syltefjordstauran) Finnmark 11,600 A4i, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2 006 NO006 Kongsøy Kongsøy Finnmark 280 A4iii, B1i, B3 007 NO007 Tanamunningen Tanamunningen Finnmark 3,450 A4i, A4iii, B1i 008 NO008 Omgangsstauran Omgangsstauran Finnmark 780 A4i, A4iii, B1i 009 NO009 Sværholtklubben Sværholtklubben Finnmark 220 A4i, A4iii, B1i 010 NO011 Gjesværstappan Gjesværstappan Finnmark 720 A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2, B3 011 NO012 Hjelmsøy Hjelmsøy Finnmark 430 A4i, A4ii, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 012 NO010 Inner part of Porsanger Fjord Indre Porsangerfjord Finnmark 2,000 A1, A4i, A4iii, B1i, B3 013 NO013 Alta-Kautokeino watercourse Alta-Kautokeino watercourse Finnmark 30,000 B2 014 NO014 Loppa Loppa Finnmark 720 A4iii, B1ii, B2, B3 015 NO015 Nord-Fugløy Nord-Fugløy Troms 2,130 A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2 016 NO016 Sør-Fugløy Sør-Fugløy Troms 125 A1, A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2, B3 017 NO017 Sørkjosen Sørkjosen Troms 433 A4i, A4iii, B1i

509 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Table 1 ... continued. Summary of Important Bird Areas in Norway. 52 IBAs covering 9,307 km2 IBA 1989 code code International name National name Administrative region Area (ha) Criteria (see p. 11) 018 NO018 Bleiksøy Bleiksøy Nordland 20 A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2 019 NO019 Skogvoll (including Skarvklakken) Skogvoll (including Skarvklakken) Nordland 2,800 A1, B1i, B2 020 — Andøya Andøya Nordland 17,000 A4i, B1i 021 NO020 Anda Anda Nordland 10 A4iii, B2 022 — Langøya Langøya Nordland 20,000 A4i, B1i 023 NO021 Nykvåg Nykvåg Nordland 20 A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2 024 NO024 Værøy Værøy Nordland 500 A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2 025 NO025 Røst Røst Nordland 1,750 A4i, A4ii, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 026 NO026 Saltstraumen Saltstraumen Nordland 200 A1 027 — Fugløya Fugløya Nordland — A4iii 028 NO028 Svenningen–Risvær Svenningen–Risvær Nordland 15,000 A1 029 NO027 Lovunden Lovunden Nordland — A1, A4iii, B1ii, B2 030 NO029 Vega archipelago Vega archipelago Nordland 50,000 A1, A4i, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 031 — Sklinna Sklinna Nord-Trøndelag 106 A4i, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 032 NO034 Froan Froan Sør-Trøndelag 60,000 A1, A4i, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 033 NO033 Ørland wetland system Ørland Våtmarkssystem Sør-Trøndelag 2,920 A4i, B1i, B2 034 NO030 Inner Trondheimsfjord wetland system Indre Trondheimsfjord Våtmarkssystem Nord-Trøndelag 9,500 A4i, A4iii, B1i 035 — Lake Leksdalsvatn Leksdalsvatn Nord-Trøndelag 2,200 A4i, B1i 036 — Stjørdals Fjord Stjørdalsfjorden Nord-Trøndelag, Sør-Trøndelag 2,500 A4i, A4iii, B1i, B2 037 NO035 Gaulosen Gaulosen Sør-Trøndelag 330 A4i, B1i 038 NO036 Havmyran Havmyran Sør-Trøndelag 3,960 A1 039 NO037 Smøla archipelago Smøla archipelago Møre og Romsdal 27,400 A1, A4i, B1i, B1ii, B2 040 NO039 Runde Runde Møre og Romsdal 640 A4i, A4ii, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 041 NO040 Dovrefjell Dovrefjell Oppland, Sør-Trøndelag 50,000 A1, B2 042 NO041 Hardangervidda Hardangervidda Buskerud, Hordaland, Telemark 427,200 A1, A4i, B1i, B2, B3 043 — Kjørholmane seabird reserve Kjørholmane sjøfuglreservat Rogaland 600 A4i, B1i, B3 044 NO042 Jæren wetland system Jæren wetland system Rogaland 13,500 A1, B1i 045 — Lista wetland system Lista våtmarkssystem Vest-Agder 1,189 A4i, B1i, B2, B3 046 — Skjernøy, South Skerries Skjernøy, sør skjærgården Vest-Agder 100 A4i, B1i, B3 047 — Setesdal valley (southern part) Nedre Setesdal Aust-Agder 30,000 B2 048 — Lake Vannsjø Vannsjø Østfold 15,000 B2 049 — Aukerfjella Aukerfjella Østfold 30,000 B2 050 NO046 Nordre Øyeren and Sørumsneset Nordre Øyeren og Sørumsneset Akershus 7,504 A1, A4i, B1i, B2 051 — Vorma–Andelva Vorma–Andelva Akershus 40 A4i, B1i 052 — Lake Storsjøen Storsjøen i Odalen Hedmark 4,400 A4i, B1i Sites identified in the previous inventory of IBAs in Europe (Grimmett and Jones 1989) but no longer considered to be IBAs NO022 Grunnfjorden; NO023 Hovsflesa; NO031 Forramyrene; NO032 Tautra and Svaet; NO038 Sandblåstvågen/Gaustadvågen; NO043 Ilene and Presterødkilen wetland system; NO044 Kurefjorden; NO045 Øra; NO047 Dokkadeltaet; NO048 Akersvika; NO049 Lågendeltaet.

Two of the original sites (former sites NO010 and NO030) have 41 sites support 1% or more of the global, flyway or biogeographic been merged with new IBAs, of which 16 have been identified populations of 28 congregatory species, thus qualifying under (Table 1). Overall, the IBAs are situated mainly along the coast, criteria A4/B1 (Table 3), and two areas meet criterion A3 as biome- especially in the northern part of the country (Map 1). In the restricted assemblages of species (Table 1). southern part, two relatively large mountain areas (sites 041 A total of 108 species of European conservation concern and 042) have been identified, together with a few less extensive (SPECs) breed regularly in Norway (Tucker and Heath 1994). Of wetland sites and three larger wetland systems. these, four are of global conservation concern (Anser erythropus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Crex crex and Gallinago media) and 56 more have an unfavourable conservation status in Europe (Tucker and ORNITHOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE Heath 1994). The SPECs with a significant breeding population in Norway (on a European scale) are listed in Table 4, as well as the The list of Norwegian IBAs is dominated by seabird cliffs and other proportion that breed within the IBA network. A smaller number seabird colonies, and to a lesser degree by important staging areas of bird species regularly stage in Norway on migration, or winter, for migrating geese from the Svalbard populations (particularly but do not breed, there, including eight SPECs, of which Polysticta Branta leucopsis and Anser brachyrhynchus). Fifteen sites hold stelleri is the only one considered to be of global conservation significant numbers of five species of global conservation concern, concern. Norway has no endemic bird species. thus qualifying as IBAs under criterion A1 (Table 2). A total of Norway is especially important, in a European context, for two species of global conservation concern: the number of breeding Haliaeetus albicilla (c.1,500 pairs) and the number of wintering Table 2. Important Bird Areas in Norway that are important for species of global conservation concern (meeting criterion A1). Polysticta stelleri (8,000–15,000 birds) are the largest in any European country. Congregations of Haliaeetus albicilla are Species IBA code scattered all along the coast of northern Norway, and many more Anser erythropus 003, 012 sites are likely to support significant numbers of birds than the Lesser White-fronted Goose nine IBAs listed here (Table 2). Therefore, while further data are Polysticta stelleri Steller’s Eider 003 collected to identify these sites, wide-scale measures are needed to Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle 016, 019, 026, 028, 029, 030, 032, 038, 039 protect and conserve this species across the whole landscape, not Crex crex Corncrake 044 just in protected areas (Tucker and Evans 1997). Gallinago media Great Snipe 041, 042, 050 Apart from Øvre Pasvik (site 001), and three of the four sites chosen on the basis of the breeding numbers of Pandion haliaetus

510 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Map 1. Location, area and criteria category of Important Bird Areas in Norway.

10 11 9 8 6 5 15 14 4 16 7 3 12 19 18 NORWEGIAN 20 2 SEA 21 13 23 17 1 22

24 RUSSIA 25

27 26 28 29

0 150 300 30

km 31

33 SWEDEN 32 38 34 35 39 36 40 37 FINLAND

41

Highest category of criteria met by IBA 42 A (47 IBAs) 51 52 B (5 IBAs) Area of IBA (ha) 50 17,000 to 427,200 43 2,130 to 16,999 48 44 330 to 2,129 47 10 to 329 49 (and unknown) 46 45 SKAGERRAK

Table 3. Important Bird Areas in Norway that support important numbers of one or more congregatory species (i.e. meeting criteria A4 and/or B1). IBAs meeting both criteria A4 and B1 for the species are shown in bold. IBAs meeting only criterion B1 for the species concerned, and not A4, are shown in normal type. For key to ‘Season’, see p. 7. Species Season IBA code Species Season IBA code Gavia immer Great Northern Diver W 030, 039 Somateria spectabilis King Eider W 003, 004, Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe W 039 Polysticha stelleri Steller’s Eider W 003 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe B 035 Mergus serrator W 033, 039 W 044, 045 Red-breasted Merganser P 007 P 017, 034 N 032 Sula bassana Gannet B 040 Mergus merganser Goosander P 012 Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant R 032 N 007 B 006, 008, 030 Charadrius morinellus Dotterel B 042 W 033 Calidris canutus Knot P 012, 017 Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag R 032, 043 Calidris maritima Purple Sandpiper W 003, 030 B 025, 031, 040 Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit P 012 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan W 050, 051 Tringa totanus Redshank P 034 P 035, 052 Larus canus Common Gull B 036 Anser brachyrhynchus P 019, 020, 022, 034, 035, 037, 050 Larus fuscus B 045, 046 Pink-footed Goose Lesser Black-backed Gull Anser anser Greylag Goose P 045 Larus argentatus Herring Gull R 004 N 030, 039 Rissa tridactyla Kittiwake B 005, 008, 009, 011, 040 Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose P 030 Alca torda Razorbill B 004, 005, 010, 011, 014, 015, 016, 023, 024, Anas crecca Teal P 050 025, 040 Somateria mollissima Eider R 012, 036 Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot R 014, 016, 030, 031 B 030 B 025, 029, 039 W 002, 003, 007, 030, 033, 039 N 032 P 034, 036 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 010, 011, 014, 015, 016, 018, 023, 024, 025, N 030, 032, 033 040

