Ensinar Com a Sétima Arte: O Espaço Do Cinema Na Didática Da História

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Ensinar Com a Sétima Arte: O Espaço Do Cinema Na Didática Da História TIAGO REIGADA Licenciado em História, com Pós-Graduação em o n E Ensino de História e Doutoramento em História N a e S pela Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto s d I p N com o tema «Ensinar com a Sétima Arte: o espaço i a d A do cinema na didática da História». Investigador ç R á o científico na área da História da Educação e da t C Didática da História, com produção de artigos i d c O científicos e apresentações em conferências o a M nacionais e internacionais. Professor de História d c a do 3.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e Ensino Secundário i a n s em Portugal (2008-2014) e Professor de História h é e no Ensino Secundário em Inglaterra (Key Stage 3, t m i s i GCSE e A-levels) desde 2015. m t a ó a r a i r a t ENSINAR COM e : a sétima arte: o espaço ENSINAR COM ENSINAR COM Neste livro desenvolve-se a temática do cinema a sétima arte: o espaço a sétima arte: o espaço do cinema na didática sob o ponto de vista da sua relação com a História do cinema na didática do cinema na didática e com o Ensino da História. da história da história da história Num primeiro momento, o autor centra-se na contextualização teórica dos vetores cinema, História e Didática, e na análise dos documentos T I normativos que regulam o Ensino de História TIAGO REIGADA TIAGO REIGADA A TIAGO REIGADA G (Programa, Currículo e Manuais Escolares de O História), onde foi possível identificar, não só R E I o perfil de utilização ideal do filme na sala de aula, G A mas também a forma como este é entendido D A e utilizado em contexto didático. Já nos últimos capítulos explora-se a aplicabilidade das formulações teóricas prévias, através da execução de um estudo de caso onde se confrontam duas metodologias de aula (com e sem cinema), observam-se comportamentos, comparam-se estratégias de aprendizagem e avaliam-se conhecimentos adquiridos e competências desenvolvidas. Os resultados divulgados pretendem ser o ponto de partida para uma aplicação mais consequente, incisiva e problematizadora do cinema enquanto recurso didático, orientando uma utilização do filme na aula de História, que consiga conciliar, CITCEM em simultâneo, o valor artístico e científico y y da obra cinematográfica. ensinar com a sétima arte: o espaço do cinema na didática da história TIAGO REIGADA Título: Ensinar com a Sétima Arte: O espaço do cinema na didática da História Autor: Tiago Reigada Fotografia da capa: by Scala Design gráfico: Helena Lobo Design www.hldesign.pt Co-edição: CITCEM – Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar «Cultura, Espaço e Memória» FLUP – Via Panorâmica, s/n | 4150-564 Porto | www.citcem.org | [email protected] Edições Afrontamento, Lda. | Rua Costa Cabral, 859 | 4200-225 Porto www.edicoesafrontamento.pt | [email protected] N.º edição: 1694 ISBN: 978-972-36-1500-5 ISBN: 978-989-8351-45-6 (CITCEM) Depósito legal: 403286/15 Impressão e acabamento: Rainho & Neves Lda. | Santa Maria da Feira [email protected] Distribuição: Companhia das Artes – Livros e Distribuição, Lda. [email protected] Este trabalho é financiado por Fundos Nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, no âmbito do projecto UID/HIS/04059/2013, e pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) através do COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007460). SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS . .5 INTRODUÇÃO . .9 PARTE I Capítulo I: Contextualização teórica da relação cinema-História . 23 1. O cinema na História, a História no cinema . 25 2. O cinema como fonte histórica: problemas, potencialidades e desafios . 31 3. Entre o real e o imaginário: existe uma visão fílmica da História? . 38 Capítulo II: O cinema e a didática da História – Contextualização teórica . 51 1. A utilização do filme em sala de aula: razões de partida . 53 2. A análise fílmica: métodos de análise didática do filme . 57 3. A rentabilização didática do filme em espaço de sala de aula . 62 Capítulo III: O cinema no Currículo, Programa e Manuais de História do 3.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico . 