Herders Livelihood Baselines
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Household Economic Approach Occupied Palestinian Territory: West Bank ‘Area C’ Herders Livelihood Baselines October 2011 Occupied Palestinian Territories: West Bank ‘Area C’ Herders Livelihood Assessment: Data Collection and Analysis Teams Southern herders livelihood zone Northern herders livelihood zone Ibraheem Hrabat Researcher Abdulraheem Saidi PARC Sajida Mahmood Mousa Researcher Abed Elkheem Abu Arra ESDC Sireen Abu Fara Researcher Anas Iqtait Researcher Sayel Awad Al Atawneh UAWC Mohammed Yousif Sbeih Researcher Mekky A. M. Al Hafeth LRC Nader Hajmeer Researcher Dema Jihad Mohammed Mousa Researcher Julius Holt FEG Consulting Alexandra King FEG Consulting Project Coordinator Oxfam Italia: Marco Ricci Technical Coordinator for Oxfam Italia Oxfam Italia: Stefano Baldini Technical Coordinator and Reporting for the Assessment FEG Consulting: Waddington Chinogwenya This study was implemented in the framework of the DG ECHO funded project “Emergency Support to the Herders and Bedouin Communities” (ECHO/PSE/BUD/2011/91002) This study was implemented with the technical support of (in alphabetical order): ARIJ ESDC LRC PARC PLCU PLDC UAWC 2 Page Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2. The conceptual approach ................................................................................................................. 10 1.3. Objectives of the assessment .......................................................................................................... 12 2. Steps Followed and Use of the Key Analytical Concepts ............................................................. 12 3. Livelihood Zones Description .......................................................................................................... 17 3.1. Southern herders livelihood zone .................................................................................................... 17 3.2. Southern herders seasonal calendar ............................................................................................... 18 3.3. Northern herders livelihood zone ..................................................................................................... 19 3.4. Northern herders seasonal calendar ............................................................................................... 21 4. Defining Wealth among the Herders ............................................................................................... 22 4.1. Southern herders wealth breakdown ............................................................................................... 22 4.2. Northern herders wealth breakdown ................................................................................................ 23 5. Markets ............................................................................................................................................... 24 6. Southern Herders Livelihood Baseline ........................................................................................... 29 6.1. Sources of Food ............................................................................................................................... 29 6.2. Sources of Cash .............................................................................................................................. 30 6.3. Expenditure Patterns ....................................................................................................................... 31 7. Northern Herders Livelihood Baseline ........................................................................................... 33 7.1. Sources of Food ............................................................................................................................... 33 7.2. Sources of Cash .............................................................................................................................. 34 7.3. Expenditure Patterns ....................................................................................................................... 35 8. Comparison between southern herders and northern herder livelihood strategies ................. 38 9. Comparison of total food and cash incomes against thresholds ................................................ 40 9.1. Survival and livelihood protection thresholds ................................................................................... 40 9.2. Assessing survival and livelihood protection deficits in the reference year ..................................... 43 10. Scenario Analysis: Projecting the impact of changes to key livelihood parameters ................ 44 10.1. Scenario 1: 100 percent increase in fodder prices ........................................................................ 45 10.2. Scenario 2: 50 percent decrease in livestock prices ...................................................................... 46 10.3. Scenario 3: 100 percent increase in staple food prices ................................................................. 47 10.4. Scenario 4: 50 percent reduction in livestock prices and 100 percent increase in fodder prices .. 47 11. Monitoring the current situation ...................................................................................................... 49 11.1. Defining the problem ...................................................................................................................... 50 11.2. Initial effect of fodder price increases on southern herders ........................................................... 50 11.3. Initial effect of fodder price increases on northern herders ............................................................ 52 11.4. Household responses to cover emerging expenditure deficits ...................................................... 54 11.5. Implications of the ‘current year’ results ......................................................................................... 56 11.6. Indicators to monitor ....................................................................................................................... 57 12. Main Conclusions and Implications for Program and Policy ....................................................... 58 Annex 1: Household Economy Approach training participants and researchers ............................. 61 Annex 2: Livelihood zone workshop participants ................................................................................. 62 Annex 3: Governorate administrative meetings .................................................................................... 64 Annex 4: Stakeholder meetings .............................................................................................................. 66 3 Page List of Figures Figure 1: The Household Economy Approach Figure 2: Southern herder’s seasonal calendar Figure 3: Northern herder’s seasonal calendar Figure 4: Southern herder’s wealth breakdown Figure 5: Northern herder’s wealth breakdown Figure 6: Major grains/feed imports to Israel- 2004 to 2010 Figure 7: Barley prices in the West Bank and global markets - December 2009 to September 2011 Figure 8: Wheat bran prices in the West Bank and global markets - December 2009 to September 2011 Figure 9: Wheat and barley price forecast in global markets: 2011 to 2016 (USD/ton) Figure 10: Comparison of international and local wheat and barley prices per ton of fodder (NIS) Figure 11: Price per 60 KG bag of wheat flour from November 2009 to October 2010 Figure 12: Price per 25 KG bag of rice from November 2009 to October 2010 Figure 13: Price per KG of sheep and goat meat- January to December 2010 Figure 14: Southern herder’s sources of food Figure 15: Southern herder’s dietary diversity as a percentage of annual household consumption Figure 16: Proportional importance of cash income sources for southern herders Figure 17: Southern herder’s sources of cash income Figure 18: Proportional importance of expenditure items for southern herders Figure 19: Southern herders expenditure patterns Figure 20: Southern herder’s difference between total cash income and livestock inputs expenditure Figure 21: Northern herder’s sources of food Figure 22: Northern herders dietary diversity as a percentage of annual household consumption Figure 23: Northern herders sources of cash Income Figure 24: Proportional importance of cash income sources for northern herders Figure 25: Northern herders expenditure patterns Figure 26: Proportional importance of expenditure items for northern herders Figure 27: Northern herder’s difference between total cash income and livestock inputs expenditure Figure 28: Comparison of number and composition of southern and northern herds by wealth group Figure 29: Comparison of percentage wealth breakdown between southern and northern herders Figure 30: Comparison of southern herders and northern herder’s cash incomes Figure 31: Comparison of southern and northern herder’s percentage annual kilocalorie consumption (without food aid) Figure 32: Comparison of northern and southern herder’s annual expenditure on livestock inputs Figure 33: Southern herder’s composition and cost of survival basket Figure 34: Northern herder composition and cost of survival basket Figure 35: Southern herder’s composition and cost of livelihood