511 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Table 4. Species of European conservation concern with Figure 1. Habitats at Important Bird Areas in Norway significant breeding populations at Important Bird Areas in (see Appendix 3 for definitions of habitats). Norway (meeting any IBA criteria). Minimum Proportion (%) of Wetland national breeding national population population breeding at all IBAs Rocky areas Species 1 (pairs) 2 in Norway Marine areas Gavia stellata Red-throated Diver 2,000 1 Sula bassana Gannet 3,500 1003 Grassland Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag 16,000 38 Scrub ³ ¹ Mergus albellus Smew 10 50 50% cover Artificial landscape ¹ Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle 1,600 3 5%–49% cover < 5% or unknown¹ Pandion haliaetus Osprey 150 20 Forest and woodland Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon 300 8 Crex crex Corncrake 70 23 0 10 2030 4050 60 70 80 Pluvialis apricaria Golden Plover 50,000 10 Percentage of IBAs (100% = 52 sites) Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper 1,500 <1 1. percentage of area of individual IBA covered by habitat Philomachus pugnax Ruff 10,000 3 Gallinago media Great Snipe 5,000 9 Norwegian coast is particularly important for Gavia adamsii—as Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel 10,000 3 well as Podiceps auritus, P. grisegena and several wildfowl species Tringa totanus Redshank 40,000 2 (Anatidae). In wetlands in forested and mountainous areas, Larus canus Common Gull 100,000 7 breeding waders are numerous (e.g. Calidris temminckii, Tringa Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull 25,000 28 nebularia, T. totanus, T. glareola, Philomachus pugnax, Numenius Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull 30,000 4 phaeopus and Phalaropus lobatus). Bogs and marshes cover about Alca torda Razorbill 20,000 1003 4.8% of the national land area, while freshwater lakes and ponds Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot 20,000 23 cover 5.4%. Fratercula arctica Puffin 2,000,000 92 About 37% of Norway (119,000 km2) is covered by forest, Perisoreus infaustus Siberian Jay 10,000 1 concentrated mainly in the south, of which 66,450 km2 was 1. Only those species of European conservation concern (see Box 1, p. 12) that meet IBA criteria in considered productive (in 1982). In the south-east, evergreen Norway are listed. coniferous forest of spruce Picea and pine Pinus predominates. 2. Data are taken from the BirdLife/EBCC European Bird Database 1998 (Heath and Borggreve 2000). Here, relatively common bird species include Aquila chrysaetos, 3. The percentage of the national population in IBAs exceeds 100%. Usually this is because the national population estimate has not been updated recently whilst the IBA population Tetrao tetrix, T. urogallus, Aegolius funereus, Picoides tridactylus, estimate has been recently updated with new data as a result of comprehensive surveys of Dendrocopos major, Dryocopus martius and Perisoreus infaustus. IBAs themselves. Also, the individual site count for a species may be the maximum or Deciduous woodlands of birch Betula are widespread in the average over recent years, and summing these may record more birds than are present nationally in any single year. subalpine zone above the coniferous belt, where Cuculus canorus, Luscinia svecica, Fringilla montifringilla and Emberiza schoeniclus are common. In total, 79% of the forest area in Norway is privately (B2 criterion; sites 047–049), Norwegian IBAs hardly cover any owned. productive forest. Norway supports good numbers, significant at The percentage cover of different habitats at Norwegian IBAs the European level, of several boreal species, among them raptors, has been only moderately well recorded (Figure 1), as a result of grouse, owls, woodpeckers and other typical forest birds which are inexact knowledge of the situation on the ground. Wetlands, rocky scarce or of conservation concern in a European context. However, areas and marine areas are the habitat-types most frequently due to the highly dispersed and non-overlapping distributions of registered at IBAs, at more than 70%, more than 50% and more these species, the identification of particularly important sites for than 40% of the sites respectively. individual species, or for species-rich assemblages of them, is difficult in the absence of a great deal of detailed and locality-specific data. The same also applies to several species of breeding wildfowl IMPACTS ON IBAs – LAND-USE AND THREATS (Anatidae) and wader (Scolopacidae). The dominant land-use in Norway is forestry. Large-scale agriculture is limited and restricted to the south-west and south- HABITATS east. Only about 3.6% of the national land area is arable but grazing, by sheep in the south and by domesticated reindeer in the Norway possesses a wide range of habitats. Hemi-boreal forests north, is widespread in forest and mountain areas. The long and shallow, nutrient-rich lakes are found in the south, while tundra coastline makes an ideal base for fisheries, both near-shore and and taiga (boreal forest) exist in the north. However, more than pelagic, which are indeed some of the most important industries in 70% of the terrain in Norway is mountainous (of which 50% is the country. exposed bedrock) or is otherwise of low productivity. The high Another offshore enterprise, but one which also has a significant mountain areas, even in the southern part of the country, are in influence on the land, is the oil industry. Mostly located off the many respects comparable ecologically with the tundra in the far south-western and western coasts of the country, oil and gas north. Key bird species in such habitats include Pluvialis apricaria, extraction is very important for the Norwegian economy. Recently, Charadrius morinellus, Calidris maritima, Lagopus lagopus, Lagopus plans have been launched for expanding this industry to the mutus, Plectrophenax nivalis and Calcarius lapponicus. northernmost sea areas. Potentially, this could have a negative effect The abundance of islands and islets along the coast provide on the many seabird colonies in this region. suitable habitat for numerous seabird colonies. In the south, gulls Figure 2 shows the land-uses recorded within Norwegian IBAs. (Larus canus, L. marinus, L. fuscus and L. argentatus) and terns Nature conservation/research is the most frequently recorded use (Sterna hirundo and S. paradisaea) are the most numerous species (occurring in 46% of the IBAs). Other frequent uses are fisheries/ in such colonies. In the north, Fratercula arctica, Uria aalge and aquaculture and recreation/tourism (both at c.33% of the sites), as Rissa tridactyla are the most numerous species, but the colonies well as agriculture (at 31%). are often larger and more localized to huge cliffs. From Figure 3 it is evident that disturbance to birds, recreation/ Of the various estuaries and other types of wetland, the deep tourism, and the extraction industry are the three most widespread fjords along the western coastline are less important for birdlife. or frequent threats (potential and actual) at Norwegian IBAs. However, the productive fjords of the Trøndelag counties and Disturbance and tourism/recreation are often correlated and would northern Norway, as well as the shallow seas along this coast, are be difficult to separate in any detailed consideration of threats. very important for divers (Gaviidae)—on a global scale the Because a high proportion of Norwegian IBAs are seabird colonies,

512 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Figure 2. Land-uses at Important Bird Areas in Norway is known to be a significant predator at many seabird colonies and (see Appendix 3 for definitions of land-uses). may thus be a threat in some cases. A rather common bird in most of southern Norway is Branta canadensis, introduced from North America between 1960 and 1980 for hunting purposes. Little is Nature conservation/research known about this species’ influence on native birds. Today, the Fisheries/aquaculture deliberate introduction of new species to Norway is strictly prohibited by law. Tourism/recreation

Agriculture PROTECTION STATUS Urban/industrial/transport

Hunting Table 5 and Figures 4 and 5 summarize the national and international protection status of Norwegian IBAs. Military

Not utilized ■ National protection The Ministry of Environment (Miljøverndepartementet) is the Unknown highest authority in questions concerning nature protection in Norway, but active responsibility is delegated largely to the Water management ¹ ³ 50% cover Directorate for Nature Management (Direktoratet for Forestry 5%–49% cover¹ Naturforvaltning). < 5% or unknown¹ Other Nature conservation areas in Norway are legally protected by three Nature Conservation Acts (in 1910, 1953 and 1970). They 0 51525354510 20 3040 50 fall mainly into the following three categories (Anon. 1995): Percentage of IBAs (100% = 52 sites) 1. percentage of area of individual IBA covered by land-use 1. National Parks These are relatively large, natural areas, little influenced by human activities, normally situated on land originally owned by the state fisheries may perhaps be the most serious threat at these areas. In (can sometimes include areas of adjacent privately-owned land). the past, over-exploitation of fish stocks has caused dramatic All parts of the environment and landscape are protected against declines in several seabird populations along the coast of northern human disturbance, pollution and other human operations. At Norway, especially Uria aalge and Fratercula arctica. On the other present, 18 National Parks have been established in Norway, hand, industrial fishing has probably had positive effects (through covering an area of 13,788 km2 (4.3% of the total land area). the production of discards) on some seabird populations, e.g. Fulmarus glacialis and Sula bassana, which have shown marked 2. Nature Reserves population increases in the last few decades. Nevertheless, These are normally relatively small, untouched areas established sustainable management of the fish stocks is crucial for most of the to protect special types of nature or animals. Examples are forest seabird colonies listed in this inventory. reserves, wetland reserves and bird sanctuaries. This is the Aquaculture is a widespread industry along the Norwegian highest level of protection under the Nature Conservation Act, coast. Because of newly established national regulations which aim and may often involve strict restrictions on human activities. to prevent the escape of farmed fish into the wild fish population, There are 1,293 Nature Reserves, covering 2,289 km 2 (0.7% of total the fish farms now have to be equipped with extra nets outside land area). the farm itself. Recent information indicates that this may cause some bycatch of seabirds, especially seaduck such as Somateria 3. Landscape Protection Areas mollissima. If so, aquaculture may have a direct impact on the key These are mainly areas with natural and cultural landscapes where birds at several IBAs along the Norwegian coast. Thus, reliable the landscape itself is the reason for the protection status. and detailed information on this potential threat is clearly Traditional use of the landscape is not prohibited, as long as this needed. do not significantly change the character of the landscape. This is Introduced animals have not been commonly reported as the lowest form of protection under the Nature Conservation Act. posing a significant threat to birds in Norway or at IBAs, but There are 82 Landscape Protection Areas, covering 4,671 km 2 (1.4% American mink Mustela lutreola (originally escaped from fur-farms) of total land area).

Figure 3. Threats at Important Bird Areas in Norway (see Appendix 3 for definitions of threat types and impact categories).

Disturbance to birds Recreation/tourism Extraction industry Aquaculture/fisheries Filling-in of wetlands Industrialization/urbanization Other Infrastructure Consequences of animal/plant introductions Agricultural intensification/expansion Unsustainable exploitation Drainage Deforestation (commercial) Unknown Construction/impact of dyke/dam/barrage High impact Intensified forest management Dredging/canalization Medium to low impact Natural events Unknown impact Groundwater abstraction Abandonment/reduction of land management 010203051525354540 50 Percentage of IBAs (100% = 52 sites)

513 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Figure 4. The national protection status of Important Bird Areas Figure 5. The international protection status of Important Bird in Norway. Areas in Norway.

Partial 2 IBAs (4%) Low None High 1 IBA (2%) 15 IBAs (29%) None 19 IBAs (36%) 49 IBAs (94%)

% of area of % of area of individual individual IBA overlaps IBA overlaps with national with international protected areas: protected areas: High >90% High >90% Partial 10–90% Partial 10–90% Low <10% Low <10% Partial None Low None 5 IBAs (10%) 13 IBAs (25%) Total area of overlap between IBA network in Norway and national protected-area Total area of overlap between IBA network in Norway and international protected-area system (see Table 5 for categories) = 4,584–4,912 km2 (49–53% of total IBA area). system (see Table 5 for categories) = 83 km2 (1% of total IBA area).

Table 5. Protection status of Important Bird Areas in Norway. A tick (✔) indicates that an IBA overlaps with a protected area (to any extent).

National Inter- National Inter- national national

IBA International IBA International

code name National Park Nature Reserve Flora and Fauna Protection Area Landscape Protection Area Ramsar Site code name National Park Nature Reserve Flora and Fauna Protection Area Landscape Protection Area Ramsar Site 001 Øvre Pasvik ✔✔ 027 Fugløya 002 Neiden and Munkefjord ✔ 028 Svenningen–Risvær 003 Varangerfjord ✔ 029 Lovunden 004 Hornøy and Reinøy ✔ 030 Vega archipelago ✔ 005 Makkaurhalvøya (Syltefjordstauran) ✔ 031 Sklinna 006 Kongsøy ✔ 032 Froan ✔✔✔ 007 Tanamunningen ✔ 033 Ørland wetland system ✔✔ 008 Omgangsstauran ✔ 034 Inner Trondheimsfjord wetland system ✔✔ 009 Sværholtklubben ✔ 035 Lake Leksdalsvatn ✔✔ 010 Gjesværstappan ✔ 036 Stjørdals Fjord 011 Hjelmsøy ✔ 037 Gaulosen ✔✔ 012 Inner part of Porsanger fjord ✔✔038 Havmyran ✔ 013 Alta-Kautokeino watercourse 039 Smøla archipelago 014 Loppa ✔ 040 Runde ✔ 015 Nord-Fugløy ✔ 041 Dovrefjell ✔✔ ✔ 016 Sør-Fugløy 042 Hardangervidda ✔ 017 Sørkjosen 043 Kjørholmane seabird reserve ✔ 018 Bleiksøy 044 Jæren wetland system ✔✔✔ 019 Skogvoll (including Skarvklakken) ✔ 045 Lista wetland system ✔✔✔ 020 Andøya 046 Skjernøy, South Skerries ✔ 021 Anda 047 Setesdal valley (southern part) 022 Langøya 048 Lake Vannsjø ✔ 023 Nykvåg 049 Aukerfjella ✔ 024 Værøy 050 Nordre Øyeren and Sørumsneset ✔✔ 025 Røst ✔ 051 Vorma–Andelva 026 Saltstraumen 052 Lake Storsjøen Subtotal of IBAs 1 16 0 0 1 Total number of IBAs 3 32 5 5 3

A network of wardens has been established in all of the Norwegian Box 1. International legislation Global National Parks, as well as in many of the mountain areas owned and initiatives that are Biodiversity Convention ✔ by the state; other protected areas are also under varying degrees relevant to site conservation in Ramsar Convention ✔ of direct supervision. Norway (see Appendix 1 for a Bonn Convention ✔ There are no privately-owned nature reserves in Norway. The general description of these World Heritage Convention ✔ protection of Norwegian IBAs, through their overlap with areas agreements). MAB Programme ✔ protected by national law, is shown in Figure 4. A substantial Pan-European minority of the IBAs (36%) have no such protection. Bern Convention ✔ ✔ Convention ratified/initiative supported ■ International protection (✔) Convention signed Norway is party to all of the international agreements that are relevant to the protection of sites for nature conservation (Box 1). such international legislation (Figure 5). Three Norwegian IBAs Table 5 and Figure 5 summarize the situation with respect to the overlap with Ramsar Sites (Table 5), while two IBAs lie within the IBAs. In general, few of the IBAs overlap with sites protected under European network of Biogenetic Reserves (020 and 041).

514 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

CONSERVATION • A lack of data/time has prevented a full analysis and identification of sites that hold significant numbers of species • The national populations of several bird species are monitored of European conservation concern (thus meeting the B2/B3 annually in Norway through projects conducted by the criteria). Exceptions are Falco rusticolus and Pandion haliaetus, Norwegian Ornithological Society (NOF)—a yearly census of which have been reasonably well covered by this inventory, as passerines since 1994, conservation projects on Anser erythropus well as some species that are already well covered by other since 1990, on Haliaeetus albicilla since 1974, and on Crex crex criteria, such as Sula bassana, Aythya marila (winter), Polysticta since 1995. Additionally, in cooperation with NOF, the stelleri (winter), Haliaeetus albicilla and Fratercula arctica. The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) performs detailed breeding distributions of Gallinago media and Limicola annual monitoring surveys of many seabird populations, and falcinellus are not yet known well enough to identify B2 sites for has recently also started a programme to monitor several species them, but it is important that further work is done to map such of bird and other organisms in different habitats. sites. The majority of other species that could potentially meet • At present, the Directorate for Nature Management (in litt.) is B2/B3 criteria in Norway, for example Gavia stellata, Tringa considering several new areas for inclusion in the national List totanus and Perisoreus infaustus, have such widespread or of Ramsar Sites, and NOF has encouraged this work with a scattered distributions that identification of qualifying sites (on request to include all the relevant IBAs. the basis of current information) would be difficult. • The Norwegian government is presently considering plans for extending the system of nature-protection areas (Anon. 1997), and will before 2008 evaluate 17 new sites for GLOSSARY National Park status, 17 sites for Landscape Protection Area status, and one (large) site for Nature Reserve status. In addition, fjord a steep-sided coastal valley, created by the erosive action of glaciers and an expansion in area will be considered for 14 established then subsequently flooded with seawater. National Parks. In total, these proposals could increase the NINA Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning (Norwegian Institute for Nature protected-area system in Norway to cover 10–15% of the Research). national land area. NOF Norsk Ornitologisk Forening (Norwegian Ornithological Society), the • Most existing protected areas in Norway have a management BirdLife Partner for Norway and Svalbard. plan. øy an island. skjær (skerry) a small islet or rocky reef in the sea, exposed at low tide.

