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Epos Technology Focus # 03 February 2018 ELECTRICAL ENERGY Storage technologies Technologies for industrial processes EPOS TECHNOLOGY FOCUS About the EPOS Technology Focus Within the scope of the EPOS project, extensive literature and market research reviews were performed in order to identify different technological, organisational, service and management solutions that could be applied to different industrial sites and clusters. The collected information will aid in establishing on-site and/or cross-sectorial industrial symbiosis opportunities; additionally, to enhance overall sustainability, performance and resource efficiency of different process industry sectors. Through the cooperation of project partners, a longlist of different technological options was created. Resource material for this list included: scientific articles, project reports, manufacturer’s documentation and datasheets. ELECTRICAL ENERGY Almost all of modern human activity is of the production lines. This results in either directly or indirectly dependent significant costs for the industry, not upon a reliable and quality supply only from the decreased productivity of electricity; this electricity is also a but also due to increased amounts of cornerstone of each energy intensive waste, “stand-by” of the workforce industrial sector. There are both and re-establishment of the production constant incentives and demands process. for more sustainable and green If the electricity supply is not of electricity generation and its efficient adequate quality (harmonic distortion, use in households and energy intensive voltage mitigation, voltage sags/ industrial sectors (e.g. steel industry). swells, flicker, etc.), there will also be There have been rapid developments an impact on industry; this may cause in the areas of renewable energy malfunctions. Additionally, accelerated sources, storage systems, and ageing of equipment can occur. In advanced monitoring and control order to avoid such issues, industries systems that can contribute to the must take care of proper power quality more effective use of electrical energy. conditioning. This is not only to protect These technological developments their own assets, but also to minimise should be integrated into the industrial the effects of industrial activities (e.g. environment. operation of arc furnaces) on the From an industrial perspective, a top quality of electricity supply of other priority is a reliable and quality supply of customers that also connect to the electrical energy. Any kind of (longer) electrical network. interruption can lead to the outage STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES The techniques, methods and technologies presented here relate to electrical energy storage technologies. Solid-state battery Flow battery Flywheel Compressed air energy storage Superconducting magnetic energy storage Supercapacitor Electrolysis Power to gas Fuel cell TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE Technology 1: Solid-state battery Consists of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which then allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. 1 Figure 1 Solid-state battery 1 Applicability Maturity Battery energy storage Used to store electrical energy. Large- Commercial. system. scale applications are used in the electric power system for the storage of renewable energy, reduction of peak demand, as an auxiliary power source, etc. Technology 2: Flow battery A rechargeable battery in which two chemical components dissolved in liquids contained within the system (commonly separated by a membrane) provide the recharge ability. This technology is akin to both a fuel cell and a battery, where liquid energy sources are used to create electricity and are able to be recharged within the same system. 1 Figure 2 Flow Battery 2 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference For the storage of electrical energy. Commercial. Vanadium redox battery energy Large-scale applications are used storage system. in the electric power system for the storage of renewable energy, reduction of peak demand, as an auxiliary power source, etc. Technology 3: Flywheel A rotating mechanical device that is used to store electrical energy in the form of kinetic energy that can be called up instantaneously. When a short-term backup power is required, because utility power fluctuates or is lost, the inertia allows the rotor to continue spinning and the resulting kinetic energy is converted to electricity. 1 Figure 3 Flywheel 1 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference For the storage of electrical Commercial. Beacon’s flywheels. energy. Large-scale applications are used in the electric power system for the storage of renewable energy, reduction of peak demand, as an auxiliary power source, etc. Technology 4: Compressed air energy storage Compressed air energy storage uses a compressed air as a medium for energy storage. Ambient air is compressed and stored under pressure in an underground cavern. When electricity is required, the pressurised air is heated and expanded in an expansion turbine, which drives a generator for power production. 1 Figure 4 Compressed air energy storage 3 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Used to store electrical energy. Commercial. LightSail Energy’s CAES Large-scale applications are used solution. in the electric power system for the storage of renewable energy, reduction of peak demand, as an auxiliary power source, etc. Technology 5: Superconducting magnetic energy storage Superconducting magnetic energy storage consists of three components, namely a superconducting coil unit, a power conditioning subsystem and a refrigeration and vacuum subsystem. Electrical energy is stored in a magnetic field generated by direct current in the superconducting coil, which has been cooled below its superconducting critical temperature. 4 Figure 5 Superconducting magnetic energy storage 4 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Could be used to improve Emergent. Nosoo power station in Japan the power quality in electrical (10 MW) installation. 4 networks. Technology 6: Supercapacitor Electrical energy is stored by means of a static charge as opposed to an electrochemical reaction. Applying a voltage differential on the positive and negative plates charges the capacitor. Supercapacitors deliver quick bursts of energy during peak power demand, then quickly store energy and capture excess power that is otherwise lost. The main advantage of supercapacitors is the fast charging and discharging, though this makes them less suitable for energy intensive applications. 4 6 Figure 6 Supercapacitor 5 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Supercapacitors are used as Commercial. Kemet’s supercapacitors. a support to a primary energy source. Technology 7: Electrolysis Electrolysis itself is not a storage technology, but it is allocated in this section as it is a basic process for technologies such as power to gas, described in the following section. Electrolysis is a process of water decomposition to hydrogen and oxygen, using electrical current. The typical standard electrolysis technology is alkaline electrolysis, using a caustic potassium hydroxide solution at process temperatures of 70-140°C. Such electrolysers work at pressures of 1-200 bar and are available at capacities > 0.1 MW (electrical power). 7 Figure 7 Electrolysis of water 8 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Electrolysis produces hydrogen from Commercial. SIEMENS SILYZER system. water, as well as renewable and excess (negatively traded) electrical energy. Hydrogen can then be further utilised for various purposes (transport, power generation, injection into gas supply network). Technology 8: Power to gas The functional description of the conversion of electrical power into a gaseous energy carrier (e.g. hydrogen or methane). This technological concept is considered to be an option for enhancing the energy transition towards smart girds and the integration of distributed renewable energy sources. The gases generated can be used for various purposes such as power generation, heat generation, transport, injection into gas networks, etc. 7 Figure 8 Power to gas 9 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference The potential for integrating renewable Commercial. The GRHYD project. energy into electricity networks and for reducing peak loads. One of the most suitable options for the use of power to gas in industry would be the use of excess (negatively traded) renewable energy produced on industrial sites. Using power to gas technologies, electrical and gas networks can be coupled with each other. Technology 9: Fuel cell Consists of a negative (anode) and a positive (cathode) electrode placed around an electrolyte. A fuel (hydrogen) is fed to the anode and air is fed to the cathode. A catalyst at the anode separates hydrogen molecules into protons and electrons, which take different paths to the cathode. The electrons go through an external circuit, creating a flow of electricity. The protons migrate through the electrolyte to the cathode, where they unite with oxygen and the electrons to produce water and heat. 10 Figure 9 Fuell cell 11 Applicability Maturity Project/product reference Used in various applications such as Emergent. FuelCell Energy’s DFC1500 backup power, cogeneration and system, a fuel cell electrical vehicles. power generation
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