73 1. O Programa de História do 3.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico . 75 2. Currículo Nacional do Ensino Básico – Competências Essenciais . 84 3. Metas de Aprendizagem . 87 4. Análise dos Manuais Escolares . 90 PARTE II Capítulo I: O Estudo de Caso . 137 1. Objetivos do estudo e perguntas de investigação . 139 2. Desenho da investigação . 140 3. Amostra: critérios de seleção . 146 4. Amostra: caracterização . 147 5. Instrumentos: construção e descrição . 154 5.1. O filme . 155 5.2. O plano de aula . 166 5.3. Ficha de avaliação . 207 Capítulo II: Análise de dados . 215 1. A observação participante . 217 2. Ficha de avaliação . 253 3. Da teoria à prática, da prática à teoria . 272 ENSINAR COM A SÉTIMA ARTE: O ESPAÇO DO CINEMA NA DIDÁTICA DA HISTÓRIA CONCLUSÃO . 291 BIBLIOGRAFIA . 307 1. Fontes . 309 1.1. Manuais Escolares . 309 1.2. Documentos Oficiais . 310 2. Obras de caráter geral . 310 3. Artigos publicados . 312 4. Webgrafia . 313 5. Filmografia . 314 ANEXOS . 315 AGRADECIMENTOS agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar, a minha profunda gratidão ao Professor Doutor Luís Alberto Marques Alves, orientador científico da minha tese de doutoramento, pela amizade e dis- ponibilidade permanentes, pelos conselhos, ideias, opiniões e críticas, mas sobretudo pela clarividência e sabedoria com que sempre me aconselhou, fazem com que mereça o meu sincero respeito e admiração. Ao Professor Doutor Jorge Fernandes Alves, pelo incentivo e apoio concedidos na fase inicial do projeto de doutoramento, determinantes para que esta investigação se concretizasse. Uma palavra de reconhecimento a todos aqueles que, de forma direta ou indireta con- tribuíram para que este trabalho se materializasse: às escolas que me receberam e permiti- ram que aí realizasse o estudo de caso; aos professores das mesmas, que me apoiaram e me disponibilizaram as suas turmas para dinamizar o estudo; aos alunos que participaram nesta investigação, cujo comportamento e atitude merecem uma menção especial de agra- decimento. Aos colegas de percurso, que, com as suas palavras de incentivo, com a partilha de opiniões e ideias, contribuíram para enriquecer esta investigação. Ao Marcelo e ao Bruno, companheiros desta e de outras «aventuras», pela amizade e companheirismo, pela disponibilidade e incentivo com que sempre me presentearam, aqui deixo ficar a minha homenagem. À minha família, que sempre me apoiou e que no seu seio me soube transmitir os valores essenciais da vida. Com ela cresci e aprendi, sendo esta investigação também o fruto dos seus recorrentes ensinamentos. A todos, o meu sincero agradecimento. À Diana, pela compreensão, pelo apoio, mas sobretudo pelo amor que me concedeu ao longo dos anos, aqui expresso a minha profunda gratidão. Para a minha mãe, porque a ela devo tudo. Pela simplicidade e humildade com que me educou, pela forma como soube ser exemplo, pelo amor incondicional e porque sem- pre colocou o futuro dos filhos em primeiro lugar, esta é a minha forma de te dizer, tão simplesmente, obrigado. 7 INTRODUÇÃO A sala de aula tem incorporado, ao longo do tempo, um conjunto de inovações que a transformaram num espaço em constante atualização, que responde ativamente às neces- sidades de uma educação mais complexa e globalizante. O paradigma tecnológico é uma das ramificações mais concretas desta abertura da escola às permanentes solicitações da sociedade atual. Sob este pretexto, foram surgindo algumas novidades no âmbito das novas tecnolo- gias que vieram redefinir o conceito de aula e, simultaneamente, a forma como se ensina1. Há duas décadas, o retroprojetor era visto como um auxiliar tecnológico de vanguarda, hoje, está completamente obsoleto. Há uma década, um professor que fizesse nas suas aulas uma apresentação PowerPoint era alguém à frente do seu tempo, hoje, esta metodologia é perfeitamente banal. Mas os avanços tecnológicos são também visíveis na forma como os alunos se relacionam com o conhecimento. A facilidade de acesso à informação é uma das características mais importantes da revolução tecnológica a que assistimos, sobretudo desde a entrada no século XXI. Novas formas de aprender exigem, portanto, novas formas de ensinar..
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