ANALYTICAL METHODS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • All estimates of the national population size of bird species are taken from Gjershaug et al. (1994), and are of variable quality. We thank all the persons who in different ways have helped us with the data- • Data for breeding seabirds are of good quality and refer to data collection during the work on the Norwegian IBA inventory. A special thanks from censuses performed mostly by NINA and NOF personnel. to the following local IBA coordinators: Jon Bekken, Knut Eie, Alv Ottar Several species are surveyed annually in this way. Folkestad, Roar Frølandshagen, Karl-Otto Jacobsen, Magne Myklebust, Knut • The inventory has focused little on marine (non-land) sites S. Olsen, Tormod Røed, Morten Stokke, Per Inge Værnesbranden and Arve because the data on bird numbers and distribution at sea are Østlyngen. In addition, Odd Frydenlund Steen, Jan E. Gunnersen, Roy not easily available. However, several marine sites will probably Nordbakke and Jo Ranke provided important information about Pandion meet the IBA criteria, and analyzing the data to identify haliaetus in Norway, making it possible to select the B2 sites for that species. important offshore concentrations of seabirds should be given Odd Frydenlund Steen also kindly provided the population estimate for Falco high priority in the future. rusticolus at Hardangervidda. Information provided by Jon Atle Kålås made • Except for Gallinago media, population data for the species of it clear that selection of B2 sites for Gallinago media would be premature. global conservation concern are very reliable and are based on Finally Tycho Anker-Nilssen, Morten Ekker and Trond Haugskott all made information from special projects performed by NOF. important contributions by providing various sorts of information about the • Where IBAs are selected due to the particularly high abundance sites that have been selected. The work was financially supported by the of some species, these numbers are reliable and are based on Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management and by the environmental recent counts, unless otherwise stated. departments at the County Governorates.

■ SITE ACCOUNTS

global conservation concern which, however, does not meet IBA Øvre Pasvik A3, B2 001 criteria). Admin region Finnmark Coordinates 69°05’N 29°00’E Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Altitude 0–338 m Area 20,000 ha 1 Mergus albellus Smew B 1998 5 10 — A3 2 Limicola falcinellus B— — ——B2 ■ Broad-billed Sandpiper Site description Lymnocryptes minimus Jack Snipe B 1998 Uncommon — A3 This is the largest virgin forest in Norway, close to the border with 3 Surnia ulula Hawk Owl B 1998 Frequent — A3 Russia and Finland. The landscape is flat, with some ridges, and is 3 Strix nebulosa Great Grey Owl B 1998 1 5 C A3 covered by boreal coniferous forest (this being the westernmost limit Bombycilla garrulus Waxwing B 1998 Frequent — A3 of the Siberian taiga) and mires, with numerous fish-rich lakes. 4 Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler B 1998 Rare — A3 Parus cinctus Siberian Tit R 1998 Common — A3 Habitats Forest and woodland (80%; native coniferous forest), Wetland (standing fresh Perisoreus infaustus Siberian Jay R 1998 50 — — A3 water; river/stream; raised bog) Fringilla montifringilla Brambling B 1998 Common — A3 Land-use Forestry (20%), Hunting, Military (10%), Nature conservation/research (10%), Pinicola enucleator Pine Grosbeak B 1998 Uncommon — A3 Tourism/recreation (10%) 1. Along the Pasvik river. 2. Occasionally seen; probably breeding. ■ 3. Breeds especially in years when small rodents are abundant. Birds 4. May breed every year in small numbers. Breeding species include at least 10 of the 15 species in Europe that are restricted to the boreal biome (when breeding)—an eleventh such species, Emberiza rustica, may also breed irregularly—as well as a wide ■ Protection status variety of wildfowl and waders, and Haliaeetus albicilla (a species of National Partial International None

515 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

6,660 ha of IBA covered by National Park (Øvre Pasvik, 6,660 ha). island and the mainland. Ekkerøy comprises the southern and eastern 1,910 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Pasvik, 1,910 ha). half of the Store Ekkerøy peninsula, just east of Vadsø, and includes steep 50 m high cliffs. On the north side of the peninsula, the peaty ■ Conservation issues ground slopes less steeply towards the sea and is covered in heathland. There is some sheep-grazing and collecting of gulls’ eggs on the Threats Disturbance to birds (U), Infrastructure (B), Intensified forest management (B), peninsula. Skjåholmen is a small island in the innermost part of the Recreation/tourism (U) Varangerfjord. It is c.3 km long and 500–600 m wide, and is surrounded There is some logging and re-afforestation. Plans for a road in the by sandy beaches and large expanses of shallow water. Skjåholmen is area, cutting through the Pasvik valley to Finland, are currently used for hunting, recreation, egg-collection and reindeer-herding. shelved. Two administratively-protected forest areas (state-owned) lie Habitats Scrub (heathland), Wetland (shingle/stony beach), Marine areas (sea inlet/ within the IBA. Plans to extend the National Park exist. The Nature coastal features), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Reserve is adjacent to the Pasvik Zapovednik across the border in Land-use Agriculture, Fisheries/aquaculture, Tourism/recreation, Urban/industrial/transport Russia, and the Norwegian and Russian authorities have cooperated in planning these protected areas. ■ Birds Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Neiden and Munkefjord B1i 002 1 Anser erythropus P 1998 — 60 — A1 Admin region Finnmark Lesser White-fronted Goose Somateria mollissima Eider W 1989 5,000 6,000 — B1i Coordinates 69°40’N 29°35’E Somateria spectabilis King Eider W — 1,500 7,500 — A4i, B1i Altitude 0–0 m Area 1,180 ha Polysticta stelleri Steller’s Eider W — 10,000 112,000 — A1, A4i, B1i Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Buzzard B — — — — A3 ■ Site description Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon R — — — — A3 Calidris minuta Little Stint B — — — — A3 The estuaries of the Neidenelva and Munkelva rivers. The Neidenelva Calidris temminckii Temminck’s Stint B — — — — A3 river is broad and calm, and the estuary has high terraces and Calidris maritima Purple Sandpiper W 1989 1,000 1,000 — A4i, B1i numerous sandbanks. Munkefjorden is a shallow bay (mostly <10 m Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit B — — — — A3 deep), lying south of the Neiden estuary. Huge intertidal flats are Stercorarius longicaudus B— — ——A3 exposed at low tide. Other habitats include coastal meadows, Long-tailed Skua saltmarshes and farms. Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit B — — — — A3 Carduelis hornemanni Arctic Redpoll B — — — — A3 Habitats Forest and woodland, Wetland (tidal river/enclosed tidal water; mudflat/ Calcarius lapponicus Lapland Bunting B — — — — A3 sandflat; saltmarsh) Plectrophenax nivalis Snow Bunting B — — — — A3 Land-use Fisheries/aquaculture, Tourism/recreation 1. At Skjåholmen in spring and autumn (one of the most important passage sites in Norway). About 80–90% of the European wintering population of Polysticta ■ Birds stelleri gathers offshore, some on the fjord off Nesseby but mostly further east. Even in summer up to 1,000 birds remain in the area. Somateria Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria spectabilis and Somateria mollissima also winter in important numbers, Somateria mollissima Eider W 1998 3,000 — — B1i as does Calidris maritima in the tidal zone. Breeding species include at Several species of seaduck sometimes occur in large concentrations, e.g. least 10 of the 32 species in Europe that are restricted to the Arctic/ Clangula hyemalis (max. 4,000 in spring) and Mergus merganser (max. tundra biome (when breeding)—an eleventh such species, Aythya marila, 2,000 in August). In spring there are high numbers of staging waders, may also breed. In spring, the area is an important staging ground for especially Limosa lapponica (max. 500) and Calidris canutus (max. 2,500), migrating waders, especially Calidris canutus, and there are also good and about 200 Calidris maritima winter in the area. The area supports numbers of waders in autumn, e.g. Calidris alpina (max. 10,000 birds). one of the largest concentrations of divers in Norway, especially during Haliaeetus albicilla (a species of global conservation concern) is resident spring, with up to 100 Gavia stellata and up to 400 Gavia arctica. in the Ekkerøy area (although in numbers too small to meet IBA criteria), and breeding colonies of Rissa tridactyla are also notable on ■ Protection status Ekkerøy (c.20,000 pairs) and Ranvika (c.10,000 pairs). National High International None 1,180 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Neiden and Munkefjord, ■ Protection status 1,180 ha). National Low International None 160 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Ekkerøya, 160 ha). ■ Conservation issues ■ Conservation issues Threats Unknown Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (U), Disturbance to birds (U), Extraction industry (U), Threat status is not known. Recreation/tourism (U) Bycatch of Polysticta stelleri and other seaduck by commercial fisheries has been suspected, but good data on this issue are lacking from the Varangerfjord A1, A3, A4i, A4iii, B1i 003 area. Careful examination of this possible problem should be given Admin region Finnmark priority. Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative Coordinates 70°12’N 29°52’E impact on coastal and marine birds. From 1996 Skjåholmen was Altitude 0–53 m Area 60,000 ha included in a study by NOF on Anser erythropus.

■ Site description The site is an Arctic shoreline, and includes a relatively small proportion Hornøy and Reinøy A4i, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B3 004 of shallow sea offshore. A main road runs along the coast, and two Admin region Finnmark towns, Vadsø and Vardø, lie in the area. Important localities within the Coordinates 70°24’N 31°10’E IBA are (1) Nesseby (treated as subsite NO003-1 in the previous pan- Altitude 0–65 m Area 200 ha European IBA inventory of Grimmett and Jones 1989; 70°10’N 28°50’E; 74 ha), (2) Vadsøy and Vadsøysundet (former subsite NO003-2; 70°05 ’N 29°45’E; 120 ha), (3) Ekkerøy (former subsite NO003-3; 70°05’N ■ Site description 30°10’E; 160 ha), and (4) Skjåholmen (71°20’N 28°45’E; 1,500 ha). The site comprises the grass-covered islands of Hornøya and Reinøya Nesseby is a broad tidal bay with shallow water. ‘Vadsøy and and islets of Prestholmen and Lille Avløysinga (totalling c.150 ha of Vadsøysundet’ consist of the eastern part of Vadsøy island and the bay land) plus c.50 ha of intervening sea. The western part of Hornøya is (with extensive intertidal flats and shallow subtidal water) between the 65 m high, with steep cliffs facing westward, while the eastern part is

516 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway flat. Reinøya has no steep cliffs. Hornøya is the easternmost point of Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative impact Norway at 31°10’E; there is a lighthouse at its northern end. About on coastal and marine birds. 10,000–30,000 eggs of Larus argentatus are collected per year. Hornøya is owned by Vardø municipality and the Lighthouse Department, while Prestholmen belongs to the vicar in Vardø. Kongsøy A4iii, B1i, B3 006 Habitats Scrub (heathland), Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (shingle/ Admin region Finnmark stony beach), Marine areas (25%; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Coordinates 70°44’N 29°30’E Land-use Nature conservation/research, Other Altitude 0–99 m Area 280 ha

■ Birds ■ Site description Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Kongsøy is a large, grass-covered island with steep cliffs. Helløy and 1 Somateria spectabilis King Eider W 1990 2,000 3,000 — A4i, B1i Skarvholmen are low-lying islands with minimal vegetation. This site 2 Larus argentatus Herring Gull R 1989 50,000 50,000 — A4i, B1i comprises 75 ha of land and 205 ha of sea. Gulls’ eggs are collected Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull R 1997 600 700 — B3 by people from Kongsfjord and Berlevåg. Alca torda Razorbill B 1997 250 250 — B1ii Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (shingle/stony 1. Maximum February–April. 2. The largest colony in Europe. beach), Marine areas (73%; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) The islands hold the largest colony of Larus argentatus in Europe, as Land-use Other well as many thousands of pairs of a wide range of other breeding seabirds, e.g. Rissa tridactyla (at least 20,000 pairs). Polysticta stelleri is common from January to April in large, dense flocks (totalling more ■ Birds than 400 birds). Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant B 1989 600 600 A B1i ■ Protection status Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag B 1989 400 400 A B3 National High International None 200 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Hornøya and Reinøya, A breeding colony of Rissa tridactyla (c.18,000 pairs) is nationally 800 ha). important.

■ Conservation issues ■ Protection status National High International None Threats Extraction industry (U) 280 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Kongsøyene, 280 ha). Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative impact on coastal and marine birds. Entry to the Nature Reserve is not allowed ■ Conservation issues between 1 April and 15 August. Threats Extraction industry (U) Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative impact on coastal and marine birds. Makkaurhalvøya A4i, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2 005 (Syltefjordstauran) Admin region Finnmark Coordinates 70°35’N 30°30’E Tanamunningen A4i, A4iii, B1i 007 Altitude 0–200 m Area 11,600 ha Admin region Finnmark Coordinates 70°30’N 28°27’E Altitude 0–20 m Area 3,450 ha ■ Site description This is a coastline with steep cliffs and several rocky pillars, plunging 200 m into the sea from a montane plateau. About 250 ha of the IBA ■ Site description area is sea, the rest is land. Four salmon fisheries (aquaculture) are The large estuary of the Tana river in the Tanafjord, with extensive situated in the area. areas of shallow water, intertidal sand and gravel-banks, and subarctic coastal meadows. The biggest banks and meadows are east of the main Habitats Scrub (heathland), Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (shingle/ river course. Høyholmen is a grass-covered islet in the estuary. stony beach), Marine areas (2%; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Leirpollen is a small cove to the east. Land-use Fisheries/aquaculture Habitats Grassland (5%; alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (95%; tidal river/ enclosed tidal water; mudflat/sandflat) ■ Birds Land-use Hunting Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria 1 Sula bassana Gannet B 1990 450 450 A B2 2 Rissa tridactyla Kittiwake B 1997 140,000 140,000 A A4i, B1i ■ Birds Alca torda Razorbill B 1985 1,200 1,200 A B1ii Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria 1. The northernmost colony in the world and the only one in Finnmark. Somateria mollissima Eider W 1989 4,000 — — B1i 2. The largest colony in Norway. 1 Mergus serrator P 1989 1,500 — — B1i Together with Hjelmsøya, these cliffs support the largest, most varied Red-breasted Merganser and most important seabird colonies in Finnmark. This is the largest 2 Mergus merganser Goosander N 1989 27,000 27,000 — A4i, B1i colony in Norway of Uria aalge (formerly 12,000 pairs in 1985 but 1. Daily maximum. had declined to 2,500 pairs by 1997). Good numbers of seaduck occur 2. Moulting (mainly males). offshore in winter. A very important site for seaduck outside the breeding season. Most males of the north-western European population of Mergus merganser ■ Protection status gather to moult here, or move here after moulting at fjords in National High International None Finnmark, in August–September. Unfortunately no reliable counts 11,600 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Makkaurhalvøya, of this species have been made since the late 1980s. The number may 11,600 ha). be much lower now, possibly below 10,000 individuals. Species of global conservation concern which do not meet IBA criteria: ■ Conservation issues Haliaeetus albicilla (common non-breeder in spring and summer; max. 7 on passage). The delta is also a notable staging ground for Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (U), Extraction industry (U) migrating geese (especially Anser fabalis), ducks and waders; other

517 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway notable species are Falco rusticolus (frequently seen in spring and ■ Conservation issues summer) and Calidris maritima (up to 500 in winter). Threats Extraction industry (U) ■ Protection status Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative impact National High International None on coastal and marine birds. 3,360 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Tanamunningen, 3,360 ha).

■ Conservation issues Gjesværstappan A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2, B3 010 Threats Disturbance to birds (U), Extraction industry (U), Infrastructure (U) Admin region Finnmark Coordinates 71°10’N 25°20’E Reasons for any possible decline in moulting Mergus merganser are not Altitude 0–280 m Area 720 ha known, and a new census of the birds in the area is urgently needed. A planned harbour (for the mining industry) adjacent to the Nature Reserve may have a negative impact on birds and habitats in the area, but may ■ Site description also reduce the existing boat traffic at the site (which currently may Three steep, grass-covered islands: Storstappen, Kjerkestappen and cause disturbance to birds). The area is proposed as a Ramsar Site. Bukkstappen. Land covers 170 ha of the site, the rest being sea.

Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Marine areas (76%; sea inlet/ coastal features), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Omgangsstauran A4i, A4iii, B1i 008 Land-use Nature conservation/research Admin region Finnmark Coordinates 70°55’N 28°30’E ■ Birds Altitude 0–278 m Area 780 ha Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria 1 Sula bassana Gannet B 1997 350 500 A B2 ■ Site description 2 Alca torda Razorbill B — 4,500 4,500 A B1ii, B3 A stretch of coastline with steep cliffs. Land covers 390 ha of the site, 3 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1990 400,000 400,000 A A4ii, B1ii, B2 the rest being sea. 1. Breeding since 1988. 2. 2,500 pairs in 1980s. Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (shingle/stony beach), 3. The second-largest colony in Norway (most are on Storstappen). Marine areas (50%; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Cliff-breeding seabirds nest mainly on Storstappen. Land-use Nature conservation/research ■ Protection status ■ Birds National High International None Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria 720 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Gjesværstappan, 720 ha). Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant B 1989 100 1,000 A B1i ■ 1 Rissa tridactyla Kittiwake B 1997 35,000 35,000 A A4i, B1i Conservation issues 1. 74,000 pairs in 1985. Threats Extraction industry (U) The cliffs are important for breeding seabirds. Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative impact on coastal and marine birds. ■ Protection status National High International None 780 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Omgangsstauran, 780 ha). Hjelmsøy A4i, A4ii, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 011 Admin region Finnmark ■ Conservation issues Coordinates 71°05’N 24°45’E Threats Extraction industry (U) Altitude 0–219 m Area 430 ha Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative impact on coastal and marine birds. ■ Site description A large island with steep cliffs on its northernmost peninsula. Land covers 220 ha of the site, the rest being sea. Sværholtklubben A4i, A4iii, B1i 009 Habitats Scrub (heathland), Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland Admin region Finnmark (shingle/stony beach), Marine areas (49%; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (sea Coordinates 70°58’N 26°40’E cliff/rocky shore) Altitude 0–170 m Area 220 ha Land-use Nature conservation/research

■ Site description ■ Birds A peninsula jutting into the sea, with steep cliffs. Land covers 70 ha Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria of the site, the rest being sea. Rissa tridactyla Kittiwake B — 50,000 50,000 A A4i, B1i 1 Alca torda Razorbill B 1995 10,000 10,000 A A4ii, B1ii, B3 Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (shingle/stony beach), 2 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1996 60,000 60,000 A A4ii, B1ii, B2 Marine areas (68%; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) 1. Second largest colony in Norway; 7,000 in 1980s. Land-use Nature conservation/research 2. 20,000 in 1980s. An important site for breeding seabirds. ■ Birds ■ Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Protection status 1 Rissa tridactyla Kittiwake B 1997 20,000 25,000 A A4i, B1i National High International None 430 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Hjelmsøystauran, 430 ha). 1. 48,000 pairs in 1985. The cliffs are important for breeding seabirds. ■ Conservation issues Threats Extraction industry (U) ■ Protection status National High International None Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative impact 220 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Sværholtklubben, 220 ha). on coastal and marine birds.

518 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

■ Birds Inner part of Porsanger Fjord A1, A4i, A4iii, 012 Admin region Finnmark B1i, B3 Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Coordinates 70°10’N 24°40’E Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon B 1989 0 5 — B2 Altitude 0–50 m Area 2,000 ha The valley is rich in breeding raptors; nine species are present, but no recent estimates of numbers are available. ■ Site description An area of huge mudflats, grassy shorelines, saltmarshes, mires and ■ Protection status birch Betula forest, close to Stabbursneset headland. Heathland National None International None dominates on the islands. There is some traditional egg-collecting by local inhabitants, and harvesting of cloudberries Rubus chamaemorus ■ Conservation issues on the islands. Goose hunting takes place, mainly of Anser fabalis. Threats Disturbance to birds (B), Recreation/tourism (U) The area includes ‘Stabbursneset’, a site (the former NO010) in the previous pan-European IBA inventory (Grimmett and Jones 1989). The river has been dammed, creating a 20 km long lake which has destroyed a large area of valuable wetland habitat, including Habitats Scrub (heathland), Wetland (tidal river/enclosed tidal water; mudflat/sandflat; raised bog) broadleaved riverine forest of birch Betula. Land-use Hunting, Nature conservation/research, Other

■ Birds Loppa A4iii, B1ii, B2, B3 014 Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Admin region Finnmark Anser erythropus N 1996 50 70 A A1 Coordinates 70°22’N 21°24’E Lesser White-fronted Goose Altitude 0–289 m Area 720 ha 1 Somateria mollissima Eider R 1998 2,500 5,000 A B1i 2 Mergus merganser Goosander P 1998 3,000 4,000 A A4i, B1i 2,3 Calidris canutus Knot P 1989 25,000 60,000 A A4i, B1i ■ Site description Philomachus pugnax Ruff B 1998 200 — A B3 An island with cliffs and steep slopes, covered by grassland, bog and 2 Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit P 1998 1,000 4,000 A A4i, B1i heath. The nearest large village is Øksfjord, about 35 km east of Loppa, Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel B 1998 300 — A B3 on the mainland. 1. 10,000 in winter. 2. Spring. Habitats Forest and woodland (5%; broadleaved deciduous forest), Scrub (30%; 3. Numbers fluctuate from year to year. heathland), Grassland (30%; alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (5%; shingle/ stony beach), Marine areas (5%; open sea), Rocky areas (20%; sea cliff/rocky shore), Valdakmyra is an important staging ground for almost the entire Artificial landscape (5%; urban parks/gardens) Norwegian breeding population of Anser erythropus, both in spring Land-use Agriculture (5%), Fisheries/aquaculture (5%), Nature conservation/research (30%), (May–June) and autumn (July–September), the species having declined Not utilized (60%) dramatically in Fennoscandia since the 1940s. The huge flocks of staging Calidris canutus in late May are a spectacular sight, foraging on the sandbanks exposed at low tide before continuing their migration to ■ Birds Greenland and northern Canada. Some of these birds are the same as Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria those staging at Sørkjosen (IBA 017) in Troms. Wildfowl and other Alca torda Razorbill B 1997 2,000 3,000 B B1ii, B3 waders, both breeding in the area or on migration, are also numerous in Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot R 1993 20 500 B B1ii, B2 Limosa lapponica spring, e.g. (up to several hundred on passage). Good Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1993 10,000 14,000 A B1ii numbers of Somateria mollissima (10,000) and Melanitta nigra (3,000) gather to moult offshore after the breeding season. Species of global The island has an important seabird colony, which greatly exceeds conservation concern that do not meet IBA criteria: Haliaeetus albicilla 10,000 pairs in total. (1–2 pairs breed elsewhere but forage in the area in spring and summer). ■ Protection status ■ Protection status National Partial International None National Partial International Partial 245 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Loppa, 245 ha). 1,620 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Stabbursneset, 1,620 ha). 1,620 ha of IBA covered by Ramsar Site (Stabbursneset, 1,620 ha). ■ Conservation issues Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (B), Disturbance to birds (B), Extraction industry (U) ■ Conservation issues Planned oil production in the Barents Sea may have a negative impact Threats Disturbance to birds (U) on coastal and marine birds. The Nature Reserve includes the steep Stabbursnes Nature Reserve consists of 14 km2 of water/mudflats and cliffs on the north-west side. c.2.2 km2 of land. All human traffic is prohibited at Valdakmyra (part of the Nature Reserve, c.3.5–4.0 km2) between 1 May and 30 June. The staging Anser erythropus have been monitored regularly since 1971, and Nord-Fugløy A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2 015 yearly since 1990 by NOF and the Norwegian Institute for Nature Admin region Troms Research. Coordinates 70°16’N 20°13’E Altitude 0–750 m Area 2,130 ha

Alta-Kautokeino watercourse B2 013 ■ Site description Admin region Finnmark An island with cliffs and steep slopes, rising to a plateau with marshes Coordinates 69°33’N 23°37’E and small lakes. Altitude 100–600 m Area 30,000 ha Habitats Wetland (standing fresh water; water-fringe vegetation), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Land-use Nature conservation/research ■ Site description A section of the Alta-Kautokeinoelva valley between Masi and Alta, the northern part being deeper and steeper than the southern part, ■ Birds which is flatter with bogs and lakes. An important seabird colony. Uria aalge has undergone a significant decline in recent years, with 13,000 pairs in 1964, 4,000 pairs in 1974 Habitats Wetland (standing fresh water; river/stream; raised bog) and less than 100 pairs currently. Species of global conservation Land-use Water management concern which do not meet IBA criteria: Haliaeetus albicilla.

519 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Huge flocks of Calidris canutus stage here on the way to their breeding Alca torda Razorbill B 1989 1,000 2,000 — B1ii grounds in Greenland and northern Canada, arriving in early May 1 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1967 200,000 — — A4ii, B1ii, B2 and peaking at several tens of thousands before departing at the end of the month. In late winter, large flocks of seaduck gather in 1. The second-largest colony in Norway. Sørkjosen, feeding on the eggs of capelin and herring. One or two Falco rusticolus sometimes hunt in the area. ■ Protection status National High International None ■ Protection status 2,130 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Nord-Fugløy, 2,130 ha). National None International None

■ Conservation issues ■ Conservation issues Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (A) Threats Filling-in of wetlands (C), Industrialization/urbanization (B) As of 1989, industry was expanding and threatened the tidal area. The area is proposed as a Ramsar Site. Sør-Fugløy A1, A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2, B3 016 Admin region Troms Coordinates 70°07’N 18°30’E Bleiksøy A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2 018 Altitude 0–360 m Area 125 ha Admin region Nordland Coordinates 69°16’N 15°52’E Altitude 0–160 m Area 20 ha ■ Site description A steep island, with slopes partly covered in grass and with boulder scree around the base. ■ Site description A steep island of grass-covered slopes, with boulder-scree in gullies at Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Rocky areas (100%; sea cliff/ the foot of vertical cliffs. Traditional collecting of eggs of Phalacrocorax rocky shore; scree/boulders) aristotelis, Rissa tridactyla and other gulls is permitted until 1 June. Land-use Nature conservation/research (100%) Habitats Marine areas (open sea), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore; scree/boulders) Land-use Other ■ Birds Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria ■ Birds Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle N 1995 10 30 B A1 Alca torda Razorbill B 1995 1,000 10,000 B B1ii, B3 Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot R 1994 300 500 B B1ii, B2 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1997 80,000 80,000 — A4ii, B1ii, B2 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1990 175,000 175,000 A A4ii, B1ii, B2 A seabird colony, with particularly important numbers of Fratercula Other breeding seabirds include Hydrobates pelagicus (breeding arctica. confirmed in 1986; possibly c.100–1,000 pairs). ■ Protection status ■ Protection status National None International None National None International None ■ Conservation issues ■ Conservation issues Threats Disturbance to birds (C), Unsustainable exploitation (C) Threats Disturbance to birds (C), Recreation/tourism (C) It is not known whether there are threats to the site or its birds. The area is proposed as a Nature Reserve with no entrance allowed between 1 April and 31 August. Skogvoll (including Skarvklakken) A1, B1i, B2 019 Admin region Nordland Sørkjosen A4i, A4iii, B1i 017 Coordinates 69°10’N 15°41’E Admin region Troms Altitude 0–8 m Area 2,800 ha Coordinates 69°15’N 19°15’E Altitude 0–10 m Area 433 ha ■ Site description An area of shallow sea with a number of small islands/skerries, including ■ Site description Skarvklakken, and extensive tidal mudflats. Sheep graze in the area. Sørkjosen is the most important among several large tidal areas in Habitats Wetland (55%; mudflat/sandflat; saltmarsh; sand-dunes/sand beach), Marine Balsfjord, being the outlet of two rivers at the head of the fjord. The areas (35%; open sea), Rocky areas (10%; rock stacks/islets) tidal zone stretches from Markenes in the east to Storsteinnes in the Land-use Agriculture (5%), Nature conservation/research (100%) west, consisting of large areas of mud, sand and gravel-banks, and extends as far as 700 m out. Along the shoreline there is some woodland of alder Alnus and birch Betula, a medium-sized coastal meadow, ■ Birds agricultural fields, and some industrial areas. Offshore, outside the Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria IBA, are important fishing areas and spawning grounds for herring 1 Sula bassana Gannet B 1989 800 800 — B2 Clupea harengus and capelin Mallotus villosus. Anser brachyrhynchus P 1989 1,000 — — B1i Habitats Wetland (mudflat/sandflat), Marine areas (sea inlet/coastal features) Pink-footed Goose Land-use Fisheries/aquaculture, Urban/industrial/transport Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle U 1997 — 48 — A1 1. Skarvklakken (one of five colonies in Norway). ■ Birds There are breeding seabirds, including Sula bassana and Phalacrocorax Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria carbo, and shorebirds. Ducks and Anser anser moult in the area. 1 Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe P — — 260 — B1i 2 Calidris canutus Knot P 1998 10,000 28,000 — A4i, B1i ■ Protection status 1. Spring. National High International None 2. Daily maximum on spring passage (28,000 in 1984). 2,800 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Skogvoll, 2,800 ha).

520 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

■ Conservation issues in the east-south-eastern part of the island of Langøya, from Skagen airport (at Stokmarknes) past Sortland to Vikbotn, and then from Threats Disturbance to birds (C) Vikbotn in a westerly direction to Frøskeland. Grassland is mainly Disturbance of nesting birds is a threat. The area is proposed as a sheep-grazed. Ramsar Site. Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (mudflat/sandflat) Land-use Agriculture

Andøya A4i, B1i 020 ■ Birds Admin region Nordland Coordinates 69°10’N 16°00’E Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Altitude 0–20 m Area 17,000 ha 1 Anser brachyrhynchus P 1998 6,000 7,000 — A4i, B1i Pink-footed Goose 1. Svalbard population; spring passage (peaks in mid-May). ■ Site description An area of coastal meadows, pastures and tidal mudflats, stretching The site is most important for staging geese from Svalbard, especially from Åse north to Breivik along the eastern part of the island of Anser brachyrhynchus but also Branta leucopsis (quite common). Andøya. Grassland is mainly sheep-grazed. ■ Protection status Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (mudflat/sandflat) National None International None Land-use Agriculture, Military ■ Conservation issues ■ Birds Threats Disturbance to birds (U), Other (U) Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Grazing geese seem to cause major damage to the crops of local 1 Anser brachyrhynchus P 1998 6,000 7,000 — A4i, B1i Pink-footed Goose farmers, which may be leading to disturbance of the birds or illegal shooting (‘Other’ threat). 1. Svalbard population; spring passage (peaks in mid-May). The site is most important for staging Anser brachyrhynchus. Branta leucopsis is quite common on passage. Nykvåg A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2 023 Admin region Nordland ■ Protection status Coordinates 68°46’N 14°27’E National None International None Altitude 0–210 m Area 20 ha ■ Conservation issues ■ Site description Threats Disturbance to birds (U), Other (U) Nykvåg is a vertical cliff behind Nykvåg harbour, on the steep, grass- Grazing geese seem to cause major damage to the crops of local covered island of Fuglenyken. The cliffs of Måsnyken and Frugga farmers, which may be leading to disturbance of the birds or illegal are also included in this site. shooting (‘Other’ threat). Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Land-use Unknown

Anda A4iii, B2 021 ■ Birds Admin region Nordland Coordinates 69°10’N 15°10’E Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Altitude 0–50 m Area 10 ha Alca torda Razorbill B 1989 250 250 — B1ii Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1997 200,000 200,000 — A4ii, B1ii, B2 ■ Site description An important colony for Fratercula arctica—the estimate for the A low-lying, grass-covered island, with steep cliffs on the east side. colony size is significantly higher than that in 1989 (40,000 pairs).

Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) ■ Protection status Land-use Unknown National None International None

■ Birds ■ Conservation issues Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Threats Unknown Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1997 20,000 25,000 — B2 An important colony for Fratercula arctica. Værøy A4ii, A4iii, B1ii, B2 024 ■ Protection status Admin region Nordland National None International None Coordinates 67°45’N 12°45’E Altitude 0–439 m Area 500 ha ■ Conservation issues Threats Unknown ■ Site description High vertical cliffs and steep grass-covered slopes on the south-west peninsula of Værøy island. Langøya A4i, B1i 022 Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Marine areas (open sea), Rocky Admin region Nordland areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Coordinates 68°45’N 15°25’E Land-use Unknown Altitude 0–20 m Area 20,000 ha ■ Birds ■ Site description The breeding colony of Rissa tridactyla (15,000–20,000 pairs) is also A 500 m wide strip of coastal meadows, pastures and tidal mudflats notable.

521 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria considerable tourist traffic along the river, and some boat traffic Alca torda Razorbill B 1989 800 800 — B1ii through the sea inlet. 1 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1989 — 70,000 — A4ii, B1ii, B2 Habitats Wetland (tidal river/enclosed tidal water), Marine areas (sea inlet/coastal features) 1. 70,000 pairs in 1974, but considerable decrease since then. Land-use Tourism/recreation, Urban/industrial/transport

■ Protection status ■ Birds National None International None Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle N — 25 100 — A1 ■ Conservation issues No threats are known. An important wintering area for Haliaeetus albicilla, the abundance of which fluctuates according to the food supply.

■ Protection status Røst A4i, A4ii, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 025 National None International None Admin region Nordland Coordinates 67°30’N 12°00’E ■ Conservation issues Altitude 0–259 m Area 1,750 ha Threats Recreation/tourism (U) ■ Site description Traffic causes some disturbance of Haliaeetus albicilla, and plans to Røst is an archipelago consisting of more than 400 islands. The most increase tourist traffic may be a problem. important seabird colonies are on Vedøy, Storfjellet, Ellefsnyken, Trenyken and Hernyken. These are steep, grass-covered islands (92– 259 m high). The island of Røstlandet is inhabited, with numerous A4iii ponds, saltmarshes and mires. Fugløya 027 Admin region Nordland Habitats Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (saltmarsh; standing Coordinates 67°01’N 13°47’E fresh water; blanket bog), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore) Altitude — Area — Land-use Nature conservation/research ■ Site description ■ Birds Gently sloping sides of a south-facing valley, covered with scree. Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Land-use Unknown Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag B 1997 500 1,000 — A4i, B1i, B3 1 Alca torda Razorbill B 1997 2,000 3,000 — B1ii, B3 ■ Birds Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot B 1997 1,000 1,500 A B1ii, B2 More than 10,000 pairs of seabird breed here, the commonest species 2 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1997 500,000 660,000 A A4ii, B1ii, B2 being Fratercula arctica (c.10,000 pairs). 1. Declining (nearly 5,000 pairs in 1964; 2,000–4,000 pairs in 1983). 2. Largest colony in Norway, declining (c.1,400,000 pairs in 1979). ■ Protection status The islands of Røst are famous for one of Europe’s largest colonies of National None International None Fratercula arctica. However, the species has declined severely in abundance during the last 30 years, due to a collapse in the food ■ Conservation issues supply: in the late 1960s the population was estimated as twice as No threats are known. The site is a proposed Nature Reserve. large as it is now. Other breeding seabirds include Hydrobates pelagicus and Oceanodroma leucorhoa (the largest colonies in Norway), Alca torda, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Uria aalge (abundance has decreased Svenningen–Risvær A1 028 by 20–30% since the early 1980s), Fulmarus glacialis and Rissa Admin region Nordland tridactyla (c.17,500 pairs in 1988; decrease in numbers by more than Coordinates 66°19’N 12°30’E 30% between 1993 and 1994). Species of global conservation concern Altitude 0–50 m Area 15,000 ha that do not meet IBA criteria: Haliaeetus albicilla (common).

■ Protection status ■ Site description National Low International None An archipelago of hundreds of islands (maximum size 300 ha), islets, 92 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Røstlandet, 92 ha). and skerries. The landscape is undulating with a mosaic of rocks and bogs. Parts of the largest islands are cultivated and inhabited. ■ Conservation issues Habitats Wetland (raised bog), Rocky areas (rock stacks/islets), Artificial landscape Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (U) (arable land) Land-use Agriculture Following the collapse of the Norwegian herring stock in the late 1960s, the breeding numbers of Fratercula arctica have decreased, due to high chick mortality. The only island which is open to the public, ■ Birds apart from Røstlandet, is Vedøy. Access to the bird cliffs is prohibited Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria between 15 April and 15 August, except for daytime excursions to parts Haliaeetus albicilla W 1989 25 30 — A1 Fratercula arctica of Vedøy. Monitoring and research on the colony White-tailed Eagle is carried out by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. A very important area for Haliaeetus albicilla in winter.

■ Protection status Saltstraumen A1 026 National None International None Admin region Nordland Coordinates 67°15’N 14°34’E ■ Conservation issues Altitude 0–100 m Area 200 ha Threats Other (U) ■ Site description The area is very vulnerable to oil pollution (‘Other’ threat). The site is A sea inlet with a very strong and fish-rich tidal river. There is a proposed Nature Reserve.

522 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Lovunden A1, A4iii, B1ii, B2 029 Species ... continued Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Admin region Nordland 4 Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle R 1996 10 — B A1, B2 Coordinates 66°21’N 12°19’E Calidris maritima Purple Sandpiper W 1989 1,100 1,100 A A4i, B1i Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot R 1986 2,100 2,100 — B1ii, B2 Altitude 0–623 m Area — 1. The largest colony north of 60°N in Europe. 2. Moulting. ■ Site description 3. Almost entire Svalbard population stages on spring passage. 4. At least 60 birds in winter. The island of Lovunden is a steep mountain with scree around the base and numerous islets and skerries offshore. On the north-east side there is a small village where the 300 inhabitants of the island live. ■ Protection status National Partial International None Habitats Marine areas (open sea), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore; rock stacks/islets; Part of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Kjellerhaugvatn; area scree/boulders) unknown). Part of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Sveavatn; area Land-use Unknown unknown). Part of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Vikåsleirene; area unknown). ■ Birds ■ Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Conservation issues 1 Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle R 1995 10 20 — A1 Threats Abandonment/reduction of land management (U), Extraction industry (U) 2 Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot B 1997 200 — — B1ii 3 Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1997 25,000 25,000 — B2 The absence since 1980 of sheep-grazing and traditional land 1. Individuals (present all year but number of breeding pairs not known). management on the outer islands, the preferred staging areas for 2. Some hundred pairs breed. Branta leucopsis, has reduced the availability of suitable plant food 3. Declining: 60,000 pairs in 1957 (250,000 birds in colony); 40,000 pairs in 1977; 25,000 pairs for the geese and has forced them to stage on the inner, inhabited at end of 1980s. islands. Here, through their grazing on crops, the geese are in conflict Lovunden is most famous for its huge breeding colony of Fratercula with farmers. Experiments to scare the geese from some agricultural arctica, the size of which has, unfortunately, decreased dramatically areas have been carried out. The former staging areas are no longer in recent decades. The colony is occupied between April and mid- suitable for Branta leucopsis due to domination of the sward by September. Haliaeetus albicilla is very common throughout the year: perennial herbs (Filipendula) and due to a large increase in the one can often see 8–10 birds at the same time, and 15–20 gathered in abundance of voles Microtus. Oil production in the Norwegian Sea one flock is not an uncommon sight in spring or early summer. outside Nordland County represents a potential threat to the many seabirds wintering in the waters around Vega. Part of the area is a ■ Protection status proposed National Park. National None International None

■ Conservation issues Sklinna A4i, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 031 Threats Unknown Admin region Nord-Trøndelag Coordinates 65°12’N 11°00’E Altitude 0–31 m Area 106 ha

Vega archipelago A1, A4i, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 030 ■ Site description Admin region Nordland An archipelago, about 20 km from the mainland. The largest island, Coordinates 65°49’N 11°45’E Heimøya, is 1 km long. Two of the islands are connected with a mole. Altitude 0–800 m Area 50,000 ha The largest islands are covered with heathland Empetrum/Calluna, mixed with bushes Rubus/Cornus. Fishermen lived on Sklinna up to ■ Site description the first half of this century, but now the only settlement is the Vega is an archipelago of several thousand small islands and islets. lighthouse (manned year-round) on Heimøy. Some of the largest islands are partly cultivated and inhabited. The Habitats Scrub (heathland), Marine areas (open sea), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore; landscape is a mosaic of peatbogs and rocky areas, with scattered rock stacks/islets) brackish tarns between Viksås and Holand, and near Valen, as well Land-use Fisheries/aquaculture as some freshwater ponds. Intertidal areas are extensive, with seaweed beds, nutrient-rich mud, and rock, sand and gravel; the most important mudflats for birds are on the northern side of the main island. ■ Birds Habitats Wetland (mudflat/sandflat; standing brackish and salt water; blanket bog), Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Marine areas (open sea; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (rock stacks/islets), 1 Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag B 1996 600 1,600 A A4i, B1i, B3 Artificial landscape (arable land) Larus marinus R 1992 341 341 A B3 Land-use Agriculture, Fisheries/aquaculture, Tourism/recreation Great Black-backed Gull Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot R 1992 526 526 A B1ii, B2 1. 1987–1996. ■ Birds Haliaeetus albicilla is common all year-round. Anser brachyrhynchus The breeding colony of Phalacrocorax aristotelis is one of the largest is numerous on passage in spring. A wide variety of waders often in Norway. breed, and large numbers stage on the island shores in early autumn. Seaduck are the most common wintering waterbirds in the shallow ■ Protection status areas west and north of the main island, and include Somateria National None International None spectabilis (c.500). ■ Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Conservation issues Gavia immer Great Northern Diver W 1986 200 200 A A4i, B1i Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (C), Recreation/tourism (C) 1 Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant B 1989 3,500 3,500 A A4i, B1i Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag B 1989 300 — — B3 The breeding seabirds at Sklinna are monitored annually by the 2 Anser anser Greylag Goose N 1989 — 4,000 — A4i, B1i Norwegian Institute for Nature Research as part of the National 3 Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose P 1989 — 10,500 A A4i, B1i Monitoring Program for Seabirds, and the area is a proposed Nature Somateria mollissima Eider B 1986 5,000 6,000 A B1i Reserve. American mink Mustela vison, has not been able to reach Somateria mollissima Eider W 1986 15,000 31,000 A A4i, B1i the archipelago because it is situated so far from the mainland, which 2 Somateria mollissima Eider N 1986 4,500 5,000 A B1i is an advantage for the breeding seabirds.

523 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

■ Protection status Froan A1, A4i, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 032 National High International High Admin region Sør-Trøndelag 1,500 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Grandefjæra, 1,500 ha). Coordinates 63°50’N 8°40’E 120 ha of IBA covered by Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Hovsfjæra Altitude 0–40 m Area 60,000 ha Bird Sanctuary, 120 ha). 110 ha of IBA covered by Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Innstrandfjæra Bird Sanctuary, 110 ha). 1,190 ha of ■ Site description IBA covered by Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Kråkvågsvaet, The Froan archipelago consists of hundreds of islands, islets and 1,190 ha). 2,920 ha of IBA covered by Ramsar Site (Ørlandet, 2,920 ha). skerries. Most of the islands are low and undulating, with rock outcrops, moorland and small bogs. Only the islands of Sauøya and ■ Conservation issues Sørbuøya are inhabited at present. Threats Construction/impact of dyke/dam/barrage (A), Disturbance to birds (B), Drainage (A), Habitats Scrub (heathland), Wetland (5%; mudflat/sandflat; shingle/stony beach), Extraction industry (A), Groundwater abstraction (U), Unsustainable exploitation (B) Marine areas (90%; open sea; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (5%; sea cliff/ The meadows and marshes were formerly extensive, but almost all rocky shore; rock stacks/islets) were drained for agriculture during 1960–1990. Threats include sand Land-use Fisheries/aquaculture (10%), Nature conservation/research (85%), Tourism/ exploitation, disturbance to birds, airport noise, waste from ships, recreation (5%) and agriculture.

■ Birds Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Inner Trondheimsfjord A4i, A4iii, B1i 034 Gavia stellata Red-throated Diver B 1985 — 22 A B2 wetland system Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant R 1992 — 2,955 A A4i, B1i Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag R 1998 — 1,000 A A4i, B1i, B3 Admin region Nord-Trøndelag 1 Somateria mollissima Eider N 1998 — 35,000 B A4i, B1i Coordinates 63°50’N 11°25’E Mergus serrator N 1985 — 3,000 B A4i, B1i Altitude 0–10 m Area 9,500 ha Red-breasted Merganser 2 Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle W 1989 — 20 — A1 3 Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot N 1988 — 3,000 B B1ii ■ Site description 1. Moulting. The site comprises a 50 km stretch along the north-eastern side of 2. Three pairs breed. Trondheimsfjord, the third largest fjord in Norway, from south of 3. Outside breeding season. Levanger to north of Steinkjer. This is a network of 10–12 key Up to 17 Gavia adamsii and eight Gavia immer winter in the area. wetlands, some of which would qualify as IBAs individually. The main habitats are extensive shallow subtidal areas, intertidal mudflats and ■ Protection status the mouths of two large rivers, Verdalselva and Steinkjerelva, as well National High International None as those of several smaller ones. Land surrounding the fjord is mainly 40,400 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Froan, 40,400 ha). cultivated, but semi-natural meadows remain intact in a few places. 12,000 ha of IBA covered by Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Froan The site includes ‘Gjørv, Borgenfjorden’, an IBA that was listed Animal Protection Area, 12,000 ha). 8,000 ha of IBA covered by individually (as site NO030) in the previous European IBA inventory Landscape Protected Area (Froan, 8,000 ha). (Grimmett and Jones 1989).

Habitats Wetland (15%; tidal river/enclosed tidal water; mudflat/sandflat; saltmarsh), ■ Conservation issues Marine areas (85%; sea inlet/coastal features) Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (B), Consequences of animal/plant introductions (B), Land-use Hunting, Military, Nature conservation/research, Tourism/recreation, Urban/ Disturbance to birds (B), Extraction industry (A), Recreation/tourism (B) industrial/transport The large concentrations of moulting and wintering waterbirds in the area are extremely vulnerable to oil pollution. ■ Birds Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe P — 100 200 — B1i 1 Anser brachyrhynchus P 1997 10,000 20,000 A A4i, B1i Ørland wetland system A4i, B1i, B2 033 Pink-footed Goose Admin region Sør-Trøndelag 2 Somateria mollissima Eider P — 5,000 10,000 A B1i Coordinates 63°42’N 9°35’E Tringa totanus Redshank P 1996 500 1,500 A B1i Altitude 0–0 m Area 2,920 ha 1. Mainly in spring (Svalbard population). 2. Spring. ■ Site description Most or all of the Svalbard population of Anser brachyrhynchus Four wetlands consisting mainly of tidal mudflats and shallow seas, (30,000 birds) probably stages in the area in May during spring separated from agricultural land by small areas of meadow and saltmarsh. migration, thus this is probably one of the most important stop-over sites in Norway for the species (c.3,000 stage at Gjørv [Borgenfjorden] Habitats Wetland (80%; mudflat/sandflat; saltmarsh; shingle/stony beach), Marine areas alone). The geese forage on the mudflats, but spend the nights on the (20%; sea inlet/coastal features) water. The area is notable as a staging area for other seabirds, waders Land-use Fisheries/aquaculture (10%), Nature conservation/research (100%), Tourism/ and ducks as well. Seaduck such as Melanitta nigra, M. fusca, recreation (5%) Bucephala clangula and Clangula hyemalis occur in large numbers on spring migration. The estimated number of geese, ducks, waders and ■ Birds gulls staging in the whole area is 35,000–60,000. Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria ■ Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant W 1992 2,500 2,500 A B1i Protection status Somateria mollissima Eider W 1995 3,000 3,000 A B1i National Low International None 1 Somateria mollissima Eider N 1989 6,700 6,700 — B1i 40 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Hammeren, 40 ha). 210 ha 2 Melanitta fusca Velvet Scoter W 1995 3,500 3,500 A B2 of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Rinnleiret, 210 ha). 49 ha of IBA Mergus serrator W 1995 4,000 4,000 A A4i, B1i covered by Nature Reserve (Ørin, 49 ha). 230 ha of IBA covered by Red-breasted Merganser Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Eidsbotn, 230 ha). 1. Moulting. 2. Also 7,200 moulting. ■ Conservation issues Species of global conservation concern which do not meet IBA criteria: Threats Filling-in of wetlands (U), Industrialization/urbanization (U), Recreation/tourism (U), Haliaeetus albicilla (wintering). The IBA also supports notable Unsustainable exploitation (U) numbers of Podiceps auritus (49 on passage).

524 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Land-claim for industrial development, a horse-racing track and are fewer mudflats. The sea here is still quite shallow: as far as 1–2 km agriculture have destroyed some mudflats in the past. Aquaculture and offshore it is not more than 10–20 m deep. military activities affect one site each. Local authorities have recently allowed a private land-owner to extract a total of 350,000 m³ of sand ■ Birds and gravel from the sea-bottom at Ørin. This will most probably result Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria in habitat degradation for seaduck, especially for Melanitta nigra. Somateria mollissima Eider R 1993 6,000 9,000 — B1i Recreation and illegal hunting are also widespread problems. The 1 Somateria mollissima Eider P 1993 3,500 4,000 — B1i County Governorate is carrying out a conservation plan for seabird Larus canus Common Gull B 1993 5,000 10,000 A A4i, B1i, B2 areas (breeding, migrating/moulting and wintering seabirds). In addition 1. Birds migrating from Trondheimsfjord to the Gulf of Bothnia in spring (total excludes local to the four areas that are protected already, a further eight areas of breeding birds). mudflat and shallow sea will be protected within a few years. In addition, This is a notable staging area for congregatory seabirds and waterbirds, several islets important for breeding birds will probably be protected especially in spring—for example, in April there are 20,000– by law. There are annual counts of wintering seabirds, as a part of the 30,000 seabirds present. Birds are partly attracted by herring roe, which ‘National Monitoring Programme for Seabirds’, in the Trondheimsfjord. may be washed ashore in layers up to 0.5 m thick during storms and At two sites there are weekly bird counts between April and October, rough seas (the area is important for spawning herring Clupea harengus as part of other projects conducted by NOF. in spring).

■ Protection status National None International None Lake Leksdalsvatn A4i, B1i 035 Admin region Nord-Trøndelag ■ Conservation issues Coordinates 63°50’N 11°37’E Altitude 70–72 m Area 2,200 ha Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (B), Filling-in of wetlands (B), Industrialization/ urbanization (B), Infrastructure (B), Recreation/tourism (C) ■ Site description The entanglement and drowning of seabirds in fishing nets is a major A large, lowland lake between Verdal and Steinkjer, 12 km long and problem, especially in spring. Land-claim for industrial development up to c.20 m deep, with a shoreline of c.35 km. The lake is nutrient- and roads has destroyed mudflats in the inner parts of the fjord. rich with large reedbeds Phragmites/Schoenoplectus in shallow areas. Further road-building is planned, but no final decisions in this respect Alder Alnus and willow Salix trees occur along most of the shoreline. have yet been made. Adjacent land is mostly cultivated.

Habitats Forest and woodland (2%; alluvial/very wet forest), Wetland (98%; standing fresh water; water-fringe vegetation) Gaulosen A4i, B1i 037 Land-use Nature conservation/research (10%), Tourism/recreation Admin region Sør-Trøndelag Coordinates 63°20’N 10°13’E Altitude 0–0 m Area 330 ha ■ Birds Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe B 1996 20 50 B B1i ■ Site description 1 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan P 1992 400 982 A A4i, B1i An estuary of the Gaula river with a small island (Storøra) and 2 Anser brachyrhynchus P 1996 1,000 3,500 A A4i, B1i extensive tidal mudflats and coastal shallows. Pink-footed Goose Habitats Wetland (100%; tidal river/enclosed tidal water; mudflat/sandflat; saltmarsh; 1. Normally 400–600; higher numbers after mild winters when lake is ice-free earlier. 2. Roost site in spring. sand-dunes/sand beach; shingle/stony beach) Land-use Nature conservation/research (80%), Not utilized (20%) The most important site in central Norway for staging Cygnus cygnus, and one of the most important for breeding Podiceps auritus. ■ Birds ■ Protection status Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria National Partial International None Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed Goose P 1991 — 3,250 C A4i, B1i 52 ha of IBA covered by Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Figgaoset, 52 ha). 45 ha of IBA covered by Managed Nature Reserve The area holds a range of waders and wildfowl in good numbers. (Lundselvoset, 45 ha). 237 ha of IBA covered by Flora and Fauna Species of global conservation concern which do not meet IBA criteria: Protection Area (Lyngås-Klinga Bird Sanctuary, 237 ha). Haliaeetus albicilla (2 pairs).

■ Conservation issues ■ Protection status National Partial International None Threats Filling-in of wetlands (C) 60 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Gaulosen, 60 ha). 179 ha of The lake is a popular spot for birdwatchers, and the local department IBA covered by Landscape Protected Area (Gaulosen, 179 ha). 5 ha of NOF keeps a record of observations. of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Leinøra, 5 ha).

■ Conservation issues Stjørdals Fjord A4i, A4iii, B1i, B2 036 Threats Disturbance to birds (B), Filling-in of wetlands (A), Infrastructure (A), Admin region Nord-Trøndelag, Sør-Trøndelag Unsustainable exploitation (B) Coordinates 63°28’N 10°50’E All of the IBA (except Buvikfjæra) is protected. The area is proposed Altitude 0–0 m Area 2,500 ha as a Ramsar Site.

■ Site description Habitats Wetland (18%; tidal river/enclosed tidal water; mudflat/sandflat), Marine areas Havmyran A1 038 (80%; sea inlet/coastal features) Admin region Sør-Trøndelag Land-use Fisheries/aquaculture (20%), Urban/industrial/transport (5%) Coordinates 63°30’N 8°40’E Altitude 10–70 m Area 3,960 ha A 10-km long fjord in the south-eastern part of the Trondheimsfjord, 20–25 km east of Trondheim. At the outlet of the Stjørdalselva river there are meadows, intertidal flats of sand and mud, and shallow ■ Site description subtidal habitat. Further out, on the northern side of the site, there An open mire landscape with many small freshwater lakes.

525 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

oil pollution. There are plans to build wind-farms in an area where Habitats Wetland (standing fresh water; fen/transition mire/spring) several pairs of Haliaeetus albicilla nest (‘Other’ threat). Management Land-use Nature conservation/research of Anser anser (by shooting), in order to reduce crop damage, is being evaluated by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Protection ■ Birds plans for the area have been prepared by the County Governorate of Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Møre and Romsdal. 1 Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle W — — 35 — A1 Threats Agricultural intensification/expansion (A), Drainage (A), Industrialization/ 1. One pair breeds. urbanization (U), Other (U) The area is also a notable breeding area for waders, mainly Pluvialis apricaria, Calidris alpina and Numenius phaeopus. Runde A4i, A4ii, A4iii, B1i, B1ii, B2, B3 040 ■ Protection status Admin region Møre og Romsdal National High International None Coordinates 62°24’N 5°36’E 3,960 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Havmyran, 3,960 ha). Altitude 0–333 m Area 640 ha ■ Conservation issues ■ Site description Threats Other (U) An island with cliffs and steep slopes, partly covered with boulders, There are plans to build wind-farms in an adjacent area, which may grassland and heath. There is sheep-grazing. have an indirect, negative effect on the birds at this site (‘Other’ threat). Habitats Scrub (heathland), Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Rocky areas The area is proposed as a Ramsar Site. (sea cliff/rocky shore; scree/boulders) Land-use Agriculture, Fisheries/aquaculture, Tourism/recreation

Smøla archipelago A1, A4i, B1i, B1ii, B2 039 ■ Birds Admin region Møre og Romsdal Coordinates 63°19’N 8°00’E Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria 1 Altitude 0–70 m Area 27,400 ha Sula bassana Gannet B 1998 2,000 — — B1ii, B2 2 Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag B 1998 1,300 1,300 A A4i, B1i, B3 2 Rissa tridactyla Kittiwake B 1998 40,000 50,000 A A4i, B1i ■ Site description Alca torda Razorbill B 1998 3,000 3,000 A B1ii, B3 An archipelago of 5,847 islands, islets and skerries, with large expanses Fratercula arctica Puffin B 1998 100,000 100,000 B A4ii, B1ii, B2 of intervening shallow sea. The main island, Smøla, is a mosaic of open 1. Increasing; the largest colony in Norway. mire and coastal heathland, with many small lakes, streams, ponds and 2. Strongly decreasing. pools, and is cultivated in places. Its coast is dissected by many inlets An important seabird colony, the largest in southern Norway. Breeding and bays. This is one of the largest marine wetlands in Norway, and numbers of Stercorarius skua (15 pairs) and S. parasiticus (3 pairs) some of the largest continuous mires in the country are also found here. are also noteworthy. Species of global conservation concern that do not meet IBA criteria: Haliaeetus albicilla (non-breeding visitor; Habitats Scrub (heathland), Wetland (standing fresh water; river/stream; fen/transition probably breeds too). mire/spring), Marine areas (sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (rock stacks/islets), Artificial landscape ■ Protection status Land-use Agriculture, Fisheries/aquaculture National Partial International None 265 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Runde and Grasøyane, ■ Birds 265 ha). Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria ■ Gavia immer Great Northern Diver W 1989 150 150 — A4i, B1i Conservation issues Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe W 1989 600 600 — A4i, B1i Threats Recreation/tourism (U) 1 Anser anser Greylag Goose N 1989 2,000 2,000 — B1i 2 Somateria mollissima Eider W 1989 5,400 5,400 — B1i The area is vulnerable to oil pollution. Public access to the Nature Melanitta fusca Velvet Scoter W 1989 2,050 2,050 — B2 Reserve is restricted between 1 April and 31 August. The IBA lies Mergus serrator W 1989 2,800 2,800 — A4i, B1i within an area of wildlife protection (comprising 9,000 ha of sea and Red-breasted Merganser 3 Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle R 1998 30 30 — A1 700 ha of land). Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot B 1989 250 250 — B1ii, B2 1. Moulting; 300 pairs breed. 2. 500 pairs breed; 1,700 moulting. 3. 50+ overwinter. Dovrefjell A1, B2 041 Admin region Oppland, Sør-Trøndelag Smøla has one of the highest breeding densities (pairs per hectare of Coordinates 62°19’N 9°27’E land) of Haliaeetus albicilla in the world. The sea areas are important Altitude 900–2,290 m Area 50,000 ha for wintering divers Gavia, grebes Podiceps and various seaduck. Cygnus cygnus winter in notable numbers (up to 300 birds or more). The area has been an important moulting site for flocks of Anser anser, ■ Site description causing conflicts with the local farmers. The largest colony of Ardea Dovrefjell is the only boreal montane ecosystem in Norway which is cinerea ever found in Norway was located in the area during the 1970s still relatively intact and unaffected by man’s activities. It is a typical (200–300 pairs). Some species normally found in the mountains of boreal montane area, with broad marshy valleys and forest of birch Norway, or along the coast further north, breed here, e.g. Pluvialis Betula. The National Park is a major recreation area. A railway and a apricaria, Lagopus lagopus and Calcarius lapponicus. Breeding divers road pass through the Landscape Protection Area. (Gavia stellata and, to a lesser extent, G. arctica) are also relatively Habitats Forest and woodland (broadleaved deciduous forest), Grassland (alpine/ common. subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland (standing fresh water; river/stream; water-fringe vegetation) ■ Protection status Land-use Hunting, Military, Nature conservation/research, Tourism/recreation, Urban/ National None International None industrial/transport ■ Conservation issues Current problems include drainage and further cultivation on the ■ Birds largest islands; coastal and marine bird species are very vulnerable to A notable breeding site for several species of wader, duck and raptor.

526 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Kjørholmane seabird reserve A4i, B1i, B3 043 Gallinago media Great Snipe B 1989 400 — — A1, B2 Admin region Rogaland Coordinates 58°53’N 5°25’E Altitude 0–30 m Area 600 ha ■ Protection status National Partial International None 25,580 ha of IBA covered by National Park (Dovrefjell, 25,580 ha). ■ Site description 750 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Fokstumyra, 750 ha). Three larger and several smaller islands and islets, together with 6,600 ha of IBA covered by Landscape Protected Area (Drivdalen– surrounding seas. The islands are mainly covered in boulders and scree, Kongsvoll–Hjerkinn, 6,600 ha). intermingled with ponds and vegetated areas. Human activities include fishing and sheep-grazing, both at low intensity. ■ Conservation issues Habitats Marine areas (94%; open sea; sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (6%; sea Threats Disturbance to birds (B), Recreation/tourism (B) cliff/rocky shore; scree/boulders) Land-use Not utilized (95%) Access to Fokstumyra Nature Reserve in the breeding season is prohibited except on marked tracks. This reserve is proposed as a Ramsar Site. Studies of Gallinago media have been carried out for ■ Birds several years by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria 1 Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag R 1995 1,910 1,910 A A4i, B1i, B3 Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull B 1995 500 700 B B3 Hardangervidda A1, A4i, B1i, B2, B3 042 1. Increasing. Admin region Buskerud, Hordaland, This is the southernmost seabird colony of notable size in Norway. Telemark Coordinates 60°12’N 7°37’E ■ Protection status Altitude 1,000–1,500 m Area 427,200 ha National Low International None 44 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Kjørholmane seabird reserve, ■ Site description 44 ha). The largest boreal montane plateau in Europe, dominated by undulating terrain with several large lakes. This is a major sheep- ■ Conservation issues grazing area, and there is also tourism and hunting (of reindeer Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (C), Consequences of animal/plant introductions (C), Rangifer tarandus and grouse Lagopus). Natural events (C) Habitats Scrub (scrub), Grassland (alpine/subalpine/boreal grassland), Wetland Introduced rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus are present. Entrance to the (standing fresh water; river/stream; water-fringe vegetation), Rocky areas Nature Reserve is prohibited during the breeding season. Breeding (inland cliff) seabirds are monitored almost annually by the Norwegian Institute Land-use Agriculture, Hunting, Nature conservation/research, Tourism/recreation, for Nature Research. Urban/industrial/transport

■ Birds Jæren wetland system A1, B1i 044 Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Admin region Rogaland Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon B 1999 20 20 C B2 Coordinates 58°49’N 5°34’E Charadrius morinellus Dotterel B 1999 2,500 2,500 A A4i, B1i Altitude 0–100 m Area 13,500 ha Pluvialis apricaria Golden Plover B 1999 5,000 5,000 A B3 1 Gallinago media Great Snipe B 1989 70 100 — A1, B2 ■ Site description 1. Numbers may be increasing; seven leks known with several probably still to be found. Jæren is one of the main agricultural districts in Norway, lying west Other breeding species include Gavia arctica, Aquila chrysaetos, and south of the city of Stavanger. The area is defined as the rectangle Calidris temminckii, Stercorarius longicaudus (the southernmost regular from Lake Søylandsvatn and Lake Lonavatn in the south (c.5 km breeding area in Europe), Lagopus lagopus, Lagopus mutus, apart), stretching about 27 km northwards to Hafrsfjord. The Plectrophenax nivalis and Calcarius lapponicus. Hardangervidda was landscape is gently undulating, and the site includes several lakes, sand- also, until recently, a traditional breeding area for Nyctea scandiaca, dune shores, stone/boulder beaches and some shallow sea. The lakes with up to at least 12–13 pairs in years of high rodent abundance. The have a rich aquatic vegetation. last confirmed breeding record was in 1974, and the species appears Habitats Wetland (sand-dunes/sand beach; standing fresh water; water-fringe vegetation), Marine to have stopped breeding in this area, for unknown reasons (although areas (sea inlet/coastal features), Rocky areas (sea cliff/rocky shore), Artificial landscape any records since 1974 may have been kept secret). One hypothesis is Land-use Agriculture, Fisheries/aquaculture, Nature conservation/research, Urban/ that increased tourism and disturbance may have driven the species industrial/transport away, another is that changes in rodent abundance (especially lemmings Lemmus) may have altered the food conditions for the owls in an unfavorable way. ■ Birds Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria ■ Protection status Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe W 1980 55 55 — B1i National Partial International None 1 Crex crex Corncrake B 1999 15 20 A A1 342,200 ha of IBA covered by National Park (Hardangervidda, 1. Singing males. 342,200 ha). This is the core breeding area for Crex crex in Norway, and one of the ■ Conservation issues most important wintering and staging areas for inland waterbirds in Norway, with more than 10,000 occurring in winter. Notable wintering Threats Disturbance to birds (B), Recreation/tourism (B) species include Gavia stellata (25), G. arctica (6), G. immer (20), G. Grazing sheep may have affected the vegetation, and thus altered the adamsii (occasional) and Podiceps grisegena (110). habitat requirements of many animals in this very fragile ecosystem. Increasing tourism is a potential problem. Studies in boreal montane ■ Protection status ecology (including birds) have been carried out by several research National Partial International Low institutions, especially the Universities of Bergen and Oslo and the 13 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Alvevatn, 12 ha). 6 ha of Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Grannesbukta, 6 ha). 74 ha of IBA

527 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway covered by Nature Reserve (Grudevatnet, 74 ha). 36 ha of IBA covered The major part of Lista (c.4,000 ha) was wetland until the Second by Nature Reserve (Hagavågen, 36 ha). 331 ha of IBA covered by World War, but the largest amount was drained as late as the 1980s. Nature Reserve (Harvalandsvatn, 331 ha). 8 ha of IBA covered by Although 90% of the site is now protected, birds and habitats in the Nature Reserve (Heigremyra, 8 ha). 32 ha of IBA covered by Nature area are still threatened by agriculture, industrialization (e.g. at Reserve (Lonavatn, 32 ha). 900 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve Lundevågen) and tourism (e.g. disturbance of birds by sailing at (Orrevatn, 900 ha). 24 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve Nordhasselbukta). Nature conservation in general, and conservation (Smokkevatn, 24 ha). 13 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve of Lista in particular, are treated as a low priority by local politicians (Strandnesvågen, 13 ha). 70 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve and community leaders. These factors are putting great pressure on (Søylandsvatn, 70 ha). 12 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve the existing protected areas. The area that remains unprotected (10% (Øksnevadtjern, 12 ha). 1,608 ha of IBA covered by Landscape of the total) should be protected, to avoid further habitat destruction. Protection Area (Jærstrendene, 1,608 ha). 400 ha of IBA covered by Lista Bird Observatory has conducted standardized studies on Ramsar Site (Jæren, 400 ha). migrating birds in the western parts of the area, and is taking part in the European–African Songbird Migration Network project ■ Conservation issues (supported by the European Science Foundation). The local department of the Norwegian Ornithological Society monitors Threats Agricultural intensification/expansion (U), Disturbance to birds (U) breeding waterbirds and migrating waders and ducks. The colony of The lakes are nutrient-rich, but this is mainly due to agricultural Larus fuscus at Rauna Nature Reserve is counted and monitored pollution, which has accelerated vegetational succession and which annually, as part of the national seabird research programme, led by causes blooms of toxic algae. The Grudevatn and Jærstrendene the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA). NINA also protected areas form part of the existing Ramsar Site. All the other conducts annual counts of wintering waterbirds in the area. Nature Reserves have been newly designated, and all of them (except Heigremyra) have been proposed for incorporation into the existing Ramsar Site or for designation as new, individual Ramsar Sites. Skjernøy, South Skerries A4i, B1i, B3 046 Admin region Vest-Agder Coordinates 57°58’N 7°33’E Lista wetland system A4i, B1i, B2, B3 045 Altitude 0–36 m Area 100 ha Admin region Vest-Agder Coordinates 58°05’N 6°40’E ■ Site description Altitude 0–30 m Area 1,189 ha The southernmost site in Norway: nine islets to the south of Skjernøy, named Store Slettingen, Lille Slettingen, Store Vengelsholmen, Lille ■ Site description Vengelsholmen, Skjøringen, Sandøy, Odden, Hellersøy, and The area consists of a stretch of coastline and five separate wetlands Maurholmen. The islets are jagged, rocky outcrops with minimal inland. The latter are remnants following extensive drainage during vegetation (patches of grass and herbs, with juniper Juniperus scrub the twentieth century. The coastline at Lista typically consists of stony on some, especially Sandøy). They are surrounded by deep water, but and sandy beaches and the site includes a large offshore area of shallow there are many small skerries in the area. sea. The inland wetlands consist of nutrient-rich lakes, marshes and Habitats Scrub (30%; scrub; heathland), Grassland (20%), Marine areas (25%; sea inlet/ mudflats. coastal features), Rocky areas (25%; sea cliff/rocky shore; rock stacks/islets) Habitats Wetland (70%; sand-dunes/sand beach; shingle/stony beach; standing fresh Land-use Agriculture (75%), Fisheries/aquaculture (5%), Not utilized (20%), Tourism/ water; blanket bog; fen/transition mire/spring), Marine areas (25%; sea inlet/coastal recreation (10%) features), Artificial landscape (5%; arable land; forestry plantation) Land-use Agriculture (50%), Fisheries/aquaculture (10%), Military (9%), Nature ■ Birds conservation/research (11%), Not utilized (35%), Tourism/recreation (16%) Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria 1 Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull B 1995 4,000 4,500 A A4i, B1i, B3 ■ Birds 1. L. f. intermedius. Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Larus argentatus and Somateria mollissima also breed in some numbers Podiceps auritus Slavonian Grebe W 1995 75 75 A B1i at the site. 1 Anser anser Greylag Goose P 1994 4,000 4,000 A A4i, B1i Melanitta fusca Velvet Scoter W 1995 500 500 A B2 ■ Tringa totanus Redshank B 1987 600 600 A B2 Protection status 1 Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull B 1995 2,545 2,545 A A4i, B1i, B3 National Partial International None 1. Increasing. 6 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Skjøringen, 6 ha). 11 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Slettingen, 11 ha). 16 ha of IBA A notable staging area for waterbirds both in spring and autumn, e.g. covered by Nature Reserve (Store Vengelsholmen, 16 ha). for Calidris alpina (7,000 on passage). Numerous seabirds, birds of prey and passerines also make use of the wetland system during ■ Conservation issues migration. More than 5,000 pairs of waterbird breed in the area, and Threats Disturbance to birds (B), Recreation/tourism (B) 5,000–8,000 waterbirds winter there. No great threats to the area are apparent, but disturbance of birds is ■ Protection status a problem on the unprotected islands. Slettingen Nature Reserve and National High International None Sandøya are covered by the national seabird breeding monitoring 147 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Nesheimvann, 147 ha). project, conducted by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. 26 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Rauna, 26 ha). 9 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Røyrtjern, 9 ha). 11 ha of IBA covered by Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Lundevågen, 11 ha). 37 ha of B2 IBA covered by Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Prestevannet, Setesdal valley (southern part) 047 Admin region Aust-Agder 37 ha). 257 ha of IBA covered by Landscape Protected Area Coordinates 58°30’N 7°47’E (Hanangervann og Kråkenesvann, 257 ha). Altitude 165–400 m Area 30,000 ha ■ Conservation issues ■ Site description Threats Agricultural intensification/expansion (B), Consequences of animal/plant The site consists of the Otra river and surrounding areas. The river is introductions (B), Disturbance to birds (B), Drainage (A), Dredging/canalization (A), the largest in the southernmost part of Norway, and has been regulated Filling-in of wetlands (B), Industrialization/urbanization (B), Recreation/tourism (A) for hydroelectric purposes to a great extent, although no dams exist

528 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway within the site itself. Forests cover most of the surrounding area, mainly disturbance to nesting birds. Vannsjo supplies drinking water to Moss, consisting of pine Pinus. and the local authorities take action to reduce pollution at the lake. Low-flying planes do not seem to affect Pandion haliaetus in any way. Habitats Forest and woodland (80%; broadleaved deciduous forest; native coniferous There is limited tourism in the area, and there are restrictions on motor- forest), Wetland (10%; standing fresh water; river/stream), Artificial landscape (10%; boats (maximum 5 knots within 100 m of land). Access to the Nature arable land; forestry plantation; urban parks/gardens; other urban/industrial areas) Reserve is restricted during the breeding season. Local ornithologists Land-use Agriculture (10%), Fisheries/aquaculture (10%), Forestry (50%), Military (10%), ring several bird species in the area, including Pandion haliaetus. Hunting, Tourism/recreation, Urban/industrial/transport (10%)

■ Birds Aukerfjella B2 049 Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Admin region Østfold Pandion haliaetus Osprey B 1998 6 10 A B2 Coordinates 59°00’N 11°34’E Altitude 0–270 m Area 30,000 ha After several decades of very low breeding numbers in Norway, due to the severe influence of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems, Pandion haliaetus are now increasing in this area, probably as a result of full ■ Site description national protection of the species in 1962, and re-colonization The site is situated south and east of the town of Halden, in south- following the re-introduction of trout Salmo trutta and the liming of eastern Norway. Coniferous forest covers most of the area, and lakes rivers and streams. and minor bogs are abundant. Only eight of the lakes are larger than 2 km2, with Lake Femsjø being the largest (11 km2). Most of the lakes ■ Protection status are nutrient-poor. National None International None Habitats Forest and woodland (65%; native coniferous forest), Wetland (25%; standing fresh water; river/stream; raised bog), Artificial landscape (10%; arable land) ■ Conservation issues Land-use Forestry (75%) Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (B), Deforestation (commercial) (B), Disturbance to birds (A), Industrialization/urbanization (C), Recreation/tourism (A) ■ Birds Commercial fishing of trout Salmo trutta and perch Perca fluviatilis Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria utilizes the same fish populations as Pandion haliaetus, and should be Pandion haliaetus Osprey B 1995 6 10 A B2 managed so as to secure the birds’ food-supply. Numbers of Pandion haliaetus are monitored by local birdwatchers (NOF Aust-Agder), and data on the number of pairs and nesting success exist from about 1980. ■ Protection status One nest-site has been protected by the local authorities after it was National Low International None exposed to disturbance by commercial tourism. Protection includes 2,500 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Lundsneset, 5,000 ha). restrictions on forestry and on public access in the area during the breeding season. ■ Conservation issues Threats Deforestation (commercial) (C), Recreation/tourism (C), Other (U) The ‘Other’ threat is acid rain. The Nature Reserve lies adjacent to B2 Lake Vannsjø 048 Tresticklan National Park in Sweden, which encloses Lake Søndre Admin region Østfold Boksjø. Coordinates 59°40’N 10°50’E Altitude 25–200 m Area 15,000 ha

Nordre Øyeren A1, A4i, B1i, B2 050 ■ Site description The site is a large, nutrient-rich freshwater lake, situated near the city and Sørumsneset Admin region Akershus of Moss. The lake is connected with the Oslofjord by the Mosse-elva Coordinates 59°53’N 11°09’E river. Forestry is widespread; military activity mainly comprises low- Altitude 101–150 m Area 7,504 ha flying planes from a nearby air base.

Habitats Forest and woodland (broadleaved deciduous forest; native coniferous forest), ■ Site description Wetland (standing fresh water; river/stream; raised bog; water-fringe vegetation; fen/ The largest inland delta in Scandinavia, formed by the mouths of the transition mire/spring), Artificial landscape (highly improved reseeded grassland; arable Glomma, Leira and Nilelva rivers flowing into Lake Øyeren. The land; forestry plantation) northern part is shallow, with inland areas covered by deciduous forest, Land-use Agriculture (10%), Fisheries/aquaculture (90%), Forestry (10%), Military, scrub, grassland and agricultural land. Nature conservation/research, Tourism/recreation, Water management (90%) Habitats Forest and woodland (5%; broadleaved deciduous forest; native coniferous forest; mixed forest), Wetland (90%; mudflat/sandflat; standing fresh water; river/stream), ■ Birds Artificial landscape (5%; arable land) Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Land-use Agriculture (5%), Hunting (50%), Tourism/recreation (90%), Water Pandion haliaetus Osprey B 1998 9 10 A B2 management (90%) This is an important breeding site for Pandion haliaetus, with the highest known density of natural nests in Norway. ■ Birds Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria ■ Protection status Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan W 1995 1,500 1,500 A A4i, B1i National Low International None Anser brachyrhynchus P 1995 400 400 A B1i 330 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Vestre Vannsjø, 330 ha). Pink-footed Goose Anas crecca Teal P 1995 7,600 7,600 A B1i ■ Conservation issues Pandion haliaetus Osprey B 1995 9 9 A B2 Falco peregrinus Peregrine P 1995 Frequent — B2 Threats Aquaculture/fisheries (U), Deforestation (commercial) (U), Disturbance to birds (U), Gallinago media Great Snipe P 1995 Frequent — A1 Intensified forest management (U), Recreation/tourism (U) An important area for migrating waterbirds, and for swans Cygnus in Nutrient pollution by agricultural activities is a problem. Forestry may winter, as well as for breeding Pandion haliaetus. Breeding species of be a problem for Pandion haliaetus, since trees are cut close to the nests; global conservation concern which do not meet IBA criteria: Crex such activity should be planned, to avoid nest-sites and to reduce crex (1–2 pairs).

529 Important Bird Areas in Europe – Norway

■ Protection status ■ Conservation issues National Partial International Partial Threats Infrastructure (B) 6,260 ha of IBA covered by Nature Reserve (Nordre Øyeren, 6,260 ha). 6,260 ha of IBA covered by Ramsar Site (Nordre Øyeren, 6,260 ha). As part of the development of a new main airport in Norway at Gardemoen, there is a railroad planned along the Vorma river ■ Conservation issues upstream from Eidsvoll station. This is the most important area for swans Cygnus, and could be critically impacted. Wintering swans Threats Agricultural intensification/expansion (B), Consequences of animal/plant and other waterbirds have been counted at Vorma and Glomma introductions (A), Disturbance to birds (B), Recreation/tourism (B) since 1988. The Norwegian railroad bureau (NSB) has also initiated Hunting disrupts and disturbs staging and wintering waterbirds studies on wintering waterbirds, related to new railroad projects in significantly. Nordre Øyeren Bird Observatory has published reports the area. dating back to 1976, and has carried out various projects, including studies of Dendrocopos leucotos and systematic waterfowl surveys. Lake Storsjøen A4i, B1i 052 Admin region Hedmark Vorma–Andelva A4i, B1i 051 Coordinates 60°22’N 11°39’E Admin region Akershus Altitude 132–140 m Area 4,400 ha Coordinates 60°21’N 11°14’E Altitude 122–175 m Area 40 ha ■ Site description A shallow lake (up to 17 m deep) surrounded by mixed forest, Alnus ■ Site description forest and agricultural land. It is normally ice-covered in winter. Vorma is the initial stretch of the largest river in Norway, the Glomma, Habitats Wetland (100%; standing fresh water) flowing out of Mjøsa, the largest lake in Norway. The most important Land-use Nature conservation/research (7%) places for birds at this site are found between the outlet from Mjøsa and Eidsvoll, and along the Andelva river which flows from Lake Aurdal into the Vorma river. The area around the rivers is mostly ■ Birds cultivated. Water is used for electricity generation. Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Habitats Wetland (100%; river/stream) 1 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan P — 10 1,000 B A4i, B1i Land-use Urban/industrial/transport (50%), Water management (100%) 1. Maximum was in March 1992. A wide range of waterbirds stage here on passage. ■ Birds ■ Species Season Year Pop min Pop max Acc Criteria Protection status National None International None 1 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan W 1994 700 700 A A4i, B1i 1. Increasing. ■ Conservation issues The best area for Cygnus cygnus is up the Vorma river from Eidsvoll Threats Construction/impact of dyke/dam/barrage (U), Disturbance to birds (U), Station to Minnesund at the outlet of Lake Mjøsa, an area that does Recreation/tourism (U) not freeze in winter. Disturbance to birds occurs, especially in early spring when areas of ■ Protection status open water are small and the local people push boats over the ice to National None International None these areas and set fishing nets.

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(1982) [Ornithological surveys in Fuglefauna 8: 195–196. (In Norwegian.) Gaulosen, Melhus and Trondheim municipalities 1975–1981.] Trøndersk STRANN, K.-B. (1990) [Spring migration of Knots in northern Norway during Natur Suppl. 1: 1–43. (In Norwegian.) 1983–1989.] Vår Fuglefauna 13: 5–10. (In Norwegian.) LUND, O. AND OLSEN, O. (1979) Hellesjøvann og Hemnessjøen. Årsrapport 5. STRANN, K.-B. AND HEGGÅS, J.-H. (1986) [The tidal flats of Sørkjosen, MOKSNES, A. AND THINGSTAD, P. G. (1980) [The Eider migration from Balsfjord.] Vår Fuglefauna 9: 239–242. (In Norwegian.) Triondheimsfjorden.] Vår Fuglefauna 3: 84–96. (In Norwegian, with English SUUL, J. (1975) [Ornithological surveys in Gaulosen, Melhus and Trondheim summary.) municipalities, Sør-Trøndelag.] Det kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Rapp. Zool. MYKLEBUST, M. (1993) [The birds in Gaulosen 1991–1992.] Trøndersk Natur 20: Ser. 8: 1–43. (In Norwegian.) 84–96. (In Norwegian.) THINGSTAD, P. G. AND HOKSTAD, S. 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(1996) Use of International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 6). individual differences in belly patches in population monitoring of Lesser TUCKER, G. M. AND HEATH, M. F. (1994) Birds in Europe: their conservation White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus at a staging ground. Fauna Norv. Ser. status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation C., Cinclus 19: 69–76. Series No. 3). OLSEN, K. (1993) Lundevågen Fuglefredningsområde—en viktig del av Lista våtmarkssystem. Piplerka 23: 49–50.

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